Researcher Profile and Settings

Affiliation

• Hokkaido University Museum

Job Title

• Professor

URL

http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/d/r/60452546.ja.html

Research funding number

• 60452546

J-Global ID

• 201101044242546613

Research Interests

• 考古鳥類学   骨髄骨   ニワトリ   家禽   ガチョウ   家畜化   古代DNA   アホウドリ   Phylogeography   Zooarchaeozlogy   考古動物学   Zooarchaeology   Archaeozoology   

Research Areas

• Life sciences / Physical anthropology
• Life sciences / Anatomy
• Life sciences / Biodiversity and systematics
• Humanities & social sciences / Archaeology
• Humanities & social sciences / Museology
• Humanities & social sciences / Cultural properties

Educational Organization

•  Master's degree program　Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences
•  Doctoral (PhD) degree program　Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences

Academic & Professional Experience

• 2022/04 - Today Hokkaido University The Hokkaido University Museum Professor
• 2019/06 - 2022/03 Hokkaido University The Hokkaido University Museum
• 2012/04 - 2019/05 Hokkaido University The Hokkaido University Museum Lecturer
• 2009/04 - 2012/03 YMCA米子医療福祉専門学校 非常勤講師
• 2007/04 - 2012/03 鳥取県立倉吉総合看護専門学校 非常勤講師
• 2007/04 - 2012/03 Medical Department, Tottori University Assistant professor
• 2004/04 - 2007/03 日本学術振興会 特別研究員（PD）

Education

•        - 2000  東京大学大学院
•        - 1998  University of Tsukuba

Association Memberships

• THE SOCIETY OF BIOSOPHIA STUDIES   JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ON CULTURAL PROPERTY   International Council for Archaeozoology   日本動物考古学会   日本鳥学会   

Research Activities

Published Papers

• 考古学資料からみた日本のニワトリ—The History of Chickens in Japanese Archipelago Based on Archaeological Materials—特集 省察 日の本の鶏

  江田 真毅

  Biostory = ビオストーリー : 生き物文化誌 : 人と自然の新しい物語 / 『ビオストーリー』編集委員会 編 東京 : 生き物文化誌学会 40 54 - 59 2023/12
• 弥生文化におけるニワトリ利用に迫る

  江田 真毅

  科学 東京 : 岩波書店 93 (12) 997 - 1001 0022-7625 2023/12
• 北海道で!縄文を知る : 縄文世界遺産〈かってにフットパス〉(第11回)鳥と縄文人

  江田 真毅

  開発こうほう 札幌 : 北海道開発協会 (718) 32 - 35 2023/06
• Poultry consumed by the Dutch in the Dejima trading post, Nagasaki, Japan

  Kai hsuan Hsu, Masaki Eda

  Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 49 2352-409X 2023/06 [Refereed]
   

  Chickens, wild ducks, and geese were considered the main avifaunal food resources in early modern Japan. However, bird consumption in areas outside Edo (early modern Tokyo) has seldom been discussed. Nagasaki was the only place where trade with foreign countries occurred and where knowledge and culture from the West were introduced. Therefore, to understand bird utilisation in early modern Japan, comparing bird consumption in Nagasaki, which may have been subject to foreign influence, with that in the town of Edo might be beneficial. To elucidate bird consumption in Nagasaki, we analysed bird remains recovered from the Oranda Shokan site, which was inhabited by Dutch people in the early modern age. Our results revealed that chickens were the most frequently consumed birds throughout the Edo period (1603–1868), and those targeted for consumption included juveniles and hens. Other poultry such as domestic ducks and geese were also consumed at the site. These poultry consumption patterns are different from those observed in the town of Edo. The results of this study suggest the existence of regional differences in poultry consumption during the Edo period.
• The earliest evidence of domestic chickens in the Japanese Archipelago

  Masaki Eda, Hiroe Izumi, Minoru Yoneda, Saburo Fujita

  FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE 11 2023/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is the most conventional domestic animal whose main ancestor is the red junglefowl, found in Southeastern Asia and the southern part of China. Chickens were believed to have been brought to the Japanese Archipelago through the Korean Peninsula during the Yayoi period, but its exact age is unknown. Based on the sexual dimorphism of morphology, we pointed out that most chickens in the Yayoi period were males and that they were rarely bred in Japanese Archipelago. During the 58th survey of the Karako-Kagi site (Tawaramoto Town, Nara Prefecture), four pieces of immature Phasianidae bone were excavated from a division groove dating from the early middle Yayoi period. In this study, we performed collagen peptide fingerprinting identification and radiocarbon dating of immature Phasianidae bones from the Karako-Kagi site. Consequently, two peptide mass peaks unique to chickens were observed in samples from the immature bones, which were revealed to be derived from immature chickens. The calibrated age of the sample was confirmed to be between the fourth and third century BCE, which coincided with the opening age of the division groove. These results suggest that chickens have been successively bred since the beginning of the middle Yayoi period, at least in the Karako-Kagi village. The date was regarded as the lower limit for the introduction of chickens into the Japanese Archipelago, Korean Peninsula, and East Asia.
• Evidence of historical pairing between two cryptic species of Short-tailed Albatross

  Masaki Eda, Hiroe Izumi, Satoshi Konno, Miwa Konno, Yuki Watanabe, Fumio Sato

  AVIAN CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGY 18 (1) 1712-6568 2023/02 [Refereed]
   

  When secondary contact occurs between allopatric sister species, several evolutionary consequences are expected, such as reinforcement of reproductive isolation, hybrid speciation, de-speciation, introgressive hybridization, or formation of a stable hybrid zone. The Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) is a vulnerable seabird that breeds mainly in Torishima, the Izu Islands, and two islets in the Senkaku Islands in the western North Pacific. Recent studies revealed that Short-tailed Albatross comprises two cryptic species (Senkaku-type and Torishima-type) that breed sympatrically on Torishima. Ringed (hatched in Torishima) and unringed (probably hatched in the Senkaku Islands) birds mate in a mutually assortative manner at the Hatsunezaki colony (artificially established in 1995) on Torishima. However, observations of some ringed-unringed pairs suggest possible hybridization between the two cryptic species. To clarify the degree of hybridization, we analyzed microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA control region 2 (CR2) sequences of chicks from Hatsunezaki and Tsubamezaki (original colony discovered in 1951) colonies and of unringed birds from Hatsunezaki. In general, both CR2 sequences and microsatellites revealed genetic differentiation between immigrants from the Senkaku Islands (unringed birds) and chicks hatched in Tsubamezaki. These findings support the existence of two cryptic species. Each chick obtained from four ringed-unringed parent pairs at Hatsunezaki displayed a high proportion of alleles from just a single population. In contrast, some chicks in Tsubamezaki had a medium proportion of alleles from both populations. Breeding unringed subadult plumage birds, which were probable immigrants from the Senkaku Islands, were observed in Hatsunezaki but not in Tsubamezaki. Therefore, we propose that interspecific pairing occurred in the past but infrequently in recent generations on Torishima, suggesting historical reinforcement of reproductive isolation. Further microsatellite DNA studies of chicks from Hatsunezaki are required to confirm whether reinforcement of reproductive isolation is achieved. Alternatively, nearly complete pre-mating isolation between the two species was established in the past, but the scarcity of Senkaku-type birds in Torishima has facilitated hybridization.
• 鳥類研究の最前線 2022 鳥学会 鳥類の最新研究3選 3 江戸時代の大坂城下町にいたのはどんな鳩?

  許開軒, 丸山真史, 江田真毅

  野鳥 88 (2) 0910-4488 2023
• Late Holocene Animal Use in Southern Kamchatka

  Katsunori Takase, Masaki Eda, Michael A. Etnier, Alexander I. Lebedintsev

  Arctic Anthropology 58 (2) 125 - 153 0066-6939 2023 [Refereed]
   

  This study purposed to reveal animal use in southern Kamchatka by examining the largest archaeofaunal collections recovered by Tamara M. Dikova and Nikolai N. Dikov. Radiocarbon dates of charcoal and caribou antler demonstrated that materials for this study were dated during the past 1,600 years, including three cultural periods: Nalychevo Culture (the 15– 19th centuries AD), Tar’ya Culture (the mid-first millennium AD), and the intermediate period between them (the early second millennium AD). The taxonomical distribution suggested the significance of true seals and caribou as hunting games. Various roles of sites around Cape Lopatka for seasonal hunting, trade, and manufacturing bone tools were inferred based on bone composition. Caribou antlers, drift whale carcasses, and long bird bones were important materials for making bone tools. The first example of wolf eel and Steller’s sea cow remains associated with archaeological sites on the Siberian side of the North Pacific were also reported.
• Two feather mite species (Alloptidae, Freyanidae) associated with the Laysan Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild, 1893) (Diomedeidae) from Japanese coastal waters

  Tsukasa Waki, Masaki Eda, Satoshi Shimano

  SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY 28 (1) 63 - 76 1362-1971 2023/01 [Refereed]
   

  The Laysan Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild, 1893) is a seabird species included in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Near Threatened (NT). We sampled two feather mite species, Diomedacarus gigas (Dubinin, 1949) and Echinacarus petaliferus (Trouessart, 1898), from the three albatross, and provided their redescriptions. This is the first record of D. gigas from the past half-century in Japan and the first report of E. petaliferus in this country. The haplotype network of partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit for D. gigas showed that six of the seven haplotypes were unique to the mites sampled from each host individual. This mite species may have a very little opportunity for horizontal transmission between host individuals since albatrosses live alone over sea areas, except the breeding period on land.
• Shape of domestic chickens in the Medieval Japan, based on chicken remains from the Otomo-Funai site, Oita

  Eda Masaki

  北海道大学考古学研究室研究紀要(Web) 北海道大学大学院文学研究院考古学研究室 2 (2) 43 - 53 2436-5874 2022/12/06 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, is a poultry whose main ancestor is a subspecies of red junglefowl (G. g. spadiceus) that inhabits Southeast Asia. It is deemed that chickens have been introduced in Japan in the Yayoi period. Chickens in the Yayoi period are estimated to have been as large as wild and captive red junglefowl, and to have been domesticated similarly to captive red junglefowl. Although zooarchaeological remains were found in the Ancient and Medieval Ages of Japan, the morphological change and domestication process of chickens is not well understood. Based on chicken tarsometatarsi from the medieval Otomo-Funai site (Oita City, Oita prefecture), chickens in the end of the Middle Ages were larger than captive red junglefowl, and the modern Jidori and Shokoku that were believed to exist in Japan at that time. It was also estimated that both males and females included individuals derived from two size groups and that some tarsometatarsi had different morphological proportions. It is suggested that the robustness of tarsometatarsi is developed under the domestication process. To clarify the degree of domestication of chickens at the end of the Middle Ages, in this study, I analyzed chicken tarsometatarsi excavated from the medieval Otomo-Funai site, using a generalized linear model and analysis of covariance. The results showed that "male" (tarsometatarsus with spur) chickens used in Otomo Funai Town consist of two groups: the small and delicate group, similar to captive red junglefowl, and large and robust group, similar to various breeds of modern domesticated chicken. Most "females" (tarsometatarsus without spur) were thought to consist of similar specimens to the latter. Since it is assumed that the two groups of "males" are derived from chickens that have been reared under different breeding strategies, they could have different genetic backgrounds.
• Chickens consumed in early modern samurai residences: A study of bird remains from the Ichigaya Honmura-cho site, Tokyo, Japan

  Kai-hsuan Hsu, Yoko Yamane, Masaki Eda

  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY 32 (4) 889 - 903 1047-482X 2022/07 [Refereed]
   

  Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is thought to have been introduced in Japan during the Yayoi period (5th century BC to 3rd century AD). However, according to historical documents and archeological materials, chickens were not commonly consumed as food until the early modern period. Many remains identified as chicken have been recovered from the archeological sites located in Edo, early modern Tokyo; however, the consumption pattern of chickens, such as age profile and sex ratio of consumed birds, has seldom been analyzed. To clarify how chicken consumption became popular in early modern Japan, we analyzed the bird assemblage from the Ichigaya Honmura-cho site, mainly inhabited by samurai people between the 17th and 19th centuries. Our results revealed that chickens had been consumed at the site since the 17th century but chicken consumption as food might have increased and become more frequent after the 19th century. Moreover, it can be suggested that the chickens targeted for consumption were not limited to immature and female individuals, as it is in modern Japan.
• Neotype designation of the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769) (Aves: Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae).

  Takeshi Yamasaki, Masaki Eda, Richard Schodde, Vladimir Loskot

  Zootaxa 5124 (1) 81 - 87 1175-5326 2022/03/31 [Refereed]
   

  The Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas, 1769) is a threatened seabird widely distributed in the northern Pacific Ocean with its largest breeding sites on the Senkaku Islands and Torishima Island, Japan, which are separated by over 1700 km. A recent taxonomic revision based on morphological, behavioral, and DNA sequence evidence has revealed that this species consists of two cryptic species: a smaller species which breeds mainly in the Senkaku Islands, and a larger species which breeds mainly on Torishima Island. However, it has remained unclear to which of these species the scientific name Phoebastria albatrus applies, because the type specimens are lost. Here a neotype is designated to resolve this taxonomic issue. From now on, the scientific name Phoebastria albatrus should be applied only to the smaller species breeding on the Senkaku Islands. The name of the larger species is more problematic, as the types of each synonym of P. albatrus must be traced, found, and examined.
• Multiple lines of evidence of early goose domestication in a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River, China.

  Masaki Eda, Yu Itahashi, Hiroki Kikuchi, Guoping Sun, Kai-Hsuan Hsu, Takashi Gakuhari, Minoru Yoneda, Leping Jiang, Guomei Yang, Shinichi Nakamura

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (12) e2117064119  0027-8424 2022/03/22 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  SignificanceWe studied goose bones from Tianluoshan-a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River valley, China-using histological, geochemical, biochemical, and morphological approaches. Our analyses reveal an early stage of goose domestication at Tianluoshan. The goose population seemed to have been maintained for several generations without the introduction of individuals from other populations and might have been fed cultivated paddy rice. These findings indicate that goose domestication dates back 7,000 y, making geese the oldest domesticated poultry species in history.
• ニワトリのはじまりと広がり

  江田 真毅

  家畜の考古学 - 133 - 144 2022 [Not refereed]
  
• 弥生時代のニワトリが来た道を辿る

  江田 真毅, 菊地 大樹, 丸山 真史

  考古学ジャーナル 766 29 - 31 2022 [Not refereed]
  
• 田螺山遺跡における鳥類利用―T406グリッド出土資料からの検討―

  江田 真毅, 菊地 大樹

  中国江南の考古学 - 105 - 116 2022 [Not refereed]
  
• キジ科遺体の形態学的同定基準の作成とその適用ー出島和蘭商館跡出土資料の再検討ー

  許 開軒, 江田 真毅

  動物考古学 39 1 - 13 2022 [Refereed]
  
• Derivation and molecular phylogenetic analysis of "bear's hands" in Takachiho Town, Miyazaki Prefecture : DNA analysis of Japanese black bear on the Sobo Mountain Range, Kyushu Is.

  西田伸, 川原一之, 安河内彦輝, 江田真毅, 小池裕子, 岩本俊孝

  哺乳類科学 = Mammalian science 62 (1) 3 - 10 0385-437X 2022/01 [Refereed]
  
• Size of domestic chickens in Medieval Japan, based on chicken remains from the Otomo-Funai site, Oita

  Eda Masaki

  北海道大学考古学研究室研究紀要(Web) 北海道大学大学院文学研究院考古学研究室 1 (1) 41 - 50 2436-5874 2021/12/06 [Not refereed]
   

  The common chicken, Gallus domesticus, is a poultry whose main ancestor is a subspecies of red junglefowl (G. g. Spadiceus) that inhabits Southeast Asia, and is believed to have been introduced into Japan in the middle of the Yayoi period. While information regarding the variety and size of chickens used in Japan after the Yayoi period has been gleaned from historical evidence, zooarchaeological studies have been limited, and the actual situation is not well understood. At the medieval Otomo-Funai site (Oita City), many chicken bones dated from AD 1570 to 1586, were found, which could provide insight into the size of chickens at that time. In this study, I measured the chicken tarsometatarsi excavated from the site and performed statistical analysis such as U-test and mixture analysis. In addition, the lengths of these bones were compared with those of modern captive red junglefowl and the weight of various chicken races via regression analysis. The results indicated that the chickens exploited in Otomo-Funai were larger than the captive red junglefowl. The mixture analysis estimated that both males and females included individuals derived from two size groups. The two estimated size groups for males and females were larger than the modern Jidori (Japanese native chicken) and Shokoku that were believed to exist in Japan at the end of the Middle Age. This may be because the former Jidori and Shokoku were larger than they are now, and/or foreign chickens were more widespread and crossed with local chickens more extensively than previously inferred from historical evidence.
• Pursuit of techniques for identifying animal remains using deep learning

  正司 哲朗, 内山 幸子, 江田 真毅, 木山 克彦

  月刊考古学ジャーナル (760) 39 - 41 0454-1634 2021/10
• Neolithic avifaunal resource utilisation in the lower Yangtze River: A case study of the Tianluoshan site

  Kai hsuan Hsu, Masaki Eda, Hiroki Kikuchi, Guoping Sun

  Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37 2352-409X 2021/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The lower Yangtze River region in China was a centre of early Neolithic rice cultivation and animal domestication. It is also an important habitat for wintering birds; however, our current understanding of prehistoric avifaunal resource utilisation by human populations in this region is limited. To clarify the use of birds by early Neolithic rice-cultivating societies further, we analysed bird remains from one excavation grid at the Tianluoshan site, which dates to between 7000 and 6100 cal BP. Ducks (Anatinae), rails (Rallidae), and geese (Anserinae) were dominant in every layer, suggesting that birds wintering in inland waters were the primary avifaunal taxa exploited at the Tianluoshan site. The taxonomic composition, bone modification rate, and skeletal part representation of these dominant taxa differed between layers. Overall, there was an abundance of duck and goose wing elements and both the wing and leg elements of rails, suggesting that exploitation patterns differed among these primary taxa. There is no evidence of domestic exploitation of ducks and/or chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), but the appearance of immature goose bones may suggest the existence of domestic geese.
• Origin of the domestic chicken from modern biological and zooarchaeological approaches.

