Researcher Profile and Settings

Master

Affiliation (Master)

• Faculty of Fisheries Sciences　Marine Life Science　Marine Bioresources Chemistry

Affiliation (Master)

• Faculty of Fisheries Sciences　Marine Life Science　Marine Bioresources Chemistry

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Profile and Settings

Degree

• Ph.D.

Profile and Settings

• Name (Japanese)

  Sakai

• Name (Kana)

  Ryuichi

• Name

  200901073854401802

Achievement

Research Interests

• metabolomics   Thrombopoietin receptor   グルタミン酸受容体   興奮性アミノ酸   海綿   ダイシハーベイン   神経毒   免疫組織化学   アミノ酸   興奮性神経毒   ミクロネシア連邦   ポリアミン   ペプチド   海洋天然物   抗菌性   ホヤ   ガレクチン   イソグアニン   天然物化学   カイニン酸   細胞毒性   組織免疫染色   Dysidea herbacea   生理活性物質   海綿(スポンジ)   バイオミネラリゼーション   GABA受容体   局在性   ベタイン   抗しゅよう性   中枢神経   海洋天然物化学   Marine Natural Products chemistry   

Research Areas

• Life sciences / Neuroscience - general
• Life sciences / Marine/Aquatic life sciences

Research Experience

• 2010 - 2012 北海道大学 水産科学研究科(研究院) 教授
• 1992 - 1994 イリノイ大学 Urbana-Champaign 博士研究員
• 1987 - 1991 イリノイ大学 Urbana-Champaign 博士課程
• 1985 - 1987 ハーバーブランチ海洋学研究所（米国）
• 1984 - 1985 琉球大学理学研究科修士課程

Education

•        - 1992  イリノイ大学大学院
•        - 1992  University of Illinois at Urban  Graduate School, Division of Chemistry
•        - 1985  University of the Ryukyus
•        - 1983  University of the Ryukyus  Faculty of Science
•        - 1983  University of the Ryukyus  Faculty of Science

Published Papers

• Dopamine-Derived Guanidine Alkaloids from a Didemnidae Tunicate: Isolation, Synthesis, and Biological Activities.

  Ryuichi Sakai, Ken Matsumura, Hajime Uchimasu, Kei Miyako, Tohru Taniguchi, V Raghavendra Rao Kovvuri, Anjana Delpe Acharige, Kenneth G Hull, Daniel Romo, Lakkana Thaveepornkul, Sarin Chimnaronk, Hiroko Miyamoto, Ayato Takada, Hiromi Watari, Masaki J Fujita, Jiro Sakaue

  The Journal of organic chemistry 2024/04/01 

  Mellpaladines A-C (1-3) and dopargimine (4) are dopamine-derived guanidine alkaloids isolated from a specimen of Palauan Didemnidae tunicate as possible modulators of neuronal receptors. In this study, we isolated the dopargimine derivative 1-carboxydopargimine (5), three additional mellpaladines D-F (6-8), and serotodopalgimine (9), along with a dimer of serotonin, 5,5'-dihydroxy-4,4'-bistryptamine (10). The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectrometric and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 4 and its congeners dopargine (11), nordopargimine (15), and 2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)ethan-1-amine (16) were synthetically prepared for biological evaluations. The biological activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated in comparison with those of 1-4 using a mouse behavioral assay upon intracerebroventricular injection, revealing key functional groups in the dopargimines and mellpaladines for in vivo behavioral toxicity. Interestingly, these alkaloids also emerged during a screen of our marine natural product library aimed at identifying antiviral activities against dengue virus, SARS-CoV-2, and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSV) pseudotyped with Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-ZGP).
• Total synthesis of lycoperdic acid and stereoisomers (part 2): Completion of the synthesis and biological evaluation

  Kenji Morokuma, Hiromi Watari, Maika Mori, Ryuichi Sakai, Raku Irie, Masato Oikawa

  Tetrahedron 133623 - 133623 0040-4020 2023/08
• Smart utilization of betaine lipids in the giant clam Tridacna crocea

  Ryuichi Sakai, Naoko Goto-Inoue, Hiroshi Yamashita, Naoya Aimoto, Yuto Kitai, Tadashi Maruyama

  iScience 26 (7) 107250 - 107250 2589-0042 2023/07
• Function of the algicidal bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Go58 isolated from the biofilm on a water plant, and its active compounds, pyoluteorins

  Shuhe Chen, Miyu Haga, Ichiro Imai, Ryuichi Sakai, Masaki J. Fujita

  Science of The Total Environment 872 162088 - 162088 0048-9697 2023/05
• Interaction of Polyamine-modified Marine Peptide Aculeine A with Cell Membranes: Disruption or Entry

  Hiromi Watari, Reimi Kishi, Satoko Matsunaga, Takayuki Nishikawa, Yuji Sawada, Akito Honda, Masaki J Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  Chemistry Letters 52 (3) 185 - 189 0366-7022 2023/03/05
• Tetraploidy‐linked sensitization to CENP‐E inhibition in human cells

  Koya Yoshizawa, Akira Matsura, Masaya Shimada, Sumire Ishida‐Ishihara, Fuyu Sato, Takahiro Yamamoto, Kan Yaguchi, Eiji Kawamoto, Taruho Kuroda, Kazuya Matsuo, Nobuyuki Tamaoki, Ryuichi Sakai, Yasuhito Shimada, Mithilesh Mishra, Ryota Uehara

  Molecular Oncology 17 (6) 1148 - 1166 1574-7891 2023/02/11 

  Tetraploidy is a hallmark of cancer cells, and tetraploidy‐selective cell growth suppression is a potential strategy for targeted cancer therapy. However, how tetraploid cells differ from normal diploids in their sensitivity to anti‐proliferative treatments remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that tetraploid cells are significantly more susceptible to inhibitors of a mitotic kinesin (CENP‐E) than are diploids. Treatment with a CENP‐E inhibitor preferentially diminished the tetraploid cell population in a diploid–tetraploid co‐culture at optimum conditions. Live imaging revealed that a tetraploidy‐linked increase in unsolvable chromosome misalignment caused substantially longer mitotic delay in tetraploids than in diploids upon moderate CENP‐E inhibition. This time gap of mitotic arrest resulted in cohesion fatigue and subsequent cell death, specifically in tetraploids, leading to tetraploidy‐selective cell growth suppression. In contrast, the microtubule‐stabilizing compound paclitaxel caused tetraploidy‐selective suppression through the aggravation of spindle multipolarization. We also found that treatment with a CENP‐E inhibitor had superior generality to paclitaxel in its tetraploidy selectivity across a broader spectrum of cell lines. Our results highlight the unique properties of CENP‐E inhibitors in tetraploidy‐selective suppression and their potential use in the development of tetraploidy‐targeting interventions in cancer.
• A marine sponge-derived lectin reveals hidden pathway for thrombopoietin receptor activation.

  Hiromi Watari, Hiromu Kageyama, Nami Masubuchi, Hiroya Nakajima, Kako Onodera, Pamela J Focia, Takumi Oshiro, Takashi Matsui, Yoshio Kodera, Tomohisa Ogawa, Takeshi Yokoyama, Makoto Hirayama, Kanji Hori, Douglas M Freymann, Misa Imai, Norio Komatsu, Marito Araki, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Ryuichi Sakai

  Nature communications 13 (1) 7262 - 7262 2022/11/25 

  N-glycan-mediated activation of the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) under pathological conditions has been implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms induced by mutant calreticulin, which forms an endogenous receptor-agonist complex that traffics to the cell surface and constitutively activates the receptor. However, the molecular basis for this mechanism is elusive because oncogenic activation occurs only in the cell-intrinsic complex and is thus cannot be replicated with external agonists. Here, we describe the structure and function of a marine sponge-derived MPL agonist, thrombocorticin (ThC), a homodimerized lectin with calcium-dependent fucose-binding properties. In-depth characterization of lectin-induced activation showed that, similar to oncogenic activation, sugar chain-mediated activation persists due to limited receptor internalization. The strong synergy between ThC and thrombopoietin suggests that ThC catalyzes the formation of receptor dimers on the cell surface. Overall, the existence of sugar-mediated MPL activation, in which the mode of activation is different from the original ligand, suggests that receptor activation is unpredictably diverse in living organisms.
• Synthetic Studies on the Initially Proposed Structure of Protoaculeine B: Discovery of Neuronally Active Heterotricyclic Amino Acids

  Kazunori Otsuka, Masayoshi Miyahara, Sara Takaki, Ryoya Wakabayashi, Kei Miyako, Raku Irie, Satoshi Takamizawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2022 (36) 1434-193X 2022/09/27
• Hidden pathway for cytokine receptor activation: a marine sponge-derived lectin reveals sugar-mediated thrombopoietin receptor activation

  Hiromi Watari, Hiromu Kageyama, Nami Masubuchi, Hiroya Nakajima, Kako Onodera, Pamela Focia, Takumi Oshiro, Takashi Matsui, Yoshio Kodera, Tomohisa Ogawa, Takeshi Yokoyama, Makoto Hirayama, Kanji Hori, Douglas Freymann, Norio Komatsu, Marito Araki, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Ryuichi Sakai

  2022/04/01
• Oxa-Michael-based divergent synthesis of artificial glutamate analogs

  Shuntaro Tsukamoto, Oriel Hlokoane, Kei Miyako, Raku Irie, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  RSC Advances 12 (34) 22175 - 22179 2022 

  By interchanging the order of reactions, two types of skeletons were created and a neuroactive artificial glutamate analog was developed.
• Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of Sargassum fulvellum macroalgae: Biomass valorization and biogas optimization under different pre-treatment conditions

  Mohamed Farghali, Yuhendra AP, Israa M.A. Mohamed, Masahiro Iwasaki, Suchon Tangtaweewipat, Ikko Ihara, Ryuichi Sakai, Kazutaka Umetsu

  Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9 (6) 106405 - 106405 2213-3437 2021/12
• Potential of biogas production from the anaerobic digestion of Sargassum fulvellum macroalgae: Influences of mechanical, chemical, and biological pretreatments

  A. P. Yuhendra, Mohamed Farghali, Israa M. A. Mohamed, Masahiro Iwasaki, Suchon Tangtaweewipat, Ikko Ihara, Ryuichi Sakai, Kazutaka Umetsu

  BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 175 1369-703X 2021/11 

  Utilization of macroalgal biomass through the anaerobic digestion (AD) system can overcome algal pollution while providing alternative and renewable energy as fuel scarcity increases. To achieve this objective, Sargassum fulvellum biomass was used as the feedstock for the batch AD process. Original-sized algal biomass (So) of 106 mu m-4.75 mm particle size, reduced-sized biomass of 75-850 mu m (mechanically pretreated, Sr), chemically pretreated reduced-sized wet biomass with 40 mL/L (Sac1), 20 mL/L (Sac2) of 2 M HCl and with 10 mL/L (Sal1) and 5 mL/L (Sal2) of 6 N NaOH, and biologically pretreated original particle size biomass (Se) with 1 mL/L of cellulase enzyme were employed as feedstocks for digestion. Mechanical pretreatment of Sargassum fulvellum (Sr) without chemical addition resulted in 142.91 +/- 0.004 mL CH4/gVS, which is higher than chemically pretreated reduced-sized macroalgae in So, Sac1, Sac2, Sal1, and Sal2 by 52.34%, 9.83%, 15.89%, 12.73%, and 18.26%, respectively. Biological treatment reduced methane yield in Se by 9.49% than the original-sized algal biomass (So). In addition, the rate of hydrolysis and maximum biomethane production potential improved after mechanical pretreatment by a maximum of 45.60% and 48.71%, respectively. This study indicates that the utilization of marine biomass as an alternative resource for biomethane production can be achieved, with an optimum methane production from mechanically pretreated macroalgae without chemical addition.
• Hidden pathway for cytokine receptor activation: Structural insights into a marine sponge-derived lectin that activates the thrombopoietin receptor via recognition of the fucose moiety

  Hiromi Watari, Hiromu Kageyama, Nami Masubuchi, Hiroya Nakajima, Kako Onodera, Pamela J. Focia, Takumi Oshiro, Takashi Matsui, Yoshio Kodera, Tomohisa Ogawa, Takeshi Yokoyama, Makoto Hirayama, Kanji Hori, Douglas M. Freymann, Norio Komatsu, Marito Araki, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Ryuichi Sakai

  2021/10/29 

  ABSTRACT N-glycan-mediated activation of the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) under pathological conditions has been implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms induced by mutant calreticulin, which forms an endogenous receptor-agonist complex that constitutively activates the receptor. However, the molecular basis for this mechanism has not been studied because no external agonists existed. We describe the structure and function of a marine sponge-derived MPL agonist, thrombocorticin (ThC), a homodimerized lectin with calcium-dependent fucose-binding properties. ThC-induced activation persists due to limited receptor internalization. The strong synergy between ThC and thrombopoietin suggests that ThC catalyzes the formation of receptor dimers on the cell surface. MPL is subject to sugar-mediated activation, where the kinetics differ from those of cytokines. This result suggests the presence of diverse receptor activation pathways in human thrombopoiesis. One-sentence summary A marine sponge lectin catalyzes thrombopoietin receptor dimerization and activation, exhibiting strong synergy with thrombopoietin, and modulates internalization of the receptor.
• Structure Revision of Protoaculeine B, a Post-translationally Modified N-Terminal Residue in the Peptide Toxin Aculeine B.

  Raku Irie, Kei Miyako, Satoko Matsunaga, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  Journal of natural products 84 (4) 1203 - 1209 2021/04/23 

  The structure of protoaculeine B, the N-terminal residue of the marine peptide toxin aculeine B, is revised to the cis-1,3-disubstituted tetrahydro-β-carboline framework. We prepared two truncated model compounds that lack a long-chain polyamine using the one-step Pictet-Spengler reaction of tryptophan and compared their NMR, mass spectra, and chemical reactivity with those of the natural protoaculeine B. The synthetic models reproduced the profiles of the natural product well, which confirmed the appropriateness of the structure revision.
• Menthyl esterification allows chiral resolution for the synthesis of artificial glutamate analogs

  Kenji Morokuma, Shuntaro Tsukamoto, Kyosuke Mori, Kei Miyako, Ryuichi Sakai, Raku Irie, Masato Oikawa

  Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 540 - 550 2021/02/24 

  Herein, we report the enantiospecific synthesis of two artificial glutamate analogs designed based on IKM-159, an antagonist selective to the AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor. The synthesis features the chiral resolution of the carboxylic acid intermediate by the esterification with ʟ-menthol, followed by a configurational analysis by NMR, conformational calculation, and X-ray crystallography. A mice in vivo assay showed that (2R)-MC-27, with a six-membered oxacycle, is neuroactive, whereas the (2S)-counterpart is inactive. It was also found that TKM-38, with an eight-membered azacycle, is neuronally inactive, showing that the activity is controlled by the ring C.
• Diverse Aromatic Metabolites in the Solitary Tunicate Cnemidocarpa irene

  Kei Miyako, Yoko Yasuno, Tetsuro Shinada, Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 83 (10) 3156 - 3165 0163-3864 2020/10 

  Fourteen aromatic metabolites (6-19) were isolated from an aqueous extract of the solitary tunicate Cnemidocarpa irene collected in Hokkaido, Japan. The structures of the metabolites were determined based on the spectroscopic interpretations, including one- and two-dimensional NMR, mass spectra, UV, and circular dichroism data. The biopterin analogue 10 modulated the behavior of mice after intracerebroventricular injection and showed a weak affinity to ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. Analyses of fluorescent coelomic fluid of the tunicate revealed that pterin 12 was responsible for the fluorescence of the blood cells, while beta-carbolines 1 and 3 were fluorescent compounds in the serum. The metabolic profiles in adults, juveniles, larvae, and eggs of the animal differed substantially, suggesting that the metabolism of the animal, especially biosynthesis of aromatic secondary metabolites, changes over different life stages.
• Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure for Protoaculeine B, a Polycationic Marine Sponge Metabolite, with a Homogeneous Long-Chain Polyamine.

  Raku Irie, Masayoshi Miyahara, Shota Nakamura, Akito Honda, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  Journal of natural products 83 (9) 2769 - 2775 2020/09/25 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  By establishing the procedures for sequential deprotections, reaction monitoring, purification, and handling, for the first time, we achieved the total synthesis of the proposed structure for protoaculeine B (2), which is a highly hydrophilic and polycationic amino acid. The NMR and mass spectra and chemical reactivity of the synthetic sample differed from those of natural protoaculeine B, which indicates the necessity for revision of the originally reported structure.
• Pectenovarin, A New Ovarian Carotenoprotein from Japanese Scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis.

  Satoko Matsunaga, Hiroki Ikeda, Ryuichi Sakai

  Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 25 (13) 2020/07/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis accumulates carotenoids in the ovary during the maturation stage. Its conspicuous pink color implies the presence of carotenoprotein. However, the carotenoprotein from the scallop ovary has never been isolated and characterized, probably due to its instability and complexity. Here, we developed an extraction and isolation procedure for the carotenoprotein by employing a basic buffer containing potassium bromide to facilitate its efficient extraction from the ovary, and we succeeded in obtaining the carotenoprotein, termed pectenovarin. The carotenoid composition of the pectenovarin was similar to that of the ovary. The N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences of pectenovarin showed a high similarity to those of vitellogenin, the precursor of egg yolk protein under analysis.
• Mass spectrometry imaging reveals differential localization of natural sunscreens in the mantle of the giant clam Tridacna crocea.

  Naoko Goto-Inoue, Tomohiko Sato, Mizuki Morisasa, Hiroshi Yamashita, Tadashi Maruyama, Hiroki Ikeda, Ryuichi Sakai

  Scientific reports 10 (1) 656 - 656 2020/01/20 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Giant clams have evolved to maximize sunlight utilization by their photosymbiotic partners, while affording them protection from harmful ultraviolet (UV) light. The presence of UV absorbing substances in the mantle is thought to be critical for light protection; however, the exact localization of such compounds remains unknown. Here, we applied a combination of UV liquid chromatography (LC), LC-mass spectrometry (MS), MS imaging, and UV micrography to localize UV absorbing substances in the giant clam Tridacna crocea. LC-MS analysis revealed that the animal contained three classes of mycosporines: progenitor, primary, and secondary mycosporines. MS imaging revealed that primary and secondary mycosporines were localized in the outermost layer of the mantle; whereas progenitor mycosporines were distributed throughout the mantle tissue. These findings were consistent with the results of UV micrography, which revealed that the surface layer of the mantle absorbed UV light at 320 ± 10 nm. This is the first report indicating that progenitor and primary mycosporines are metabolized to secondary mycosporines by the giant clam and that they are differentially localized in the surface layer of the mantle to protect the animal from UV light.
• An efficient enantiospecific synthesis of neuroactive glutamate analogs

  Tsukamoto Shuntaro, Itagaki Hiyori, Morokuma Kenji, Miyako Kei, Ishikawa Yuichi, Sakai Ryuichi, Oikawa Masato

  Heterocycles 101 (1) 91 - 98 2020 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Herein we report improved enantiospecific synthesis and some structure-activity relationships of our heterotricyclic artificial glutamate analogs bearing seven-membered ring for the C-ring. Starting from readily available oxanorbornene rac-3, optically pure (2R)-TKM-107, (2R)-IKM-154, and the antipodes were synthesized in total nine steps for each. Mice in vivo assay indicated that only the (2R)-enantiomer was active in both cases. Behaviors phenotypes observed in the mice assay suggested that these compounds are similar in mode of action to that of IKM-159 but with discrete potency.
• Questiomycins, Algicidal Compounds Produced by the Marine Bacterium Alteromonas sp. D and Their Production Cue.

  Saki Umetsu, Mamoru Kanda, Ichiro Imai, Ryuichi Sakai, Masaki J Fujita

  Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 24 (24) 2019/12/10 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Questiomycin A (1) along with three new compounds, questiomycins C-E (2-4), were isolated from culture of Alteromonas sp. D, an algicidal marine bacterium, guided by algal lethality assay using the raphidophyte, Chattonella antiqua, one of the causative organisms of harmful algal bloom. The structures of 1-4 were assigned on the basis of their spectrometric and spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 to 4 exhibited algicidal activity against C. antiqua with LC50 values ranging from 0.18 to 6.37 M. Co-cultivation experiment revealed that 1 was produced only when the microalgae and the bacterium are in close contact, suggesting that some interactions between them trigger the biosynthesis of questiomycins. These results suggested that the algicidal bacteria such as Alteromonas sp. D can control microalgae chemically in marine ecosystem.
• A novel sponge-derived protein thrombocorticin is a new agonist for thrombopoietin receptor.

  Hiromi Watari, Hiroya Nakajima, Wataru Atsuumi, Takanori Nakamura, Takeshi Nanya, Yuji Ise, Ryuichi Sakai

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 221 82 - 88 1532-0456 2019/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  We screened 868 marine extracts in search of hematopoietic molecules resulted in findings of several extracts that proliferated Ba/F3-HuMpl cells but not the cells expressed with other hematopoietic cytokine receptors, EPO and G-CSF. Separation of the most potent extract of a Micronesian sponge Corticium sp., guided by the cell proliferation assay using Ba/F3-HuMpl cells resulted in an isolation of thrombocorticin (ThC), a novel 14 kDa protein as an active principal. ThC displayed concentration-dependent proliferation of Ba/F3-HuMpl cells, and had a stronger activity than that of eltrombopag, a small molecule drug used to treat thrombocytopenia. ThC induced phosphorylation of STAT5, suggesting that it activates Jak/STAT pathway as in the case of TPO. These results together indicated that ThC is a specific agonist for c-Mpl, although the size and shape differs largely from TPO. Here we present isolation, characterization and biological activity of ThC.
• Soritesidine, a Novel Proteinous Toxin from the Okinawan Marine Sponge Spongosorites sp.