  Masaki Eda

  Animal frontiers : the review magazine of animal agriculture 11 (3) 52 - 61 2160-6056 2021/05 [Refereed]
  
• 小島西遺跡出土の鳥類遺体について

  江田 真毅, 山川 史子

  石川県埋蔵文化財情報 第44号 公益財団法人石川県埋蔵文化財センター (44) 46 - 49 2021/03/29 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ZooMS for birds: Discrimination of Japanese archaeological chickens and indigenous pheasants using collagen peptide fingerprinting

  Masaki Eda, Minoru Morimoto, Toshifumi Mizuta, Takao Inoue

  JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS 34 2352-409X 2020/12 [Refereed]
   

  Zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) is a new approach that has rapidly evolved in the last decade and is used for identifying zooarchaeological bones from species such as mammals, fish, reptiles (sea turtle), and amphibians. However, owing to the predicted slow evolution rate of collagen within the class Ayes, no attempts were made to identify zooarchaeological bird bones at species level by ZooMS. To explore the usefulness of the ZooMS approach for bird bones, we analyzed bone collagen peptide of modern and archaeological chickens and middle-sized Japanese wild indigenous pheasants using time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We found that modern chickens and Japanese wild indigenous pheasants showed different peptide mass peaks. Based on this difference, we studied five archaeological Phasianidae bones identified as chicken or wild pheasant by morphological analyses from Hiroshima castle site, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The identification results of TOF-MS and LC -MS analyses were concordant, and the results agreed with the morphological identification in all of the bones. These results clearly showed the usefulness of the ZooMS approach for discriminating archaeological bird bones as well as those of other vertebrate classes.
• Discriminant function analysis of atlas and axis vertebrae of the toothed whale to facilitate species identification in zooarchaeological specimens

  Cholawit Thongcharoenchaikit, Masaki Eda

  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 30 (6) 843 - 854 1047-482X 2020/11 [Refereed]
   

  Cetaceans have long been exploited as a key marine resource for subsistence in many parts of the world. The bones of cetaceans in archaeological deposits tend to be highly fragmented but can be distinguished from other mammals by their unique cancellous texture. However, distinguishing species of cetaceans from one another is difficult because of their high morphological similarity. The current study establishes taxonomic identification criteria based on the atlas and axis vertebrae of modern toothed whale species, using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Canonical DFA was effective at classifying the atlas and axis vertebrae of modern toothed whales in a hierarchical classification system, with a successful classification rate in the superfamily of 97.1%, the family of 89.6% and subfamily of 78.9%. Of the 18 modern, toothed whale species, six scored the highest correct identification rate for each species (100.0%), whereas four other species had reasonably correct identification rates (80.0–99.0%), suggesting that species level identification of these species is sufficiently reliable. Application of the canonical DFA to identify the atlas and axis vertebrate of a zooarchaeological toothed whale from the Kafukai-1 site, Rebun Island, Japan, resulted in a successful hierarchical classification at the species level. This paper demonstrates that the DFA approach is effective for identifying the atlas and axis vertebrate of toothed whales from archaeological sites. Further trials including the selection and reduction of further measurements are required for application to incomplete zooarchaeological materials to obtain correct classifications.
• Assessing venue rental business availability at museums based on Hokkaido University Museum usage data

  山本 順司, 江田 真毅, 山下 俊介

  博物館学雑誌 = The journal of the Museological Society of Japan 全日本博物館学会 46 (1) 51 - 61 0389-4444 2020/10 [Refereed]
  
• Benefits and costs of cafe operation for museum activities

  山本 順司, 江田 真毅, 山下 俊介

  博物館学雑誌 = The journal of the Museological Society of Japan 全日本博物館学会 45 (2) 37 - 45 0389-4444 2020/04 [Refereed]
  
• 金沢城下町遺跡（丸の内７番地点）出土の鳥類遺体について

  江田 真毅, 山川 史子

  石川県埋蔵文化財情報 第42号 公益財団法人石川県埋蔵文化財センター (42) 33 - 35 2020/03/27 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Analysis of vertebrate remains from the first excavation of Oarai Fukiage site : Animal remains excavated from Oarai Fukiage site in Ibaraki Prefecture(2 3)

  阿部 常樹, 江田 真毅, 猪熊 花那子, 田口 哲也, 奈良 貴史

  國學院大學博物館研究報告 = Memoirs of the Kokugakuin University Museum 國學院大學博物館 ; 2016- 36 35 - 56 2424-0117 2020/02
• Cryptic species in a Vulnerable seabird: short-tailed albatross consists of two species

  Masaki Eda, Hiroe Izumi, Takeshi Yamasaki, Naoki Tomita, Satoshi Konno, Miwa Konno, Hayao Murakami, Fumio Sato

  Endangered Species Research 43 375 - 386 1863-5407 2020 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The occurrence of cryptic species within a threatened taxon is rare, but where they do occur, understanding species boundaries is essential for planning an effective conservation strategy. The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus is a Vulnerable seabird that mainly breeds on Torishima and the Senkaku Islands in the western North Pacific. Although it has been tacitly regarded as a single management unit with 2 breeding sites, the species is known to comprise 2 genetically separated populations (Senkaku-type and Torishima-type). However, morphological examination of birds from both populations has not been conducted owing to the difficulty in accessing the Senkaku Islands. In this study, we examined the morphological differences be -tween immigrants from the Senkaku Islands to Torishima (Senkaku-type) and native birds on Tor-ishima (Torishima-type) and found significant differences in morphological characteristics be -tween the 2 bird types. In general, Torishima-type birds were larger than Senkaku-type birds, whereas Senkaku-type birds had relatively longer beaks. Based on the morphological differences found in this study as well as genetic and ecological differences revealed in previous studies, we believe that Senkaku- and Torishima-type birds should be classified as different cryptic species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cryptic species being identified in a threatened avian species.
• The osteological microevolution of red junglefowl and domestic fowl under the domestication process

  Masaki Eda

  Quaternary International 626 14 - 21 1040-6182 2020 [Refereed]
   

  Red junglefowl are regarded as the primary wild ancestor of domestic fowl and are thought to have been domesticated in multiple regions. The osteological microevolution of red junglefowl and domestic fowl during domestication, especially at the earliest stage, has still not been thoroughly investigated, despite the fact that a proper understanding of this process is required to chart the progress of domestication. In this paper, the major long bones of the modern wild red junglefowl, captive red junglefowl in cages, and domestic fowl from various breeds were measured and the data were compared using t-tests and analysis of covariance. The results showed that captive red junglefowl were generally smaller than wild red junglefowl but the distal part of tibiotarsus was relatively thicker in the former. In addition, parts of the wing bone were thinner in captive red junglefowl than in wild red junglefowl. Assuming the morphological difference between extant wild and captive red junglefowl is analogous to that between ancient wild and captive red junglefowl, these differences suggest that body size reduction and other morphological changes occurred in the earliest stage of the domestication process. These results will be useful for estimating the progress of domestication in red junglefowl archaeological remains and making comparisons with domestic fowl bones.
• Were chickens exploited in the Neolithic early rice cultivation society of the lower Yangtze River?

  Masaki Eda, Hiroki Kikuchi, Guoping Sun, Akira Matsui

  ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 11 (12) 6423 - 6430 1866-9557 2019/12 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The origins of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) domestication have remained debatable for over a century. China, and particularly northern China, has been claimed as one of the early centers for the domestication of chickens, because many alleged chicken bones have been discovered at a number of archeological sites. However, the identification of archeological domestic chicken bones from early Holocene sites in northern China remains contentious. The Neolithic chicken exploitation in southern China close to modern distribution area of wild red junglefowl (G. gallus) remained unclear, since analyses of bird bones were scarce in the region. To reveal the birds, especially chicken, exploitation in Neolithic southern China, we analyzed bird remains from Tianluoshan site which is located in the lower Yangtze River and is a ruin of large village in the Neolithic early rice cultivation society. Ducks (Anatinae), rails (Rallidae), and geese/swans (Anserinae) were dominant, suggesting that peoples in the Tianluoshan site got birds at inland and brackish waters environments near the site. Although two G. gallus size bones were found at the site, it is also included in the size range of five indigenous pheasants in the region and further studies are required for the species identification of the bones. Phasianidae bones occupied only 0.4% of NISP, suggesting Phasianidae birds, including domestic chickens and red junglefowls, were rarely exploited in the Tianluoshan site. The results did not support the north-word expanded wild distribution of red junglefowl nor early Holocene chicken exploitation in the lower Yangtze River.
• Identifying the bird figures of the Nasca pampas: An ornithological perspective

  Masaki Eda, Takeshi Yamasaki, Masato Sakai

  JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE-REPORTS 26 101875  2352-409X 2019/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The lines and geoglyphs of Nasca are a series of drawings etched into the surface of the so-called Pampas of Southern Peru. Of these geoglyphs, there are 16 that depict birds. The bird geoglyphs mainly created during the Late Paracas and the Nasca Period (c. 2400 to 1300 years ago) and account for the largest number of geoglyphs in the Nasca pampas that depict plants and animals. Bird geoglyphs are identified using general impressions or a few notable morphological traits. However, little consideration has been given to whether bird geoglyphs contain traits similar to those of other taxa or if the traits depicted by each figure match the taxon to which they have been attributed. In this study, we identified the Nasca bird geoglyphs from an ornithological perspective. In doing so, we revealed several discrepancies between their geoglyphic characteristics and those of the taxonomic groups to which they were attributed by previous research. In addition, we determined that some of the geoglyphs depicted a number of specific birds, including hermit, pelicans, and what is most likely an immature parrot. Each of these birds is regionally exotic. For instance, hermits and parrots are found in tropical rain forests whereas pelicans live in coastal areas. The reason exotic birds were depicted in the geoglyphs instead of indigenous birds is closely related to the purpose of the etching process. Further studies involving bird figures depicted on pottery and sacrificed bird remains would be useful when attempting to identify the geoglyphic birds further.
• Museum and Admission Fee : from economic point of view

  山本 順司, 江田 真毅, 山下 俊介

  博物館学雑誌 = The journal of the Museological Society of Japan 全日本博物館学会 44 (2) 17 - 29 0389-4444 2019/04 [Refereed]
  
• The history of chicken and other bird exploitation in Thailand: Preliminary analysis of bird remains from four archaeological sites

  M. Eda, R. Shoocongdej, P. Auetrakulvit, J. Kachajiwa

  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 29 (2) 231 - 237 1047-482X 2019/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The origin of the domestication of chicken Gallus gallus domesticus is still a subject of debate. It principally originates from the red junglefowl G. gallus, which is distributed throughout Southeast Asia and South China. However, the prehistoric exploitation of chicken and red junglefowl in Southeast Asia has remained unclear due to a small number of samples for bone analysis. In this study, we analysed bird remains from four archaeological sites in Thailand: Ban Hua Ud (4,000–3,000 bp), Long Long Rak (1,900–1,600 bp), Ban Non Wat (3,750–1,500 bp), and Keed Kin (fifth–11th Century A.D.). Bones from pheasants/fowls (Phasianidae), storks (Ciconiidae), cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), crows (Corvidae), and passerines (Passeriformes) were found. A small number of stork bones were found at three lowland sites, with none found at Long Long Rak. Cormorant bones were dominant at Ban Hua Ud but were only found at that site. Pheasant/fowl bones were found at all sites except Ban Hua Ud and dominated the number of identified specimens, suggesting that they were the most commonly used bird, at least after the Iron Age. Morphological bone identification criteria for the 24 Phasianidae species in Thailand have not been established; ancient DNA analysis is required to differentiate chicken/red junglefowl bone from other indigenous pheasants/fowls. It is obvious that mitochondrial DNA remained unchanged in the early stages of the domestication process. Further studies combining ancient DNA and morphological analyses are required to judge whether all of the candidate chicken bones are indeed from red junglefowl or chicken. Although these results are regionally and temporally restricted, they give important quantitative information on bird exploitation during the Neolithic and early historic Dvaravadi periods in Thailand.
• Broader foraging range of ancient short-tailed albatross populations into California coastal waters based on bulk tissue and amino acid isotope analysis

  Natasha L. Vokhshoori, Matthew D. McCarthy, Paul W. Collins, Michael A. Etnier, Torben Rick, Masaki Eda, Jessie Beck, Seth D. Newsome

  MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 610 1 - 13 0171-8630 2019/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus was nearly driven to extinction in the early 20th century, but is one of the most common seabirds found in coastal archaeological sites in Japan, the Aleutian Islands, and the Channel Islands off southern California. Today, this species nests on only 2 islands off southern Japan and spends the majority of its time foraging in waters west of the Aleutians. We used carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bulk tissue (bone collagen) and its constituent amino acids from modern samples of all 3 North Pacific albatross species as well as ancient short-tailed albatross to show that ancient short-tailed albatross foraged east of the Aleutian Islands more frequently than their modern counterparts. Isotope mixing models correctly assigned each species to its known foraging habitats, validating our approach on ancient short-tailed albatross. Mixing models also showed that ancient short-tailed albatross from both western and eastern North Pacific archaeological sites spent more time in the California Current than their modern congeners. However, ancient albatross remains from archaeological sites off southern California are isotopically distinct from those found in sites from the western North Pacific, suggesting this species previously had a more complex population structure. We found that modern short-tailed albatross occupy a higher trophic level than their ancient counterparts, which may be due to their consumption of bait and offal from longline fisheries. As extant short-tailed albatross recover from historical over-exploitation, the reconstruction of their historical ecology helps in identifying likely areas for foraging and possible breeding range expansion.
• Current status and future perspectives of archaeornithology: reconstructing the palaeoecology of avian species using zooarchaeological bird bones

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会誌 日本鳥学会 68 (2) 289 - 306 0913-400X 2019 [Refereed][Invited]
   

  Zooarchaeology is the branch of archaeology that helps reconstruct the human past using animal remains from archaeological sites. These remains are also useful for reconstructing the palaeoecology of animals. In Japan, although several archaeozoological studies have focused on temporal changes in the size and distribution of mammalian species, there have been few archaeornithologial investigations of bird species. More than 600 avian species, with diverse ecological traits, have been recorded in Japan. Various responses to temporal environmental changes are thought to have occurred throughout the evolutionary history of birds; thus, we expect to find different ecological adaptations in birds to those seen in mammals. The identification and morphological, histological, genetic, and geochemical analyses of bird bones reveal several aspects of their palaeoecology, such as their distribution, morphology, population structure, genetic diversity, and food habits. Archaeornithological research on the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus revealed that the species was once distributed in the northern part of the Sea of Japan and the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Furthermore, results show that there were two distinct albatross populations, with differing body sizes and food habits, about 1,000 years ago, and that the descendants of these populations now live on Torishima and Senkaku islands, respectively. Such findings provide essential information for directing conservation policy for this vulnerable seabird, which might in fact consist of two species. Whole genome analyses, using next generation sequencing, and collagen peptide identification will be applied to the analysis of archaeological bird bones to further archaeornithological research. Ornithological research has advanced mainly with regard to evolutionary and ecological time scales. Information obtained via archaeornithological research fills the gap between these time scales, making this field as valuable in Japan as it is elsewhere.

• Proposal to change the Japanese name of Puffinus lherminieri bannermani in the checklist of Japanese birds from Seguro-mizunagidori to Ogasawara-mizunagidori

  川上和人, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 堀越和夫, 鈴木創

  日本鳥学会誌 日本鳥学会 68 (1) 95‐98(J‐STAGE) - 98 0913-400X 2019 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Re-evaluation of chickens in the Yayoi period

  江田 真毅

  季刊考古学 雄山閣 (144) 43 - 46 0288-5956 2018/08 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 世界最古のニワトリをもとめて～ヒトとセキショクヤケイの歴史

  江田 真毅

  Birder 3 34 - 35 2018 [Not refereed]
  
• Living avian theropods in the extinct non-avian theropod's feathers!?

  EDA Masaki, KAWAKAMI Kazuto

  Japanese Journal of Ornithology 日本鳥学会 67 (1) 3 - 5 0913-400X 2018 [Not refereed][Invited]
  
• Dinosaurs as ancestors of birds, and birds as descendants of dinosaurs

  川上和人, 江田真毅

  日本鳥学会誌 日本鳥学会 67 (1) 7 - 23 0913-400X 2018 [Refereed][Invited]
   

  The origin of birds has been a fundamental and challenging subject in ornithology since the discovery of Archaeopteryx. Although the phylogenetic relationship between birds and crocodiles has been recognized since the beginning of discussion, researchers were unable to reached a consensus as to which was the ancestor of modern birds. Pterosauria, Crocodilia, Thecodont, Ornithischia, and Theropoda have all been put forward as the ancestors of birds. Recent paleontological studies have clarified that birds are derived from a clade of Maniraptora in the clade Coelurosauria among the Theropod dinosaurs. Fossil evidence has demonstrated that birds share several features with Coelurosauria dinosaurs, such as bipedal locomotion, fork-shaped furcula, air sacs, and laterally flexing wrists. Embryological and molecular biological evidence correspond with this view. Today, birds are phylogenetically defined as avian dinosaurs, and other dinosaurs are defined as non-avian dinosaurs. This implies that dinosaurs did not become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, 66 million years ago. Feathered dinosaurs represent one of the most remarkable topics of recent paleontology. Various dinosaurs with contour feathers have been found among the Coelurosauria, while simple filament-like protofeathers have been detected in an even wider range of taxa, including the Ornithischia. Furthermore, flightless Ornithomimus edmontonicus has been shown to have possessed pennaceous wings. These findings imply that non-avian dinosaurs evolved feathers and wings for reasons unrelated to flight, perhaps for display. While toothless beaks, the pygostyle, shortened tails, and keeled sternums are considered to have evolved for flight, bipedalism, air sacs, and furcula are considered to be cases of exaptation. The fields of ornithology and paleontology may contribute to each other based on the close relationships between birds and dinosaurs. Collaboration between these two fields is essential for their future development.
• 世界のアホウドリの保護と保全 3 今後,「アホウドリ」をどう保全するべきか?―種内の2集団と,求められる集団別の保全対策

  江田真毅

  生物の科学 遺伝 エヌ・ティー・エス 72 (2) 171 - 176 0387-0022 2018 [Not refereed][Invited]
  
• 鳥の骨 鳥の骨でわかること 2 遺跡から出土した骨で明らかにする過去のアホウドリの分布

  江田真毅

  野鳥 83 (6) 14‐15  0910-4488 2018 [Not refereed][Invited]
  
• Phylogenetic position of endangered Puffinus lherminieri bannermani

  Kazuto Kawakami, Masaki Eda, Hiroe Izumi, Kazuo Horikoshi, Hajime Suzuki

  ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17 (1) 11 - 18 1347-0558 2018/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Puffinus lherminieri bannermani is a small black-and-white shearwater, which is endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. The taxonomic position of this shearwater is contentious. It is treated as a subspecies of Audubon's Shearwater P. lherminieri or the Tropical Shearwater P. bailloni in some checklists, while it is as considered monotypic, as Bannerman's Shearwater P. bannermani, in others. We examined the mitochondrial cytochrome b region to determine the taxon's phylogenetic position. While on the one hand the results showed that it was not genetically related to either P. lherminieri or P. bailloni, but formed a clade with P. myrtae, P. newelli, and P. auricularis, on the other hand, bannermani has diverged substantially from the other three taxa in both genetic and morphological features. This shearwater was first described as Bannerman's Shearwater, and our results confirm that P. lherminieri bannermani should be split from Audubon's Shearwater, and the monotypic Bannerman's Shearwater is recommended to be restored as a distinct species.
• The report recommended by Hokkaido Branch : Seismic retrofit and renovated exhibition at the Hokkaido University Museum

  江田 真毅, 山本 順司

  博物館研究 = Museum studies 日本博物館協会 52 (9) 30 - 33 0911-9892 2017/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Translocation and hand-rearing result in short-tailed albatrosses returning to breed in the Ogasawara Islands 80 years after extirpation

  T. Deguchi, F. Sato, M. Eda, H. Izumi, H. Suzuki, R. M. Suryan, E. W. Lance, H. Hasegawa, K. Ozaki

  Animal Conservation 20 (4) 341 - 349 1367-9430 2017/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Restoration or establishment of colonies using translocation and hand-rearing can be an effective tool for conserving birds. However, well-designed post-release evaluation studies for long-lived species are rarely implemented. We investigated the attendance and breeding attempts of hand-reared short-tailed albatross (STAL) Phoebastria albatrus chicks (n = 69) translocated to a historic breeding island in the Ogasawara Islands, 350 km from the source colony, for 8 consecutive years after the first translocation. Thirty-nine percent of hand-reared birds (n = 27) returned to the translocation site at least once per breeding season, of which 67% (n = 18) also visited the natal island. The number of hand-reared birds returning each year was lower at the translocation site (mean: 0.3–2.3 birds per day) versus the natal island (0.4–3.5 birds per day). The first breeding attempt occurred 5 years after the first translocation. Three pairs (producing three chicks) recruited to the translocation site or neighboring islands and five pairs (producing nine chicks) recruited to the natal island by 8 years after the first translocation. Every hand-reared bird that raised a chick paired with a naturally reared bird. At the translocation site and neighboring islands, two hand-reared birds paired with a mate from the natal island and a breeding colony 1850 km away, respectively, while the parents of the third chick were unknown. Their breeding at the translocation region was observed among conspecific social attractants (decoys, audio playback; one pair) or congeners (two pairs). Our preliminary results suggest that even though more translocated and hand-reared albatrosses visited and recruited to their natal island compared to the translocation site, the early re-establishment of breeding by short-tailed albatrosses in the Ogasawara Islands 80 years after extirpation would not have occurred without the initial translocation effort. Further study is needed, however, to fully understand formation of breeding colonies beyond conspecific attraction and philopatry.
• Analysis of cut mark cross-sections using geometric morphometrics

  岩波 連, 江田 真毅

  動物考古学 = Zoo-archaeology 日本動物考古学会 (34) 75 - 83 1342-100X 2017/03 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 「世界最古のニワトリ」をめぐる攻防

  江田 真毅

  家畜資源研究会報 16 7 - 12 2017 [Not refereed]
  
• Assortative mating in two populations of Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus on Torishima

  Masaki Eda, Hiroe Izumi, Satoshi Konno, Miwa Konno, Fumio Sato

  IBIS 158 (4) 868 - 875 0019-1019 2016/10 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Assortative mating is an important pre-mating isolation mechanism that has been observed in some wild populations of seabirds. The Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus is a globally Vulnerable seabird that breeds mainly on Torishima and the Senkaku Islands in the north-western Pacific Ocean. Our previous studies suggested that two genetically distinct populations exist, one on Torishima and the other on the Senkaku Islands. Recently, however, several un-ringed birds in subadult plumage have been observed breeding on Torishima in the Hatsunezaki colony. As almost all birds hatched on Torishima since 197(have been ringed, the natal site of the un-ringed birds was suspected to be the Senkaku Islands. Genetic differences between the two populations would reveal the natal sites of un-ringed birds. By observing the ring status ( ringed or un-ringed) of mating pairs and analysing the mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) control region 2 of un-ringed birds, we assessed whether birds that originated from Torishima and the Senkaku Islands achieved pre-mating isolation. There was a small number of pairs on Torishima that consisted of one ringed and one un-ringed bird, but the observed number was significantly lower than that expected if ringed and un-ringed birds mated randomly. Furthermore, mtDNA analyses of nine un-ringed birds demonstrated that all belonged to a particular haplotype clade from the Senkaku Islands. These results show that birds from Torishima and the Senkaku Islands mate assortatively but that there is incomplete pre-mating isolation between birds from the two island groups. The premating isolation of these two populations of Short-tailed Albatross could arise from differences in the timing of breeding and incompatibility in mating displays. As the divergence between the two populations is unlikely to be sufficient to achieve complete post-mating isolation, the two groups are likely to be hybridizing. Further studies using molecular and/or behavioural analyses would be required to reveal the evolutionary significance of hybridization between these two populations.
• Understanding prehistoric maritime adaptations in northern Japan: Indirect evidence from ancient DNA and histological observations of albatross (Ayes: Diomedeidae) bones

  Masaki Eda, Hiroko Koike, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL 419 159 - 164 1040-6182 2016/10 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Prehistoric hunter gatherers in Northeast Asia lived along coastlines and made abundant use of coastal resources in their subsistence strategies. However, the extent to which they operated only along the coastline or sailed out into deeper waters for hunting and fishing remains rather uncertain. In this case study, we reconstruct past subsistence strategies through analysis of albatross (Diomedeidae) remains recovered from two hunter gatherer archaeological sites in Hokkaido, Northern Japan (the Funadomari site, from the late Jomon period on Rebun Island and the Bentenjima site, from the Okhotsk period on Bentenjima Island). Three questions are examined: (1) were the birds hunted for meat or for feathers; (2) were the birds procured at coastal breeding grounds or out on the open water; (3) was hunting conducted in the shallow waters of the continental shelf or out in the deeper ocean? Analysis of the bone assemblages, and species determination by ancient DNA, indicate that people must have been hunting the bird in the open waters at the edge of the continental shelf. This provides strong, although indirect, evidence that Jomon and Okhotsk Culture communities must have possessed ocean-going boats and suitable sea-faring skills in order to undertake these kinds of operations. These insights, in turn, hint at the existence of sophisticated maritime traditions in prehistoric Northeast Asia. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
• 006 第1部 Ⅳ. 田螺山遺跡における鳥類利用

  江田 真毅, 松井 章, 孫 国平

  中国新石器時代における家畜・家禽の起源と、東アジアへの拡散の動物考古学的研究 松井章 23 - 42 2016/03/31 

  田螺山遗址鸟类动物利用的研究
• 唐古・鍵遺跡第58次調査から出土した動物遺存体

  江田,真毅, 安部,みき子, 丸山,真史, 藤田,三郎

  田原本町文化財調査年報 : 田原本町文化財調査年報 田原本町教育委員会 24 : 2014年度 (24) 119 - 132 2016/03
• Chickens in the Yayoi Period : in the context of osteological microevolution under domestication

  江田 真毅

  動物考古学 = Zoo-archaeology 日本動物考古学会 (33) 49 - 61 1342-100X 2016/03 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 良渚遺跡群美人地遺跡出土の動物遺存体（初報）

  松井 章, 菊地 大樹, 松崎 哲也, 江田 真毅, 丸山 真史, 劉 斌, 王 寧遠

  中国新石器時代における家畜・家禽の起源と、東アジアへの拡散の動物考古学的研究平成26年度～平成27年度 基盤研究A 研究成果報告書 松井章 43 - 53 2016/03 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  良渚遗址群美人地遗址出土的动物遗存（初报）
• Reevaluation of early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China

  Masaki Eda, Peng Lu, Hiroki Kikuchi, Zhipeng Li, Fan Li, Jing Yuan

  JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 67 25 - 31 0305-4403 2016/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is the most widespread domestic animal in the world. However, the timings and locations of their domestication have remained debatable for over a century. China, and particularly northern China, has been claimed as one of the early centers for the domestication of chickens, because many chicken remains have been discovered at a number of archaeological sites. However, the identification of archaeological domestic chicken bones from early Holocene sites in China remains contentious. In this study, we analyzed 1831 bird bones, which included 429 bones previously recorded as "domestic chicken" from 18 Neolithic and early Bronze Age sites in central and northern China. Although morphological species identification criteria for the bones of 55 modern Chinese Phasianidae species, including the domestic chicken and wild red junglefowls, have not yet been fully established, upon reanalysis none of the "domestic chicken" bones were derived from chickens. In addition, bones determined to be candidate chicken bones were found at only 2 of the 18 sites, suggesting that chickens were neither widely kept nor distributed in central and northern China during the early and middle Holocene period. Further studies that combine analyses of morphology, ancient DNA, and radiocarbon dating are required to fully reveal the origin and history of the domestic chicken in northern China. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Palaeoecology and Forager Subsistence Strategies during the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition: A Reinvestigation of the Zooarchaeological Assemblage from Spirit Cave, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand

  Cyler Conrad, Charles Higham, Masaki Eda, Ben Marwick

  ASIAN PERSPECTIVES-THE JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 55 (1) 2 - 27 0066-8435 2016 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  This reanalysis uses the zooarchaeological assemblage recovered from Spirit Cave to understand hunter-gatherer use and occupation at the site during the Pleistocene- Holocene transition. We analyze bone fragmentation, sample size, and relative abundance to establish the preservation and overall composition of the remaining fauna. Identification of several new taxa, including roundleaf bats (Hipposideros larvatus and bicolor), elongated tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), black marsh turtle (Siebenrockiella crassicollis), Burmese hare (Lepus cf. peguensis) and a potential red junglefowl (Phasianidae-?Gallus gallus) provide insights into hunter-gatherer occupation, palaeoecology, and subsistence strategies between 12,000 and 7000 years B.P. Our results indicate that Spirit Cave was occupied more sporadically than originally suggested; additionally, we identify new evidence for landscape disturbance during the early Holocene. Although this Spirit Cave zooarchaeological assemblage is incomplete, it remains an important component of Southeast Asian prehistory, providing evidence for human adaptations during a period of climatic change and instability.
• Medullary Bone in Goose Remains: A Reliable Indicator of Domestic Individual in Non-Breeding Regions

  M. Eda, S. Yashima, T. Inoué

  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25 (6) 849 - 854 1047-482X 2015/11/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The ideal indicator of domestic individuals is the presence of traits that must appear in the first generation of the domestic lineage. Most wild geese are migratory, breeding in the subarctic zone and wintering in the temperate zone. If goose remains from archaeological sites in a non-breeding region are from individuals shown to have died during the breeding season, the bones are likely to be from domestic birds. Medullary bone is secondary woven bony tissue formed in the marrow cavity of breeding female birds. It develops 1 or 2weeks before the first egg is produced and disappears 1 or 2weeks after egg production. As wild geese remain in their breeding regions for about 3months after egg production, medullary bone would be expected to disappear before birds arrive at the stopover and wintering areas. Therefore, the presence of medullary bone in goose remains found in non-breeding regions would be a reliable indicator of domestic birds. In this study, we examined goose (Anserini spp.) remains from 15 archaeological sites in Japan (3400 bc to 1912 ad) using binocular observation and histological analysis. We found medullary bone in two femora from the Oranda-shokan-ato site (1650-1850 ad). The results indicate that the two femora were from domestic geese. By using secondary bone as an indicator of the domesticity of geese, knowledge regarding the origins of domestic geese can be expanded, and the morphological and/or genetic changes, as well as the domestication process, can be revealed. According to the literature, domestic geese were kept in Japan from the early eight century ad and were popular after the 17th century ad. The scarcity of medullary bone in the samples can be explained by the small number of domestic geese in Japan and/or by butchering practices that excluded the eating of breeding female geese.
• 滕家岗遗址鸟类遗存研究－兼述中国鸟类遗存动物考古学研究的回顾与展望

  李凡・吕鹏, 江田真毅, 袁靖, 朱延平

  華夏考古 2015 (1) 34 - 40 2015 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• 中国古代家鸡的再研究

  袁靖・吕鹏, 李志鹏, 邓惠, 江田真毅

  南方文物 2015 (3) 53 - 57 2015 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Reexamination of the domestic chicken in ancient China

  Hui Deng, Jing Yuan, Guoding Song, Changsui Wang, Masaki Eda

  CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY 14 (1) 189 - 193 2160-5025 2014/11 

  Through the re-analyses to the chicken bones unearthed from some archaeological sites and the trimming of the related researches, this paper pointed out that the past recognitions of the domestic chickens in ancient China were mostly questionable. Referring to the new research results and the new development in the verification methods of the ring-necked pheasant and chicken in recent years, as well as the verification of the chicken bones unearthed from the Shenmingpu Site in Xichuan County, Henan, this paper announced the importance of differentiating ring-necked pheasant and chicken from multiple skeletal parts based on the characteristics in the sense of skeletal morphology. Moreover, this paper emphasized that only with this as the foundation, the criteria for distinguishing the morphological characteristics of red jungle fowl and domestic chicken can be established and the issue of the origin of the domestic chickens in China can be accurately and comprehensively discussed.
• Body size reduction in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the late Pleistocene Maehira Fissure Site in Okinawa-jima Island, Japan, with relevance to human arrival

  Masaki Fujita, Shinji Yamasaki, Hiroshi Sugawara, Masaki Eda

  QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL 339 289 - 299 1040-6182 2014/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Late Pleistocene to Holocene terrestrial vertebrate fossils were excavated at a newly-found fossil locality, Maehira Fissure Site, Itoman City, Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Location F1 in this site can be divided into three beds characterized by dominance of extinct deer (Cervus astylodon and Mutiacinae sp.), birds, and wild boar in ascending order. C-14 dating indicated approximately 23-20 ka BP from a snail shell collected from the deer bed and a charcoal from the boar bed. It has been considered that deer and boar lived together in the Okinawa-jima Island. However, the results indicate that deer extinction occurred before wild boar increase. The molar teeth of the late Pleistocene boar excavated from Location F1 of this site were larger than those of the Holocene boar from Location F2. This is the first report to demonstrate that the molar size of late Pleistocene boar is larger than that of Holocene boar from the same site. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
• Bird exploitation in the Kawachi lowland plain during the Prehistoric times, based on zooarchaeological analysis of bird remains at Miyanoshita site, Osaka Prefecture

  江田 真毅, 別所 秀高, 井上 貴央

  動物考古学 = Zoo-archaeology 日本動物考古学会 (31) 21 - 32 1342-100X 2014/03 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Behavioural and morphological sexual differences in the Amami Woodcock Scolopax mira, using molecular sexing of banded birds

  EDA Masaki, TORIKAI Hisahiro, KIMURA Ken-ichi, ABE Shintaro, KOIKE Hiroko

  Japanese Journal of Ornithology 日本鳥学会 63 (1) 15 - 21 0913-400X 2014 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Amami Woodcock Scolopax mira is endemic to the islands of Amami-oshima (and its surrounding islands) and Tokunoshima, in the Nansei Shoto archipelago of southwestern Japan. The species is designated as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List and is under conservation management. Knowledge of behavioural sexual differences is essential to design an effective conservation plan for this species. However, because neither morphological sexual differences nor field criteria for sex determination are known for the Amami Woodcock, behavioural sexual differences remain mostly unknown. In the hope of revealing behavioural and morphological sexual differences, we banded and measured Amami Woodcock and determined the gender of banded birds using molecular sexing of sampled feathers. On Amami-oshima, adult females were found to be larger than adult males in six of nine external parameters (exposed culmen length, nalospi, bill width, bill height, total head length and weight), whereas males had longer tails than females. Using these data, a linear discriminant formula for sex determination was derived and it correctly designated approximately 86% of the birds banded on Amami-oshima. The formula was similarly valid for adults on Tokunoshima, but invalid for juveniles. During the mating period and in the early breeding season (March/April), adult males were more frequently captured than adult females. This difference in capture rate was considered to be associated with behavioural differences, in particular because males frequently display during this period, whereas females are incubating. This result suggests a likely male-biased risk of mortality on roads during March and April, the period when such mortality is most abundant. Among juveniles, a female bias in trapping was found during the late breeding season (May/June) and during the dispersal period of juvenile birds (November/December). The latter is likely to be associated with female-biased long-range dispersion, although the reason for the former is unknown.
• Lead Concentration in Archaeological Animal Remains from The Edo Period, Japan: Is the Lead Concentration in Archaeological Goose Bone a Reliable Indicator of Domestic Birds?