  Ryuichi Sakai, Kota Tanano, Takumi Ono, Masaya Kitano, Yusuke Iida, Koji Nakano, Mitsuru Jimbo

  Marine drugs 17 (4) 2019/04/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A novel protein, soritesidine (SOR) with potent toxicity was isolated from the marine sponge Spongosorites sp. SOR exhibited wide range of toxicities over various organisms and cells including brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae, sea hare (Aplysia kurodai) eggs, mice, and cultured mammalian cells. Toxicities of SOR were extraordinary potent. It killed mice at 5 ng/mouse after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection, and brine shrimp and at 0.34 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity for cultured mammalian cancer cell lines against HeLa and L1210 cells were determined to be 0.062 and 12.11 ng/mL, respectively. The SOR-containing fraction cleaved plasmid DNA in a metal ion dependent manner showing genotoxicity of SOR. Purified SOR exhibited molecular weight of 108.7 kDa in MALDI-TOF MS data and isoelectric point of approximately 4.5. N-terminal amino acid sequence up to the 25th residue was determined by Edman degradation. Internal amino acid sequences for fifteen peptides isolated from the enzyme digest of SOR were also determined. None of those amino acid sequences showed similarity to existing proteins, suggesting that SOR is a new proteinous toxin.
• Cloning of the Bisucaberin B Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from the Marine Bacterium Tenacibaculum mesophilum, and Heterologous Production of Bisucaberin B.

  Masaki J Fujita, Yusuke Goto, Ryuichi Sakai

  Marine drugs 16 (9) 2018/09/19 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The biosynthetic gene cluster for bisucaberin B (1, bsb gene cluster), an N-hydroxy-N-succinyl diamine (HSD)-based siderophore, was cloned from the marine bacterium Tenacibaculum mesophilum, originated from a marine sponge. The bsb gene cluster consists of six open reading frames (ORFs), in contrast to the four ORFs typically seen in biosynthetic gene clusters of the related molecules. Heterologous expression of the key enzyme, BsbD2, which is responsible for the final biosynthetic step of 1 resulted in production of bisucaberin B (1), but not bisucaberin (2) a macrocyclic counterpart of 1. To date, numbers of related enzymes producing macrocyclic analogues have been reported, but this work represents the first example of the HSD-based siderophore biosynthetic enzyme which exclusively produces a linear molecule rather than macrocyclic counterparts.
• Studies on Aculeines: Synthetic Strategy to the Fully Protected Protoaculeine B, the N-Terminal Amino Acid of Aculeine B.

  Hiroki Shiozaki, Masayoshi Miyahara, Kazunori Otsuka, Kei Miyako, Akito Honda, Yuichi Takasaki, Satoshi Takamizawa, Hideyuki Tukada, Yuichi Ishikawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  Organic letters 20 (11) 3403 - 3407 1523-7060 2018/06/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A synthetic strategy for accessing protoaculeine B (1), the N-terminal amino acid of the highly modified peptide toxin aculeine, was developed via the synthesis of the fully protected natural homologue of 1 with a 12-mer poly(propanediamine). The synthesis of mono(propanediamine) analog 2, as well as core amino acid 3, was demonstrated by this strategy. New amino acid 3 induced convulsions in mice; however, compound 2 showed no such activity.
• KB343, a Cyclic Tris-guanidine Alkaloid from Palauan Zoantharian Epizoanthus illoricatus

  Ken Matsumura, Tohru Taniguchi, James D. Reimer, Shuntaro Noguchi, Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  Organic Letters 20 (10) 3039 - 3043 1523-7052 2018/05/18 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new tris-guanidine alkaloid, KB343 (1), was isolated from the aqueous extract of a Palauan zoantharian, Epizoanthus illoricatus. The structure of 1 was determined on the basis of spectral analyses of 1 and its derivatives. The absolute configuration for 1 was determined upon comparison of the CD spectrum of 1 to those obtained from density functional theory calculations. The structure of 1 is highly unusual, as three guanidine groups are present in one ring system.
• Two New Mycosporine-like Amino Acids LC-343 and Mycosporine-ethanolamine from the Micronesian Marine Sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes

  Yuta Oda, Quang Zhang, Satoko Matsunaga, Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  CHEMISTRY LETTERS 46 (8) 1272 - 1274 0366-7022 2017/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  New mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) LC-343 (1) and mycosporine-ethanolamine (2) along with known MAAs asterina-330 (3) and shinorine (4) were isolated from the Micronesian marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data as well as chemical degradation. LC-343 (1) is the first MAA possessing Nmethylated iminium substructure. Absorption maximum (lambda(max)) for each 2, 3, 4, and 1 was 310, 330, 332, and 343, respectively.
• Crystal structure of octocoral lectin SLL-2 complexed with Forssman antigen tetrasaccharide

  Akiko Kita, Mitsuru Jimbo, Ryuichi Sakai, Yukio Morimoto, Ryota Takeuchi, Hiroshi Tanaka, Takashi Takahashi, Kunio Miki

  GLYCOBIOLOGY 27 (8) 696 - 700 0959-6658 2017/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A symbiosis-related lectin, SLL-2, from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes, distributes densely on the cell surface of microalgae, Symbiodinium sp., an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate of the coral, and is also shown to be a chemical cue that transforms dinoflagellates into a nonmotile (coccoid) symbiotic state. SLL-2 binds to the sugar chain of the molecule similar to Forssman antigen pentasaccharide (GalNAc alpha 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gala1-4Gal alpha 1-4Glc) on the surface of microalgae with high affinity. Here we report the crystal structure of the complex between SLL-2 and Forssman antigen tetrasaccharide (GalNAc alpha 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gala1-4Gal beta) at 3.4 angstrom resolution. In an asymmetric unit of the crystal, there are two hexameric molecules with totally 12 sugar recognition sites. At 9 in 12 sites, the first and second saccharides of the Forssman antigen tetrasaccharide bind directly to galactopyranoside binding site of SLL-2, whereas the third and fourth saccharides have no interaction with the SLL-2 hexameric molecule that binds the first saccharide. The sugar chain bends at alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage between the third and fourth saccharides toward the position that we defined as a pyranoside binding site in the crystal structure of the complex between SLL-2 and GalNAc. The structure allowed us to suggest a possible binding mode of the Forssman antigen pentasaccharide to SLL-2. These observations support our hypothesis that the binding of SLL-2 to the cell surface sugars of zooxanthella in a unique manner might trigger some physiological changes of the cell to adapt symbiosis with the host coral.
• Isolation, Amino Acid Sequences, and Plausible Functions of the Galacturonic Acid-Binding Egg Lectin of the Sea Hare Aplysia kurodai

  Shoko Motohashi, Mitsuru Jimbo, Tomohiro Naito, Takefumi Suzuki, Ryuichi Sakai, Hisao Kamiya

  MARINE DRUGS 15 (6) 1660-3397 2017/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Egg lectins occur in a variety of animals ranging from mollusks to vertebrates. A few examples of molluscan egg lectins have been reported, including that of the sea hare Aplysia kurodai; however, their biological functions in the egg remain unclarified. We report the isolation, determination of primary structure, and possible functions of A.kurodai lectin (AKL) from the egg mass of A. kurodai. We obtained AKL as an inseparable mixture of isoproteins with a relative molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa by affinity purification. The hemagglutinating activity of AKL against rabbit erythrocytes was inhibited most potently by galacturonic acid and moderately by xylose. Nucleotide sequencing of corresponding cDNA obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) allowed us to deduce complete amino acid sequences. The mature polypeptides consisted of 218- or 219-amino acids with three repeated domains. The amino acid sequence had similarities to hypothetical proteins of Aplysia spp., or domain DUF3011 of uncharacterized bacterial proteins. AKL is the first member of the DUF3011 family whose function, carbohydrate recognition, was revealed. Treatment of the egg with galacturonic acid, an AKL sugar inhibitor, resulted in deformation of the veliger larvae, suggesting that AKL is involved in organogenesis in the developmental stage of A. kurodai.
• N-Methyl-β-carbolinium Salts and an N-Methylated 8-Oxoisoguanine as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from a Solitary Ascidian, Cnemidocarpa irene

  Yohei Tadokoro, Teruaki Nishikawa, Taichi Ichimori, Satoko Matsunaga, Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  ACS Omega 2 (3) 1074 - 1080 2470-1343 2017/03/31 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  New brominated β-carbolines irenecarbolines A (1) and B (4) along with known β-carbolines 2 and 3 and a new 8-oxoisoguanine derivative, 5, were isolated from a solitary ascidian, Cnemidocarpa irene. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data. All, except for 3, inhibited the action of acetylcholinesterase (AchE). The activities of 1 and 5 were comparable to those of galantamine, a clinically used AchE inhibitor. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be present in high concentrations in blood, and fluorescence was observed in certain types of cells found in the blood of the tunicate.
• Prins Reaction Using Trioxane for Trisubstituted,  cis -Fused Hexahydro-2 H -furo[3,2- b ]pyran Derivative

  Hlokoane Oriel, Itagaki Hiyori, Chiba Manami, Noda Taiki, Takasaki Yuichi, Miyako Kei, Sakai Ryuichi, Ishikawa Yuichi, Oikawa Masato

  Heterocycles 96 (3) 453 - 460 2017 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Mellpaladines and dopargimine, novel neuroactive guanidine alkaloids from a Palauan Didemnidae tunicate

  Hajime Uchimasu, Ken Matsumura, Masashi Tsuda, Keiko Kumagai, Mai Akakabe, Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  TETRAHEDRON 72 (45) 7185 - 7193 0040-4020 2016/11 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Novel guanidine alkaloids dopargimine (1) and mellpaladines A-C (2-4) were isolated from a Palauan Didemnidae tunicate. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of spectral data along with chemical reactions. A putative biosynthetic building block of 1-4, 4-guanidinobutyric acid (5), and dimeric polysulfur dopamine, as well as lissoclibadins 11 (6a) and 12 (6b) were also isolated. Compounds 1-3 bound to synaptic receptors, and modulated behavioral profiles of mice after intracerebroventricular injection. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• A monocyclic neodysiherbaine analog: Synthesis and evaluation

  Koichi Fukushima, Yuichi Ishikawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 26 (21) 5164 - 5167 0960-894X 2016/11 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Monocyclic analog of neuroexcitatory neodysiherbaine has been designed and stereoselectively synthesized in 0.40% yield over total 24 steps starting from D-ribose, by employing domino aldol-Cannizzaro reaction and stereoselective aldol reaction for construction of two quaternary carbon stereogenic centers at C4 and C6 positions, respectively. The hyperactivity of neodysiherbaine in mice was found to deteriorate in the novel analog, upon intracerebroventricular injection. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Three-Component, Diastereoselective Prins-Ritter Reaction for cis-Fused 4-Amidotetrahydropyrans toward a Precursor for Possible Neuronal Receptor Ligands

  Manami Chiba, Yuichi Ishikawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 18 (7) 399 - 404 2156-8952 2016/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Here, we report an unprecedented, highly diastereoselective Prins-Ritter reaction of aldehydes, homoallylic alcohols, and nitriles in a three-component coupling reaction for the synthesis of tetra-cis-substituted 4-amidotetrahydropyrans. In this study, the reaction was not only applied for carbohydrate-based heterobicycles but also for more complex heterotricycles, showing acceptable levels of conversion yield (42-97% BRSM) and exclusive diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, the latter heterotricycles were converted to nine analogues of our neuronal receptor ligands IKM-159 and MC-27. An in vivo assay by intracerebroventricular injection in mice suggested that the substituent at C9 of the novel analogues interferes with the molecular interactions with the AMPA receptor, which was originally observed in the complex of IKM-159 and the GluA2 ligand binding domain. Our research has thus shown the power of a multicomponent coupling reaction for the preparation of a structurally diverse compound collection to study structure activity relationships of biologically active small molecules.
• Crystal structure of a symbiosis-related lectin from octocoral

  Akiko Kita, Mitsuru Jimbo, Ryuichi Sakai, Yukio Morimoto, Kunio Miki

  GLYCOBIOLOGY 25 (9) 1016 - 1023 0959-6658 2015/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  D-Galactose-binding lectin from the octocoral, Sinularia lochmodes (SLL-2), distributes densely on the cell surface of microalgae, Symbiodinium sp., an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate of the coral, and is also shown to be a chemical cue that transforms dinoflagellate into a non-motile (coccoid) symbiotic state. SLL-2 binds with high affinity to the Forssman antigen (N-acetylgalactosamine(GalNAc)alpha 1-3GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide), and the presence of Forssman antigen-like sugar on the surface of Symbiodinium CS-156 cells was previously confirmed. Here we report the crystal structures of SLL-2 and its GalNAc complex as the first crystal structures of a lectin involved in the symbiosis between coral and dinoflagellate. N-Linked sugar chains and a galactose derivative binding site common to H-type lectins were observed in each monomer of the hexameric SLL-2 crystal structure. In addition, unique sugar-binding site-like regions were identified at the top and bottom of the hexameric SLL-2 structure. These structural features suggest a possible binding mode between SLL-2 and Forssman antigen-like pentasaccharide.
• Structure-activity relationships of IKM-159: Diverted synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of C5-oxy analogs

  Manami Chiba, Chikako Fujimoto, Ryuichi Sakai, Masato Oikawa

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 25 (9) 1869 - 1871 0960-894X 2015/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Ligands for neuronal receptors are important for understanding the biological functions as well as for treatment of neuronal diseases associated with. Here, we report diverted synthesis and biological evaluation of four C-ring analogs of IKM-159, a subtype-selective inhibitor for (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl) propionic acid (AMPA)-type ionotropic glutamate receptor. Starting from iodinated 7-oxanorbornene 7, those analogs 3-6 were successfully synthesized in 7.0-33% yields over 8-11 steps via a common intermediate 13. Intracerebroventricular injection of those analogs on mice showed that introduction of oxo group on the C-ring (analogs 4, 5) or cleavage of the C-ring (analog 6) caused significant loss of the activity, while the ether analog 3 still retain the suppressed motor activity, indicating the importance of the C-ring in the neuronal activity of IKM-159. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Production of Avaroferrin and Putrebactin by Heterologous Expression of a Deep-Sea Metagenomic DNA

  Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  MARINE DRUGS 12 (9) 4799 - 4809 1660-3397 2014/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The siderophore avaroferrin (1), an inhibitor of Vibrio swarming that was recently identified in Shewanella algae B516, was produced by heterologous expression of the biosynthetic gene cluster cloned from a deep-sea sediment metagenomic DNA, together with two analogues, bisucaberin (2) and putrebactin (3). Avaroferrin (1) is a macrocyclic heterodimer of N-hydroxy-N-succinyl cadaverine (4) and N-hydroxy-N-succinyl-putrescine (5), whereas analogues 2 and 3 are homodimers of 4 and 5, respectively. Heterologous expression of two other related genes from culturable marine bacteria resulted in production of compounds 1-3, but in quite different proportions compared with production through expression of the metagenomic DNA.
• Protoaculeine B, a Putative N-Terminal Residue for the Novel Peptide Toxin Aculeines

  Satoko Matsunaga, Reimi Kishi, Kazunori Otsuka, Masaki J. Fujita, Masato Oikawa, Ryuichi Sakai

  ORGANIC LETTERS 16 (11) 3090 - 3093 1523-7060 2014/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new polyamine-modified indole derivative protoaculeine B (1) was isolated from Okinawan marine sponge Axinyssa aculeata. The structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of spectral data along with chemical transformations. Because the structure of 1 greatly inferred the N-terminal amino acid for highly modified peptide toxin aculeines, the probable structure for aculeine B was proposed on the basis of high-resolution mass spectral analysis.
• Modulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor function by vertebrate galectins

  Bryan A. Copits, Claire G. Vernon, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 592 (10) 2079 - 2096 0022-3751 2014/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Key points Lectins are a family of small evolutionarily conserved sugar-binding proteins that regulate a diverse array of physiological processes ranging from immune system activation to cancer cell metastasis. Ionotropic glutamate receptor function can be modulated by plant-derived lectins, but the physiological relevance of this activity is unclear as no analogous function has been identified in animal lectins. We found that a variety of vertebrate lectins, including human brain-expressed galectin-1, modulated glutamate receptor kinetics in a subunit and lectin-dependent manner, which critically depended on complex oligosaccharide processing. Galectin application slowed neuronal kainate receptor currents from nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. We propose that brain-expressed galectins are potential endogenous modulators of neuronal glutamate receptors, which may play important roles in diseases of altered cellular excitability, such as epilepsy or chronic pain. AMPA and kainate receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels whose function is known to be altered by a variety of plant oligosaccharide-binding proteins, or lectins, but the physiological relevance of this activity has been uncertain because no lectins with analogous allosteric modulatory effects have been identified in animals. We report here that members of the prototype galectin family, which are beta-galactoside-binding lectins, exhibit subunit-specific allosteric modulation of desensitization of recombinant homomeric and heteromeric AMPA and kainate receptors. Galectin modulation of GluK2 kainate receptors was dependent upon complex oligosaccharide processing of N-glycosylation sites in the amino-terminal domain and downstream linker region. The sensitivity of GluA4 AMPA receptors to human galectin-1 could be enhanced by supplementation of culture media with uridine and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), precursors for the hexosamine pathway that supplies UDP-GlcNAc for synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. Neuronal kainate receptors in dorsal root ganglia were sensitive to galectin modulation, whereas AMPA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons were insensitive, which could be a reflection of differential N-glycan processing or receptor subunit selectivity. Because glycan content of integral proteins can be modified dynamically, we postulate that physiological or pathological conditions in the CNS could arise in which galectins alter excitatory neurotransmission or neuronal excitability through their actions on AMPA or kainate receptors.
• Practical Synthesis of Kainoids: A New Chemical Probe Precursor and a Fluorescent Probe

  Shingo Sasaki, Hiroto Suzuki, Hitoshi Ouchi, Tomohiro Asakawa, Makoto Inai, Ryuichi Sakai, Keiko Shimamoto, Yoshitaka Hamashima, Toshiyuki Kan

  ORGANIC LETTERS 16 (2) 564 - 567 1523-7060 2014/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A practical total synthesis of kainoid MFPA (5) was achieved in only six steps, via a novel Ni-catalyst-mediated asymmetric conjugate addition reaction. Furthermore, a fluorescein-based fluorescent ionotropic glutamate receptor probe 28 was efficiently synthesized from a precursor derived from a synthetic intermediate of 5.
• Recent progress in neuroactive marine natural products

  Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS 31 (2) 273 - 309 0265-0568 2014 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  This review covers the isolation, chemical structure, biological activity, structure activity relationships including synthesis of chemical probes, and pharmacological characterization of neuroactive marine natural products; 302 references are cited.
• Bisucaberin B, a linear hydroxamate class siderophore from the marine bacterium tenacibaculum mesophilum

  Masaki J. Fujita, Koji Nakano, Ryuichi Sakai

  Molecules 18 (4) 3917 - 3926 1420-3049 2013/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A siderophore, named bisucaberin B, was isolated from Tenacibaculum mesophilum bacteria separated from a marine sponge collected in the Republic of Palau. Using spectroscopic and chemical methods, the structure of bisucaberin B (1) was clearly determined to be a linear dimeric hydroxamate class siderophore. Although compound 1 is an open form of the known macrocyclic dimer bisucaberin (2), and was previously described as a bacterial degradation product of desferrioxamine B (4), the present report is the first description of the de novo biosynthesis of 1. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is the first chemically characterized siderophore isolated from a bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. © 2013 by the authors.
• Isolation of novel prototype galectins from the marine ball sponge Cinachyrella sp guided by their modulatory activity on mammalian glutamate-gated ion channels

  Takuya Ueda, Yuka Nakamura, Caleb M. Smith, Bryan A. Copits, Akira Inoue, Takao Ojima, Satoko Matsunaga, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Ryuichi Sakai

  GLYCOBIOLOGY 23 (4) 412 - 425 0959-6658 2013/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Here we report the bioactivity-guided isolation of novel galectins from the marine sponge Cinachyrella sp., collected from Iriomote Island, Japan. The lectin proteins, which we refer to as the Cinachyrella galectins (CchGs), were identified as the active principles in an aqueous sponge extract that modulated the function of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. Aggregation of rabbit erythrocytes by CchGs was competed most effectively by galactosides but not mannose, a profile characteristic of members of the galectin family of oligosaccharide-binding proteins. The lectin activity was remarkably stable, with only a modest loss in hemagglutination after exposure of the protein to 100 degrees C for 1 h, and showed little sensitivity to calcium concentration. CchG-1 and -2 appeared as 16 and 18 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry indicated broad ion clusters centered at 16,216 and 16,423, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the CchGs were deduced using a combination of Edman degradation and cDNA cloning and revealed that the proteins were distant orthologs of animal prototype galectins and that multiple isolectins comprised the CchGs. One of the isolectins was expressed as a recombinant protein and exhibited physico-chemical and biological properties comparable with those of the natural lectins. The biochemical properties of the CchGs as well as their unexpected activity on mammalian excitatory amino acid receptors suggest that further analysis of these new members of the galectin family will yield further glycobiological and neurophysiological insights.
• Studies on an (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Antagonist IKM-159: Asymmetric Synthesis, Neuroactivity, and Structural Characterization

  Lina Juknaite, Yutaro Sugamata, Kazuya Tokiwa, Yuichi Ishikawa, Satoshi Takamizawa, Andrew Eng, Ryuichi Sakai, Darryl S. Pickering, Karla Frydenvang, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Jette S. Kastrup, Masato Oikawa

  JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 56 (6) 2283 - 2293 0022-2623 2013/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  IKM-159 was developed and identified as a member of a new class of heterotricyclic glutamate analogues that act as AMPA receptor-selective antagonists. However, it was not known which enantiomer of IKM-159 was responsible for its pharmacological activities. Here, we report in vivo and in vitro neuronal activities of both enantiomers of IKM-159 prepared by enantioselective asymmetric synthesis. By employment of (R)-2-amino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol as a chiral auxiliary, (2R)-IKM-159 and the (2S)-counterpart were successfully synthesized in 0.70% and 1.5% yields, respectively, over a total of 18 steps. Both behavioral and electrophysiological assays showed that the biological activity observed for the racemic mixture was reproduced only with (2R)-IKM-159, whereas the (2S)-counterpart was inactive in both assays. Racemic IKM-159 was crystallized with the ligand-binding domain of GluA2, and the structure revealed a complex containing (2R)-IKM-159 at the glutamate binding site. (2R)-IKM-159 locks the GluA2 in an open form, consistent with a pharmacological action as competitive antagonist of AMPA receptors.
• Heterologous production of desferrioxamines with a fusion biosynthetic gene cluster

  Masaki J. Fujita, Ryuichi Sakai

  Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 77 (12) 2467 - 2472 0916-8451 2013 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Desferrioxamines E (1), D2 (2), X1 (3), and X2 (4), four macrocyclic N-hydroxy-N-succinyl diamine-based siderophores, were produced efficiently by heterologous expression of a fusion biosynthetic gene cluster. This expression system consisted of three genes (mbsA-C) from marine metagenomic DNA and one gene (dfoCC) from the terrestrial bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The first three genes are functional in the production of the common monomers N-hydroxy-N-succinyl cadaverine (5, HSC) and N-hydroxy-N-succinyl putrescine (6, HSP), whereas dfoCC catalyzes the oligomerization and the macrocyclization reactions of compounds 5 and 6 to form compounds 1-4. This fusion gene cluster system provides a convenient expression platform for various biosynthetic genes of HSC-HSP based siderophores by simply switching the fourth gene by the cassette process.
• Structure of a tetrameric galectin from Cinachyrella sp (ball sponge)

  Douglas M. Freymann, Yuka Nakamura, Pamela J. Focia, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 68 (9) 1163 - 1174 0907-4449 2012/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The galectins are a family of proteins that bind with highest affinity to N-acetyllactosamine disaccharides, which are common constituents of asparagine-linked complex glycans. They play important and diverse physiological roles, particularly in the immune system, and are thought to be critical metastatic agents for many types of cancer cells, including gliomas. A recent bioactivity-based screen of marine sponge (Cinachyrella sp.) extract identified an ancestral member of the galectin family based on its unexpected ability to positively modulate mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor function. To gain insight into the mechanistic basis of this activity, the 2.1 angstrom resolution X-ray structure of one member of the family, galectin CchG-1, is reported. While the protomer exhibited structural similarity to mammalian prototype galectin, CchG-1 adopts a novel tetrameric arrangement in which a rigid toroidal-shaped 'donut' is stabilized in part by the packing of pairs of vicinal disulfide bonds. Twofold symmetry between binding-site pairs provides a basis for a model for interaction with ionotropic glutamate receptors.
• Novel neuroactive compounds from aqueous extract of marine sponges

  Ryuichi Sakai, Satoko Matsunaga, Mitsuru Jimbo, Martin B. Gill, L. Leanne Lash-Van Wyhe, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 244 0065-7727 2012/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Novel tetrameric galectin from a marine sponge potentiates mammalian glutamate receptor function

  Takuya Ueda, Yuka Nakamura, Pamela J. Focia, Caleb Smith, Akira Inoue, Takao Ojima, Satoko Matsunaga, Douglas M. Freymann, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 244 0065-7727 2012/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Binding and Selectivity of the Marine Toxin Neodysiherbaine A and Its Synthetic Analogues to GluK1 and GluK2 Kainate Receptors

  Masaki Unno, Masanobu Shinohara, Koichiro Takayama, Hideharu Tanaka, Kenta Teruya, Katsumi Doh-ura, Ryuichi Sakai, Makoto Sasaki, Masao Ikeda-Saito

  JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 413 (3) 667 - 683 0022-2836 2011/10 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) and neodysiherbaine A (NDH) selectively bind and activate two kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluK1 and GluK2. The ligand-binding domains of human GluK1 and GluK2 were crystallized as bound forms with a series of DH analogues including DH, NDH, 8-deoxy-NDH, 9-deoxy-NDH and 8,9-dideoxy-NDH (MSVIII-19), isolated from natural sources or prepared by total synthesis. Since the DH analogues exhibit a wide range of binding affinities and agonist efficacies, it follows that the detailed analysis of crystal structure would provide us with a significant opportunity to elucidate structural factors responsible for selective binding and some aspects of gating efficacy. We found that differences in three amino acids (Thr503, Ser706 and Ser726 in GluK1 and Ala487, Asn690 and Thr710 in GluK2) in the ligand-binding pocket generate differences in the binding modes of NDH to GluK1 and GluK2. Furthermore, deletion of the C-9 hydroxy group in NDH alters the ligand conformation such that it is no longer suited for binding to the GluK1 ligand-binding pocket. In GluK2, NDH pushes and rotates the side chain of Asn690 (substituted for Ser706 in GluK1) and disrupts an interdomain hydrogen bond with Glu409. The present data support the idea that receptor selectivities of DH analogues resulted from the differences in the binding modes of the ligands in GluK1/GluK2 and the steric repulsion of Asn690 in GluK2. All ligands, regardless of agonist efficacy, induced full domain closure. Consequently, ligand efficacy and domain closure did not directly coincide with DH analogues and the kainate receptors. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Isolation, Amino Acid Sequence and Biological Activities of Novel Long-Chain Polyamine-Associated Peptide Toxins from the Sponge Axinyssa aculeata

  Satoko Matsunaga, Mitsuru Jimbo, Martin B. Gill, L. Leanne Lash-Van Wyhe, Michio Murata, Ken'ichi Nonomura, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Ryuichi Sakai

  CHEMBIOCHEM 12 (14) 2191 - 2200 1439-4227 2011/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A novel family of functionalized peptide toxins, aculeines (ACUs), was isolated from the marine sponge Axinyssa aculeate. ACUs are polypeptides with N-terminal residues that are modified by the addition of long-chain polyamines (LCPA). Aculeines were present in the sponge extract as a complex mixture with differing polyamine chain lengths and peptide structures. ACU-A and B, which were purified in this study, share a common polypeptide chain but differ in their N-terminal residue modifications. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide portion of ACU-A and B was deduced from 3' and 5' RACE, and supported by Edman degradation and mass spectral analysis of peptide fragments. ACU induced convulsions upon intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection in mice, and disrupted neuronal membrane integrity in electrophysiological assays. ACU also lysed erythrocytes with a potency that differed between animal species. Here we describe the isolation, amino acid sequence, and biological activity of this new group of cytotoxic sponge peptides.
• Antinociceptive effects of MSVIII-19, a functional antagonist of the GluK1 kainate receptor

  Chang-Shen Qiu, Leanne Lash-Van Wyhe, Makoto Sasaki, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Robert W. Gereau

  PAIN 152 (5) 1052 - 1060 0304-3959 2011/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit, GluK1 (GluR5), is expressed in many regions of the nervous system related to sensory transmission. Recently, a selective ligand for the GluK1 receptor, MSVIII-19 (8,9-dideoxy-neodysiherbaine), was synthesized as a derivative of dysiherbaine, a toxin isolated from the marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes. MSVIII-19 potently desensitizes GluK1 receptors without channel activation, rendering it useful as a functional antagonist. Given the high selectivity for GluK1 and the proposed role for this glutamate receptor in nociception, we sought to test the analgesic potential of MSVIII-19 in a series of models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and visceral pain in mice. MSVIII-19 delivered intrathecally dose-dependently reduced formalin-induced spontaneous behaviors and reduced thermal hypersensitivity 3 hours after formalin injection and 24 hours after complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation, but had no effect on mechanical sensitivity in the same models. Intrathecal MSVIII-19 significantly reduced both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hypersensitivity in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain, but had no effect in the acetic acid model of visceral pain. Peripheral administration of MSVIII-19 had no analgesic efficacy in any of these models. Finally, intrathecal MSVIII-19 did not alter responses in Tail-flick tests or performance on the accelerating RotaRod. These data suggest that spinal administration of MSVIII-19 reverses hypersensitivity in several models of pain in mice, supporting the clinical potential of GluK1 antagonists for the management of pain. (C) 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Novel N-Methylated 8-Oxoisoguanines from Pacific Sponges with Diverse Neuroactivities

  Tsuyoshi Sakurada, Martin B. Gill, Shanti Frausto, Bryan Copits, Keiichi Noguchi, Keiko Shimamoto, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Ryuichi Sakai

  JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 53 (16) 6089 - 6099 0022-2623 2010/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Marine organisms have yielded a variety of metabolites with neuropharmacological applications. Here we describe the isolation and pharmacological characterization of four novel, neurologically active purines 1-4, isolated from Haplosclerida sponges collected in the Republic of Palau. The structures were determined by analyses of spectral and X-ray data. Compound 1 induced convulsions upon intracerebroventricular injection into mice, with a CD50 value of 2.4 nmol/mouse. Purines 2-4 were active in mouse bioassays at higher doses. The seizurogenic activity of 1 was correlated with inhibition of neuronal GABAergic transmission, with only a modest impact on excitatory signaling, in electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal neurons. Despite having a purine template structure, the inhibitory activity of 1 was not prevented by a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Thus, 1 represents a novel substituted purine that elicits convulsions through its actions on inhibitory neurotransmission. These 8-oxoisoguanine analogs comprise a new family of compounds closely related in structure to endogenous neurosignaling molecules and commonly used CNS stimulants.
• Improved synthesis and in vitro/in vivo activities of natural product-inspired, artificial glutamate analogs

  Masato Oikawa, Minoru Ikoma, Makoto Sasaki, Martin B. Gill, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Keiko Shimamoto, Ryuichi Sakai

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 18 (11) 3795 - 3804 0968-0896 2010/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Here, we report our second-generation synthesis of 12 artificial glutamate analogs, starting from heterotricycle intermediates 3a-3d, readily prepared in three steps including tandem Ugi/Diels-Alder reactions. The new synthesis employs imidate intermediates for the deoxygenation of pyrrolidones (10a-10d to 6a-6d), and each advanced intermediate 6a-6d was diversified into three glutamate analogs (1a-1d, 5a-5d, 7a-7d) in 1-2 steps. In vitro electrophysiological assays revealed that the new piperidine-type analog 7c alters neuronal function with lower potency than 1a. Conversely, intracranial injection of 7c into mice produced a greater degree of hypoactivity than 1a. Our recent investigation has revealed that this series of compounds antagonizes AMPA-type glutamate receptor-mediated currents in a subtype selective manner. The more efficient syntheses of this novel set of neuroactive molecules will facilitate their pharmacological characterization. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Pharmacological activity of C10-substituted analogs of the high-affinity kainate receptor agonist dysiherbaine

  L. Leanne Lash-Van Wyhe, Pekka A. Postila, Koichi Tsubone, Makoto Sasaki, Olli T. Pentikainen, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 58 (3) 640 - 649 0028-3908 2010/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptor antagonists have potential as therapeutic agents in a number of neuropathologies. Synthetic modification of the convulsant marine toxin neodysiherbaine A (NDH) previously yielded molecules with a diverse set of pharmacological actions on kainate receptors. Here we characterize three new synthetic analogs of NDH that contain substituents at the C10 position in the pyran ring of the marine toxin. The analogs exhibited high-affinity binding to the GluK1 (GluR5) subunit and lower affinity binding to GluK2 (GluR6) and GluK3 (GluR7) subunits in radioligand displacement assays with recombinant kainate and AMPA receptors. As well, the natural toxin NDH exhibited similar to 100-fold selectivity for GluK2 over GluK3 subunits, which was attributable to the C8 hydroxyl group in NDH. We used molecular dynamic simulations to determine the specific interactions between NDH and residues within the ligand-binding domains of these two kainate receptor subunits that contribute to the divergent apparent affinities for the compound. These data demonstrate that interactions with the GluKI subunit are preserved in analogs with substitutions at C10 in NDH and further reveal the determinants of selectivity and pharmacological activity of molecules acting on kainate receptor subunits. which could aid in design of additional compounds that target these receptors. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Regioselective Domino Metathesis of Unsymmetrical 7-Oxanorbornenes with Electron-Rich Vinyl Acetate toward Biologically Active Glutamate Analogues

  Masato Oikawa, Minoru Ikoma, Makoto Sasaki, Martin B. Gill, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Keiko Shimamoto, Ryuichi Sakai

  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009 (32) 5531 - 5548 1434-193X 2009/11 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  In this article a regioselective domino metathesis reaction of unsymmetrical 7-oxanorbornenes, readily available by a tandem Ugi/Diels-Alder reaction as a key step, promoted by the Hoveyda-Grubbs second-generation catalyst in the presence of electron-rich vinyl acetate as a cross metathesis (CM) substrate is reported. The mechanism for the unusually high regioselectivity observed in the CM reaction was investigated, and a reaction course where a Fischer-type carbene ["Ru"= CH(OAc)] generates a steric interaction is proposed. The metathesis products were further converted to four artificial glutamate analogues whose structures were inspired by naturally derived excitatory glutamate analogues, dysiherbaine and neodysiherbaine. Interestingly, one of the synthetic analogues (28a) induced a cataleptic state in mice. Further electrophysiological studies suggest that 28a might inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission by a yet unknown indirect pathway. ((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
• Full Domain Closure of the Ligand-binding Core of the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor iGluR5 Induced by the High Affinity Agonist Dysiherbaine and the Functional Antagonist 8,9-Dideoxyneodysiherbaine

  Karla Frydenvang, L. Leanne Lash, Peter Naur, Pekka A. Postila, Darryl S. Pickering, Caleb M. Smith, Michael Gajhede, Makoto Sasaki, Ryuichi Sakai, Olli T. Pentikainen, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Jette S. Kastrup

  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 284 (21) 14219 - 14229 0021-9258 2009/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The prevailing structural model for ligand activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors posits that agonist efficacy arises from the stability and magnitude of induced domain closure in the ligand-binding core structure. Here we describe an exception to the correlation between ligand efficacy and domain closure. A weakly efficacious partial agonist of very low potency for homomeric iGluR5 kainate receptors, 8,9-dideoxyneodysiherbaine (MSVIII-19), induced a fully closed iGluR5 ligand-binding core. The degree of relative domain closure, similar to 30 degrees, was similar to that we resolved with the structurally related high affinity agonist dysiherbaine and to that of L-glutamate. The pharmacological activity of MSVIII-19 was confirmed in patch clamp recordings from transfected HEK293 cells, where MSVIII-19 predominantly inhibits iGluR5-2a, with little activation apparent at a high concentration (1 mM) of MSVIII-19 (<1% of mean glutamate-evoked currents). To determine the efficacy of the ligand quantitatively, we constructed concentration-response relationships for MSVIII-19 following potentiation of steady-state currents with concanavalin A (EC(50) = 3.6 mu M) and on the nondesensitizing receptor mutant iGluR5-2b(Y506C/L768C) (EC(50) = 8.1 mu M). MSVIII-19 exhibited a maximum of 16% of full agonist efficacy, as measured in parallel recordings with glutamate. Molecular dynamics simulations and electrophysiological recordings confirm that the specificity of MSVIII-19 for iGluR5 is partly attributable to interdomain hydrogen bond residues Glu(441) and Ser(721) in the iGluR5-S1S2 structure. The weaker interactions of MSVIII-19 with iGluR5 compared with dysiherbaine, together with altered stability of the interdomain interaction, may be responsible for the apparent uncoupling of domain closure and channel opening in this kainate receptor subunit.
• Ligands for ionotropic glutamate receptors.

  Swanson GT, Sakai R

  Progress in molecular and subcellular biology 46 123 - 157 0079-6484 2009 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Regioselective Domino Metathesis of 7-Oxanorbornenes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Biologically Active Glutamate Analogues

  Minoru Ikoma, Masato Oikawa, Martin B. Gill, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Ryuichi Sakai, Keiko Shimamoto, Makoto Sasaki

  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008 (31) 5215 - 5220 1434-193X 2008/11 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A highly regioselective domino metathesis reaction of 7-oxanorbornene was developed that employed an intramolecular association of an amide carbonyl group to a ruthenium metal centre. By using this reaction, twelve glutamate analogues inspired by dysiherbaine were efficiently synthesized over 12-14 steps; one of the analogues exhibited bioactivity consistent with central nervous system depression. ((C) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
• Cellular origin of dysiherbaine, an excitatory amino acid derived from a marine sponge

  Ryuichi Sakai, Kazufumi Yoshida, Atsuko Kimura, Kanae Koike, Mitsuru Jimbo, Kazuhiko Koike, Atsushi Kobiyama, Hisao Kamiya

  CHEMBIOCHEM 9 (4) 543 - 551 1439-4227 2008/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The cellular origin of dysiherbaine, a morine-sponge toxin, was investigated immunohistochemically by using an anti-dysiherbaine antibody. Dysiherboine-like immunoreactivity was found to be localized in spherical cells harbored in the sponge mesohyl. A combination of ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) analysis and cell-morphology analysis revealed that the spherical cells were Synechocystis cyanobacteria. However the sponge, identified as Lendenfeldia chondrodes on the basis of its rDNA sequence, appeared to contain two different chemotypes-dysiherboine-producing (DH+) and nondysiherbaine-producing (DH-)-both of which inhabited the some region. Synechocystis cells in the DH- sponge were not labeled with antibody, although the 16S rDNA gene profile of the cyonobacteria in the DH- sponge was indistinguishable from that of the cyanobacterio in the DH+ sponge. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that dysiherbaine is a metabolite of certain varieties of endosymbiotic Synechocystis sp.
• Novel analogs and stereoisomers of the marine toxin neodysiherbaine with specificity for kainate receptors

  L. Leanne Lash, James M. Sanders, Nobuyuki Akiyama, Muneo Shoji, Pekka Postila, Olli T. Pentikainen, Makoto Sasaki, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson

  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 324 (2) 484 - 496 0022-3565 2008/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Antagonists for kainate receptors (KARs), a family of glutamate-gated ion channels, are efficacious in a number of animal models of neuropathologies, including epilepsy, migraine pain, and anxiety. To produce molecules with novel selectivities for kainate receptors, we generated three sets of analogs related to the natural marine convulsant neodysiherbaine (neoDH), and we characterized their pharmacological profiles. Radioligand displacement assays with recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and KARs demonstrated that functional groups at two positions on the neoDH molecule are critical pharmacological determinants; only binding to the glutamate receptor (GluR)5-2a subunit was relatively insensitive to structural modifications of the critical functional groups. NeoDH analogs in which the L-glutamate congener was disrupted by epimerization retained low affinity for GluR5-2a and GluR6a KAR subunits. Most of the analogs showed agonist activity in electrophysiological recordings from human embryonic kidney-T/17 cells expressing GluR5-2a KARs, similar to the natural convulsant neoDH. In contrast, 2,4-epi-neoDH inhibited glutamate currents evoked from both GluR5-2a and GluR6a receptor-expressing cells. Therefore, this compound represents the first compound to exhibit functional antagonist activity on GluR5-2a and GluR6a KAR subunits without concurrent activity on AMPA receptor subunits. Finally, binding affinity of the synthetic ligands for the GluR5-2a subunit closely correlated with their seizurogenic potency, strongly supporting a role for receptors containing this subunit in the convulsant reaction to KAR agonists. The analogs described here offer further insight into structural determinants of ligand selectivity for KARs and potentially represent useful pharmacological tools for studying the role of KARs in synaptic physiology and pathology.
• Rapid and efficient synthesis of dysiherbaine and analogues to explore structure - Activity relationships

  Makoto Sasaki, Koichi Tsubone, Kunimori Aoki, Nobuyuki Akiyama, Muneo Shoji, Masato Oikawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Keiko Shimamoto

  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 73 (1) 264 - 273 0022-3263 2008/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  [GRAPHICS] A rapid and efficient total synthesis of dysiherbaine (1), a potent and subtype-selective agonist for ionotropic glutamate receptors, has been accomplished. A key intermediate 15 was synthesized by two approaches. The first synthetic route utilized compound 9, an advanced intermediate in our previous total synthesis of neodysiherbaine A, as the starting point, and the cis-oriented amino alcohol functionality on the tetrahydropyran ring was installed by using an intramolecular S(N)2 cyclization of N-Boc-protected amino alcohol 20. An alternative and even more efficient synthetic approach to 15 featured stereoselective introduction of an amino group at C8 by iodoaminocyclization prior to constructing the bicyclic ether skeleton. The amino acid appendage was efficiently constructed by a catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamide ester 36. The synthetic route developed here provided access to several dysiherbaine analogues, including 9-epi-dysiherbaine (38), 9-deoxydysiherbaine (39), 9-methoxydysiherbaine (40), and N-ethyldysiherbaine (41). The preliminary structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the presence and stereochemistry of the C9 hydroxy group in dysiherbaine is important for high-affinity and selective binding to glutamate subtype receptors.
• Long-chain polyamines (LCPAs) from marine sponge: Possible implication in spicule formation

  Satoko Matsunaga, Ryuichi Sakai, Mitsuru Jimbo, Hisao Kamiya

  CHEMBIOCHEM 8 (14) 1729 - 1735 1439-4227 2007/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Two distinct marine organisms, diatoms and sponges, deposit dissolved silicates to construct highly architectural and species-specific body supports. Several factors such as proteins, long-chain polyamines (LCPAs), or polypeptides modified with LCPAs are known to be involved in this process. The LCPAs contained in the silica walls of diatoms are thought to play pivotal roles in the silica deposition. In sponges, however, a protein called silicatein and several other proteins hove been reported to be the factors involved in the silica deposition. However, no other factors involved in this process have been reported. We have identified the LCPAs from the marine sponge Axinyssa aculeata and present here some evidence that sponge-derived LCPAs can deposit silica and that the LCPA derivatives are associated with spicules. The results indicate a common chemistry between sponges and diatoms, the two major players in the biological circulation of silicon in the marine environment. A wide variety of organisms are known to utilize silica in their biological processes. Polyamines or other functional molecules might be involved, in combination with proteins, in their biosilicification process.
• Diverse Sugar-Binding Specificities of Marine Invertebrate C-Type Lectins.