  M. Eda, Y. Kodama, E. Ishimaru, M. Yoneda

  International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 24 (3) 265 - 271 1047-482X 2014 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Lead pollution has increased over the past four centuries with industrialisation, urbanisation, and the use of motor vehicles. In Japan, lead concentrations in human bones of the Edo period (AD 1603-1867) from urban areas were found to be higher than those from suburban areas. Because most wild geese breed in the subarctic zone and winter in the temperate zone, it is to be expected that lead concentrations in archaeological goose bones from domestic individuals would be higher than those from wild individuals because of the difference in their life cycle. In this study, we measured and compared lead concentrations in bones of geese, other birds (duck, chicken, heron, and crow), mammals (dog, cat, pig/wild boar, and deer), and in a human tooth, all from the Kenmin-kan Atochi site, Japan (Edo period). We found that lead pollution affected not only humans but also animals and that environmental lead pollution was widespread in the town.One of the goose bones analysed, a broken and healed ulna, showed a lead concentration approximately twice as high as the other goose bones. In addition, the lead concentration in a duck bone was much higher than in those of wild birds or mammals, which suggests that the duck had lived in an urban environment for a long time. The results suggest that analysis of lead concentrations can detect potential domestic animals that were exposed to environmental lead pollution, such as in the Roman period in Europe and in the Edo period in Japan. By accumulating comparative studies, the analysis of lead concentrations in archaeological goose bones is expected to become a reliable indicator of domestic geese under conditions of environmental lead contamination. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• 北海道大学総合博物館収蔵の海棲哺乳類標本について (特集 勇魚流 全国博物館紹介)

  岩波 連, 江田 真毅

  勇魚 勇魚会 (59) 2 - 4 1347-6378 2013/12 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Phylogenetic relationship of the Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons subspecies wintering in the Palaearctic region

  Masaki Eda, Tetsuo Shimada, Tatsuya Amano, Katsumi Ushiyama, Chitoshi Mizota, Hiroko Koike

  ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 12 (1) 35 - 42 1347-0558 2013/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons has a holarctic breeding distribution and is polymorphic. Three subspecies winter in the Palaearctic region, one of which also winters in the Nearctic region: European White-fronted Goose A. a. albifrons breeds in the far north of Europe and Asia and winters in the south and west of Europe; Pacific White-fronted Goose A. a. frontalis breeds in east Siberia and Arctic Canada and winters in East Asia and United States; and Greenland White-fronted Goose A. a. flavirostris breeds in Greenland and winters in Ireland and western Scotland. The phylogenetic relationships among these three subspecies are unclear. We determined the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of Pacific White-fronted Goose, using 66 shed feathers collected from wintering sites in Japan, and compared the sequences with those previously published for Greater White-fronted Goose subspecies. Phylogenetic trees and networks revealed that there are three clades within the species. The sequence divergence among the clades corresponds to divergence long before the last glacial maximum (15-25 thousand years ago), which suggests the existence of at least three ancient refugia for the species. However, all three subspecies consist of haplotypes from two of the three clades. This suggests that they originated from individuals that survived in two refugia during the last glacial period.
• まえがき

  江田 真毅, 天野 哲也

  北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 北海道大学総合博物館 6 (6) 1348-169X 2013/03/31 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Making classification criteria for Anatidae humeri using geometric morphometrics

  江田 真毅

  動物考古学 動物考古学研究会 (30) 337 - 359 1342-100X 2013/03 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• The reexamination of the domestic chicken in ancient China

  邓惠・袁靖, 宋国定, 王昌燧, 江田真毅

  考古 2013 (6) 83 - 96 2013 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• A Case of the Bilateral Duplicate Palmaris Longus Muscles Coupled with the Palmaris Profundus Muscle

  Yuichi Takanashi, Masaki Eda, Toshiyuki Kaidoh, Takao Inoue

  YONAGO ACTA MEDICA 55 (4) 75 - 80 0513-5710 2012/12 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The palmaris longus muscle is one of the most variable muscles in human anatomy. During a routine anatomical dissection for medical students at Tottori University, we found duplicate palmaris longus muscles in the bilateral forearms together with the palmaris profundus muscle in the right forearm. The bilateral aberrant palmaris longus muscles were observed at the ulnar side of the palmaris longus muscle and their distal tendons were attached to the flexor retinaculum. The palmaris profundus muscle found in the right forearm was located at the radial side of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. The proximal tendon was originated from the anterior surface in the middle of the radius, while the distal tendon coursed radial to the median nerve through the carpal tunnel, finally inserting into the distal part of the flexor retinaculum. Both the palmaris longus and aberrant palmaris longus muscles were innervated by the median nerve. The palmaris profundus muscle was presumably supplied by the median nerve.
• A stone-like ovarian dermoid cyst in the Douglas' Pouch of an elderly woman

  Masaki Eda, Toshiyuki Kaidoh, Yuichi Takanashi, Takao Inoue

  PATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 62 (11) 771 - 773 1320-5463 2012/11 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Does the Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus consist of two species!?

  EDA Masaki, HIGUCHI Hiroyoshi

  Japanese Journal of Ornithology 日本鳥学会 61 (2) 263 - 272 0913-400X 2012/10/22 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus is a vulnerable seabird species that breeds in two island groups in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean. In the 2006/07 breeding season, the world population was estimated at around 2,360 individuals: 80% of them breeding on Torishima, and 20% on two islets of the Senkaku Islands. The species is tacitly regarded as a single management unit and international conservation efforts consider its population structure to be of low concern. However, our previous study showed that two populations of the Short-tailed Albatross existed about 1,000 years ago. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the species was exterminated at most breeding colonies, with descendents of each population surviving only on Torishima and the Senkaku Islands. Recently, descendents of the two populations are breeding sympatrically on Torishima. However, it is not known whether they mix or not. Because the mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies clearly differ between the Torishima and Senkaku Island birds, each population meets different Management Unit (MU) criteria. These two MUs should be managed as different entities, since the emigration rate from the Senkaku Islands to Torishima may have been reinforced by extensive fowling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sequence divergence between the two clades of the Short-tailed Albatross is greater than that recognized between other sister species of albatrosses. Furthermore, ecological and morphological differences between the Torishima and Senkaku Island albatrosses are indicated. A taxonomic re-examination of the Torishima and Senkaku Island albatross taxa is required through comparative studies of ecological and ethological traits.
• Does the Short-tailed Albatross Phoehastria albatrus consist of two species!?

  江田 真毅, 樋口 広芳

  Japanese journal of ornithology 日本鳥学会 61 (2) 263 - 272 0913-400X 2012/10 [Refereed][Invited]
  
• BRYAN'S SHEARWATERS HAVE SURVIVED ON THE BONIN ISLANDS, NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC

  Kazuto Kawakami, Masaki Eda, Kazuo Horikoshi, Hajime Suzuki, Hayato Chiba, Takashi Hiraoka

  CONDOR 114 (3) 507 - 512 0010-5422 2012/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Bryan's Shearwater (Puffinus bryani) was described in 2011 on the basis of a specimen collected on the Midway Atoll in 1963. This specimen and another recorded on Midway in the early 1990s are the sole reliable records to date. Since 1997, we have found six specimens of a remarkably small Feint's shearwater morphologically similar to Bryan's Shearwater on the Bonin Islands, northwestern Pacific. In this study, we examined the Bonin samples genetically and confirm that they are of Bryan's Shearwater. A morphological analysis suggests that the small body size and relatively long tail are characteristics of this species. Because the most recent individual was found on an islet to the north of Chichijima Island in 2011, the species has evidently survived in the Bonin Islands, where it may breed, although the exact location remains unclear. Three of the individuals found on an islet off Chichijima Island were carcasses preyed upon by black rats (Rattus rattus). Attempts were made to eradicate rats from this island in 2008, and rats may pose a problem on other islands where the shearwaters may breed. Regardless, Bryan's Shearwater appears to be very rare and threatened on the Bonin Islands. To conserve this species effectively, its breeding sites must be identified and the infesting rats eradicated.
• Inferring the ancient population structure of the vulnerable albatross Phoebastria albatrus, combining ancient DNA, stable isotope, and morphometric analyses of archaeological samples

  Masaki Eda, Hiroko Koike, Masaki Kuro-o, Shozo Mihara, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  CONSERVATION GENETICS 13 (1) 143 - 151 1566-0621 2012/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The history of population structure is a key to effective wildlife management and conservation. However, inferring the history of population structure using present genetic structures is problematic when the method is applied to species that have experienced severe population bottlenecks. Ancient DNA analysis seemed to be a promising, direct method for inferring ancient population structures. However, the usual methods for inferring modern population structure, i.e. the phylogeographic approach using mitochondrial DNA and the Bayesian approach using microsatellite DNA, are often unsuitable for ancient samples. In this study, we combined ancient DNA obtained from zooarchaeological bones with carbon/nitrogen stable isotope ratios and morphological variations to infer ancient population structure of the short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus. The results showed that the bird existed in two populations, between which the genetic distance was greater than that of distinct sister albatross species, although no subspecies of P. albatrus have been proposed. Our results suggest that the birds at the present two breeding regions (Torishima in the Izu Islands and two islets of the Senkaku Islands) are descended from these two ancient populations, and that reevaluation of the status and conservation strategy for the species is required. Our results also indicate that lineage breeding on the Senkaku Islands has drastically reduced genetic diversity, while that on Torishima has not. The approach proposed in this study would be useful for inferring ancient population structure, using samples of highly mobile animals and/or samples from archaeological sites, and the reconstructed ancient population structure would be useful for conservation and management recommendations.
• Identification of Phasianidae (chicken and indigenous fowls in Japan) bones using nonmetric characteristics and its application for reevaluation of chickens from the Yayoi period

  Masaki Eda, Takao Inoué

  Zoo-archaeology 動物考古学研究会 28 (28) 23 - 33 1342-100X 2011/05 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• The identification of Bean Goose Anser fabalis subspecies wintering in Japan, based on studies of the mitochondrial DNA control region : a preliminary study

  EDA Masaki, SHIMADA Tetsuo, MIZOTA Chitoshi, KOIKE Hiroko

  Japanese Journal of Ornithology 日本鳥学会 60 (1) 100 - 104 0913-400X 2011/04/28 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The Bean Goose Anser fabalis, breeds in the northern Palaearctic region during summer and winters in the temperature zone, including in Japan. Based on morphological criteria, A. f. serrirostris winters in the Tohoku region along the Pacific coast, while A. f. middendorffii winters in the Hokuriku region along the Japan Sea coast and around Lake Kasumigaura. However, identification of the subspecies of birds wintering in the Izumo region has been uncertain due to morphological variation in the population. We sampled fallen feathers from four wintering sites (Lake Kejonuma, Miyagi Prefecture; Asahi pond, Niigata Prefecture; Sakai plain, Fukui Prefecture, and Izumo plain, Shimane Prefecture), determined nucleotide sequence in the mitochondrial DNA control region, and compared the results with those from previous studies. Feathers sampled from Lake Kejonuma were found to fall within a clade including A. f. serrirostris, while those sampled from the Asahi pond were included in a clade including A. f. middendorffii. These results were concordant with the subspecies allocations based on morphological criteria. The feathers sampled from the Izumo plain fell within the clade including A. f. middendorffii, which suggests that the population in the region mostly consists maternally of A. f. middendorffii. In addition, a control region sequence belonging to A. f. serrirostris was found in the Sakai plain where few A. f. serrirostris were observed.
• 松山城跡内・県民館跡地出土の鳥類遺体からみた松山藩における鳥類の利用

  江田真毅

  東温史談 6 99 - 106 2011 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Genetic Profile of Deko-chan, an Unringed Short-tailed Albatross in Torishima, Izu Islands, and the Implications for the Species' Population Structure

  Eda Masaki, Koike Hiroko, Sato Fumio, Higuchi Hiroyoshi

  Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 公益財団法人 山階鳥類研究所 43 (1) 57 - 64 1348-5032 2011 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The Short-tailed Albatross Diomedea albatrus is a vulnerable seabird that breeds on Torishima, one of the Izu Islands, and on Minami- and Kita-kojima islands in the Senkaku Islands. An unringed bird has been observed at the Hatsunezaki colony on Torishima every year since 1996, even though since 1979 almost all birds hatched on Torishima have been ringed on both legs. This unringed individual was named Deko-chan as, until the 2005/06 breeding season, it made a nest every year near a decoy that was set to attract the birds to Hatsunezaki. Given that losing the rings from both legs while still having sub-adult plumage is unlikely, the natal site of the bird was suspected to be the Senkaku Islands. The identification of Deko-chan's natal site is important to assess whether birds from the Senkaku Islands are coming to Torishima and whether birds from the two islands are pairing. Our previous studies using control region 2 (CR2) of the mitochondrial DNA sequence suggested that the species includes two distinct populations (clades 1 and 2), with birds breeding on Torishima mostly consisting of descendants of clade 1 individuals, and those sampled in the Senkaku Islands comprised of descendants of clade 2 individuals. In this study, we analysed CR2 obtained from down collected from the nest of Deko-chan. The results reveal that Deko-chan has a CR2 sequence that differs from any reported to date, but indicates that it belongs to clade 2, supporting the suggestion that the natal site of the bird is the Senkaku Islands, not Torishima. Although the bird had paired with a ringed bird and reared two young by the 2009/10 breeding season, further studies using bisexually transmitted molecular markers are required to confirm whether the two lineages are able to mix.
• 青谷上寺地遺跡における鳥類の利用-とくにその骨角器への利用に着目して-

  江田 真毅

  青谷上寺地遺跡出土品調査研究報告 7 56 - 68 2011
• Genetic profile of deko-chan, an unringed short-tailed albatross in torishima, Izu Islands, and the implications for the species' population structure

  Masaki Eda, Hiroko Koike, Fumio Sato, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 43 (1) 57 - 64 1348-5032 2011 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The Short-tailed Albatross Diomedea albatrus is a vulnerable seabird that breeds on Torishima, one of the Izu Islands, and on Minami- and Kita-kojima islands in the Senkaku Islands. An unringed bird has been observed at the Hatsunezaki colony on Torishima every year since 1996, even though since 1979 almost all birds hatched on Torishima have been ringed on both legs. This unringed individual was named Deko-chan as, until the 2005/06 breeding season, it made a nest every year near a decoy that was set to attract the birds to Hatsunezaki. Given that losing the rings from both legs while still having sub-adult plumage is unlikely, the natal site of the bird was suspected to be the Senkaku Islands. The identification of Deko-chan's natal site is important to assess whether birds from the Senkaku Islands are coming to Torishima and whether birds from the two islands are pairing. Our previous studies using control region 2 (CR2) of the mitochondrial DNA sequence suggested that the species includes two distinct populations (clades 1 and 2), with birds breeding on Torishima mostly consisting of descendants of clade 1 individuals, and those sampled in the Senkaku Islands comprised of descendants of clade 2 individuals. In this study, we analysed CR2 obtained from down collected from the nest of Deko-chan. The results reveal that Deko-chan has a CR2 sequence that di#ers from any reported to date, but indicates that it belongs to clade 2, supporting the suggestion that the natal site of the bird is the Senkaku Islands, not Torishima. Although the bird had paired with a ringed bird and reared two young by the 2009/10 breeding season, further studies using bisexually transmitted molecular markers are required to confirm whether the two lineages are able to mix. © Yamashina Institute for Ornithology.
• Mosaic gene conversion after a tandem duplication of mtDNA sequence in Diomedeidae (albatrosses)

  Masaki Eda, Masaki Kuro-o, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Hiroko Koike

  GENES & GENETIC SYSTEMS 85 (2) 129 - 139 1341-7568 2010/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Although the tandem duplication of mitochondrial (mt) sequences, especially those of the control region (CR), has been detected in metazoan species, few studies have focused on the features of the duplicated sequence itself, such as the gene conversion rate, distribution patterns of the variation, and relative rates of evolution between the copies. To investigate the features of duplicated mt sequences, we partially sequenced the mt genome of 16 Phoebastria albatrosses belonging to three species (P. albatrus, P. nigripes, and P. immutabilis). More than 2,300 base pairs of tandemly-duplicated sequence were shared by all three species. The observed gene arrangement was shared in the three Phoebastria albatrosses and suggests that the duplication event occurred in the common ancestor of the three species. Most of the copies in each individual were identical or nearly identical, and were maintained through frequent gene conversions. By contrast, portions of CR domains I and III had different phylogenetic signals, suggesting that gene conversion had not occurred in those sections after the speciation of the three species. Several lines of data, including the heterogeneity of the rate of molecular evolution, nucleotide differences, and putative secondary structures, suggests that the two sequences in CR domain I are maintained through selection; however, additional studies into the mechanisms of gene conversion and mtDNA synthesis are required to confirm this hypothesis.
• Unexpectedly high genetic diversity of mtDNA control region through severe bottleneck in vulnerable albatross Phoebastria albatrus

  Masaki Kuro-o, Hiromichi Yonekawa, Shigeru Saito, Masaki Eda, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Hiroko Koike, Hiroshi Hasegawa

  CONSERVATION GENETICS 11 (1) 127 - 137 1566-0621 2010/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  In the late part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the last century, the short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus was in danger of extinction owing to feather hunting. In the middle of the last century, the total number of this species was inferred to be approximately 50-60 with breeding occurring only on Torishima Island of the Izu Islands. Recently, the number of individuals has increased to more than 2,000 and that of their breeding islands to three, namely, Torishima Island, and Minami- and Kita-kojima Islands of the Senkaku Islands. Here, we show that the 44 short-tailed albatrosses we examined represent 29 haplotypes in the control region of mitochondrial DNA, and have a considerably higher genetic diversity than most avian species, but not very high in albatross species; the h and p were 0.96 and 0.013, respectively. However, the parsimony network clearly showed that many intermediate haplotypes were lost. It was concluded that the majority of the haplotypes in the founder population have been maintained. Judging from these findings and the exponential increase in the number of individuals, the present population of the short-tailed albatross seems not to be affected by inbreeding depression through a severe bottleneck. The conservation and expansion of their breeding grounds, and effective protection from bycatch mortality in foraging areas are important for the future survival of this species.
• Histological analysis of medullary bones from archaeological sites in Japan

  Masaki Eda, Shoji Yashima, Seiji Kusuhara, Takao Inoue

  Birds in Archaeology, Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8-27.8.2008) (eds. W. Prummel, J.T. Zeiler and D.C. Brinkhuizens) 255 - 260 2010 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• 鳥骨製骨角器に関する動物考古学的研究

  江田 真毅

  青谷上寺地遺跡出土品調査研究報告 5 144 - 148 2010
• 人と動物の関わりあい⑥ 鳥類

  江田真毅

  『縄文時代の考古学 4巻』（小杉康・谷口康浩・西田泰民・水ノ江和同・矢野健一編、同成社） 198 - 205 2010 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 組織学的分析による骨髄骨の同定―雑司ヶ谷遺跡・営団13号線地点出土資料を対象に―

  江田真毅, 楠原征治

  『雑司が谷III』豊島区遺跡調査会 989 - 992 2010 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Tandem duplication of mitochondrial DNA in the black-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor

  Hyong-Ju Cho, Masaki Eda, Shin Nishida, Yoshiki Yasukochi, Jong-Ryol Chong, Hiroko Koike

  GENES & GENETIC SYSTEMS 84 (4) 297 - 305 1341-7568 2009/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Mitochondrial (mt) heteroplasmy in the control region (CR) of the black-faced spoonbill was investigated using LA-PCR. To avoid amplification of transpositioned nuclear genome fragment from mtDNA (numt), PCR product of the almost-complete mitochondrial genome was amplified using primers designed to anneal on the COIII gene. Then nested LA-PCR product was amplified between the cyt b and 12S rRNA genes using the almost-complete mitochondrial genome PCR product as a template. Nucleotide sequencing revealed tandem duplication composed of two units. The first contains cyt b-1, tRNAT(Thr)-1, tRNA(Pro)-1, ND6-1, tRNA(Glu)-1 and CR1, and the second consists of cyt b-2, tRNA(Thr)-2, tRNA(Pro)-2, ND6-2, tRNA(Glu)-2 and CR2, followed by tRNA(Phe) and 12S rRNA. The duplicated cyt b-2 sequence coincided with 499 bp at the 3' end of cyt b-1. With the exception of the CR, the other genes in the duplicated sequence were identical to the original corresponding gene. Even though both CR1 and CR2 contain functional blocks, such as a poly-C site, a goose hairpin and a TAS structure in Domain I, the 3' end of CR1 was followed by a 112 bp sequence (non-coding region) that was not found in CR2 or in sequence homology analysis of similar genes. Meanwhile, CR2 ended in a complicated repeat sequence. The 5' franking region in the Domain I (Region A) and the 3' franking region in the Domain I (Region B) of the two CRs evolve in quite different manners: Region A was highly variable between CR1 and CR2 in the same individuals, while Region B was almost identical between them, which indicates concerted evolution.
• A zooarchaeological and ethnographic study of frigatebird remains from Tobi Island in Micronesia

  Michiko Intoh, Masaki Eda

  People and Culture in Oceania Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies 24 67 - 79 1349-5380 2008 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Genetic characteristics of the Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes) on the Bonin Islands and their implications for the species’ demographic history and population structure

  Masaki Eda, Kazuto Kawakami, Hayato Chiba, Hajime Suzuki, Kazuo Horikoshi, Hiroko Koike

  Ornithological Science 7 109 - 116 2008 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• 深堀遺跡における貝層資料および動物遺存体について

  江田 真毅

  長崎市・深堀遺跡 194 - 218 2007
• 工学部14号館地点出土の鳥類遺体

  江田 真毅

  東京大学本郷構内の遺跡 工学部14号館地点 449 - 453 2007
• 四谷二丁目遺跡(第II次調査)出土の動物遺体

  江田 真毅

  四谷二丁目遺跡II 128 - 131 2007
• Do temporal size differences influence species identification of archaeological albatross remains when using modern reference samples?

  Masaki Eda, Yoshiyuki Baba, Hiroko Koike, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (3) 349 - 359 0305-4403 2006/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Zooarchaeological remains have been identified to species, using identification criteria based on specific morphological variations among modern specimens. However, temporal size changes in bones, due to micro-evolution and/or phenotypic plasticity, could distort identification of archaeological remains according to these criteria. We developed species identification criteria for North Pacific albatrosses (Short-tailed, Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses) using both mensural- and DNA-based analysis and actually identified many archaeological remains from a site using these criteria. Our mensural-based criteria could accurately discriminate the modern Short-tailed Albatross from modern Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses and indicated that the archaeological remains included both Short-tailed and Laysan or Black-footed Albatrosses. DNA-based criteria, however, suggested that all remains were Short-tailed Albatross. The most plausible explanation for this inconsistency would be misidentification using mensural-based analysis, due to temporal size changes in bones or existence of birds from extinct population(s) or breeding region(s) with mensurally different bones from recent birds. This is the first study that suggests temporal size changes in bones may distort the species identification of archaeological remains according to modern size variations. Further studies are required to judge if this pattern is unusual or not. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• 遺構一括出土遺体からみた江戸時代の鳥類の利用形態－東京大学本郷構内の遺跡を中心に－

  江田真毅

  東京大学構内遺跡調査研究年報 5 296 - 314 2006 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 青森県下北郡・尻労安部洞窟遺跡の鳥類遺体について

  江田真毅, 吉冨えりか, 佐藤孝雄

  動物考古学 (22) 137  1342-100X 2005/05/18 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 生活復原資料としての鳥類遺体の研究－カモ亜科遺体の同定とその考古学的意義－

  江田真毅

  『海と考古学』（海交史研究会考古学論集刊行会編、六一書房） 387 - 406 2005 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Why were so many albatross remains found in northern Japan?

  Masaki Eda, Hiroko Koike, Fumio Sato, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  Feathers, Grit and Symbolism: Birds and Humans in the Old and New Worlds, Proceedings of the 5th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Munich (26.7.-28.7.2004). (eds. G. Grupe and J. Peters) Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH 131 - 140 2005 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ニコラエフスク空港1遺跡の動物遺体

  江田 真毅

  東京大学常呂実習施設研究報告 2 76 - 77 2005
• 医学部附属病院外来診療地点の動物遺体

  江田 真毅

  東京大学埋蔵文化財調査室発掘調査報告書 5 569 - 614 2005
• Distribution of albatross remains in the Far East regions during the Holocene, based on zooarchaeological remains.

  Masaki Eda, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  Zoological science 21 (7) 771 - 83 0289-0003 2004/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Many albatross remains have been found in the Japanese Islands and the surrounding areas, such as Sakhalin and South Korea. These remains are interesting for two reasons: numerous sites from which albatross remains have been found are located in coastal regions of the Far East where no albatrosses have been distributed recently, and there are some sites in which albatross remains represent a large portion of avian remains, although albatrosses are not easily preyed upon by human beings. We collected data on albatross remains from archaeological sites in the Far East regions during the Holocene and arranged the remains geographically, temporally and in terms of quantity. Based on these results, we showed that coastal areas along the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan have rarely been used by albatrosses in Modern times, though formerly there were many albatrosses. We proposed two explanations for the shrinkage of their distributional range: excessive hunting in the breeding areas, and distributional changes of prey for albatrosses.
• 2000年度間宮海峡沿岸部（ソビエツカヤ・ガバン周辺）考古学的調査

  福田正宏, デリューギン、B, 熊木俊朗, 江田真毅

  北方探求 4 38 - 63 2002 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 特定研究 アイヌ文化の成立過程について 浜中2遺跡発掘調査報告書・鳥管骨製品

  江田真毅

  国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 85 204 - 213 2000 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 特定研究 アイヌ文化の成立過程について 浜中2遺跡発掘調査報告書・鳥類

  江田真毅, 西本豊弘

  国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 85 221 - 230 2000 [Not refereed][Not invited]
  

Books etc

• 作ろう!フライドチキンの骨格標本 : よくわかる恐竜と鳥の骨学入門

  志賀, 健司, 江田, 真毅, 小林, 快次 
  緑書房 2022/11 (ISBN: 9784895318662) 103p
• 時間軸で探る日本の鳥 : 復元生態学の礎

  黒沢, 令子, 江田, 真毅 
  築地書館 2021/03 (ISBN: 9784806716143) viii, 258p
• 世界と日本の考古学 : オリーブの林と赤い大地

  常木晃先生退職記念論文集編集委員会 
  六一書房 2020 (ISBN: 9784864451253) iv, 578p, 図版 [1] 枚
• 遺伝子から解き明かす鳥の不思議な世界

  上田, 恵介, 田中, 啓太, 伊澤, 栄一, 森本, 元, 相馬, 雅代, 三上, かつら, 関, 伸一, 齋藤, 武馬, 杉田, 典正, 泉, 洋江, 久井, 貴世, 江田, 真毅, 田中, 康平, 綿貫, 豊, 出口, 智広, 笠原, 里恵, 森, さやか (環境学), 森口, 紗千子, 浅井, 芝樹, 佐藤, 雪太 
  一色出版,悠書館 (発売) 2019/11 (ISBN: 9784910389080) 431p
• 遺伝子から解き明かす鳥の不思議な世界

  上田, 恵介, 田中, 啓太, 伊澤, 栄一, 森本, 元, 相馬, 雅代, 三上, かつら, 関, 伸一, 齋藤, 武馬, 杉田, 典正, 泉, 洋江, 久井, 貴世, 江田, 真毅, 田中, 康平, 綿貫, 豊, 出口, 智広, 笠原, 里恵, 森, さやか, 森口, 紗千子, 浅井, 芝樹, 佐藤, 雪太 
  一色出版,悠書館 (発売) 2019/11 (ISBN: 9784909383099) 431p
• 考古学からみた北大キャンパスの5,000年

  江田, 真毅, 小杉, 康 
  中西出版 2019/07 (ISBN: 9784891153656) 91p, 図版 [1] 枚
• 古代アメリカの比較文明論 : メソアメリカとアンデスの過去から現代まで

  Aoyama, Kazuo, 米延, 仁志, 坂井, 正人, 鈴木, 紀 
  京都大学学術出版会 2019 (ISBN: 9784814002382) xxi, 444p
• 島の鳥類学 -南西諸島の鳥をめぐる自然史-

  江田 真毅 (Joint work)
  2018/09
• 北海道大学総合博物館とタイ国立科学博物館の部局間協定における共同活動 = Collaborative activities under the memorandum of understanding for mutual cooperation between the Hokkaido University Museum and National Science Museum, Thailand

  北海道大学総合博物館 
  北海道大学総合博物館 2017 86p
• 目梨泊遺跡

  北海道大学総合博物館, 江田, 真毅, 天野, 哲也, 小野, 裕子 
  北海道大学総合博物館 2016 ii, 131p
• 環オホーツク海地域における前近代交易網の発達と諸民族形成史の研究

  北海道大学総合博物館, 江田, 真毅, 天野, 哲也, 小野, 裕子 
  北海道大学総合博物館 2013 iii, 144p
• 人と動物の関わりあい : 食料資源と生業圏

  小杉, 康, 谷口, 康浩, 西田, 泰民, 水ノ江, 和同, 矢野, 健一, 富岡, 直人, 高倉, 純, 早坂, 広人, 会下, 和宏, 植月, 学, 松井, 章, 石丸, 恵利子, 新美, 倫子, 山崎, 京美, 内山, 純蔵, 平口, 哲夫, 内山, 幸子, 江田, 真毅, 米田, 穣, 山田, 晃弘 
  同成社 2010/10 (ISBN: 9784886215222) 240p
• 鳥の自然史―空間分布をめぐって

  樋口 広芳, 黒沢 令子, 島崎 彦人, 鈴木 透, 高須 夫悟, 西海 功, 長谷川 理, 藤田 剛, 百瀬 浩, 山浦 悠一, 山口 典之, 天野 一葉, 植田 睦之, 江田 真毅, 加藤 和弘, 金子 正美, 小池 重人, 樋口 広芳, 黒沢 令子 (Joint work)
  北海道大学出版会 2009/10 (ISBN: 4832981919) 254

  
• 鳥の自然史 : 空間分布をめぐって

  樋口, 広芳, 黒沢, 令子, 西海, 功, 長谷川, 理, 江田, 真毅, 高須, 夫悟, 天野, 一葉, 百瀬, 浩, 山浦, 悠一, 加藤, 和弘, 藤田, 剛, 鈴木, 透, 金子, 正美, 植田, 睦之, 島崎, 彦人, 山口, 典之, 小池, 重人 
  北海道大学出版会 2009/10 (ISBN: 9784832981911) xi, 254p
• 環境考古学5 鳥類骨格図譜

  藤田,芙美, 江田,真毅, 松井,章 
  奈良文化財研究所埋蔵文化財センター 2005/03

Conference Activities & Talks

• 種内における亜種ニホンライチョウの形態的特性

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2023
• 鳥島のアホウドリは未記載新種か?

  山崎剛史, 江田真毅, 杉田典正, 西海功

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2023
• 北アルプス北部立山高山帯におけるワシミミズクBubo buboの確認

  松田勉, 大塚伸, 竹内祥生, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 堀田昌伸

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2023
• 江戸時代の大坂城下町にいたのはどんな鳩?-遺跡出土ハト科資料からの検討-

  許開軒, 丸山真史, 江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2022
• Elucidation of the habitat and domestication of ancient Chinese geese, 7000 years ago, using oxygen isotope analaysis of bone phosphate.

  板橋悠, 江田真毅, 菊地大樹, SUN Guoping, HSU Kaihsuan, 覚張隆史, 米田穣, JIANG Leping, YANG Guomei, 中村慎一

  日本地球惑星科学連合大会予稿集(Web)  2022
• 日本の遺跡から出土するコウノトリ科の骨の種同定の試み

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2021
• 礼文島・香深井1遺跡出土のオホーツク文化期のカラス

  許開軒, 江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2021
• 遺跡から出土する骨の動物学と考古学-ニワトリの起源と拡散を題材に-

  江田真毅

  日本獣医学会学術集会講演要旨集  2021
• The Experiment on Identification of Bird Bones using Deep Learning

  正司哲朗, 木山克彦, 内山幸子, 江田真毅

  日本文化財科学会大会研究発表要旨集  2021
• Collagen peptide mass spectral analysis of archosaurs and its application to dinosaur fossils for the molecular phylogeny.