  Matsubara H, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J, Jimbo M, Kamiya H, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Cellular Origin of Dysiherbaine, a Marine, Sponge-derived Excitatory Amino Acid, 共著 in, Press Chembiochem, Sakai R, Yoshida K, Kimura A, Koike K, Jimbo M, Koike K, Kobiyama A, Kamiya H, Modulating effect of acorn, barnacle C-Type, lectins on the crystallization of calcium carbonate, 共著 in, Press Fish Sci, Matsubara H, Hayashi T, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Jimbo M, Kamiya H

  Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71 Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry 71 (2) 1729 - 1735 0916-8451 2007/08/01 [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The sugar-binding specificities of C-type lectins isolated from marine invertebrates were investigated by frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) using 100 oligosaccharides. The lectins included BRA-2 and BRA-3, multiple lectins from the hemolymph of the acorn barnacle, Megabalanus rosa, and BRL from the acorn barnacle, Balanus rostatus. The diverse sugar-binding specificities of the C-type lectins were determined by FAC analysis. BRA-2 recognized α2-6 sialylation but not α2-3 sialylation on glycans. On the other hand, BRA-3 showed high affinity for oligosaccharides with α-linked non-reducing terminal galactose, but not for sialylated forms, and BRL showed enhanced recognition activity towards Lewis^x and Lewis^a epitopes.
• Purification, cloning and characterization of egg lectins from the teleost Tribolodon brandti

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Rika Usui, Ryuichi Sakai, Koji Muramoto, Hisao Kamiya

  COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 147 (2) 164 - 171 1096-4959 2007/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Three L-rhamnose-binding egg lectins, TBL1, TBL2 and TBL3, were isolated from the eggs of the Far East dace Tribolodon brandti by a combination of affinity chromatography on L-rhamnose-Sepharose 6B gel and reversed-phase HPLC. L-rhamnose is a common inhibitor of the purified lectins and strongly inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of TBL2 and TBL3, but less weakly that of TBL1. L-arabinose, which has the same hydroxyl group orientation at C2 and C4 as L-rhamnose, and D-galactose showed no inhibitory activity against TBL1 but showed weak inhibitory activity against TBL2 and TBL3. The open reading frames of the cDNAs of TBL1, TBL2 and TBL3 encoded for mature proteins of 207, 189, and 293 amino acid residues, respectively. A BLAST homology search showed that the TBLs have about 40% homology to the carbohydrate recognition domains of rhamnose-binding lectins in salmonid eggs. The tandem repeated domains present in TBL1, TBL2 and TBL3 were two, two and three, respectively. TBL2 was exclusively expressed in ovary, while TBL1 and TBL3 were expressed mainly in ovary and weakly in various tissues including gill, heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Myriaporones 1-4, cytotoxic metabolites from the Mediterranean bryozoan Myriapora truncata

  Jie-Fei Cheng, Jong-Soo Lee, Ryuichi Sakai, Elizabeth A. Jares-Erijman, Maria V. Silva, Kenneth L. Rinehart

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 70 (3) 332 - 336 0163-3864 2007/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Four novel polyketide-derived metabolites, myriaporones 1, 2, 3, and 4, have been isolated from the Mediterranean bryozoan Myriapora truncata. Their structures and stereochemistry have been assigned from the analysis of spectroscopic data. The inseparable equilibrium mixture of myriaporones 3 and 4 showed 88% inhibition of L1210 murine leukemia cells at 0.2 mu g/mL.
• Design, total synthesis, and biological evaluation of neodysiherbaine A derivative as potential probes

  Makoto Sasaki, Koichi Tsubone, Muneo Shoji, Masato Okawa, Keiko Shimamoto, Ryuichi Sakai

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 16 (22) 5784 - 5787 0960-894X 2006/11 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  To enable studies to elucidate the detailed biological function of dysiherbaine and neodysiherbaine A, potent and subunit-selective agonists for ionotropic glutamate receptors, the derivative with a hydroxymethyl substituent at the C10 position has been developed. Preliminary biological evaluation of the analogue showed that a C10 hydroxymethyl substituent produced significant alterations in binding affinities for the ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• 1-Deoxynojirimycin derivatives from the marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes

  Ryuichi Sakai, Hisao Kamiya

  JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 59 (8) 507 - 511 0021-8820 2006/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Two 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives, 1-deoxynojirimycin-6-phosphate (1) and N-methyl-ldeoxynojirimycin-6-phosphate (2) were isolated from an aqueous extract of Micronesian marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes for the first time as natural products. Structures of these compounds were assigned on the basis of their spectral data and chemical degradation.
• P-227 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL BLOCKERS TO PROBE GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER FUNCTIONS

  Shimamoto Keiko, Sakai Ryuichi, Shigeri Yasushi, Nakagawa Takayuki

  International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products 天然有機化合物討論会 2006 "P - 227" 2006/07/23
• Total synthesis and biological evaluation of neodysiherbaine A and analogues

  Muneo Shoji, Nobuyuki Akiyama, Koichi Tsubone, L. Leanne Lash, James M. Sanders, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Ryuichi Sakai, Keiko Shimamoto, Masato Oikawa, Makoto Sasaki

  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 71 (14) 5208 - 5220 0022-3263 2006/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  [GRAPHICS] Dysiherbaine (1) and its congener neodysiherbaine A (2) are naturally occurring excitatory amino acids with selective and potent agonistic activity for ionotropic glutamate receptors. We describe herein the total synthesis of 2 and its structural analogues 3-8. Advanced key intermediate 16 was employed as a branching point to assemble a series of these analogues 3-8 with respect to the C-8 and C-9 functionalities, which would not have been accessible through manipulations of the natural product itself. The synthesis of key intermediate 16 features (i) stereocontrolled C-glycosylation to set the C-6 stereocenter, (ii) concise synthesis of the bicyclic ether skeleton through chemo- and stereoselective dihydroxylation of the exo-olefin and stereoselective epoxidation of the endo-olefin, followed by epoxide ring opening/5-exo ring closure, and (iii) catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamide ester to construct the amino acid appendage. A preliminary biological evaluation of analogues for their in vivo toxicity against mice and binding affinity for glutamate receptors showed that both the type and stereochemistry of the C8 and C9 functional groups affected the subtype selectivity of dysiherbaine analogues for members of the kainic acid receptor family.
• Determination of binding site residues responsible for the subunit selectivity of novel marine-derived compounds on kainate receptors

  JM Sanders, OT Pentikainen, L Settimo, U Pentikainen, M Shoji, M Sasaki, R Sakai, MS Johnson, GT Swanson

  MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 69 (6) 1849 - 1860 0026-895X 2006/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) and related molecules are high-affinity, subunit-selective kainate receptor (KAR) ligands originally isolated from a marine sponge. To elucidate why DH, an agonist, and MSVIII-19, a competitive antagonist, bind selectively to glutamate receptor (GluR) 5 but not to the KA2 KAR subunit, we used molecular dynamics simulations to generate binding models that were tested experimentally in radioligand binding and electrophysiological assays. Three candidate sites, Val685, Leu735, and Ser741 in GluR5, corresponding to Ile669, Phe719, and Met725 in KA2, were predicted to underlie the distinct binding profiles of the marine toxins. Single or multiple reciprocal mutations introduced into the receptor subunits produced a variety of effects on binding affinity. Most notably, mutation of Met725 to serine in KA2 increased the affinity of DH by 350-fold; in contrast, mutation of one or more of the residues in GluR5 did not markedly alter DH binding. MSVIII-19 affinity for the KA2 subunit was significantly increased in multiple site mutants, and reciprocal mutations in the GluR5 subunit produced substantial (700-fold) reductions in MSVIII-19 affinity. Physiological characterization of the double- and triple-mutant subunits demonstrated altered functional behavior consistent with the changes in binding affinity. The results provide experimental support for the importance of these three ligand binding domain (LBD) residues and suggest steric hindrance in the KA2 subunit LBD is largely responsible for the very low affinity for the two compounds. In this study, we identified the molecular basis for subunit selectivity of these marine-derived molecules on KARs, which could facilitate the rational design of selective ligands with distinct pharmacological profiles.
• Cellular and subcellular localization of kainic acid in the marine red alga Digenea simplex

  R Sakai, S Minato, K Koike, K Koike, M Jimbo, H Kamiya

  CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 322 (3) 491 - 502 0302-766X 2005/12 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Polyclonal antibodies specific for the excitatory amino acid, kainic acid (KA), were raised in rabbits. The antibody recognized KA but did not cross-react with other structurally related amino acids, including glutamate. We used this anti-KA antibody to localize KA immunohistochemically in the KA-producing red alga Digenea simplex. KA immunoreactivity was most dense in the fine cylindrical thallus, which covers the middle to upper part of the alga. The cortical cells, but not the inner layers of the main axis, and cells of the rhizoid were also stained with this antibody. The presence of KA in cells that cover the surface of the alga might reflect its role in chemical defense. At the subcellular level, KA immunoreactivity was most intense in the nucleus, pit plugs, and the electron-dense areas denoted as "granule bodies", which were found only in the pericentral cells of the thallus.
• Xanthocillins as thrombopoietin mimetic small molecules

  R Sakai, T Nakamura, T Nishino, M Yamamoto, A Miyamura, H Miyamoto, N Ishiwata, N Komatsu, H Kamiya, N Tsuruzoe

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 13 (23) 6388 - 6393 0968-0896 2005/12 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Four xanthocillins (1-4), including a new compound 4, were isolated from cultured marine fungus Basipetospora sp. as thrombopoietin (TPO) mimics. Compounds 1-4 promoted the proliferation of a TPO-sensitive human leukemia cell line, UT-7/TPO, and UT-7/EPO-mpl, genetically engineered to express c-Mpl, a receptor for TPO in dose-dependent manners. However, the proliferation of UT-7/EPO, a parental cell line of UT-7/EPO-mpl that was devoid of TPO receptor, was not affected by them. Thrombopoietic action of compound 1 was nearly as potent as that of TPO, inducing cell proliferation at a concentration ranging from 1 to 100 nM. Compound 1 also induced the phosphorylation of several proteins, including Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducers, and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in the UT-7/EPO-mpl cell line, but not in the UT-7/EPO cell line. These data indicated that xanthocillins are putative agonists for c-Mpl, as their cellular actions were analogous to those of TPO. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Divergent pharmacological activity of novel marine-derived excitatory amino acids on glutamate receptors

  JM Sanders, K Ito, L Settimo, OT Pentikainen, M Shoji, M Sasaki, MS Johnson, R Sakai, GT Swanson

  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 314 (3) 1068 - 1078 0022-3565 2005/09 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptors show a particular affinity for a variety of natural source compounds, including dysiherbaine (DH), a potent agonist derived from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological activity and structural basis for subunit selectivity of neodysiherbaine (neoDH) and MSVIII-19, which are natural and synthetic analogs of DH, respectively. NeoDH and MSVIII-19 differ from DH in the composition of two functional groups that confer specificity and selectivity for ionotropic glutamate receptors. In radioligand binding assays, neoDH displayed a 15- to 25-fold lower affinity relative to that of DH for glutamate receptor (GluR)5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits but a 7-fold higher affinity for kainate (KA)2 subunits, whereas MSVIII-19 displaced [H-3] kainate only from GluR5 subunits but not GluR6 or KA2 subunits. NeoDH was an agonist for kainate and alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in patch-clamp recordings; in contrast, MSVIII-19 acted as a potent antagonist for homomeric GluR5 receptor currents with weaker activity on other kainate and AMPA receptors. Neither neoDH nor MSVIII-19 activated group I metabotropic GluRs. Homology modeling suggests that two critical amino acids confer the high degree of selectivity between the dysiherbaine analogs and the GluR5 and KA2 subunits. In summary, these data describe the pharmacological activity of two new compounds, one of which is a selective GluR5 receptor antagonist that will be of use for understanding native receptor function and designing more selective ligands for kainate receptors.
• Cloning and characterization of a lectin from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Kazuhiko Koike, Ryuichi Sakai, Koji Muramoto, Hisao Kamiya

  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 330 (1) 157 - 162 0006-291X 2005/04/29 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  In the present study, the entire amino acid sequence and cDNA structure encoding the d-galactose-binding lectin, SLL-2, isolated from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes, were determined. SLL-2 regulates the morphology of symbiotic dinoflagellates Symbiodinium spp. through unknown mechanisms. Here, three cDNAs that encode SLL-2 were cloned and characterized. All the SLL-2 cDNAs encoded 142 amino acids with high similarity to each other. The mature subunit of SLL-2 was found to be composed of 94 amino acids and to contain one putative glycosylation site common to all three SLL-2. N-Glycopeptidase F treatment of SLL-2 resulted in a protein band shift from 16.5 to 9.5 kDa in SDS-PAGE, confirming that SLL-2s are glycoproteins. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the deglycosylated SLL-2 indicated a presence of three polypeptides as encoded in SLL-2 cDNAs. The deduced sequences of SLL-2 cDNAs had a similarity to the C-terminal region of discoidin I, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum lectin. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Octocoral chemical signaling selects and controls dinoflagellate symbionts

  K Koike, M Jimbo, R Sakai, M Kaeriyama, K Muramoto, T Ogata, T Maruyama, H Kamiya

  BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 207 (2) 80 - 86 0006-3185 2004/10 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Characterization of novel L-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate derivatives, potent blockers of the glutamate transporters

  K Shimamoto, R Sakai, K Takaoka, N Yumoto, T Nakajima, SG Amara, Y Shigeri

  MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 65 (4) 1008 - 1015 0026-895X 2004/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Nontransportable blockers of the glutamate transporters are important tools for investigating mechanisms of synaptic transmission. DL-threo-beta-Benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) is a potent blocker of all subtypes of the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). We characterized novel L-TBOA analogs possessing a substituent on their respective benzene rings. The analogs significantly inhibited labeled glutamate uptake, the most potent of which was (2S,3S)-3-{3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoylamino]benzyloxy}aspartate (TFB-TBOA). In an uptake assay using cells transiently expressing EAATs, the IC50 values of TFB-TBOA for EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3 were 22, 17, and 300 nM, respectively. TFB-TBOA was significantly more potent at inhibiting EAAT1 and EAAT2 compared with L-TBOA (IC50 values for EAAT1-3 were 33, 6.2, and 15 muM, respectively). Electrophysiological analyses revealed that TBOA analogs block the transport-associated currents in all five EAAT subtypes and also block leak currents in EAAT5. The rank order of the analogs for potencies at inhibiting substrate-induced currents was identical to that observed in the uptake assay. However, the kinetics of TFB-TBOA differed from the kinetics of L-TBOA, probably because of the strong binding affinity. Notably, TFB-TBOA did not affect other representative neurotransmitter transporters or receptors, including ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, indicating that it is highly selective for EAATs. Moreover, intracerebroventricular administration of the TBOA analogs induced severe convulsive behaviors in mice, probably because of the accumulation of glutamate. Taken together, these findings indicate that novel TBOA analogs, especially TFB-TBOA, should serve as useful tools for elucidating the physiological roles of the glutamate transporters.
• Novel betaines from a micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, K Suzuki, K Shimamoto, H Kamiya

  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 69 (4) 1180 - 1185 0022-3263 2004/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Three new betaines, dysibetaine PP (1), dysibetaine CPa (2), and dysibetaine CPb (3), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea collected in Yap state, Micronesia. The structure of 1 was determined by spectral methods as well as chemical degradation to be a novel dipeptide betaine, and those for 2 and 3 were determined to be unprecedented cyclopropane betaines. Compounds 2 and 3 showed weak affinity toward the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-type and the kainic acid-type glutamate receptors, respectively, in a radioligand binding assay.
• Isolations of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-type glutamate receptor ligands from micronesian sponges

  R Sakai, H Matsubara, K Shimamoto, M Jimbo, H Kamiya, M Namikoshi

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 66 (6) 784 - 787 0163-3864 2003/06 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  The bioassay-guided fractionation of the water-soluble extract of the marine sponge Cribrochalina olemda collected in Palau resulted in the isolation of a new amino acid cribronic acid (1): (2S,4R,5R)-5-hydroxy-4-sulfooxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid. However, aqueous extracts of Stylotella aurantium and Axinella carteri collected in Yap State, Micronesia, afforded a known N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor agonist, (2S,4S)-4-sulfooxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (2), as a common active principle. Both 1 and 2 induced convulsive behaviors in mice upon intracerebroventricular (icv) injection with ED50 values of 29 +/- 3.0 and 20 +/- 2.8 pmol/mouse, respectively. Radioligand binding assay using rat cerebrocortical membrane demonstrated that I and 2 inhibit the binding of the labeled NMDA receptor ligand [H-3]CGP39653 at IC50 values of 83 +/- 15 and 214 +/- 20 nM, respectively. However, 1 and 2 did not displace [H-3]kainic acid or [H-3]AMPA. These data indicated that 1 is a selective NMDA-type glutamate receptor ligand with potent convulsant activity in mice.
• Isolation, structure determination, and synthesis of neodysiherbaine A, a new excitatory amino acid from a marine sponge

  R Sakai, T Koike, M Sasaki, K Shimamoto, C Oiwa, A Yano, K Suzuki, K Tachibana, H Kamiya

  ORGANIC LETTERS 3 (10) 1479 - 1482 1523-7060 2001/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new excitatory amino acid, neodysiherbaine A (2), was isolated as a minor constituent of the aqueous extract from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. The structure was deduced by spectroscopic methods and established unambiguously by the total synthesis. The present synthesis, including as a key step cross coupling of the 6/5-bicyclic core with an amino acid residue, is useful in constructing its structural analogues.
• Pharmacological properties of the potent epileptogenic amino acid dysiherbaine, a novel glutamate receptor agonist isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, GT Swanson, K Shimamoto, T Green, A Contractor, A Ghetti, Y Tamura-Horikawa, C Oiwa, H Kamiya

  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS 296 (2) 650 - 658 0022-3565 2001/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) is a marine sponge-derived amino acid that causes seizures upon injection into mice. In this report we investigate the behavioral effects and characterize the pharmacological activity of DH. DH induced convulsive behaviors in mice with ED50 values of 13 pmol/mouse, i.c.v. and 0.97 mg/kg, i p. In rat brain synaptic membranes DH displaced binding of [H-3] kainic acid (KA) and [H-3] alpha -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) with K-i values of 26 and 153 nM, respectively; in contrast, DH did not displace the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor ligand [H-3] CGS-19755. DH displaced [H-3]KA from recombinant GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits expressed in HEK293 cells with K-i values of 0.74 and 1.2 nM, respectively. In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from cultured rat hippocampal neurons, DH evoked inward currents from both AMPA and KA receptors with EC50 values of 9.7 muM and 210 nM, respectively. AMPA receptor currents were blocked by GYKI 53655, whereas KA receptor currents were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Surprisingly, in calcium imaging experiments we found that DH also activated recombinant mGluR5 receptors but did not activate mGluR1 receptors. DH did not activate glutamate transporters or gamma -aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A))receptors. These results indicate that DH is a potent non-NMDA-type agonist with very high affinity for KA receptors, as well as a subtype-selective mGluR agonist. DH possesses the most potent epileptogenic activity among the amino acids yet identified. This novel excitatory amino acid may prove useful for evaluating the physiological and pathological roles of non-NMDA receptors, especially KA receptors, in the central nervous system.
• Identification of thioether intermediates in the reductive transformation of gonyautoxins into saxitoxins by thiols

  S Sato, R Sakai, M Kodama

  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 10 (16) 1787 - 1789 0960-894X 2000/08 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  O-Sulfate group of gonyautoxin I and IV is transformed into methylene to form neosaxitoxin by thiols such as glutathione, a common cellular scavenger, in mild conditions. We isolated the intermediate of this conversion and propose that this reaction proceeds through formation of thiohemiketal, 1,2 shift to form stable thioether intermediate, and then redox exchange at sulfur atom to form the final product, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• The D-galactose-binding lectin of the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes: characterization and possible relationship to the symbiotic dinoflagellates.

  Jimbo M, Yanohara T, Koike K, Koike K, Sakai R, Muramoto K, Kamiya H

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 2 125 227 - 236 1096-4959 2000/02 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin.

  Yamaguchi M, Jimbo M, Sakai R, Muramoto K, Kamiya H

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 3 119 593 - 597 1096-4959 1998/03 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Structure - Activity relationships of the didemnins

  R Sakai, KL Rinehart, Kishore, V, B Kundu, G Faircloth, JB Gloer, Carney, JR, M Namikoshi, F Sun, RG Hughes, DG Gravalos, TG deQuesada, GR Wilson, RM Heid

  JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 39 (14) 2819 - 2834 0022-2623 1996/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Bioactivities of 42 didemnin congeners, either isolated from the marine tunicates Trididemnun solidum and Aplidium albicans or prepared synthetically and semisynthetically, have been compared. The growth inhibition of various murine and human tumor cells and plaque reduction of HSV-1 and VSV grown on cultured mammalian cells were used to assess cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. Biochemical assays for macromolecular synthesis (protein, DNA, and RNA) and enzyme inhibition (dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and topoisomerases I and II) were also performed to specify the mechanisms of action of each analogue. Immunosuppressive activity of the didemnins was determined using a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. These assays revealed that the native cyclic depsipeptide core is an essential structural requirement for most of the bioactivites of the didemnins, especially for cytotoxicities and antiviral activities. The linear side-chain portion of the peptide can be altered with a gain, in some cases, of bioactivities. In particular, dehydrodidemnin B, tested against several types of tumor cells and in in vivo studies in mice, as well as didemnin M, tested for the mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft vs host reaction in murine systems, showed remarkable gains in their in vitro and in vivo activities compared to didemnin B.
• A NEW POLYETHER ACID FROM A COLD-WATER MARINE SPONGE, A PHAKELLIA SPECIES

  R SAKAI, KL RINEHART

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS-LLOYDIA 58 (5) 773 - 777 0163-3864 1995/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new polyether acid, 14,15-dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 [1], was isolated along with dinophysistoxin-1 [2] and okadaic acid [3], from an unidentified species of the sponge genus Phakellia. The structure of 1 was assigned by comparison of its H-1- and C-13-nmr and fabms spectral data to those of 2 and 3, as well as interpretation of homonuclear 2D nmr data. Compounds 1-3 showed cytotoxicity against L-1210 leukemia cells with IC50 values of 3 ng/ml. The isolation, structure determination, and biological activities of these compounds are described (1).
• MOLECULAR AND CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES OF ECTEINASCIDINS - POTENT ANTITUMOR COMPOUNDS FROM THE CARIBBEAN TUNICATE ECTEINASCIDIA-TURBINATA

  Y GUAN, R SAKAI, KL RINEHART, AHJ WANG

  JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS 10 (5) 793 - 818 0739-1102 1993/04 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Some members of marine alkaloid ecteinascidins (Et's), isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteiriascidia turbinata, exhibit potent anticancer activity. The three dimensional structures of the N-12-formyl derivative of Et729 1a and the natural N-12-oxide of Et743 2 have been determined by x-ray crystallography at 0.9 angstrom resolution. Compounds 1a and 2 crystallize in the space groups P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a=23.214(9) angstrom, b=28.541(10) angstrom and c= 13.303(9) angstrom) and P2(1) (a=11.720(5) angstrom, b=13.230(4) angstrom, c=28.557(5) angstrom, beta=90.22(2)-degrees), respectively. Their crystal structures have been solved by the Patterson search method. which located the sulfur atoms permitting the phase extension. The final crystallographic R-factors are 0.059 and 0.069 for 1a and 2, respectively. There are two independent molecules, associated as a dimer, in the asymmetric unit of crystals of both 1a and 2. The structure determination allows an unequivocal assignment of the relative configuration of all the chiral centers. Assuming that ecteinascidins and safracin C (whose absolute configuration is known) have the same absolute configuration at C1 position, then the absolute configurations of various chiral positions in Ets are C1(R), N2(R), C3(R), C4(R), C11(R), C13(S), C21(S) and C22(R), respectively. The four independent Et molecules adopt two conformations in which the position of ring C relative to rings A & B is different.The molecules have a compact shape and they are conformationally strained due to a severe van der Waals clash between the sulfur atom and the aromatic ring A. By analogy to the related saframycin, the potent biological activity of Et's may be associated with their ability to form a covalent adduct to DNA using the reactive carbinolamine group. The covalent binding interaction between the Et and the N2 of guanine in the minor groove of the DNA double helix has been studied by computer modelling which suggests that rings A and B ''stack'' against the DNA backbone. While the bulky drug molecule makes numerous contacts with DNA, it does not significantly distort the conformation of the DNA double helix.
• BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL SOURCES

  KL RINEHART, TG HOLT, NL FREGEAU, PA KEIFER, GR WILSON, TJ PERUN, R SAKAI, AG THOMPSON, JG STROH, LS SHIELD, DS SEIGLER, LH LI, DG MARTIN, CJP GRIMMELIKHUIJZEN, G GADE

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 53 (4) 771 - 792 0163-3864 1990/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE NATURAL-PRODUCTS

  KL RINEHART, R SAKAI, TG HOLT, NL FREGEAU, TJ PERUN, DS SEIGLER, GR WILSON, LS SHIELD

  PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 62 (7) 1277 - 1280 0033-4545 1990/07 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Erratum - " Didemnins and Tunichlorin: Novel Natural Products from the Marine Tunicate Trididemnum solidum.

  Rinehart KL, Kishore V, Bible KC, Sakai R, Sullins DW, Li KM

  Journal of natural products 3 51 624  0163-3864 1988/05 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• DIDEMNINS AND TUNICHLORIN - NOVEL NATURAL-PRODUCTS FROM THE MARINE TUNICATE TRIDIDEMNUM-SOLIDUM

  KL RINEHART, KISHORE, V, KC BIBLE, R SAKAI, DW SULLINS, KM LI

  JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 51 (1) 1 - 21 0163-3864 1988/01 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• TUBASTRINE, A NEW GUANIDINOSTYRENE FROM THE CORAL TUBASTREA-AUREA

  R SAKAI, T HIGA

  CHEMISTRY LETTERS (1) 127 - 128 0366-7022 1987 [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• Misakinolide-A, an antitumor macrolide from the marine sponge Theonella sp.

  Sakai Ryuichi, Higa Tatsuo, Kashman Yoel

  Chemistry Letters The Chemical Society of Japan (9) 1499 - 1502 0366-7022 1986 

  A highly active antitumor macrolide, misakinolide-A has been isolated from the sponge Theonella sp. The gross structure was determined by extensive NMR studies including homo- and heteronuclear COSY experiments.
• The Absolute Configurations and Biogenesis of Some New Halogenated Chamigrenes from the Sea Hare Aplysia dactylomela

  Ryuichi Sakai, Tatsuo Higa, Charles W. Jefford, GéRald Bernardinelli

  Helvetica Chimica Acta 69 (1) 91 - 105 1522-2675 1986 [Refereed][Not invited]
   

  Four new halogenated chamigrenes have been isolated from the sea hare, the (E)‐ and (Z)‐9‐(bromomethylidene)‐1,2,5‐trimethylspiro[5.5]undeca‐1,7‐dien‐3‐ones (11 and 10, resp.) the structures of which were deduced by NMR spectroscopy and by comparison with a known relative, the (8R,9R)‐8‐bromo‐9‐chloro‐5,5,9‐trimethyl‐1‐methylidenespiro[5,5]undec‐3‐en‐2‐one (12), and its (11 R)‐11‐acetoxy‐substituted derivative 13. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined and deduced by X‐ray using the absolute‐structure parameter. The configurations were remarkable in being enantiomeric to those of the tertiary chlorochamigrenes isolated so far. Consequently, a more general scheme is proposed to account for their biogenesis. Copyright © 1986 Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

MISC

• Structure elucidation of protoaculeine B and aculeines by solid-phase total synthesis

  入江樂, 高木紗羅, 若林稜也, 谷知恵, 松永智子, 稲井誠, 大内仁志, 酒井隆一, 菅敏幸, 及川雅人  日本化学会春季年会講演予稿集(Web)  103rd-  2023
• Concise synthesis of artificial aculeine analogs based on click chemistry and evaluation of their bioactivities

  高木紗羅, 入江樂, 若林稜也, 入江由美, 辺浩美, 谷知恵, 松永智子, 稲井誠, 大内仁志, 菅敏幸, 酒井隆一, 入江一浩, 及川雅人  日本化学会春季年会講演予稿集(Web)  103rd-  2023
• 有害外来種ヨーロッパザラボヤに含まれるフェロモン様物質の探索

  宮古圭, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• パラオ産海綿Cribrochalina olemdaから得られた新規青色カロテノプロテイン

  松永智子, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• Marine sponge lectin reveals the mechanism of sugar-chain mediated activation of MPL

  辺浩美, 影山大夢, 中島寛弥, 小野寺かこ, 増渕菜弥, 大城拓未, 松井崇, 小寺義男, 小川智久, 平山真, 堀貫治, 横山武司, 小松則夫, 小松則夫, 荒木真理人, 荒木真理人, 田中良和, 酒井隆一  日本血液学会学術集会抄録(Web)  83rd-  2021
• Structural revision of protoaculeine B, a posttranslationally modified amino acid

  入江樂, 宮古圭, 松永智子, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人  日本化学会春季年会講演予稿集(Web)  101st-  2021
• アムールチョウザメ17β-水酸基脱水素酵素タイプ12-likeの酵素活性および卵成熟期における発現動態

  長谷川祐也, 井尻成保, 駿河谷諒平, 酒井隆一, 足立伸次  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• メタゲノム由来新規オートインデューサー様物質の生理活性

  新村樹, 三輪俊太, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀, 木村信忠  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• 海洋生物に含まれる抗フラビウイルス物質の探索

  中谷晴香, CHIMNARONK Sarin, 田中良和, ROMO Daniel, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• 海洋生物に含まれる抗新型コロナウイルス物質の探索

  住谷朋之丞, 辺浩美, 酒井隆一, 田中良和, 高田礼人  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• メタゲノム由来新規オートインデューサー様物質の生産と同定

  伊藤秀輝, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀, 木村信忠  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• Pseudomonas属アオコ殺藻細菌および活性物質の野生藻類に対する影響

  陳樹河, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀, 今井一郎  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• メタボロミクスを用いた藻類と殺藻細菌の共培養系における活性物質の探索

  羽賀美優, 今井一朗, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集(CD-ROM)  2021-  2021
• 海洋天然物由来の新規生理活性タンパク質の構造機能解析

  田中良和, 影山大夢, 辺ひろみ, 増渕菜弥, 中島寛也, 小野寺かこ, 大城拓未, 松井崇, 小寺義男, 小川智久, 横山武司, 小松則夫, 荒木真理人, 酒井隆一  日本生化学会大会(Web)  94th-  2021
• 海綿由来蛋白質毒を用いた新規核内デリバリー素子

  酒井隆一  上原記念生命科学財団研究報告集(CD-ROM)  35-  2021
• 海綿-シアノバクテリア共生系由来新規糖代謝物の単離・構造解析

  野口祐輔, 小田悠太, 張権, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集  2020 (CD-ROM)-  2020
• Alteromonas属殺藻細菌由来シデロフォアの同定と機能解析

  神手大輝, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀, 今井一郎  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2019-  2019
• トロンボポエチン受容体の新規活性化機構

  辺浩美, 酒井隆一  日本分子生物学会年会プログラム・要旨集(Web)  42nd-  2019
• 細胞表面の「生命装置」に作用する水溶性海洋天然物の探索(低分子編)

  酒井隆一  天然薬物の開発と応用シンポジウム講演要旨集  22nd-  1‐4  2018/10/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿の長鎖ポリアミン

  酒井 隆一, 松永智子  ポリアミン  5-  (1)  3  -13  2018/04  [Not refereed][Invited]
  
• 西表島産Spongosorites属海綿由来の新規蛋白質毒素の作用機構

  飯田祐介, 中野宏治, 上田拓也, 北野雅也, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2018-  107  2018/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 単体ボヤCnemidocarpa ireneより得られた芳香族化合物群の構造と機能

  宮古圭, 保野陽子, 品田哲郎, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2018-  108  2018/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• LCMS主成分分析法により見出した新規マイカロライド類の同定

  似内梨紗, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2018-  107  2018/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• KB343, a Cyclic Tris-guanidine Alkaloid from Palauan Zoantharian Epizoanthus illoricatus

  松村賢, 谷口透, REIMER James D., 野口峻太朗, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集(Web)  60th-  2018
• Alteromonas属由来の殺藻物質の生産と殺藻様式に関する研究

  梅津早希, 今井一郎, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2017-  102  2017/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• パラオ産Didemnidae科ホヤに含まれる新規神経活性グアニジンアルカロイドとその関連化合物に関する研究

  松村賢, 内舛肇, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一, 津田正史, 熊谷慶子, 赤壁麻衣  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2017-  100  2017/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• カテキンの構造がサケ(Oncorhynchus keta)の卵膜軟化症防除効果に与える影響

  小松代祐生, 記内優, 松本善行, 大久保勉, 伴真俊, 中山勉, 酒井隆一, 笠井久会  日本魚病学会大会プログラムおよび講演要旨  2017-  24  2017/03/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アオコ原因種Microcystis aeruginosaに対する殺藻細菌の殺藻機構におけるクオラムセンシング関与の可能性

  大洞裕貴, 宮下洋平, 小林淳希, 小峯佳奈子, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一, 織田さやか, 田中邦明, 今井一郎  日本陸水学会大会講演要旨集  82nd (Web)-  2017
• 水産生物の履歴書を作る:網羅的成分解析を基盤とした水産物評価法の開発

  酒井隆一  東和食品研究振興会奨励研究報告書  2017-  1  -11  2017  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Crystal structure of symbiosis related lectin SLL-2 in complex with tetrasaccharides

  A. Kita, M. Jimbo, R. Sakai, Y. Morimoto, R. Takeuchi, H. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, K. Miki  14th Conf. Asian Crystallographic Association  2016/12  [Refereed][Not invited]
  
• サンゴ由来レクチン4糖複合体の結晶構造

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 森本幸生, 武内良太, 田中浩士, 高橋孝志, 三木邦夫  KURRI-EKR (Web)  (16)  ROMBUNNO.P30 (WEB ONLY)  2016/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 共生に関与する珊瑚由来レクチンの4糖糖鎖結合様式

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 森本幸生, 武内良太, 田中浩士, 高橋孝志, 三木邦夫  日本結晶学会年会講演要旨集  2016-  77  2016/11/17  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Alteromonas属海洋細菌由来の赤潮殺藻物質

  梅津早希, 今井一郎, 酒井隆一, 藤田雅紀  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  113  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミクロネシア産海綿Lendenfeldia chondrodesより得られた新規マイコスポリン類の構造

  小田悠太, 張権, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  115  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• カリブ海産ホヤTrididemnum solidumに含まれる抗腫瘍性化合物didemnin類の産生について

  市森大地, 藤田雅紀, 今田千秋, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  116  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 西表島産Spongosorites属海綿に含まれるタンパク質毒素の分離

  酒井隆一, 中野宏治, 上田拓也, 北野雅也, 小野巧, 棚野豪太, 神保充, 藤田雅紀  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  115  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• スルメイカの目に含まれる代謝物を用いた系群判別に関する研究

  伊藤和愛, 澤村正幸, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  112  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 北海道産単体ボヤCnemidcarpa ireneに含まれる生理活性物質に関する研究

  田所洋平, 西川輝昭, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2016-  115  2016/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Algicidal Compounds from Alteromonas sp.

  Umetsu Saki, Imai Ichiro, Sakai Ryuichi, Fujita Masaki  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  58-  (0)  Poster32  2016  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Utilization of algicidal bacteria is expected as a new method to prevent red-tide, a harmful algal blooming, which causes serious damage on fisheries industry and also marine animals. However, algicidal molecules produced by marine bacteria are hardly known. In this study, we present isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of algicidal phenoxazinon derivatives including three novel compounds.

  Four deep-yellow pigments (1-4) were purified as main algicidal molecules from a culture broth of Alteromonassp. strain D which isolated from red-tide blooming sea water around Hiroshima-bay. Structures were determined based on spectroscopic analysis along with comparison with literature data as 2-aminophenoxazin-3-on (APO, 1) and its derivatives.

  Compound 1 and 2 showed algicidal activity against Chattnella antiquawhich is one of the red-tide forming phytoplankton with LD₅₀ values of 0.29 and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. However, compound 1was less toxic against other marine organisms including macro-alga, Bangia fuscopurpurea, and crustacean, Artemia salina, with LD₅₀ values of 4.0 and 7 mg/mL.

• 新しい海綿毒素Soritesidineの研究

  SAKAI RYUICHI, SAKAI RYUICHI  トキシンシンポジウム予稿集  62nd-  89  2015/06/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿・ホヤに共生する藍藻のケミカルバイオロジー

  SAKAI RYUICHI, ICHIMORI DAICHI, ODA YUTA, FUJITA MASAKI, IMADA CHIAKI  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  17th-  51  2015/05/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミクロネシア産海綿 Corticium sp.より得られた新規トロンボポエチン様タンパク質の研究

  NAKAJIMA HIROYA, ATSUMI WATARU, NAKAMURA TAKANORI, FUJITA MASAKI, SAKAI RYUICHI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2015-  178  2015/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• パラオ産Didemnidae科ホヤより得られた新規グアニジンアルカロイドの構造と活性

  SAKAI RYUICHI, UCHIMASU HAJIME, TSUDA MASASHI, KUMAGAI KEIKO, AKAKABE MAI, FUJITA MASAKI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2015-  141  2015/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Mycale属海綿由来細胞毒性物質mycalolide類の生合成遺伝子探索

  FUJITA MASAKI, SAKAI RYUICHI, ISE YUJI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2015-  139  2015/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• MFPAの短段階合成と蛍光プローブ化

  OYAGI YU, SASAKI SHINGO, SUZUKI HIROTO, OUCHI HITOSHI, INAI MAKOTO, ASAKAWA TOMOHIRO, SAKAI RYUICHI, SHIMAMOTO KEIKO, HAMASHIMA YOSHITAKA, KAN TOSHIYUKI  日本薬学会年会要旨集(CD-ROM)  135th-  ROMBUNNO.26G-AM07S  2015  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• パラオ産Didemnidae科ホヤ由来新規神経活性化合物群Mellpaladine類に関する研究

  内升肇, 松村賢, 津田正史, 熊谷慶子, 赤壁麻依, 藤田雅紀, 酒井隆一  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集(Web)  57th-  369‐374(J‐STAGE)  2015  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Mellpaladines, novel neuroactive compounds from a Palauan Didemnidae tunicate

  Uchimasu Hajime, Matsumura Ken, Tsuda Masashi, Kumagai Keiko, Akakabe Mai, Fujita M.J., Sakai Ryuichi  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  57-  (0)  PosterP31  2015  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Various ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors and ion channels in the central nervous system play key roles in neurotransmission and homeostasis. We have been searching for neuroactive compounds interacting with these receptors or ion channels from aqueous extracts of marine benthic organisms including sponges and tunicates. Recently, we found that the extract of a Palauan Didemnidae tunicate suppressed voluntary behaviors in mice after intracerebroventricular administration. A bioassay-guided separation resulted in isolation of novel 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline alkaloids, dopargimine（1）and mellpaladines A-F（2-7）. Moreover, 4-guanidino butyric acid （8） and polysulfur alkaloid lissoclibadins（9）were also identified from this specimen. The structures of 1-7 and a known 8, 9 were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical reactions.

  Biological targets for 1-3 were screened by binding assays using 43 neuronal receptors and transporters. Functions of those compounds for high affinity receptors were also evaluated. 1 showed affinity for d-opioid receptor and determined to be an agonist. 2and 3 showed high affinity for three subtypes（5-HT_1B, 5-HT_1D, 5-HT_5A）of serotonin receptors and shown to be a potent antagonists for 5-HT_5A.