  田中望羽, 小林快次, 江田真毅, 泉洋江

  日本古生物学会例会講演予稿集  2021
• 鳥は武器を進化させたのか?キジ目鳥類の蹴爪にかかわる種間比較解析

  相馬雅代, 江田真毅

  日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集  2020
• Reconstructing the distribution of the Rock Ptarmigan in Japan from archaeological remains

  江田真毅, 久井貴世, 久井貴世

  日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web)  2020
• 「鵜を抱く女」が「抱く」鳥は何か?コラーゲン分析と形態解析からの検討  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 泉洋江, 川上和人, 沖田絵麻

  日本文化財科学会大会研究発表要旨集  2019/06
• 遺跡試料と文献史料から探るニホンライチョウの過去の分布

  久井貴世, 久井貴世, 江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2019
• 質量分析を用いた鳥類骨の同定

  泉洋江, 江田真毅, 川上和人

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2019
• アホウドリの隠ぺい種:Phoebastria albatrusの名を継ぐのは誰か

  山崎剛史, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 佐藤文男

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2019
• 産卵期のヤマドリ猟と非産卵期のキジ猟:栃原岩陰縄文人の狩猟戦略

  江田真毅, 渡辺双葉

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2019
• 化石ワニ類への応用を目的とした現生ワニ類のコラーゲンによるタンパク分析  [Not invited]

  田中望羽, 小林快次, 江田真毅

  日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web)  2018/08
• 「鵜を抱く女」が抱く鳥は何か?コラーゲン分析からの検討  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 泉洋江, 川上和人, 沖田絵麻

  日本文化財科学会大会研究発表要旨集  2018/07
• 伊豆諸島鳥島で同所的に繁殖するアホウドリ2系統の非繁殖期の利用海域  [Not invited]

  佐藤文男, 富田直樹, THIEBOT Jean‐Baptiste, 西沢文吾, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 綿貫豊

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2017/09
• 家禽化に伴うセキショクヤケイの骨形態の変化  [Not invited]

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2017/09
• 質量分析による遺跡出土鳥類骨同定のための基礎的研究  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 泉洋江

  日本文化財科学会大会研究発表要旨集  2017/06
• 小笠原諸島におけるアホウドリ再導入事業の進捗状況  [Not invited]

  出口智広, 佐藤文男, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 鈴木創, SURYAN Robert M, LANCE Ellen W, 長谷川博, 尾崎清明

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2016/09
• なぜ鳥類は恐竜類と言われるのか?  [Not invited]

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2016/09
• 「形態測定学と地理的分布:かたちの定量化と生物地理学・文化地理学への応用」幾何学的形態測定を用いた遺跡出土鳥類骨の動物考古学と生物地理学  [Not invited]

  江田真毅

  日本生物地理学会年次大会講演要旨集  2016/03
• Were chicken exploited in the Neolithic early rice cultivation society in the lower Yangtze River? A preliminary study of bird remains from Tianluoshan Site, Zhejiang  [Not invited]

  Masaki EDA, Hiroki KIKUCHI, Guoping SUN, Akira MATSUI

  ICAZ BWG  2016/01
• 「考古鳥類学」の現状と課題  [Invited]

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2015/09
• 鳥島で繁殖しているアホウドリのマイクロサテライトDNA解析  [Not invited]

  泉洋江, 江田真毅, 渡辺ユキ, 今野怜, 今野美和, 佐藤文男

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2015/09
• アホウドリ2集団の交雑  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 泉洋江, 渡辺ユキ, 今野怜, 今野美和, 佐藤文男

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2015/09
• 遺跡出土資料による過去のウミスズメ科鳥類相復元に向けて  [Not invited]

  稲田薫, 江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2015/09
• Drawn birds and dedicated birds in the Nasca culture: comparing birds in the Nasca Geoglyph with birds from the temples of Cahuachi, Nasca  [Not invited]

  Masaki EDA, Masato SAKAI, Giuseppe OREFICI

  Congreso Internacional de Americanistas  2015/07
• 中国新石器時代の初期稲作集落における鳥類利用－浙江省・田螺山遺跡の事例研究－  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 孫国平

  動物考古学会  2015/07
• 不都合な真実？－北大総合博物館における来館者数と企画展示の関係－  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 山本順司

  」博物科学会  2015/06
• 「鵜を抱く女」再考  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 沖田絵麻, 鵜澤和宏

  日本動物考古学会  2014/11
• コラーゲンタンパクによる遺跡出土動物骨の種同定－キジ科鳥類を対象とした事例研究－  [Invited]

  江田真毅, 永田克己, 森本 稔, 水田敏史, 井上貴央

  日本人類学会  2014/11
• Evaluation of chicken bones from the Neolithic and early Bronze Age of China  [Not invited]

  Masaki Eda, Hiroki Kikuchi, Peng Lu, Zhipeng Li, Hui Deng, Fan Li, Jing Yuan

  International Council for Archaeozoology 12th Conference,  2014/09
• Translocation and ceremonial practices of the Nasca culture based on “standard” analysis of bird remains from the temples of Cahuachi, Nasca (4th–5th century AD)  [Not invited]

  Masaki Eda, Masato Sakai, Giuseppe Oreffici

  International Council for Archaeozoology 12th Conference  2014/09
• Let’s identify birds in the Nasca lines!  [Not invited]

  Masaki Eda, Takeshi Yamasaki, Masato Sakai

  26th International Ornithological Congress  2014/08
• 戦後初の小笠原諸島におけるアホウドリの繁殖  [Not invited]

  千葉勇人, 鈴木創, 堀越和夫, 江田真毅, 泉洋江, 田巻芳則

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2014/08
• 動物考古学からみた中近世日本におけるニワトリの利用－中世大友府内町跡資料を中心に－  [Not invited]

  江田 真毅

  日本文化財科学会  2014/07
• 『鵜を抱く女』と共伴した鳥骨の再検討  [Invited]

  江田 真毅

  第18回土井ヶ浜シンポジウム  2014/03
• 中国磁山遺跡出土のニワトリの再検討  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 菊地大樹, 袁靖

  日本動物考古学会  2013/11
• 聟島の再導入コロニーで初卵を産んだアホウドリの母系系統  [Not invited]

  泉洋江, 江田真毅, 出口智広, 尾崎清明

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2013/09
• 鳥島における尖閣諸島生まれのアホウドリの伴侶  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 泉洋江, 今野怜, 今野美和, 佐藤文男

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2013/09
• Maritime adaption of hunter–gatherers in Japan based on ancient DNA identification of the exploited albatross (Aves: Diomedeidae) species  [Not invited]

  Masaki Eda, Hiroko Koike, Hiroyoshi Higuchi

  19th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists  2013/09
• 中国湖北省襄陽・菜越遺跡出土のニワトリについて  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 羅運兵, 袁靖

  動物考古学研究集会  2012/11
• 「列島へのニワトリの導入とその意図に関する一考察  [Invited]

  江田 真毅

  日本人類学会大会  2012/11
• 骨中鉛濃度の測定による遺跡出土のガチョウ識別の試み  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 小玉悠平, 石丸恵利子, 米田穣

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2012/09
• 太平洋は広い―オガサワラヒメミズナギドリ(仮称)は何処にいる?  [Not invited]

  川上和人, 鈴木創, 堀越和夫, 千葉勇人, 江田真毅, 平岡考

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2012/09
• Is the analysis of lead concentration in archaeological goose bone a reliable indicator of domestic bird?  [Not invited]

  Masaki Eda, Yuhei Kodama, Eriko Ishimaru, Minoru Yoneda

  Seventh Meeting of the Bird Working Group of ICAZ  2012/08
• 太平洋は広い-オガサワラヒメミズナギドリ(仮称)は何処にいる?

  川上和人, 鈴木創, 堀越和夫, 千葉勇人, 江田真毅, 平岡考

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2012
• ナスカの地上絵に描かれた鳥類の同定の試み  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 山崎剛史, 坂井正人

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2011/09
• 危急種アホウドリは2種からなる?!―遺跡試料を用いた集団構造の復原からみえてきたこと―  [Invited]

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2011/09
• 小骨盤腔の巨大結石の一例  [Not invited]

  江田真毅, 海藤俊行, 井上貴央

  解剖学雑誌  2011/03
• 危急種アホウドリは2種からなる?!-遺跡試料を用いた集団構造の復原からみえてきたこと-

  江田真毅

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2011
• 幾何学的形態測定法を用いた遺跡出土動物骨の生態学的研究-アホウドリ科の事例研究-

  江田真毅

  個体群生態学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集  2011
• Case report of a large stone-like structure in the lesser pelvis  [Not invited]

  The 116th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists  2011
• Case report of a large stone-like structure in the lesser pelvis  [Not invited]

  The 116th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists  2011
• Poland症候群に重複癌が合併した一例  [Not invited]

  海藤俊行, 江田真毅, 井上貴央

  解剖学雑誌  2010/03
• Chickens in the Yayoi period: a living gift from Imperial China?  [Not invited]

  ESF-JSPS Frontier Science Conference Series for Young Researchers, Contact Zones of Empires in Asia and Europe: Complexity, Contingency, Causality  2010
• Mitochondrial DNA sequence duplication in the Black-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor  [Not invited]

  International Symposium on Ecology, Migration and Conservation of the Black-faced Spoonbill  2010
• Genetic structure of Black-faced spoonbill by mtDNA analysis  [Not invited]

  International Symposium on Ecology, Migration and Conservation of the Black-faced Spoonbill  2010
• Genetic structure of Greater White-fronted Geese in wintering and stopover sites in Japan and Korea  [Not invited]

  25th International Ornithological Congress  2010
• Medullary bones in goose remains: A reliable indicator of domestic individual in the Temperate Zone  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 11th Conference  2010
• 小骨盤腔の巨大結石の一例  [Not invited]

  日本解剖学会第65回中国・四国支部学術集会  2010
• 沖縄における更新世／完新世移行期の人類学・考古学的調査  [Not invited]

  第76回日本考古学協会  2010
• キジ科遺存体の同定基準の検討と弥生時代のニワトリの再評価  [Not invited]

  第14回動物考古学研究集会  2010
• Chickens in the Yayoi period: a living gift from Imperial China?  [Not invited]

  ESF-JSPS Frontier Science Conference Series for Young Researchers, Contact Zones of Empires in Asia and Europe: Complexity, Contingency, Causality  2010
• Mitochondrial DNA sequence duplication in the Black-faced spoonbill, Platalea minor  [Not invited]

  International Symposium on Ecology, Migration and Conservation of the Black-faced Spoonbill  2010
• Genetic structure of Black-faced spoonbill by mtDNA analysis  [Not invited]

  International Symposium on Ecology, Migration and Conservation of the Black-faced Spoonbill  2010
• Genetic structure of Greater White-fronted Geese in wintering and stopover sites in Japan and Korea  [Not invited]

  25th International Ornithological Congress  2010
• Medullary bones in goose remains: A reliable indicator of domestic individual in the Temperate Zone  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 11th Conference  2010
• 沖縄県糸満市真栄平における新発見の更新世化石産出地とその動物化石群集  [Not invited]

  第63回日本人類学会大会  2009
• セキショクヤケイの家禽化にともなう骨形態の変化と弥生時代のニワトリ  [Not invited]

  第13回動物考古学研究集会  2009
• 越冬地と中継地におけるマガン個体群の遺伝的構造  [Not invited]

  森口紗千子, 内山憲太郎, 江田真毅, 天野達也, 牛山克巳, 藤田剛, 樋口広芳

  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2008/09
• クロツラヘラサギ(Platalea minor)における脱落羽毛等を用いたミトコンドリアDNAの多型解析  [Not invited]

  そう炯柱, 江田真毅, 鄭鐘烈, 小池裕子

  日本生態学会大会講演要旨集  2008/03
• クロツラヘラサギ(Platalea minor)における脱落羽毛等を用いたミトコンドリアDNAの多型解析  [Not invited]

  日本生態学会第55回大会  2008
• Histological analysis of medullary bones from archaeological sites in Japan  [Not invited]

  Sixth Meeting of the Bird Working Group of ICAZ  2008
• 越冬地と中継地におけるマガン個体群の遺伝的構造  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2008年度大会  2008
• ミクロネシア・トビ島（パラオ）出土のグンカンドリ骨について  [Not invited]

  第62回日本人類学会大会  2008
• 骨髄骨の組織学的分析によるガン亜科家禽（ガチョウ）の同定  [Not invited]

  第12回動物考古学研究集会  2008
• 山陰の横穴墓から報告されている“鳥骨”の再検討  [Not invited]

  第12回動物考古学研究集会  2008
• Histological analysis of medullary bones from archaeological sites in Japan  [Not invited]

  Sixth Meeting of the Bird Working Group of ICAZ  2008
• 越冬地におけるマガンの遺伝的構造  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2007年度大会  2007
• クロツラヘラサギ（Platalea minor）において検出されたmtDNAコントロール領域の重複  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2007年度大会  2007
• 古代DNA分析による江戸時代の大名屋敷で供された希少鳥類の同定  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2007年度大会  2007
• 鳥取県鳥取市・青谷上寺地遺跡の鳥類遺体について  [Not invited]

  第11回動物考古学研究集会  2007
• DNA分析と安定同位体比分析によるアマミヤマシギの集団構造の解析  [Not invited]

  日本生態学会第53回大会  2006
• Speciation of Scolopax woodcocks in East Asia, using mtDNA and stable isotope analyses: a preliminary study  [Not invited]

  Genetics of Speciation: American Genetics Association Annual Symposium  2006
• Were they wild?: traditional bone observations and ancient DNA and stable isotope analyses for goose (Anserinae) archaeological remains from Japan  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 10th Conference  2006
• ミトコンドリアDNAの重複を考慮したアホウドリの集団構造の再検討  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2006年度大会  2006
• 薄板スプライン法によるカモ科上腕骨の同定  [Not invited]

  第10回動物考古学研究集会  2006
• Were they wild?: traditional bone observations and ancient DNA and stable isotope analyses for goose (Anserinae) archaeological remains from Japan  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 10th Conference  2006
• クロツラヘラサギのDNA解析  [Not invited]

  クロツラヘラサギ保全国際シンポジウム  2005
• 遺跡出土カモ科鳥類における家畜個体識別の試み  [Not invited]

  第59回日本人類学会大会  2005
• Temporal changes in stable isotopic compositions in Short-tailed Albatrosses from two mtDNA linages  [Not invited]

  Eda Masaki, Koike Hiroko, Mihara Shozo, Hasegawa Hiroshi, Kuroo Masaki, Higuchi Hiroyoshi

  Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of Japan  2005 

  19世紀以降の商業的漁業の発達は，海鳥の食物を大きく変えた可能性が指摘されている．流し網にかかる大型の魚類やイカ類など，通常海鳥が利用できない高栄養段階の食物が供給されるようになった可能性や，逆に漁業活動の結果，採食できる高栄養段階の魚種が減少した可能性などである．本研究では，主に海面に浮上したイカ類や魚類を採食する大型海鳥であるアホウドリ（Phoebastria albatrus）を対象に，完新世後期における窒素と炭素の安定同位体比の変化を調べた．試料として，約60年前，500年前，1000年前，3500年前の遺跡から出土した骨と，繁殖地で採集された死体の骨を用いた．各試料から骨中のコラーゲンを抽出し，窒素と炭素の安定同位体比（δ¹⁵Nとδ¹³C）を測定した．骨コラーゲンはターンオーバーが遅く，その同位体比は数年の平均的な食性の情報をもつとされる．測定の結果，アホウドリの骨コラーゲンのδ¹⁵Nは約16—19‰，δ¹³Cは約-16—-12‰で，この種が海洋食物連鎖の高次栄養段階にあることが示された．各試料のミトコンドリアDNAの制御領域とチトクロームb領域を調べ，種内の系統ごと，時代ごとに安定同位体比を比較した結果，1)各時代の試料の安定同位体比は系統に関わらず比較的集中した値をとること，2)同一の時代でも異なるミトコンドリアDNAの系統では安定同位体比に差のある傾向があること，3)完新世の他の時代に比べ，現在のアホウドリでは平均値でδ¹⁵N値が約1‰，δ¹³C値が約2‰減少したことが明らかになった．3)の傾向のうち，δ¹³C値の約1‰の減少は海洋スエズ効果に由来すると考えられるが，観察された変動はそれよりも大きい．また，δ¹⁵N値の減少は栄養段階の低下を示す可能性がある．
• Admixture of two populations or a large population?: combining Ancient DNA with stable isotope analyses to reconstruct original population structure for the Short-tailed Albatross  [Not invited]

  Second Meeting of the Archaeozoology and Genetics ICAZ Working Group  2005
• 幾何学的形態測定の考古学への応用：薄板スプライン法による遺跡出土鳥類骨同定の試み  [Not invited]

  2005年度統計関連学会連合大会  2005
• アマミヤマシギ（Scolopax mira）のmtDNA制御領域による遺伝的構造の解析  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2005年度大会  2005
• Admixture of two populations or a large population?: combining Ancient DNA with stable isotope analyses to reconstruct original population structure for the Short-tailed Albatross  [Not invited]

  Second Meeting of the Archaeozoology and Genetics ICAZ Working Group  2005
• Reconstructing Original Population Structure of a Nearly Extinct Seabird, the Short-tailed Albatross, from Zooarchaeological Remains  [Not invited]

  First Okazaki Biology Conference  2004
• 遺跡試料による鳥類相復原の現状と課題  [Not invited]

  2004年三学会合同九州大会  2004
• Why did Prehistoric Man Capture so Many Short-tailed Albatrosses in Northern Japan?  [Not invited]

  Fifth Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group  2004
• 完新世最温暖期における鳥類相と縄文人の鳥類利用  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2004年度大会  2004
• 古代DNAを用いたアホウドリの集団構造の復原  [Not invited]

  DNA考古学研究会  2004
• 青森県下北郡・尻労安部洞窟遺跡の鳥類遺体について  [Not invited]

  第8回動物考古学研究集会  2004
• Reconstructing Original Population Structure of a Nearly Extinct Seabird, the Short-tailed Albatross, from Zooarchaeological Remains  [Not invited]

  First Okazaki Biology Conference  2004
• Why did Prehistoric Man Capture so Many Short-tailed Albatrosses in Northern Japan?  [Not invited]

  Fifth Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group  2004
• 遺跡試料を用いたアホウドリの集団構造の復元 DNA解析, 安定同位体分析, 形態測定からの検討  [Not invited]

  江田 真毅, 小池 裕子, 黒尾 正樹, 三原 正三, 長谷川 博, 樋口 広芳

  日本生態学会大会講演要旨集  2003  日本生態学会
  
• 遺跡資料を用いたアホウドリの集団構造の復元－DNA解析、安定同位体分析、形態測定からの検討－  [Not invited]

  日本生態学会第50回大会  2003
• Haneo, the Faunal Analysis of an Early Jomon Wet Site  [Not invited]

  10th International Wetland Archaeology Research Project Conference  2003
• アホウドリの集団構造の過去・現在・未来  [Not invited]

  第5回日本進化学会大会  2003
• なぜオホーツク人はアホウドリを採取したのか？  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2003年度大会  2003
• Haneo, the Faunal Analysis of an Early Jomon Wet Site  [Not invited]

  10th International Wetland Archaeology Research Project Conference  2003
• 遺跡出土鳥類遺体の鳥類学的研究-ツル科鳥類の分布を題材に

  江田真毅

  動物考古学  2002
• 完新世後期におけるアホウドリの骨形態の変化  [Not invited]

  日本生態学会第49回大会  2002
• Ancient DNA analysis for species identification of albatross bones: short-tailed albatrosses disappeared from the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 9th Conference  2002
• 遺跡試料から抽出した古代DNAによる完新世後期におけるアホウドリの遺伝的構造の復元  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2002年度大会  2002
• カモ科鳥類の属を単位とした同定とその考古学的意義  [Not invited]

  第6回動物考古学研究集会  2002
• Ancient DNA analysis for species identification of albatross bones: short-tailed albatrosses disappeared from the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk  [Not invited]

  International Council for Archaeozoology 9th Conference  2002
• 遺跡から出土するアホウドリ科の骨の同定  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会2001年度大会  2001
• 遺跡出土鳥類遺体の鳥類学的研究－ツル科鳥類の分布を題材に－  [Not invited]

  第5回動物考古学研究集会  2001
• 遺跡試料からみた完新世の鳥類の分布  [Not invited]

  日本鳥学会1999年度大会  1999

MISC

• 太平洋は広い-オガサワラヒメミズナギドリ(仮称)は何処にいる?