• 固相合成法を利用した長鎖ポリアミンの合成研究

  假屋唯香, 淺沼雄太, 稲井誠, 浅川倫宏, 濱島義隆, 江木正浩, 福田裕穂, 酒井隆一, 菅敏幸  中部化学関係学協会支部連合秋季大会講演予稿集  45th-  215  2014/11/29  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• MFPAの短段階合成と蛍光プローブ化

  SASAKI SHINGO, SUZUKI HIROTO, OUCHI HITOSHI, ASAKAWA TOMOHIRO, INAI MAKOTO, SAKAI RYUICHI, SHIMAMOTO KEIKO, HAMASHIMA YOSHITAKA, KAN TOSHIYUKI  反応と合成の進歩シンポジウム講演要旨集  40th-  109  2014/10/22  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Oncogenic Ras/ERK Signaling Activates CDCP1 to Promote Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

  Takamasa Uekita, Satoko Fujii, Yuri Miyazawa, Reika Iwakawa, Mako Narisawa-Saito, Katsuhiko Nakashima, Koji Tsuta, Hitoshi Tsuda, Tohru Kiyono, Jun Yokota, Ryuichi Sakai  MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH  12-  (10)  1449  -1459  2014/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Involvement of Ras in cancer initiation is known, but recent evidence indicates a role in cancer progression, including metastasis and invasion; however, the mechanism is still unknown. In this study, it was determined that human lung cancer cells with Ras mutations, among other popular mutations, showed significantly higher expression of CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) than those without. Furthermore, activated Ras clearly induced CDCP1, whereas CDCP1 knockdown or inhibition of CDCP1 phosphorylation by Src-directed therapy abrogated anoikis resistance, migration, and invasion induced by activated-Ras. Activation of MMP2 and secretion of MMP9, in a model of Ras-induced invasion, was found to be regulated through induction of phosphorylated CDCP1. Thus, CDCP1 is required for the functional link between Ras and Src signaling during the multistage development of human malignant tumors, highlighting CDCP1 as a potent target for treatment in the broad spectrum of human cancers associated with these oncogenes. (C)2014 AACR.
• パラオ産海綿Axinyssa sp.より得られたグルタミン酸受容体作動薬に関する研究

  内舛肇, ENG Andrew, EKINS Merrick, HOOPER John, SWANSON Geoofrey T, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2014-  121  2014/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海洋メタゲノムからの未知シデロフォア生合成遺伝子のクローニングと異宿主生産

  藤田雅紀, 時田学幸, 石川高史, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2014-  121  2014/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Aculeine Aの溶血活性

  岸伶美, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2014-  173  2014/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• プロトアーキュレインBの合成研究

  OTSUKA KAZUNORI, ISHIKAWA YUICHI, TAKAMIZAWA SATOSHI, SAKAI RYUICHI, OIKAWA MASATO  日本化学会講演予稿集  94th-  (4)  1468  2014/03/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Saracatinib impairs the peritoneal dissemination of diffuse-type gastric carcinoma cells resistant to Met and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors

  Hideki Yamaguchi, Miho Takanashi, Nachi Yoshida, Yuumi Ito, Reiko Kamata, Kiyoko Fukami, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Ryuichi Sakai  Cancer Science  105-  (5)  528  -536  2014  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Diffuse-type gastric carcinomas (DGC) exhibit more aggressive progression and poorer prognosis than intestinal-type and other gastric carcinomas. To identify potential therapeutic targets, we examined protein tyrosine phosphorylation in a panel of DGC and other gastric cancer cell lines. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation was significantly enhanced or altered in DGC cell lines compared with that in other gastric cancer cell lines. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins identified Met as a protein that is preferentially expressed and phosphorylated in DGC cell lines. Unexpectedly, Met inhibitors blocked cell growth, Met downstream signaling and peritoneal dissemination in vivo in only a subset of cell lines that exhibited remarkable overexpression of Met. Likewise, only cell lines with overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) or phosphorylation of FRS2 were sensitive to an FGFR2 inhibitor. A Src inhibitor saracatinib impaired growth in cell lines that are insensitive to both Met and FGFR2 inhibitors. Saracatinib also effectively impaired peritoneal dissemination of Met-independent and FGFR2-independent SGC cells. Moreover, DGC cell lines exhibited nearly mutually exclusive susceptibility to Met, FGFR and Src inhibitors. These results suggest that DGC have distinct sensitivities to molecular target drugs and that targeting Src is beneficial in the treatment of DGC insensitive to Met and FGFR inhibition. © 2014 The Authors.
• Stromal Fibroblasts Mediate Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Invasion of Scirrhous Gastric Carcinoma Cells

  Hideki Yamaguchi, Nachi Yoshida, Miho Takanashi, Yuumi Ito, Kiyoko Fukami, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Masakazu Yashiro, Ryuichi Sakai  PLOS ONE  9-  (1)  2014/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Scirrhous gastric carcinoma (SGC) has the worst prognosis of all gastric cancers, owing to its rapid expansion by invasion and frequent peritoneal dissemination. Due to the increased proliferation of stromal fibroblasts (SFs) that occurs within SGC lesions and the peritoneal metastatic sites, SFs have been proposed to support the progression of this disease. However, the biological and molecular basis and the pathological role of the intercellular interaction between SGC cells and SFs remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of SFs in the invasion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by SGC cells. When SGC cells were cocultured with SFs derived from SGC tissue on three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel, they were attracted together to form large cellular aggregates that invaded within the Matrigel. Time-lapse imaging revealed that this process was associated with extensive contraction and remodeling of the ECM. Immunofluorescence and biochemical analysis showed that SGC cells stimulate phosphorylation of myosin light chain and actomyosin-mediated mechanical remodeling of the ECM by SFs. By utilizing this assay system for inhibitor library screening, we have identified several inhibitors that potently suppress the cooperation between SGC cells and SFs to form the invasive structures. Among them, a Src inhibitor dasatinib impaired the interaction between SGC cells and SFs both in vitro and in vivo and effectively blocked peritoneal dissemination of SGC cells. These results indicate that SFs mediate mechanical remodeling of the ECM by SGC cells, thereby promoting invasion and peritoneal dissemination of SGC.
• 血小板増多タンパク質の分離・精製

  NAKAJIMA HIROYA, ATSUMI WATARU, FUJITA MASAKI, SAKAI RYUICHI  日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集  2014-  41  2014  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 共生に関与するサンゴ由来レクチンの結晶構造

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 森本幸生, 武内良太, 田中浩士, 高橋孝志, 高橋孝志, 三木邦夫  KURRI KR  (193)  67  -70  2014/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Cloning and Heterologous Expression of the Agrobactin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from a Marine Metagenome

  Fujita Masaki, Tokita Takayuki, Ishikawa Takafumi, Sakai Ryuichi  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  56-  (0)  Poster55  2014  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A biosynthetic gene cluster of unknown siderophore was cloned from a metagenomic library constructed from a marine sponge by function based screening method. Sequencing of the cloned DNA revealed presence of a putative biosynthetic gene cluster consisted of 15 ORFs which showed similarity to vibriobactin biosynthetic gene cluster from Vibrio cholera.

  Culture broth of the siderophore producing clone exhibited characteristic mass peak at m/z 637 which rack in the negative clone. The crude extract of the broth was fractionated by repetitive column chromatography guided by mass signal. The product was finally purified by HPLC as hexamethyl derivative. Structure of the methylated product was determined by combination of spectroscopic analysis as well as speculation from biosynthetic information to be a hexamethyl agrobactin suggested that the original product was agrobaction which has been reported from a terrestrial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

  It was the first report of agrobaction from marine environmental samples and also the first heterologous production of this class of molecules.

• Identification of integrin α3 as a molecular marker of cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and of cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes

  Takuya Shirakihara, Tomonori Kawasaki, Akihiko Fukagawa, Kentaro Semba, Ryuichi Sakai, Kohei Miyazono, Keiji Miyazawa, Masao Saitoh  Cancer Science  104-  (9)  1189  -1197  2013/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in wound healing, tissue repair, and cancer progression in adult tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induces EMT in mouse epithelial cells. During prolonged treatment, TGF-β successively induces myofibroblastic differentiation with increased expression of myofibroblast marker proteins, including smooth muscle α actin and calponin. We recently showed that fibroblast growth factor-2 prevented myofibroblastic differentiation induced by TGF-β, and transdifferentiated the cells to those with much more aggressive characteristics (enhanced EMT). To identify the molecular markers specifically expressed in cells undergoing enhanced EMT induced by the combination of TGF-β and fibroblast growth factor-2, we carried out a microarray-based analysis and found that integrin α3 (ITGA3) and Ret were upregulated. Intriguingly, ITGA3 was also overexpressed in breast cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes and its expression was correlated with that of δEF-1, a key regulator of EMT. Moreover, the expression of both genes was downregulated by U0126, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor. Therefore, ITGA3 is a potential marker protein for cells undergoing enhanced EMT and for cancer cells with aggressive phenotypes, which is positively regulated by δEF-1 and the MEK-ERK pathway. © 2013 Japanese Cancer Association.
• サンゴの共生関連因子の探索

  神保充, 國谷奈美, 竹内亮太, 谷本典加, 田中千瑛, 山下洋, 小池一彦, 酒井隆一  日本動物学会大会予稿集  84th-  100  2013/08/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Report of the Japan diabetes society/Japanese cancer association joint committee on diabetes and cancer

  Masato Kasuga, Kohjiro Ueki, Naoko Tajima, Mitsuhiko Noda, Ken Ohashi, Hiroshi Noto, Atsushi Goto, Wataru Ogawa, Ryuichi Sakai, Shoichiro Tsugane, Nobuyuki Hamajima, Hitoshi Nakagama, Kazuo Tajima, Kohei Miyazono, Kohzoh Imai  Cancer Science  104-  (7)  965  -976  2013/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  In recent years, diabetes has been shown to be associated with cancer risk, and this has led to a joint committee being formed, enlisting experts from the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japanese Cancer Association to address this issue. Epidemiological data in Japan provides evidence to demonstrate that diabetes is associated with increased risk for cancers, especially colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. The mechanisms through which diabetes is assumed to promote oncogenesis include insulin resistance and associated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation. Common risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cancer include aging, male sex, obesity, physical inactivity, inappropriate diet (excessive red/processed meat intake, inadequate vegetable/fruit/dietary fiber intake), excessive alcohol drinking, and smoking. Given that inappropriate diet/exercise, smoking and excessive alcohol drinking are common risk factors for diabetes and cancer, diet/exercise therapy, smoking cessation and alcohol moderation may be associated with decreased risk for cancer in diabetic patients. There is as yet limited evidence as to whether any particular antidiabetic agents may influence cancer risk. © 2013 The Japanese Cancer Association and the Japan Diabetes Society.
• Suppression of autophagy by CUB domain-containing protein 1 signaling is essential for anchorage-independent survival of lung cancer cells

  Takamasa Uekita, Satoko Fujii, Yuri Miyazawa, Akinori Hashiguchi, Hitosi Abe, Michiie Sakamoto, Ryuichi Sakai  Cancer Science  104-  (7)  865  -870  2013/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  CUB (C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor, BMP1) domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) has been implicated in promoting metastasis of cancer cells through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of anoikis, which is cell death triggered by the loss of extracellular matrix interactions. However, the mechanism inhibiting cell death regulated by CDCP1 remains elusive. Inhibition of CDCP1 expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced the cell death of suspended cancer cells without cleaving caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis cell death was not inhibited by a general caspase inhibitor, suggesting that the loss of CDCP1 induces caspase-independent cell death. In contrast, knockdown of CDCP1 as well as protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), a downstream effector of CDCP1, in a suspension culture of lung cancer cells resulted in marked induction of membranous microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II protein, a hallmark of autophagy, and caused the formation of an autophagosome structure visualized using green fluorescent protein-tagged LC3-II. Expression and phosphorylation of exogenous CDCP1 by Fyn kinase reduced the formation of autophagosomes and inhibited phosphorylation of CDCP1 by PP2, a Src kinase inhibitor or inhibited PKCδ by rottlerin, stimulating autophagosome formation. Moreover, death of suspended lung cancer cells induced by CDCP1 siRNA or by PKCδ siRNA was reduced by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. These results indicate that CDCP1-PKCδ signaling plays a critical role in inhibiting autophagy, which is responsible for anoikis resistance of lung cancer cells. © 2013 Japanese Cancer Association.
• Report of the JDS/JCA joint committee on diabetes and cancer

  M. Kasuga, K. Ueki, N. Tajima, M. Noda, K. Ohashi, H. Noto, A. Goto, W. Ogawa, R. Sakai, S. Tsugane, N. Hamajima, H. Nakagama, K. Tajima, K. Miyazono, K. Imai  Journal of the Japan Diabetes Society  56-  (6)  374  -390  2013/06/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CDCP1 Regulates the Function of MT1-MMP and Invadopodia-Mediated Invasion of Cancer Cells

  Yuri Miyazawa, Takamasa Uekita, Yuumi Ito, Motoharu Seiki, Hideki Yamaguchi, Ryuichi Sakai  MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH  11-  (6)  628  -637  2013/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1 (CUB) domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a transmembrane protein that regulates anchorage-independent growth and cancer cell migration and invasion. Expression of CDCP1 is detected in a number of cancer cell lines and tissues and is closely correlated with poor prognosis. Invadopodia are actin-based protrusions on the surface of invasive cancer cells that promote the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via localized proteolysis, which is mainly mediated by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). MT1-MMP is accumulated at invadopodia by targeted delivery via membrane trafficking. The present study shows that CDCP1 is required for ECM degradation by invadopodia in human breast cancer and melanoma cells. CDCP1 localized to caveolin-1-containing vesicular structures and lipid rafts and was detected in close proximity to invadopodia. Further biochemical analysis revealed that substantial amounts of CDCP1 existed in the Triton X-100 insoluble lipid raft fraction. CDCP1 was coimmunoprecipitated with MT1-MMP and colocalized with MT1-MMP at the vesicular structures. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of the CDCP1 expression markedly inhibited MT1-MMP-dependent ECM degradation and Matrigel invasion and reduced the accumulation of MT1-MMP at invadopodia, as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. These results indicate that CDCP1 is an essential regulator of the trafficking and function of MT1-MMP- and invadopodia-mediated invasion of cancer cells. (C)2013 AACR.
• 海綿Cinachyrella sp.から得られたiGluR制御活性を示す新規ガレクチンの研究

  上田拓弥, FREYMANN DM, FOCIAL PJ, 中村友香, SMITH Caleb, 井上昌, 尾島孝男, 松永智子, SWANSON GT, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2013-  102  2013/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海洋細菌からの非環状ヒドロキサム酸型シデロフォアの単離と推定生合成遺伝子のクローニング

  藤田雅紀, 中野宏治, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2013-  100  2013/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeata由来の長鎖ポリアミン化合物Protoaculeine Bの構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2013-  96  2013/03/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysibetaine CPa/CPbおよび類縁体の不斉全合成と天然物の絶対立体配置決定

  境倫宏, 田中健斗, 石川裕一, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人  日本化学会講演予稿集  93rd-  (4)  1220  2013/03/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Possible involvement of glycolipids in lectin-mediated cellular transformation of symbiotic microalgae in corals

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Yuya Suda, Kazuhiko Koike, Sachiko Nakamura-Tsuruta, Junko Kominami, Masugu Kamei, Jun Hirabayashi, Ryuichi Sakai, Hisao Kamiya  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY  439-  129  -135  2013/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We previously demonstrated that the lectin SLL-2, isolated from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes, binds to the symbiotic microalgae Symbiodinium within the coral. Upon binding SLL-2, Symbiodinium cells transform from a flagellated swimming form into a non-flagellated coccoid form, the latter morphologically similar to the symbiotic stage found in corals. However, the site recognized by the lectin on the surface of Symbiodinium cells and the transformation mechanism have yet to be elucidated. We found that the ability of SLL-2 to induce the morphological change in Symbiodinium cells can be attenuated by pretreating the cells with glycosidases or by adding the SLL-2 binding inhibitor N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to the culture medium. These results suggest that p-galactose-containing glycoconjugates on the Symbiodinium cell surface are the key ligand through which SLL-2 induces morphological transformation. We also found that SLL-2 binds with high affinity to the Forssman antigen, and masking the binding site on Symbiodinium cells by addition of anti-Forssman glycosphingolipid antibody inhibits the binding of SLL-2 to the cells. The antibody itself or other Forssman antigen-binding proteins, such as Helix pomatia agglutinin, can transform Symbiodinium cells into the coccoid stage in the absence of SLL-2. A neutral lipid fraction prepared from cultured Symbiodinium cells reacted with the anti-Forssman glycosphingolipid antibody, supporting the hypothesis that a Forssman antigen-like glycosphingolipid on the surface of Symbiodinium cells is involved in their morphological transformation induced by the lectin SLL-2. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• パラオ産海綿由来細菌からのシデロフォアBisucaberin Bの単離および生合成遺伝子の取得と異宿主生産

  藤田雅紀, 中野宏治, 酒井隆一  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集(Web)  55th-  621‐626(J‐STAGE)  2013  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Cloning and Expression of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Bisucaberin B

  Fujita Masaki, Nakano Koji, Sakai Ryuichi  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  55-  (0)  PosterP  -56  2013  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A siderophore, bisucaberin B, was isolated from a bacterium Tenacibaculum mesophilum separated from a marine sponge collected in the Republic of Palau. Using spectroscopic and chemical methods, the structure of bisucaberin B was determined asa linear dimer of N-hydroxy-N-succinyl cadaverine (HSC). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of bisucaberin B as a biosynthetic product, and also this compound is the first siderophore found from the bacteria belong to the phylum Bacteroidetes.

  The putative bisucaberin B biosynthetic gene cluster bsbA-E was cloned from a genomic library of T. mesophilum using homology sequence conserved in the known HSC based siderophore biosynthetic genes. It consists of 6 ORFs instead of 4 genes found in the other bacteria. The last HSC condensation gene was duplicated in the bsb cluster, and the additional gene which showed homology with major facilitator superfamily also existed.

  To confirm that the cloned genes were actually responsible for bisucaberin B bioproduction, two candidate enzymes for HSC dimerization, BsbD1 and BsbD2, were co-expressed with MbsA-C which were marine metagenome originated enzymes already confirmed to produce HSC in the E. coli. As a result, only BsbD2 containing recombinant clone produced bisucaberin B efficiently (production yield 16.1 mg/L) suggested that the cloned bsb cluster is bisucaberin B biosynthetic genes, and presence of only BsbD2 is enough for dimerization of HSC.

• Binding Modes and the Selectivity of the Compounds Bound to the Kainate-Type Glutamate Receptors at Atomic Level Resolution

  UNNO Masaki, SASAKI Makoto, SAKAI Ryuichi, IKEDA SAITO Masao  X-RAYS  54-  (6)  338  -344  2012/12/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptors (KARs) are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) that play variety of roles in the mammalian brain. Because KARs are comprised of five different isoform proteins, isoform selective compounds are indispensable tools in physiological researches. Dysiherbaine (DH) and neodysiherbaine A (NDH), natural toxins found from marine sponges, were shown to be potent and isoform-selective agonists for KARs. To understand structure-activity relationship of DH and NDH, numbers of analogues are synthesized, and their pharmacological activities have been evaluated in detail. Here, we determined the crystal structures of human KAR isoforms, GluK1 and GluK2, ligand-binding domain in complex with the DH analogues at high resolution. From these structures, we elucidated the relationships between the binding affinity and the molecular structure of the compounds. We also demonstrated differential recognition by some of the DH analogues of closely related isoforms GluK1 and GluK2. Further, we found that neither degree of the domain closure nor twist motion of domains directly correlated to agonist efficacy of the ligands.
• Binding Modes and the Selectivity of the Compounds Bound to the Kainate-Type Glutamate Receptors at Atomic Level Resolution

  UNNO Masaki, SASAKI Makoto, SAKAI Ryuichi, IKEDA SAITO Masao  Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi  54-  (6)  338  -344  2012/12/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptors (KARs) are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) that play variety of roles in the mammalian brain. Because KARs are comprised of five different isoform proteins, isoform selective compounds are indispensable tools in physiological researches. Dysiherbaine (DH) and neodysiherbaine A (NDH), natural toxins found from marine sponges, were shown to be potent and isoform-selective agonists for KARs. To understand structure-activity relationship of DH and NDH, numbers of analogues are synthesized, and their pharmacological activities have been evaluated in detail. Here, we determined the crystal structures of human KAR isoforms, GluK1 and GluK2, ligand-binding domain in complex with the DH analogues at high resolution. From these structures, we elucidated the relationships between the binding affinity and the molecular structure of the compounds. We also demonstrated differential recognition by some of the DH analogues of closely related isoforms GluK1 and GluK2. Further, we found that neither degree of the domain closure nor twist motion of domains directly correlated to agonist efficacy of the ligands.
• Total Synthesis of (+/-)-Dysibetaine CPa and Analogs

  Masato Oikawa, Shota Sasaki, Michihiro Sakai, Yuichi Ishikawa, Ryuichi Sakai  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  (29)  5789  -5802  2012/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The syntheses of the marine sponge-derived ?-amino carboxylic acid dysibetaine CPa and five analogs in their racemic forms were successfully performed by taking advantage of an electron-withdrawing N-(4-nitrophenyl) group in the cyclopropanation reaction, the reductive ring opening of an imide, and the ethanolysis of an N-Boc-protected imide.
• 褐虫藻表面に存在するサンゴレクチンリガンドの探索

  神保充, 國谷奈美, 武内良太, 田中浩士, 高橋孝志, 小池一彦, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2012-  79  2012/09/14  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Modulation of AMPA and kainate receptors by galectins

  Sonia Bhangoo, Bryan Copits, Yuka Nakamura, Shanti Frausto, John Robbins, Martin B. Gill, Caleb Smith, Tomohisa Ogawa, Koji Muramoto, Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson  FASEB JOURNAL  26-  2012/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Binding and Selectivity of the Marine Toxin Neodysiherbaine A, and its Synthetic Analogues, to GluK1 and GluK2 Kainate Receptors

  Masaki Unno, Ryuichi Sakai, Makoto Sasaki, Masao Ikeda-Saito  Photon Factory Activity Reprot 2011, Part B  29-  320  2012/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• (±)‐dysibetaine CPaの全合成およびその不斉合成戦略

  境倫宏, 佐々木翔太, 石川裕一, 酒井隆一, SWANSON G.T, 及川雅人  日本化学会講演予稿集  92nd-  (4)  1182  2012/03/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 天然物をモチーフとしたAMPA受容体阻害剤IKM‐159の不斉合成

  常盤一弥, 菅俣祐太郎, 石川裕一, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人  日本化学会講演予稿集  92nd-  (4)  1180  2012/03/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 天然物をモチーフにしたAMPA受容体阻害剤IKM‐159の類縁体の合成と活性

  菅俣祐太郎, 常盤一弥, 加曽利祐基, 片山理佐, 村上悦子, 石川裕一, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人  日本化学会講演予稿集  92nd-  (4)  1181  2012/03/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿由来興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベイン

  酒井隆一  日本薬学会年会要旨集  132nd-  (1)  175  2012/03/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Binding Modes and the Selectivity of the Compounds Bound to the Kainate-Type Glutamate Receptors at Atomic Level Resolution

  UNNO Masaki, SASAKI Makoto, SAKAI Ryuichi, IKEDA-SAITO Masao  Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi  54-  (6)  338  -344  2012  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptors (KARs) are members of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) that play variety of roles in the mammalian brain. Because KARs are comprised of five different isoform proteins, isoform selective compounds are indispensable tools in physiological researches. Dysiherbaine (DH) and neodysiherbaine A (NDH), natural toxins found from marine sponges, were shown to be potent and isoform-selective agonists for KARs. To understand structure-activity relationship of DH and NDH, numbers of analogues are synthesized, and their pharmacological activities have been evaluated in detail. Here, we determined the crystal structures of human KAR isoforms, GluK1 and GluK2, ligand-binding domain in complex with the DH analogues at high resolution. From these structures, we elucidated the relationships between the binding affinity and the molecular structure of the compounds. We also demonstrated differential recognition by some of the DH analogues of closely related isoforms GluK1 and GluK2. Further, we found that neither degree of the domain closure nor twist motion of domains directly correlated to agonist efficacy of the ligands.
• P-42 Novel Prototype Galectins from the Marine Ball Sponge Cinachyrella sp. Guided by Their Modulatory Activity on Mammalian Glutamate-gated Ion Channels(Poster Presentation)

  Ueda Takuya, Sakai Ryuichi, DM Freymann, PJ Focial, Nakamura Yuka, Smith Caleb, Inoue Akira, Ojima Takao, Matsunaga Satoko, GT Swanson  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  54-  (0)  585  -590  2012  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Here we report the bioactivity-guided isolation of novel galectins from the marine sponge Cinachyrella sp., collected from Iriomote Island, Japan. The lectin proteins, which we refer to as the Cinachyrella galectins (CchGs), were identified as the active principles in an aqueous sponge extract that modulated the function of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. Aggregation of rabbit erythrocytes by CchGs was competed most effectively by galactosides but not mannose, a profile characteristic of members of the galectin family of oligosaccharide-binding proteins. The lectin activity was remarkably stable, with only a modest loss in hemagglutination after exposure of the protein to 100℃ for 1 h, and showed little sensitivity to calcium concentration. CchG-1 and -2 appeared as 16 and l8kDa in SDS-PAGE, respectively, whereas MALDI-TOF MS indicated broad ion clusters centered at 16,216 and 16,423 respectively. The amino acid sequences of the CchGs were deduced using a combination of Edman degradation and cDNA cloning and revealed that the proteins were distant orthologues of animal prototype galectins and that multiple isolectins comprised the CchGs. The biochemical properties of the CchGs as well as their unexpected activity on mammalian excitatory amino acid receptors suggest that further analysis of these new members of the galectin family will yield further glycobiological and neurophysiological insights.
• Roles of CUB domain-containing protein 1 signaling in cancer invasion and metastasis

  Takamasa Uekita, Ryuichi Sakai  CANCER SCIENCE  102-  (11)  1943  -1948  2011/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Tumor metastasis is a complex multistep process by which cells from the primary tumor invade tissues, move through the vasculature, settle at distant sites and eventually grow to form secondary tumors. Altered tyrosine phosphorylation signals in cancer cells contribute to a number of aberrant characteristics involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a substrate of Src family kinases and has been shown to regulate anoikis resistance, migration and matrix degradation during tumor invasion and metastasis in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner. Knockdown of CDCP1 blocks tumor metastasis or peritoneal dissemination in vivo, without significantly affecting cell proliferation. Moreover, expression levels of CDCP1 are of prognostic value in several cancers. Here, we summarize the studies on CDCP1, focusing on structure and signal transduction, to gain insight into its role in cancer progression. Understanding the signaling pathways regulated by CDCP1 could help establish novel therapeutic strategies against the progression of cancer. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1943-1948)
• 沖縄県産海綿Cinachyrella sp.より得られたガレクチンIRI35の配列解析

  上田拓弥, 井上昌, 中村友香, 松永智子, 尾島孝男, SWANSON Geffrey T, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2011-  115  2011/09/28  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Aculeineおよびその類縁体の構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, GILL Martin B, LASH‐VAN WYHE, L. Leanne, SWANSON Geoffrey T  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  53rd-  409-413  -413  2011/09/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• (±)‐dysibetaine CPaおよび類縁体の全合成

  境倫宏, 佐々木翔太, 石川裕一, 酒井隆一, SWANSON G. T, 及川雅人  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  53rd-  643-648  -648  2011/09/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• カイニン酸誘導体MFPAの合成

  浅川倫宏, 大内仁志, 鈴木寛人, 磯部洋一郎, 東匠, 岡崎優子, 脇本敏幸, 古田巧, 島本啓子, 酒井隆一, 濱島義隆, 菅敏幸  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  53rd-  205-210  -210  2011/09/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Total synthesis of (+/-)-dysibetaine CPa

  Masato Oikawa, Shota Sasaki, Michihiro Sakai, Ryuichi Sakai  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  52-  (34)  4402  -4404  2011/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The cyclopropane-containing amino acid, dysibetaine CPa, isolated from Micronesian marine sponge, has been synthesized in 4.53% total yield over 12 steps starting from maleic anhydride to study the biological function in detail, by taking advantage of electron-withdrawing 4-nitrophenyl group. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway mediated by p110 alpha regulates invadopodia formation

  Hideki Yamaguchi, Shuhei Yoshida, Emi Muroi, Nachi Yoshida, Masahiro Kawamura, Zen Kouchi, Yoshikazu Nakamura, Ryuichi Sakai, Kiyoko Fukami  JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY  193-  (7)  1275  -1288  2011/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Invadopodia are extracellular matrix-degrading protrusions formed by invasive cancer cells that are thought to function in cancer invasion. Although many invadopodia components have been identified, signaling pathways that link extracellular stimuli to invadopodia formation remain largely unknown. We investigate the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling during invadopodia formation. We find that in human breast cancer cells, both invadopodia formation and degradation of a gelatin matrix were blocked by treatment with PI3K inhibitors or sequestration of D-3 phosphoinositides. Functional analyses revealed that among the PI3K family proteins, the class I PI3K catalytic subunit p110 alpha, a frequently mutated gene product in human cancers, was selectively involved in invadopodia formation. The expression of p110 alpha with cancerous mutations promoted invadopodia-mediated invasive activity. Furthermore, knockdown or inhibition of PDK1 and Akt, downstream effectors of PI3K signaling, suppressed invadopodia formation induced by p110 alpha mutants. These data suggest that PI3K signaling via p110 alpha regulates invadopodia-mediated invasion of breast cancer cells.
• Cancer Susceptibility Polymorphism of p53 at Codon 72 Affects Phosphorylation and Degradation of p53 Protein

  Chikako Ozeki, Yuichiro Sawai, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Takashi Kohno, Koji Okamoto, Jun Yokota, Fumio Tashiro, Sei-ichi Tanuma, Ryuichi Sakai, Tatsuya Kawase, Issay Kitabayashi, Yoichi Taya, Rieko Ohki  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  286-  (20)  18251  -18260  2011/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The common polymorphism of p53 at codon 72, either encoding proline or arginine, has drawn attention as a genetic factor associated with clinical outcome or cancer risk for the last 2 decades. We now show that these two polymorphic variants differ in protein structure, especially within the N-terminal region and, as a consequence, differ in post-translational modification at the N terminus. The arginine form (p53-72R) shows significantly enhanced phosphorylation at Ser-6 and Ser-20 compared with the proline form (p53-72P). We also show diminished Mdm2-mediated degradation of p53-72R compared with p53-72P, which is at least partly brought about by higher levels of phosphorylation at Ser-20 in p53-72R. Furthermore, enhanced p21 expression in p53-72R-expressing cells, which is dependent on phosphorylation at Ser-6, was demonstrated. Differential p21 expression between the variants was also observed upon activation of TGF-beta signaling. Collectively, we demonstrate a novel molecular difference and simultaneously suggest a difference in the tumor-suppressing function of the variants.
• パラオ産海綿より得られた新規プリン化合物の構造と神経調節活性

  櫻田剛史, GILL Martin B, FRAUSTO Shanti, COPITS Bryan, 野口恵一, 島本啓子, SWANSON Geoffrey T, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2011-  91  2011/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Aculeine類およびその類縁体の構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2011-  92  2011/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysibetaine CPaの全合成

  佐々木翔太, 境倫宏, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人  日本化学会講演予稿集  91st-  (4)  1179  2011/03/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ARAP3 inhibits peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells by regulating cell adhesion and invasion

  R. Yagi, M. Tanaka, K. Sasaki, R. Kamata, Y. Nakanishi, Y. Kanai, R. Sakai  ONCOGENE  30-  (12)  1413  -1421  2011/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  During the analysis of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines, we observed an unusual expression of Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (ARAP3), a multimodular signaling protein that is a substrate of Src family kinases. Unlike other phosphotyrosine proteins, such as CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) and Homo sapiens chromosome 9 open reading frame 10/oxidative stress-associated Src activator (C9orf10/Ossa), which are overexpressed and hyperphosphorylated in scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines, ARAP3 was underexpressed in cancerous human gastric tissues. In this study, we found that overexpression of ARAP3 in the scirrhous gastric carcinoma cell lines significantly reduced peritoneal dissemination. In vitro studies also showed that ARAP3 regulated cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, as well as invasive activities. These effects were suppressed by mutations in the Rho-GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain or in the C-terminal two tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated by Src. Thus, the expression and phosphorylation state of ARAP3 may affect the invasiveness of cancer by modulating cell adhesion and motility. Our results suggest that ARAP3 is a unique Src substrate that suppresses peritoneal dissemination of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells. Oncogene (2011) 30, 1413-1421; doi:10.1038/onc.2010.522; published online 15 November 2010
• Crystal structures of symbiosis related lectin and its saccharide\nbound form

  Akiko Kita, Mitsuru Jimbo, Yukio Morimoto, Ryuichi Sakai, Hisao Kamiya, Kunio Miki  IUCr2011, Congress of Internation Union of Crystallography  635  -0  2011  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• P-54 Total Synthesis of (±)-Dysibetaine CPa and its Analogs(Poster Presentation)

  Sakai Michihiro, Sasaki Shota, Ishikawa Yuichi, Sakai Ryuichi, Swanson Geoffrey T., Oikawa Masato  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  53-  (0)  643  -648  2011  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Micronesian marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes contains structurally diverse neuroactive metabolites such as dysiherbaine, neodysiherbaine, dysibetaine, dysibetaine CPa and CPb, and cribronic acid, which have received significant attention from the synthetic community as structural motifs for developing novel neuroactive compounds. It is also of our considerable interest to use these metabolites as a probe for investigating functions of synaptic receptors. In the present study, we established a synthetic route to dysibetaine CPa (1) in racemic form, which is amenable to the analog synthesis, to study the biological function as well as the structure-activity relationships. Dysibetaine CPa (1) is a betaine consists of a quaternary ammonium group and two carboxyl groups, located on a novel 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropane ring. From the synthetic point of view, differentiation of the functional groups on the cyclopropane ring is essential for the total synthesis but proved to be challenging during our study because of the instability of the synthetic intermediates. Upon considerable experimentation, we discovered that the cyclopropane ring was readily constructed by the reaction of N-(4-nitrophenyl)maleimide with sulfonium ylide 3. Reductive opening of the cyclopropane-fused imide 22 with NaBH_4 proceeded chemoselectively, giving rise to hydroxyamide 23. The amide was converted to ethyl ester over two steps, and then quaternary ammonium group was introduced by way of bromide 6'. Finally, acidic hydrolysis of two esters was effected by hydrochloric acid to achieve the total synthesis of dysibetaine CPa ((±ア)-1). Total yield was 4.5% for 12 steps. Furthermore, synthesis of five analogs was performed in the present study. Our route for the racemates, thus established here, will be also expanded to the asymmetric synthesis to determine the absolute stereochemistry of 1. Preliminary study indicated that all synthetic compounds did not induce noticeable behavioral change when 20 μg was administrated in mice intracerebroventricularly, as was observed with natural product.
• P-47 Structure of Aculeines and a LCPA-derivative(Poster Presentation)

  Matsunaga Satoko, Sakai Ryuichi, Gill Martin B., Lash-Van Wyhe Leanne, Swanson Geoffrey T.  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  53-  (0)  409  -413  2011  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Aculeines (ACUs) are new peptide toxins isolated from the marine sponge A. aculeata collected at Iriomote, Okinawa. ACUs exhibited neurotoxicity through disrupting cell membrane and inducing robust influx of Ca^<2+> ions. ACUs are modified by long-chain polyamines (LCPAs) at the Nterminal amino acid. Amino acid sequence of the peptide portion of ACU-A was determined on the basis of Edman degradation, nucleotide sequence analysis, and peptide-mass mapping to be a 44-amino acid polypeptide. The peptide-mass mapping for ACU-B showed that it shares the same peptide portion with ACU-A. The nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that the Nterminal of ACU-A/B to be Trp, however; their structures were difficult to be elucidated because of a minute amount of peptides available and highly unusual modification by LCPA. In the present study, we isolated Nterminal fragments E and E' obtained from enzyme digest of ACU-A and B, respectively. We also found a novel LCPA derivative protoaculaine (1) that possibly represents the structures of the Nterminal portion of ACUs form the aqueous extract. Here we report the structure elucidation of those compounds.
• 35 Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (+)-Methoxyphenylkainic acid(Oral Presentation)

  Asakawa Tomohiro, Sakai Ryuichi, Hamashima Yoshitaka, Kan Toshiyuki, Ohuchi Hitosi, Suzuki Hiroto, Isobe Youichiro, Higashia Takumi, Okazakia Yuko, Wakimoto Toshiyuki, Furuta Takumi, Shimamoto Keiko  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  53-  (0)  205  -210  2011  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Recently, kainoids, such as kainic acid, have received significant attention due to their potent binding affinity for ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). iGluRs are involved in important neurophysiological processes, such as memory and learning. Although many synthetic investigations of kainoids have been reported to date, efficient synthetic methods are still strongly required. During the pioneering investigations on acromelic acid A, isolated by the Shirahama group, it was discovered that a synthetic derivative, methoxyphenyl kainic acid, possessed more potent activity than the natural compound. Inspired by this interesting structure-activity relationship, we launched an investigation into the development of efficient synthetic methods for achieving MFPA and phenylkainic acid. In our synthetic strategy, we envisioned that the three consecutive chiral centers were constructed based on the stereochemistry of the C4 position. We employed our asymmetric intermolecular C-H insertion reaction assisted by the chiral auxiliary using diazo ester and cyclohexadiene to afford the desired diene ester in high yield with good diastereoselectivity. After the conversion into the lactone by successive ozonolysis of cyclohexadiene, nitrogen was installed with Ns amide to give the corresponding hemiaminal. The reduction of the aminal and deprotection of the acetal induced the cyclization to construct a pyrrolidine ring with the correct stereochemistry. Introduction of two cyano groups were performed by diastereoselective Strecker-type reaction and Mitsunobu reaction. Finally, hydrolysis of the two cyano groups gave the synthetic kainoids. Furthermore, several investigations using the synthesized kainoids have elucidated that these compounds selectively bind to iGluRs and are equally effective for mice in vivo.
• 構造を基にしたグルタミン酸受容体GluK1,GluK2選択的化合物の設計

  海野昌喜, 海野昌喜, 海野昌喜, 篠原正将, 高山昴一郎, 田中秀治, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠, 齋藤正男  PFシンポジウム要旨集  28th-  97(7)  2011  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• All-trans retinoic acid downregulates ALK in neuroblastoma cell lines and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell lines with activated ALK

  Hitoyasu Futami, Ryuichi Sakai  CANCER LETTERS  297-  (2)  220  -225  2010/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Recently, gene amplification and gain-of-function mutations of ALK have been found in some neuroblastoma cell lines and clinical tumor samples. We have previously reported that knockdown of ALK by RNAi induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells with gene amplification of ALK. We report that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) downregulates ALK in neuroblastoma cell lines. Downregulation of ALK protein by ATRA was accompanied by apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells with gene amplification or gain-of-function mutation of ALK but not in neuroblastoma cells without these genetic alterations. These results suggest that ALK downregulation by ATRA might lead to apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells with activated ALK. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
• p130Cas, Crk-Associated Substrate Plays Essential Roles in Liver Development by Regulating Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Fenestration

  Tatsuya Tazaki, Takaaki Sasaki, Kenta Uto, Norimasa Yamasaki, Satoshi Tashiro, Ryuichi Sakai, Minoru Tanaka, Hideaki Oda, Zen-Ichiro Honda, Hiroaki Honda  HEPATOLOGY  52-  (3)  1089  -1099  2010/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130Cas, Crk-associated substrate (Cas), is an adaptor/scaffold protein that plays a central role in actin cytoskeletal reorganization. We previously showed that mice in which Cos was deleted (Cas(-/-)) died in utero because of early cardiovascular maldevelopment. To further investigate the in vivo roles of Gas, we generated mice with a hypomorphic Gas allele lacking the exon 2-derived region (Cas(Delta ex2/Delta ex2).) which encodes Src homology domain 3 (SH3) of Cas.Cas(Delta ex2/Delta ex2) mice again died as embryos, but they particularly showed progressive liver degeneration with hepatocyte apoptosis. Because Cas expression in the liver is preferentially detected in sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), the observed hepatocyte apoptosis was most likely ascribable to impaired function of SECs. To address this possibility, we stably introduced a Gas mutant lacking the SH3 domain (Gas ASH3) into an SEC line (NP31). Intriguingly, the introduction of Gas ASH3 induced a loss of fenestrae, the characteristic cell-penetrating pores in SECs that serve as a critical route for supplying oxygen and nutrients to hepatocytes. The disappearance of fenestrae in Gas ASH3-expressing cells was associated with an attenuation of actin stress fiber formation, a marked reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation of Gas, and defective binding of Gas to CrkII. Conclusion: Gas plays pivotal roles in liver development through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and formation of fenestrae in SECs. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;52:1089-1099)
• パラオ産Haplosclerida海綿より得られた新規プリンの構造と神経調節活性

  櫻田剛史, GILL Martin B, FRAUSTO Shanti, COPITS Bryan, 野口恵一, 島本啓子, SWANSON Geoffrey T, 酒井隆一  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  52nd-  625-630  -630  2010/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• グルタミン酸海洋天然物の類縁体合成とAMPA受容体阻害剤の創製

  及川雅人, 及川雅人, 生駒実, 佐々木誠, 酒井隆一, SWANSON Geoffrey  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  52nd-  85-90  -90  2010/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• A series of structurally novel heterotricyclic alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor-selective antagonists

  M. B. Gill, S. Frausto, M. Ikoma, M. Sasaki, M. Oikawa, R. Sakai, G. T. Swanson  BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY  160-  (6)  1417  -1429  2010/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Background and purpose: A new class of heterotricyclic glutamate analogues recently was generated by incorporating structural elements of two excitotoxic marine compounds, kainic acid and neodysiherbaine A. Rather than acting as convulsants, several of these 'IKM' compounds markedly depressed CNS activity in mice. Here, we characterize the pharmacological profile of the series with a focus on the most potent of these molecules, IKM-159. Experimental approach: The pharmacological activity and specificity of IKM compounds were characterized using whole-cell patch clamp recording from neurons and heterologous receptor expression systems, in combination with radioligand binding techniques. Key results: The majority of the IKM compounds tested reduced excitatory synaptic transmission in neuronal cultures, and IKM-159 inhibited synaptic currents from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices. IKM-159 inhibited glutamate-evoked whole-cell currents from recombinant GluA2- and GluA4-containing alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors most potently, whereas kainate and NMDA receptor currents were not reduced by IKM-159. Antagonism of steady-state currents was agonist concentration dependent, suggesting that its mechanism of action was competitive, although it paradoxically did not displace [3H]-AMPA from receptor binding sites. IKM-159 reduced spontaneous action potential firing in both cultured hippocampal neurons in control conditions and during hyperactive states in an in vitro model of status epilepticus. Conclusions and implications: IKM-159 is an AMPA receptor-selective antagonist. IKM-159 and related nitrogen heterocycles represent structurally novel AMPA receptor antagonists with accessible synthetic pathways and potentially unique pharmacology, which could be of use in exploring the role of specific populations of receptors in neurophysiological and neuropathological processes.
• Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and PIP5-kinase I alpha are required for invadopodia formation in human breast cancer cells

  Hideki Yamaguchi, Shuhei Yoshida, Emi Muroi, Masahiro Kawamura, Zen Kouchi, Yoshikazu Nakamura, Ryuichi Sakai, Kiyoko Fukami  CANCER SCIENCE  101-  (7)  1632  -1638  2010/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Invadopodia are ventral cell protrusions formed in invasive cancer cells. Because invadopodia have extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation activity, they are thought to function in cancer invasion. In this study, we examined the roles of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)] and PI(4,5)P(2)-producing enzymes in invadopodia formation in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PI(4,5)P(2) accumulates at invadopodia on the ventral cell surface. Injection of an anti-PI(4,5)P(2) antibody inhibited invadopodia formation along with gelatin degradation activity. Sequestering of PI(4,5)P(2) by overexpression of the phospholipase C (PLC) delta 1-pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a specific probe for PI(4,5)P(2), also blocked invadopodia formation, while a mutated PLC delta 1-PH domain that lacks PI(4,5)P(2)-binding activity had no effect. Cellular PI(4,5)P(2) production is mainly mediated by type-I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5KI) family proteins, which include PIP5KI alpha, I beta, and I gamma. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that PIP5KI alpha is a dominant isoform expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Knockdown of PIP5KI alpha by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited invadopodia formation and gelatin degradation. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that endogenous PIP5KI alpha protein localizes at invadopodia, which is corroborated by the observation that exogenously expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused PIP5KI alpha protein also accumulates at gelatin degradation sites. These results indicate that localized production of PI(4,5)P(2) by PIP5KI alpha is required for invadopodia formation and ECM degradation by human breast cancer cells. (Cancer Sci 2010).
• CUB Domain-Containing Protein 1, a Prognostic Factor for Human Pancreatic Cancers, Promotes Cell Migration and Extracellular Matrix Degradation

  Yuri Miyazawa, Takamasa Uekita, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Satoko Fujii, Tomoo Kosuge, Yae Kanai, Yoshihisa Nojima, Ryuichi Sakai  CANCER RESEARCH  70-  (12)  5136  -5146  2010/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a membrane protein that is highly expressed in several solid cancers. We reported previously that CDCP1 regulates anoikis resistance as well as cancer cell migration and invasion, although the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we found that expression of CDCP1 in pancreatic cancer tissue was significantly correlated with overall survival and that CDCP1 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines was relatively high among solid tumor cell lines. Reduction of CDCP1 expression in these cells suppressed extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion. Using the Y734F mutant of CDCP1, which lacks the tyrosine phosphorylation site, we showed that CDCP1 regulates cell migration, invasion, and ECM degradation in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner and that these CDCP1-associated characteristics were inhibited by blocking the association of CDCP1 and protein kinase C delta (PKC delta). CDCP1 modulates the enzymatic activity of PKC delta through the tyrosine phosphorylation of PKC delta by recruiting PKC delta to Src family kinases. Cortactin, which was detected as a CDCP1-dependent binding partner of PKC delta, played a significant role in migration and invasion but not in ECM degradation of pancreatic cells. These results suggest that CDCP1 expression might play a crucial role in poor outcome of pancreatic cancer through promotion of invasion and metastasis and that molecules blocking the expression, phosphorylation, or the PKC delta-binding site of CDCP1 are potential therapeutic candidates. Cancer Res; 70(12); 5136-46. (C) 2010 AACR.
• 事業環境の変化に対応するP/L再生計画 (総特集 P/L再生計画策定事例)