  川上和人, 鈴木創, 堀越和夫, 千葉勇人, 江田真毅, 平岡考  日本鳥学会大会講演要旨集  2012-  2012

Awards & Honors

• 2015/09 日本鳥学会 日本鳥学会黒田賞
   

  受賞者: 江田 真毅
• 2014/08 UniBio Press 2014 UniBio Press Award for Ornithological Science
   

  受賞者: 江田 真毅
• 2010/08 ICAZ 2010 Poster Competition, Poster prize for the quality of the research protocols (International Council for Archaeozoology 11th Conference, Paris)
  
• 2006/08 ICAZ 2006 Poster Competition, Open Category, Runner-Up (International Council for Archaeozoology 10th Conference, Mexico City)
  
• 2002/08 ICAZ 2002 Poster Competition, Studen Category, Winner (International Council for Archaeozoology 9th Conference, Durhram)
  

Research Grants & Projects

• 埋蔵文化財から天然記念物を解き明かす：成立前夜の日本鶏の学際的研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業

  Date (from‐to) : 2024/04 -2028/03 

  Author : 江田 真毅
• Factors of expanding distribution during the Satsumon Culture based on exploitation dynamics

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2023/04 -2028/03 

  Author : 國木田 大, 高瀬 克範, 熊木 俊朗, 太田 圭, 江田 真毅
• Exploring the Dynamism of Eurasian Domestic Animal Cultures through Zooarchaeology

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A)

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/11 -2025/03 

  Author : 菊地 大樹, 江田 真毅, 丸山 真史, 新井 才二

   

  本研究では、中国文明の形成に作用した中国新石器時代晩期の諸地方文化要素の融合（内的因子）と中央アジアで成立した牧畜文化の受容（外的因子）という二つの大きな歴史動態および、周辺地域への波及を動物考古学的研究から導き出すことで、新たなユーラシア家畜文化史の提示を目指す。コロナ禍により現地調査は制限されているものの、可能な範囲で実施しつつ、これまでの研究をまとめた成果発表や、アウトリーチ活動に取り組んだ。ウズベキスタン南部山岳地帯のカイナル・カマル岩陰遺跡では、紀元前六千年紀を境にヒツジ/ヤギの比率が急増するとともにウシが出現する現象を捉え、当該地域の牧畜導入時期を明らかにした。浙江省文物考古研究所との共同研究では、新石器時代長江下流域の田螺山遺跡より発見されたガチョウが、世界最古の家禽であることを明らかにし、その成果は米国科学アカデミー紀要に掲載され、Science誌にも取り上げられるなど、世界的な注目を集めた。また、最後の牧畜家畜として中国へ伝来したラクダについて、近年の新資料と共に導入過程を再検討し、第一波として、西周時代併行期に天山山脈一帯で利用が始まり、その後、春秋戦国時代の第二波に、河西回廊附近まで広域に普及していたことを明らかにした。このほか、奈良県磯城郡田原本町にて、弥生時代の唐古・鍵遺跡から出土した動物遺存体の調査を実施し、大陸の影響を受けた下顎骨懸架の習俗にかかわる資料として、イノシシ/ブタの性別、年齢構成について検討した。さらに、奈良県天理市の古墳時代から古代の布留遺跡から出土した動物遺存体の調査では、ウマを主体としながらも、ウシの利用も確認できるなど、朝鮮半島を経由して九州、本州に渡来した家畜である牛馬と王権との関りの一端が明らかにできた。こうした実践的な調査、研究に加え、今後の研究で必要となる現生動物の比較骨標本の拡充を進めた。
• 東南アジア大陸部における後期更新世人類の環境適応の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 国際共同研究加速基金(国際共同研究強化(B))

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/10 -2025/03 

  Author : 澤田 純明, 樋泉 岳二, 澤浦 亮平, 江田 真毅, 本郷 一美, 佐藤 孝雄

   

  東南アジア大陸部における更新世人類の環境適応を明らかにすることは、ユーラシアの人類史を理解する上できわめて重要である。本研究は、日本とベトナムの国際研究協力体制のもと、ベトナム北部の後期更新世人類遺跡と目されるPhung Quyen石灰岩洞穴を発掘し、当該期の適応戦略の総合的解明を目指す。研究チームには、動物考古学者、考古化学者、花粉分析学者、年代測定学者、考古学者らが参加し、出土動物資料の形態分析、コラーゲンタンパク分析、古DNA分析、花粉分析、AMS年代測定などに従事する。本研究は、先端的な発掘技術と多彩な環境考古学的研究法をベトナムの洞穴調査に導入し、東南アジア大陸部における人類史解明の新たな展開を推進しようとするものである。 2021年度は、日本とベトナムの共同研究チームが、Phung Quyen洞穴の発掘調査を実施する予定であった。しかし、COVID-19感染拡大を受け日本側研究者の海外渡航中止を余儀なくされたため、日本側研究者はオンラインビデオ通信を利用したリアルタイムのリモート参加とし、ベトナム側研究者と現地雇用ベトナム人作業員が掘削作業に従事する方式に変更した。発掘は2021年7月21日から29日までの9日間で実施した。1m×2mの調査区を設定し、堆積物は全て乾燥フルイで選別して、微細遺物の採取に努めた。調査にかかる人件費・運搬費・年代測定分析費は、本研究資金から拠出した。この発掘において、ホアビン文化期の石器多数と動物資料を収集した。また、出土炭化物5点の年代測定では、5点とも較正年代で約2万4千年前の値を得た。2022年度は、日本側研究者がベトナムを訪問し、出土資料の環境考古学的分析を実施する予定である。また、Phung Quyen洞穴の発掘調査を継続し、資料の増加を目指す。
• 隠蔽種が明らかとなった特別天然記念物アホウドリの生殖隔離に関連する行動学的研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2021/04 -2024/03 

  Author : 富田 直樹, 江田 真毅, 出口 智広

   

  鳥島の繁殖地におけるアホウドリの飛来状況や抱卵状況をモニタリングするため，2021年2～3月に初寝崎（7台），燕崎（2台），子持山（3台）の3ヶ所の繁殖地に設置した自動撮影カメラ計12台（06:00～18:00の毎正時に１枚撮影するように設定）を2022年2～3月に回収した．主な繁殖地の初寝崎と燕崎のカメラは，回収直前まで撮影を続けており，2021-2022年期のアホウドリが鳥島へ帰島し始めの時期から記録できていた．一方，子持山のカメラは，鳥島を通過した台風16号が火山礫を巻き上げ，カメラレンズを損傷させたため，2021年9月30日までの撮影となった．この他に，鳥島タイプと尖閣タイプの繁殖地への到着時期（繁殖タイミング）を調べるため，初寝崎に鳥島タイプ3巣と尖閣タイプ1巣が撮影できる場所にカメラ1台を設置し，2021-2022年の繁殖期における各タイプの鳥島への到着時期を調べた．その結果，2021年10月13日に尖閣タイプの巣のオスが，続いて同巣のメスが10月18日にそれぞれ初帰島した．一方，鳥島タイプの巣では10月16日にオスが，10月23日にメスがそれぞれ初帰島し，タイプ間で帰島日に3～7日間の違いが確認された．また，2022-2023年の繁殖状況をモニタリングするため，2022年2～3月に上記と同様の場所に自動撮影カメラを設置した． 両タイプの交尾前隔離に影響し，遺伝的交流を妨げる要因の一つと考えられる各タイプの異なる非繁殖期の利用海域が，先天的に決まっているかどうかを検討するため，鳥島から小笠原諸島に移送された雛のタイプを遺伝子解析（ミトコンドリアDNA・制御領域2）で特定した．この結果，小笠原諸島に移送された雛の中に尖閣タイプの雛が含まれることが明らかとなった．これにより既に得られている非繁殖期の利用海域との関係を明らかにすることが可能となる．
• 日本列島で土器を使い始めた人々の形態・遺伝子・食性・健康状態を解明する

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/04 -2024/03 

  Author : 澤田 純明, 安達 登, 江田 真毅, 米田 穣

   

  土器の利用開始は、ヒト社会に強いインパクトを与えた人類史上の重大イベントである。「どのような人々が土器を使い始めたのか」という人類史上の重大問題に答えるため、山形県日向洞窟から出土した約13,000-11,000年前の縄文時代草創期人骨群を対象とし、多角的な考古科学研究を実施する。この時期の人骨は他になく、本人骨群は土器出現期の人類集団の形質を探るための第一級資料である。本研究は、人骨の形態解析・放射性炭素年代測定・核ゲノム解析・mtDNA解析・安定同位体食性分析・古病理学的分析などの多彩なアプローチを通して、縄文時代草創期の人々の形質・遺伝子・食性・健康状態を総合的に解明することを目的とする。 当該年度は、山形県立うきたむ風土記の丘考古資料館および高畠町郷土資料館を訪問して、日向洞窟から出土した人骨および動物骨を調査し、以下1-8の研究を実施する予定であった。1)人骨の形態解析、2)人骨の放射性炭素年代測定、3)人骨のmtDNA解析、4) 次世代シークエンサーを用いた人骨の核ゲノム解析、5)人骨の安定同位体食性分析、6)人骨の古病理学的研究、7)コラーゲンタンパク分析に基づく骨片の人獣鑑別、8)動物考古学的研究に基づく生業活動の復元。しかしながら、新型コロナウイルス感染防止対策のため、上記資料館への訪問を実現できなかったため、計画を一部変更して、先行して資料館より借り出していた日向洞窟出土人骨を対象として分析を進め、さらに、文献資料調査を実施した。また、当該年度の研究成果の一部について、学術雑誌等で発表した。
• Investigating the social integration of the ancient Andean civilization based on comprehensive materials science

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/04 -2024/03 

  Author : 鵜澤 和宏, 關 雄二, 瀧上 舞, 江田 真毅

   

  本研究は、具体的に3つの課題を設定して実施している。第1課題は考古動物相の高精度同定、第2課題は家畜飼育開始時期と不平等社会出現の時差確認、第3課題は饗宴儀礼と食物連鎖を暗示する図像解釈の解明である。 昨年度に続き、今年度もペルーにおける現地が実施できなかったため、本研究課題に先行しておこなってきたプロジェクトで収集し、未分析であった資料を活用し、国内において研究を遂行した。また、海外研究者とのオンライン会議、ワークショップ開催等をおこなって、研究の進展をはかった。 今年度の主な成果は、第２課題として設定した初期ラクダ家畜の利用に関する問題について、着実な進展をみたことである。ペルー北部のアンデス高地において、紀元前800年から500年頃までにリャマ飼育が開始されたことは本研究課題によりすでに明らかにされていた。またリャマの導入が神殿の儀礼活動にもっぱら用いられていたことも判明している。今年度は、ペルー北部高地における初期リャマ家畜の利用を遺跡間で比較し、神殿社会における社会の複雑化過程と家畜開始の相関関係を検証した。その結果、当地域を代表するパコパンパ遺跡とクントゥルワシ遺跡で、リャマの利用に顕著な違いが確認され、リャマの飼育を担った集団との関係に相違があったことが示唆された。 こうした知見を、動物考古学、同位体化学など、学際的な分析によって確認して論文化した。研究代表者と研究分担者２名による合計４報の論文を含む成果論文が、Anthropological Science誌において特集号として発行したほか、さらに３報の論文を含む論集の出版を進めている。
• Investigating the origin and spread of poultry breeding in East Asia

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/04 -2024/03 

  Author : 江田 真毅, 丸山 真史, 菊地 大樹

   

  ニワトリはセキショクヤケイを、ガチョウはガン族の鳥を家畜化した家禽である。動物考古学上、ニワトリの起源は未解明ながら、弥生時代中期にあたる約2,000年前に原産地の東南アジアから遠く離れた日本にまで拡散したことが分かっている。しかし、その導入元と目される朝鮮半島や中国にニワトリがどのように拡散してきたかはよく分かっていない。一方、私たちの研究によって中国の長江下流域では約7000年前からガン類が飼育されていたことが明かになりつつある。本研究の目的は、中国と韓国の遺跡から出土した骨の複眼的解析から、ニワトリとガチョウの飼育の起源と拡散の様相を解明することを通じて、各時代・地域において「ヒトはなぜ家禽を必要としたのか？」を考察することである。今年度の研究の概要は以下の通りである。 １．中国と韓国における動物骨の出土遺跡のデータベース化を進めた。これまでに中国では81遺跡中31遺跡、韓国では53遺跡中19遺跡からキジ科の出土を確認した。また、カモ科については中国では11遺跡、韓国では12遺跡から出土を確認した。 ２．遺跡出土資料との比較のために、実験施設や動物園などに働きかけて鳥類の遺体を入手し、骨格標本を作成した。また、山階鳥類研究所や東京大学総合研究博物館、奈良国立文化財研究所、国立科学博物館など国内の鳥類骨標本を収蔵している研究施設を訪れ、骨格標本の観察・計測をおこなった。 ３．中国や韓国の遺跡から出土する資料との比較のために、長崎県長崎市の和蘭商館跡、長崎県壱岐市のカラカミ遺跡、大阪府大阪市の久留米藩蔵屋敷跡、奈良県田原本町の唐古・鍵遺跡、千葉県我孫子市の下ヶ戸貝塚などの遺跡から出土した鳥類遺体を分析した。
• Northern Expansion and Adaptation Limitations of Temperate Neolithic Culture in Northeast Asia

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2022/03 

  Author : Fukuda Masahiro

   

  In this study, though the joint research of Neolithic/Jomon archaeological sites in both Russia and Japan, the Neolithic cultural exchange and adaptation strategy in the 45-50 degrees north latitude zone of the northern circum of Japan Sea area (i.e., Sredneamurskaya Lowland, Lower Amur basin, Sakhalin and Hokkaido Islands) were elucidated comprehensively. New archaeological fieldworks have revealed new facts on the Early Neolithic Southern Sakhalin, the Middle and Final Neolithic Western Jewish Autonomous Oblast, and the Middle to Final Jomon of the Northern Hokkaido. Based on high-precision chronology with radiocarbon dates, the long-term process of the maintaining living system suitable for local ecosystems in each region was restored, despite historically remarkable social impacts caused by contacts between distant populations in the east-west and north-south directions.
• Basic research for identifying "unidentifiable bone fragments" excavated from Japanese archaeological sites by collagen peptide fingerprinting

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Challenging Research (Exploratory)

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/06 -2021/03 

  Author : Masaki Eda

   

  The purpose of this study was to establish identification criteria for Japanese archaeological bone fragments that were unidentifiable from the morphological characters, using collagen peptide fingerprinting. During the research period, bone specimens of 68 species of mammals and 30 species of birds (180 species in total including the previous research), mainly from modern Japan, were analyzed. Based on the data, identification criteria for specific family, genus, species or specific taxa were created. Collagen peptide fingerprinting was also performed on archaeological bone fragments, confirming that the data accumulated so far are useful for their identification.
• Research of the origin and spread of poultry breeding in Southeast Asia by collagen peptide fingerprinting

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (A))

  Date (from‐to) : 2021 -2021 

  Author : 江田 真毅

   

  ニワトリはセキショクヤケイを、ガチョウはガン族の鳥を家畜化した家禽である。基課題では、中国と韓国の遺跡から出土した骨の考古科学分析からニワトリとガチョウの東アジアにおける起源と拡散の様相を解明し、各時代・地域において「ヒトはなぜ家禽を必要としたのか？」を考察することを目的としている。本研究では、その地理的枠組みをニワトリの家畜化の起源地と考えられる東南アジアに広げる。そのために、日本の資料を対象に確立したコラーゲンタンパクの質量分析によるニワトリの同定基準を、東南アジアを含む汎アジア地域に拡張し、東南アジアの遺跡から出土したキジ科の骨を同定する基準を確立する。さらに東南アジア（タイおよびベトナム）の遺跡から出土したキジ科を中心とした鳥骨を対象に考古科学分析を実施し、ニワトリの家畜化の起源において「ヒトはなぜ家禽を必要としたのか？」を考察することを目的とする。今年度に実施した研究は以下の通りである。 １．コラーゲンタンパクの質量分析の対象とするために、北海道大学総合博物館、森林総合研究所、国立科学博物館、山階鳥類研究所、奈良文化財研究所、ウォルター・ロスチャイルド動物学博物館、ヨーク大学、シェフィールド大学を訪れ、各館・研究施設が所蔵するキジ科の骨標本を収集した。 ２．海外共同研究者のジェシカ・ヘンディ（ヨーク大学）とともにコラーゲンタンパクの質量分析による汎アジア的遺跡出土ニワトリ資料の同定基準の確立に努めた。各館・研究施設からの協力を得やすくするために非破壊分析を主体とし、これまでに35属79種計139点のキジ科資料を分析した。
• 稲作農耕社会の発展を背景とした家禽利用の変化の解明

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2020/03 

  Author : 江田 真毅

   

  (１) 安徽省の遺跡出土鳥類骨の調査：小孫崗遺跡（約7,200-6,800年前）、南城孜遺跡（約4,600--3,500年前）、台家寺遺跡（約4,300--3,200年前）出土の鳥類骨を肉眼比較により同定した。キジ科はいずれの遺跡でも比較的高頻度で認められた一方、形態的特徴からニワトリの可能性の有無が判別できる骨ではニワトリの可能性がある資料は認められていない。台家寺遺跡で確認されたガン族の骨はいずれも成鳥のものであり、また産卵期の雌個体であったことを示す骨髄骨も認められていない。
  (２) 田螺山遺跡出土キジ科のコラーゲンタンパク分析：これまでの調査で確認したキジ科の叉骨と肩甲骨を対象にコラーゲンタンパク分析による判別を実施した。分析の結果、両資料でキジやヤマドリで認められニワトリにはないアミノ酸配列のピークが検出され、ニワトリでみられるピークは認められなかった。この結果から両資料はニワトリのものではないことが明らかになった。また、このことから田螺山遺跡においてニワトリは利用されていなかったことが示唆された。
  (３) ガン族の骨の放射性炭素年代測定：田螺山遺跡から出土したガン族の骨のうち、酸素同位体比分析で家畜個体（ガチョウ）に由来するものと考えられる骨について年代測定を実施した。放射性炭素年代測定の結果、いずれの資料も較正年代は約6,600～7,000年前を示し、後世の資料の混入ではないことが明示された。
• Anthropological and bioarchaeological study of the human skeletal remains of the Incipient Jomon period from the Hinata cave site

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2017/04 -2020/03 

  Author : Sawada Junmei

   

  Scattered human bone fragments unearthed from the Hinata cave in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, were dated using the AMS method, and the morphology and mitochondrial DNA of those were analyzed. Most of the dated human bones from the Hinata cave were older than 10,000 years, with the oldest value being ca. 13000 years old. This date corresponds to the Incipient Jomon period. Although the Hinata cave human bones were fragmented, the morphological characteristics of the limb bone diaphysis were found to be similar to those of the Initial Jomon period. The haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA in the Hinata cave human bones seemed to be an ancestral type of the type found in Jomon population.
• Impact assessment of climate changes in past and future on the rock ptarmigan in Japan

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2016/04 -2020/03 

  Author : Tsuyama Ikutaro

   

  We reached following hypotheses on changes of the rock ptarmigan distribution in Japan after late Pleistocene: the rock ptarmigan had migrated from Eurasia to western Japan via Korean Peninsula, and the species has not reached Hokkaido Island; the rock ptarmigan had migrated from Eurasia to Honshu Island via Hokkaido, and the population in Hokkaido had disappeared for some reason except changes in vegetation before the last glacial maximum. The rock ptarmigan populations in Southern Alps are considered to be most vulnerable to the future climate change and have high priority to be protected: they have low number of individuals and least genetic diversity in the world; most of their potential habitat was predicted to disappear at the end of this century. Mt Fuji and Mts Daisetsu, located in out of current habitat of the rock ptarmigan, were only predicted to be as future refugia. Adaptive strategy such as assisted migration will be required for the conservation of the species in Japan.
• An Archaeological Study on the Origin and Economic History of the Kuril Ainu

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2020/03 

  Author : Takase Katsunori

   

  This study revealed that the Kuril Ainu, an indigenous people of the Kuril Islands, were formed by the immigration from Southern Sakhalin or the Southern Kuril Islands based on archaeological examinations. Also, this study demonstrated that their retreat from Southern Kamchatka was caused in the beginning of the 18th century although they mainly occupied Southern Kamchatka between the 15th century and the 17th century. Because terrestrial animals of Kamchatka had not been actively used in the Kuril Islands in this period, there was no significant change in their economy after they stopped using Southern Kamchatka in the beginning of the 18th century.
• Domestication Processes in Continental Southeast Asia

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2020/03 

  Author : Sawada Junmei

   

  The zooarchaeological investigation was conducted on animal remains excavated from the Hang Cho site in the mountainous area of northern Vietnam (13,000-12,000 years ago, hunter-gathering), the Huiyaotian site in Guangxi, China (9,000-7,000 years ago, hunter-gathering), the Man Bac site on the northern coast of Vietnam (3,800-3,500 years ago, parallel to early agricultural culture), and the Cai Beo site on the islands of Halong Bay (4,000-3,500 years ago, Halong culture). Our results revealed that: 1) a variety of mammal hunting activities were developed from the late Pleistocene to the early Neolithic period, taking advantage of various surrounding environments; and 2) the diversity of mammal hunting decreased with the domestication of the boar in the Late Neolithic.
• Collagen peptide-based identification of bird bone fragments found with a female corpse

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2019/03 

  Author : Eda Masaki, OKITA Ema

   

  The identification of the bird bones found with the female corpse named “a woman holding a baby cormorant” (human skeleton No. 1) at the Doigahama site is important for understanding religious ceremonies of the Yayoi culture. However, as these bones are fragmented, identification based on bone morphology is difficult. In the present study, identification based on the amino acid sequence of the collagen peptide was applied to birds for the first time. Peaks of amino acid sequences were used in the identification of bones of birds currently living in Japan, and they were then compared with sequences of the bird bones found with the female corpse. This analysis revealed that these bird bones were from an owl. Nonetheless, whether these bird bones were buried together with the human bones needs further examination.
• Comparative Studies on Andean Civilization

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

  Date (from‐to) : 2014/07 -2019/03 

  Author : SAKAI MASASTO, AKOJIMA Isao, YONEDA Minoru, WATANABE Yoichi, Monma Tadasuke

   

  In this study, we realized interdisciplinary research on the Nasca Pampa at the southern coast of Peru, where the lines and geoglyphs of Nasca, the World Heritage Site, are distributed extensively. As a result, we found about 90 new geoglyphs of animals, and clarified the distribution and period of about 1000 lines. Furthermore, we made it clear through interdisciplinary research that the above geoglyphs of animals had been guideposts on the routes to cut across the Nasca Pampa, and that they later played a role as ritual places. In addition, in order to preserve these geoglyphs, we established a method to get their high visibility in the original condition.
• Zoo-archaeological and isotopic archaeological studies on resource utilization and culture and distribution in the early modern castle town

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2014/04 -2019/03 

  Author : Ishimaru Eriko, ISHIGAKI toshiyuki, EDA masaki, OOKITA kazumi, KOYAMA taisei, TAKEUCHI yuki, YAMAMOTO motoko, WAKASHIMA kazunori

   

  In this study we considered the aspect of various food resource utilization and relationship between specific animals such as dogs and cattle and humans by analysis of animal remains excavated from the early modern castle town area of Chugoku-Shikoku region. We also examined the difference of the food environment, utilization of shellfish resources, bone work production and utilization of dogs from the difference of the fauna of each house site. Additionally, isotopic analysis of animal bones reveals carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio values of animal resources used at that time, we pointed out the difference in dietary environment of mammalian resources during the Jomon period and the early modern period and the possibility of human influence on domestic species.
• 稲作農耕社会の発展を背景とした人とカモ科鳥類の関係史

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

  Date (from‐to) : 2016/04 -2018/03 

  Author : 江田 真毅

   

  長江下流域において、稲作農耕の発展を背景にカモ科鳥類と人のかかわりがどのように変化したかを明らかにするために以下の調査・研究をおこなった。 １．跨湖橋遺跡（約8,000-7,000年前）出土の鳥骨を肉眼比較により同定した。8目9科を確認し，ガン族が約47％ともっとも主体的であり，これにツル科（約21％）とカモ亜科（約14％）が続くことが分かった。昨年度までに調査した田螺山遺跡，良渚遺跡と比較すると，跨湖橋遺跡ではツル科の利用がとくに顕著であったことが読み取れる。田螺山遺跡や良渚遺跡で認められたガン族の幼鳥や若鳥と考えられる骨は検出されなかった。 ２．コペンハーゲン大学自然史博物館（デンマーク），ヒストリックイングランドおよびサザンプトン大学（ともにイギリス）でガン類の幼鳥の骨を調査した。その結果，少なくとも田螺山遺跡と良渚遺跡から出土した各1点のガン類の骨は4週齢～8週齢の幼鳥に由来し，越冬地に渡る以前に死亡した個体のものと考えられた。現在のガン類の生態から野生のガン類が長江下流域で繁殖するとは考えにくいことから，これらの個体は家畜個体（ガチョウ）に由来するものと考えられる。 ３．田螺山遺跡から出土したガン族の骨（成鳥と前述の幼鳥3点を含む）の酸素同位体比を測定した。その結果，ガン族の成鳥の骨に田螺山の哺乳類の酸素同位体比の範囲に含まれる資料群（A群）、哺乳類よりも低い資料群（B群）、それらの資料群よりさらに値の低い資料群（C群）が認められた。この結果はA群が周年長江下流域周辺に生息した個体、C群が初年に繁殖地から飛来した個体、B群が何度か渡りをした個体と解釈できた。
• Conservation unit of short-tailed albatross focusing on migration and genetic diversity

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2018/03 

  Author : Watanuki Yutaka

   

  Individuals of seabirds breeding at the same colony often use separate areas during the non-breeding period and they sometimes diverse genetically. Short-tailed albatrosses Phoebastria albatrus is endemic and threatened species in Japan. Its population consists of two genetically diverse types (Torishima and Senkaku). We tracked the annual movements of individual birds breeding at Torishima using biologging technique. We found that during their non-breeding period all Torishima type used Bering Sea while Senkaku type mainly used the Okhotsk Sea. We did not detect difference in the timing of arrival to the colony from non-breeding areas between these two types. Thus these two types may be under the different natural and anthropogenic stresses during non-breeding period thus should be carefly treated as separate conservation units.
• Pursuit of the Formation Processes of Ainu Ethnicity

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

  Date (from‐to) : 2012/10 -2016/03 

  Author : KATO Hirofumi, ISHIDA Hajime, YOSHIDA Kunio, SATO Takao, YONENOBU Hitoshi, HUDSON Mark, YONEDA Minoru, ADACHI Noboru, MASUDA Ryuichi, KIYAMA Katsuhiko, EDA Masaki, OKADA Mayumi, NAGANUMA Masaki

   

  In this research project, we can provide a rich resource to suggest the strong influence of the Marine Hunter-Gatherer cultural tradition in the social-cultural context into the formation process of Ainu and their cultural traditions. Our archaeological investigation at Hamanaka 2 site, in Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan, has been clearly shown that the tradition of Sea-mammal worship tradition continuously inherited from the preceded prehistoric culture into the historical Ainu culture. In the field of genetics, we have got a valuable resource for further progress. So far, presented complexity of the formation process of Ainu, we have to consider the need for the social, economic, political aspect and influence in the formation process of ethnic identity and its variability. We would like to continue for further accumulation and deepening of collected research resources in this project.
• Investigation of the bird domestication process in China by using various archaeological science approaches for studying zooarchaeological remains

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2012/04 -2016/03 

  Author : Eda Masaki

   

  Farming of domestic birds (including domestic chicken, goose and duck) is thought to have begun in the Neolithic Age in northern China, and domestic chicken farming is considered the oldest poultry farming practice, with its origin tracing back to approximately 10,000 BP. To investigate the domestication process of birds in China, we analyzed bird bones collected from 23 Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in central and northern China. No candidate chicken bones were found at any of the early and middle Neolithic sites, whereas a small number of them were found in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age sites. These observations suggest that chickens were not farmed in central and northern China during the early and middle Neolithic Age and that they were not popular even in the Bronze Age.
• The reconstruction of history of domestic birds in Japan, using zooarchaelogical materials

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2009 -2011 

  Author : EDA Masaki

   

  Morphological characteristics of domestic chicken bones in the Yayoi period were similar to ones of red-jungle fowls kept in cage and not fully domesticated. Then I tried to find out nonmetric osteological characters that are useful for the discrimination of chicken and indigenous wild fowls in Japan. Referring to the osteological characteristics, I reanalyzed and reconfirmed zooarchaeological chicken bones from the Yayoi period. In addition, I studied bird remains from 20 archaeological sites in Japan(Early Jomon to Edo Period) and tried to find out domescit chicken and goose bones.
• The reconstruction of history of domestic birds in Japan based on zooarchaeological remains: a preliminary study

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up)

  Date (from‐to) : 2007 -2008 

  Author : EDA Masaki

   

  ガン亜科とキジ科の遺跡出土試料を対象に、組織切片を用いた骨髄骨の観察、骨の発達段階や形態の観察・測定、古代DNA分析をおこない、野生集団と家畜化の各段階にある集団との識別方法を確立した。特に骨髄骨の分析では、日本ではじめてガン亜科家禽を同定した。今後、本研究で得られた知見に基づいてガン亜科やキジ科の遺跡出土試料を分析することで、日本における家禽の歴史をより鮮明に描けるようになると期待される。
• 人類学的特徴を加味した新しい復顔法に関する予察的研究

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2006 -2008 

  Author : 井上 貴央, 江田 真毅, 小川 敏英, 井上 仁, 川久保 善智

   

  本研究は、現代日本人の解剖体やCT画像のデータをもとにして、顔面における皮膚の厚みを計測し、最新のコンピュータグラフィックス技術を用いて、古人骨の三次元的な復顔を行う方法を検討するものである。本年度は、最終年度に当たるので、これまで得られたCT画像、古人骨の三次元データ、解剖体の皮膚の厚みおよび鼻根部の形態の基礎的データについて整理した。また、現代人を標準的な縄文系のグループと標準的な渡来系弥生人系のグループに分け、それぞれの顔面画像を撮影し、眼、眉毛、耳、鼻、口唇などの顔面部品を作製した。実物の古人骨から得られたUVWファイノレの三次元データにっいては、ウェブなどで公開するには充分の解搬を撒ていた。 昨年度からの検討課題であった正確なポリゴンデータ収集については、撮影方法等にも工夫をこらしたところ、やや改善したものの、歪みのない三次元ファイルを作製することは困難であった。したがって、読み込んだ頭蓋骨の三次元データに皮膚の厚みデータを付加することはできず、復顔の立体造型には至らなかった。しかしながら、今回の研究を通じて、鼻根部の詳細な形態が得られたこと、三次元データをOBJファイルに変換することによって現代人の顔面部品のJPG画像がコンピュータ上で貼り付けできることが分かったことは、三次元ソフトの進歩によるところが大きい。このことは、将来、より正確な復顔像を作製する上で、大きな進歩であったと考えられ、バーチャル復顔像の作製に関する現時点での問題点を抽出することができた。将来、ソフト面の開発が進めば、本研究を基礎として、容易に三次元復顔ができる可能性を示唆したものと言える。
• 古代DNAを用いた鳥類遺体の研究-人類が過去の鳥類に及ぼした絶滅・繁栄などの解明

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows

  Date (from‐to) : 2004 -2006 

  Author : 江田 真毅

   

  古代DNAを用いた遺跡出土コウノトリ科、トキ科、ツル科の同定法の確立、ミトコンドリアDNAの重複を考慮した古代DNAに基づくアホウドリの集団構造の再検討、遺跡出土ガン亜科の種同定と家畜個体の識別の3つをテーマに研究した。コウノトリ科、トキ科、ツル科の同定は、汐留遺跡(東京都港区・江戸時代)の出土試料を対象とした。Eda et al.(2006)のプライマーを用いて分析した結果、同遺跡のコウノトリ科はコウノトリ(Ciconia boyciana)を、トキ科はトキ(Nipponia nippon)を、ツル科はナベヅル(Grus monacha)あるいはクロヅル(Grus Grus)を含むことが明らかになった。アホウドリの集団構造の再検討では、まずアホウドリ科のThalassarche属で近年発見されたミトコンドリアDNA配列の重複(Abbott et al.2005)がアホウドリ属(Phoebastria)にも共通することを確認した。次に、浜中2遺跡(北海道礼文町・オホーツク文化期)出土のアホウドリ(P.albatrus)遺体のDNA解析の結果(Eda,2005,Dr's thesis)を再検討した。その結果、認識されていた3つのクレードのうち、1つのクレードは異なる制御領域のコピーに由来することが示唆されたものの、配列の再解析の結果、当時アホウドリに2つの集団があったことが支持された。ガン亜科の種同定と家畜個体の識別については、解析領域が少ないことによる誤判別の可能性を減少するために新たなプライマーを設計し、同定法をより頑健にした。また、出島和蘭商館跡遺跡のガン亜科遺体を分析し、骨髄骨を含むガン亜科の骨を検出した。骨髄骨は産卵期の雌の骨中にのみ二次的に形成される骨である一方、現在野生のガン亜科は日本で繁殖しない。このことから同遺跡ではガン亜科の家畜個体が利用されていたことが示唆された。

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• 2023/01 - Today   Internatinal Journal of Osteoarchaeology   Editorial board member