  小國 義之, 由田 奨, 酒井 隆一  ターンアラウンドマネージャー  6-  (6)  49  -59  2010/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 軟サンゴ由来レクチンの2Å分解能の結晶構造

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 森本幸生, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 三木邦夫  日本蛋白質科学会年会プログラム・要旨集  10th-  112  2010/05/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• P/L再生計画策定のための具体的ポイント (総特集 P/L再生の実務)

  久保田 浩文, 酒井 隆一, 八木 雄毅  ターンアラウンドマネージャー  6-  (5)  52  -68  2010/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Effects of lectin in the scleractinian coral Ctenactis echinata on symbiotic zooxanthellae

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Hiroshi Yamashita, Kazuhiko Koike, Ryuichi Sakai, Hisao Kamiya  FISHERIES SCIENCE  76-  (2)  355  -363  2010/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We report herein the presence of a lectin in the scleractinian coral Ctenactis (Fungia) echinata. The lectin bound preferentially to lactose, melibiose, and D-galactose. The purified lectin CecL was composed of several isolectins, and it was found to have a molecular mass of 67.4 kDa via gel filtration. Glycopeptidase F-treated CecL showed a single band at 32.5 kDa. The mass/ charge ratios of the reduced CecL peaks were equivalent to half those of the native peaks. These results suggest that CecL is composed of two glycosylated polypeptides linked by interchain disulfide bonds. In a biological activity test using a zooxanthellal culture (Dinoflagellate Symbiodinium) clonally isolated from Fungia cf. fungites, CecL transformed the flagellated motile form of Symbiodinium into the nonmotile coccoid form, a form equivalent to the symbiotic stage. The activity of CecL on Symbiodinium cells was concentration dependent, and 100 mu g/ml CecL arrested Symbiodinium cells in the coccoid form for 5 days. CecL also suppressed the growth of Symbiodinium cells, unlike the octocoral lectin derived from Sinularia lochmodes, which arrests Symbiodinium cells in the coccoid form but does not affect the growth of the coccoid. This result provides further evidence that coral lectins play a role in symbiont engagement and maintenance in zooxanthellae-coral symbiosis.
• Suppression of gastric cancer dissemination by ephrin-B1-derived peptide

  Masamitsu Tanaka, Reiko Kamata, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Ryuichi Sakai  CANCER SCIENCE  101-  (1)  87  -93  2010/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Interaction of the Eph family of receptor protein tyrosine kinases and their ligands, ephrin family members, induces bidirectional signaling through cell-cell contacts. High expression of B-type ephrin is associated with high invasion potential of tumors, and we previously observed that signaling through the C-terminus of ephrin-B1 mediates the migration and invasion of cells, and is involved in the promotion of carcinomatous peritonitis in vivo. Here we show that the intracellular introduction of a synthetic peptide derived from ephrin-B1 C-terminus blocks ephrin-B1 mediated signaling in scirrhous gastric cancer cells. Treatment of cancer cells with a fusion peptide consisting of HIV-TAT and amino acids 331-346 of ephrin-B1 (PTD-EFNB1-C) suppressed the activation of RhoA, mediated by the association of ephrin-B1 with an adaptor protein Dishevelled, and also inhibited extracellular secretion of metalloproteinase. Moreover, injection of PTD-EFNB1-C peptide into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice suppressed carcinomatous peritonitis of intraperitoneally transplanted scirrhous gastric cancer cells. These results indicate the possible application of ephrin-B1 C-terminal peptide to develop novel protein therapy for scirrhous gastric carcinoma, especially in the stage of tumor progression, including peritoneal dissemination. (Cancer Sci 2009).
• Novel N-Methylated 8-Oxoisoguanines from Pacific Sponges with Diverse Neuroactivies

  Sakurada Tsuyoshi, Gill Martin B, Frausto Shanti, Copits Bryan, Noguchi Keiichi, Shimamoto Keiko, Swanson Geoffrey T., Sakai Ryuichi  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  52-  (0)  625  -630  2010  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Marine benthi organisms have yielded a variety of natural products with neuropharmacological applications. Here we describe the isolation and pharmacological characterization of four novel, neurologically active 8-oxoderivatives of purine, 1-4, isolated from Haplosclerida sponges collected in the Republic of Palau. The structure of 1 was determined based on spectral data and was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The structures of 2-4 were determined similarly using spectral data by analogy of that of 1. Compound 1 induced convulsant behavior upon intracerebroventricular injection into mice, with a CD_<50> value of 2,4 nmol/mouse. Purines 2-4 were active in mouse bioassays at higher doses. The seizurogenic activity observed with 1 was correlated with inhibition of neruonal GABAergic transmission, with only a modest mpact of excitatory signaling, in electrophysiological recordings from hippoampal neurons in cultured and acute brain slice preparations. Despite having a purine template structure, the inhibitory activity of 1 was not prevented by a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. The natural product 1 therefore represents a novel substituted purine that elicits convulsions through its actions on inhibitory neurotransmission. The four 8-oxoisoguanine analogs comprise a new family of compounds closely related in structure to both important endogenous neurosignaling molecules and commonly used CNS stimulants.
• Synthesis of Marine Natural Product-inspired, Artificial Glutamate Analogs toward Creation of AMPA Receptor-selective Antagonists

  Oikawa Masato, Ikoma Minoru, Sasaki Makoto, Sakai Ryuichi, Swanson Geoffrey T.  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  52-  (0)  85  -90  2010  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are involved in higher brain functions such as memory and learning, nociception, and a number of brain disorders. Here, we report the synthesis of twelve artificial glutamate analogs whose core structure was inspired by two marine-derived excitatory amino acids, dysiherbaine and kainia acid. Four 7-oxznorbornenes, 2a-2d, were prepared in two steps, starting from and Ugi four component coupling reaction followed by spontaneous Diels-Alder reaction between 2-furfural, 3-iodoacrylic acid, 4-methoxybenzylamine, and benzyl isocyanide. An unprecedented domino metathesis reaction with less reactive vinyl acetate as a cross metathesis substrate was then performed with the Hoveyda-Grubbs second-generation catalyst, to successfully deliver four heterotricycles 3a-3d in good yiels. After functional group transformations followed by diversification at the C-ring, twelve artificial glutamate analogs 6a-6d, 7a-7d, 8a-8d were synthesized in total 7.2-25.8% yield for 13-15 steps. Mice in vivo assays indicated that all analogs are biologically active; namely, 6b, 7a, 7b, and 8b produce hyperactivity in injected i.c.v., whereas other analogs induce hypoactiity in the animals. In vitro electrophysiological assays showed that some hypoactive analogs inhibit spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents in hippocampal neurons and glutamate-evoked currents from recombinant AMPA receptors. With these pharmacological profiles, synthesis of other analogs werer further performed, and pyrrolidone dicarboxylic acid analog IKM-159 was discovered as a more potent, AMPA receptor-selective antagonist.
• 軟サンゴ由来レクチンの結晶構造

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 森本幸生, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 三木邦夫  PFシンポジウム要旨集  27th-  42  2010  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• パラオ産海綿より得られた新規プリン化合物の構造と神経調節活性

  櫻田剛史, GILL Martin B, FRAUSTO Shanti, COPITS Bryan, 野口恵一, 島本啓子, SWANSON Geoffrey T, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集  2010-  22  2010  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 軟珊瑚由来レクチンSLL‐2の糖鎖結合状態

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 森本幸生, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 三木邦夫  日本結晶学会年会講演要旨集  2010-  123  2010  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿由来の神経毒ダイシハーベインの局在性 起源は共生する藍藻Synechocystis?

  酒井隆一  化学と生物  47-  (10)  674  -675  2009/10/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 新規神経毒ペプチドAculeineの構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2009-  87  2009/09/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 構造を基にしたグルタミン酸受容体GluR5選択的化合物の設計

  海野昌喜, 海野昌喜, 篠原正将, 高山昴一郎, 渡邉朋子, 田中秀治, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠, 齋藤正男  生化学  ROMBUNNO.2T4A-6  2009/09/25  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規神経毒ペプチドの単離および構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, GILL Martin B, SWANSON Geoffey T, 神谷久男  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  51st-  599-604  -604  2009/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• RET protein promotes non-adherent growth of NB-39-nu neuroblastoma cell line

  Hitoyasu Futami, Ryuichi Sakai  CANCER SCIENCE  100-  (6)  1034  -1039  2009/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The receptor tyrosine kinase RET is expressed in a number of neuroblastoma tissues and cell lines, but its role in neuroblastoma remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the roles of RET protein in neuroblastoma by the RNA interference technique using the NB-39-nu neuroblastoma cell line. NB-39-nu neuroblastoma cells show high expression and elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of RET, although short interfering RNA against RET (RET siRNA) did not significantly inhibit cell proliferation or suppression of basal levels of phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 or protein kinase B (AKT). By the addition of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), both the expression and phosphorylation of RET and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT were further increased, whereas cell proliferation was not stimulated under normal culture conditions. However, proliferation of cells cultured under non-adherent conditions was significantly increased by GDNF. The increased proliferation was suppressed by RET siRNA, which also caused inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT. These results suggest that RET signaling plays an important role in GDNF-induced enhancement of non-adherent proliferation of NB-39-nu cells, which might contribute to the metastasis of neuroblastoma. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1034-1039).
• Association of Estrogen Receptor alpha and Histone Deacetylase 6 Causes Rapid Deacetylation of Tubulin in Breast Cancer Cells

  Kotaro Azuma, Tornohiko Urano, Kuniko Horie-Inoue, Shin-ichi Hayashi, Ryuichi Sakai, Yasuyoshi Ouchi, Satoshi Inoue  CANCER RESEARCH  69-  (7)  2935  -2940  2009/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Besides its genomic action in nuclei, ER alpha could exert nongenomic actions at the plasma membrane. To investigate the mechanism underlying the nongenomic action of ER alpha in breast cancer cells, we generated a construct of membrane-targeted ER alpha (memER), an expression vector of ER alpha without the nuclear localizing signal and including instead the membrane-targeting sequence of Src kinase. MemER was stably expressed in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cell migration test and tumorigenic assay in nude mice revealed that the in vitro motility and the in vivo proliferation activity of MCF-7 cells expressing memER were significantly enhanced compared with those of vector-transfected cells. Interestingly, the acetylation level of tubulin in memER-overexpressing cells was lower than that in control cells. We found that histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 translocated to the plasma membrane shortly after estrogen stimulation, and rapid tubulin deacetylation subsequently occurred. We also showed that memER associated with HDAC6 in a ligand-dependent manner. Although tamoxifen is known for its antagonistic role in the ER alpha genomic action in MCF-7 cells, the agent showed an agonistic function in the memER-HDAC6 association and tubulin deacetylation. These findings suggest that ER alpha ligand dependently forms a complex with HDAC6 and tubulin at the plasma membrane. Estrogen-dependent tubulin deacetylation could provide new evidence for the nongenomic action of estrogen, which potentially contributes to the aggressiveness of ER alpha-positive breast cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2935-40]
• 沖縄県海綿Cinachyrella sp.より得られたグルタミン酸受容体制御分子

  中村友香, SWANSON Geffrey T, LASH Lianne L, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2009-  131  2009/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規神経毒ペプチドの構造解析

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2009-  131  2009/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Design and Synthesis of a Subtype-selective Ligand for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors based on a Marine Natural Product, Dysiherbaine

  WATANABE TOMOKO, TSUBONE KOICHI, OIKAWA MASATO, SASAKI MAKOTO, SAKAI RYUICHI, UNNO MASAKI, SAITO MASAO  日本化学会講演予稿集  89th-  (2)  1440  2009/03/13  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Studies toward Total Synthesis of Lycoperdic Acid and Related Compounds

  OHIRA NAO, TSUBONE KOICHI, OIKAWA MASATO, SASAKI MAKOTO, SAKAI RYUICHI  日本化学会講演予稿集  89th-  (2)  1440  2009/03/13  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Expression of CUB domain containing protein (CDCP1) is correlated with prognosis and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of lung

  Jun-ichiro Ikeda, Tomofumi Oda, Masayoshi Inoue, Takamasa Uekita, Ryuichi Sakai, Meinoshin Okumura, Katsuyuki Aozasa, Eiichi Morii  CANCER SCIENCE  100-  (3)  429  -433  2009/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  CUB domain containing protein (CDCP1), a transmembrane protein with intracellular tyrosine residues which are phosphorylated upon activation, is supposed to be engaged in proliferative activities and resistance to apoptosis of cancer cells. Expression level of CDCP1 was examined in lung adenocarcinoma, and its clinical implications were evaluated. CDCP1 expression was immunohistochemically examined in lung adenocarcinoma from 200 patients. Staining intensity of cancer cells was categorized as low and high in cases with tumor cells showing no or weak and strong membrane staining, respectively. MIB-1 labeling index was also examined. There were 113 males and 87 females with median age of 63 years. Stage of disease was stage I in 144 cases (72.0%), II in 19 (9.5%), and III in 37 (18.5%). Sixty of 200 cases (30.0%) were categorized as CDCP1-high, and the remaining as CDCP1-low. Significant positive correlation was observed between CDCP1-high expression and relapse rate (P < 0.0001), poor prognosis (P < 0.0001), MIB-1 labeling index (P < 0.0001), and occurrence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0086). There was a statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (DFS) (P < 0.0001) and overall survival (OS) rates (P < 0.0001) between patients with CDCP1-high and CDCP1-low tumors. Univariate analysis showed that lymph node status, tumor stage, and CDCP1 expression were significant factors for both OS and DFS. Multivariate analysis revealed that only CDCP1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS. CDCP1 expression level is a useful marker for prediction of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 429-433).
• 毒も使いよう--海洋生物の神経毒 (特集 生物毒--新たな切り口でみる生物間の攻防) -- (海洋毒,キノコ毒,昆虫毒)

  酒井 隆一  遺伝  63-  (2)  60  -64  2009/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 生物毒—新たな切り口でみる生物間の攻防 Part4【海洋毒,キノコ毒,昆虫毒】毒も使いよう—海洋生物の神経毒

  酒井隆一  生物の科学 遺伝  63-  (2)  60-64  -64  2009/03/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Distinct role of ShcC docking protein in the differentiation of neuroblastoma

  I. Miyake, M. Ohira, A. Nakagawara, R. Sakai  ONCOGENE  28-  (5)  662  -673  2009/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The biological and clinical heterogeneityof neuroblastoma is closely associated with signaling pathways that control cellular characteristics such as proliferation, survival and differentiation. The Shc family of docking proteins is important in these pathways by mediating cellular signaling. In this study, we analysed the expression levels of ShcA and ShcC proteins in 46 neuroblastoma samples and showed that a significantly high er level of ShcC protein is observed in neuroblastomas with poor prognostic factors such as advanced stage and MYCN amplification (P < 0.005), whereas the expression level of ShcA showed no signi. cant association with these factors. Using TNB1 cells that express a high level of ShcC protein, it was demonstrated that knockdown of ShcC by RNAi caused elevation in the phosphorylation of ShcA, which resulted in sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and neurite outgrowth. The neurites induced by ShcC knockdown expressed several markers of neuronal differentiation suggesting that the expression of ShcC potentially has a function in inhibiting the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. In addition, marked suppression of in vivo tumorigenicity of TNB1 cells in nude mice was observed by stable knockdown of ShcC protein. These findings indicate that ShcC is a therapeutic target that might induce differentiation in the aggressive type of neuroblastomas.
• A Novel RNA-Binding Protein, Ossa/C9orf10, Regulates Activity of Src Kinases To Protect Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis

  Masamitsu Tanaka, Kazuki Sasaki, Reiko Kamata, Yukari Hoshino, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Ryuichi Sakai  MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY  29-  (2)  402  -413  2009/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  During the process of tumor progression and clinical treatments, tumor cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Tumor cells are frequently resistant to such stress by producing antiapoptotic signaling, including activation of Src family kinases (SFKs), although the molecular mechanism is not clear. In an attempt to identify the SFK-binding proteins selectively phosphorylated in gastric scirrhous carcinoma, we identified an uncharacterized protein, C9orf10. Here we report that C9orf10 ( designated Ossa for oxidative stress-associated Src activator) is a novel RNA-binding protein that guards cancer cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by activation of SFKs. Exposure to oxidative stress such as UV irradiation induces the association of Ossa/C9orf10 with regulatory domains of SFKs, which activates these kinases and causes marked tyrosine phosphorylation of C9orf10 in turn. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Ossa recruits p85 subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and behaves as a scaffolding protein for PI3-kinase and SFKs, which activates the Akt-mediated antiapoptotic pathway. On the other hand, the carboxyl terminus of Ossa has a distinct function that directly binds RNAs such as insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA and promotes the extracellular secretion of IGF-II. Our findings indicate that Ossa is a dual-functional protein and might be a novel therapeutic target which modulates the sensitivity of tumors to oxidative stress.
• 事業再生リレー執筆(41)私的整理においてスキーム変更により再生を果たした事例

  酒井 隆一  ターンアラウンドマネージャー  5-  (1)  100  -104  2009/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Novel Long-chain polyamine (LCPA)-associated peptide toxins from the sponge Axinyssa aculeata

  Matsunaga S., Sakai R., Jimbo M., Gill Martin B., Swanson Geoffrey T., Kamiya H.  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  51-  (0)  599  -604  2009  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  In our quest for neurotoxic copounds in marine benthic organisms, we discovered novel functionalized peptide toxin aculeine A (Acu-A) from a sponge Axinyssa aculeata. Acu-A is a 45 amino acid-residue peptide with novel post translational modification with long chain polypropanamine attached to the N-terminus. Aculeines were proconvulsant in mice after contral administration. Acu-A was shown to induce calcium influx in cultures HEK293 cells and cultured rat hippocampal cells in an external Ca^<2+> dependent manner suggesting membrane disrupting function of the molecule. Partial amino acid sequence of Acu-A was determined by combination of Edman detradation and MADLDI-TOFMS analysis of the enzyme digests. The whole amino acid sequence for Acu A was deduced from nucleic acid sequence determined by 3' and 5'-RACE agreeing well with the above amino acid sequence where six cysteine residues were arranged like typical cystine knots such as conotoxin. These data suggested that Acu-A was a novel class of polyamine-modified cystine knots.
• 共生に関与する軟サンゴ由来レクチンの結晶構造解析

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 森本幸生, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 三木邦夫  PFシンポジウム要旨集  26th-  96  2009  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• グルタミン酸受容体GluR6リガンド結合部位と機能制御化合物複合体の結晶構造解析

  田中秀治, 海野昌喜, 海野昌喜, 篠原正将, 高山昂一郎, 渡邉朋子, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠, 齊藤正男  東北大学多元物質科学研究所研究発表会講演予稿集  9th-  142  2009  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 構造を基にしたグルタミン酸受容体GluR5,GluR6選択的化合物の設計

  海野昌喜, 海野昌喜, 篠原正将, 高山昴一郎, 渡邉朋子, 田中秀治, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠, 齋藤正男  日本結晶学会年会講演要旨集  2009-  32  2009  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of Crk-associated substrate lymphocyte type (Cas-L) protein in human neutrophils

  Tetsuya Nakamoto, Sachiko Seo, Ryuichi Sakai, Takayuki Kato, Haruo Kutsuna, Mineo Kurokawa, Masaki Noda, Nobuyuki Miyasaka, Seiichi Kitagawa  JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY  105-  (1)  121  -128  2008/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Crk-associated substrate lymphocyte type (Cas-L) protein, also known as human enhancer of filamentation 1 (Hef1) or neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated gene 9 (Nedd9), belongs to the Cas family of adapter proteins, which are involve(] in integrin signaling. Previous reports showed that Cas-L is expressed preferentially in lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Cas-L mediates signals from integrins, T-cell receptors, B-cells receptors, and transforming growth factor beta, leading to cell movement and cell division. Here, we report the expression of Cas-L in neutrophils. Cas-L was tyrosine-phosphorylated when human neutrophils were stimulated by fMLP, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), or lipopolysaccharide. The tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas-L in fMLP- or TNF-stimulated neutrophils was further enhanced by adhesion of the cells to their substrates. Cas-L was found to be localized at focal adhesions in stimulated neutrophils based on immunofluorescence microscopy. These findings suggest that Cas-L is one of the targets of inflammatory cytokines and is also modulated by cell adhesion process in neutrophils.
• ダイシハーベイン構造類縁体を結合したグルタミン酸受容体の結晶構造解析

  海野昌喜, 篠原正将, 高山昴一郎, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠, 齋藤正男  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  50th-  173-178  -178  2008/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CUB-domain-containing protein 1 regulates peritoneal dissemination of gastric scirrhous carcinoma

  Takamasa Uekita, Masamitsu Tanaka, Misato Takigahira, Yuri Miyazawa, Yukihiro Nakanishi, Yae Kanai, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Ryuichi Sakai  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY  172-  (6)  1729  -1739  2008/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a type-I transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in colon, breast, and lung cancers. We recently revealed that CDCP1 is associated with and phosphorylated by Src family kinases and is involved in the regulation of anchorage independence of certain lung cancer cell lines. in this study, we examined whether CDCP1 is involved in the regulation of tumor progression of scirrhous gastric cancer, which is a diffusely infiltrative carcinoma with high invasion potential. Expression and phosphorylation levels of CDCP1 correlated with the invasive potential of scirrhous; gastric cancers. Reduction of CDCP1 expression by siRNA suppressed migration, invasion, and anchorage independence without affecting the proliferation of highly invasive scirrhous gastric cancer cells. However, CDCP1 overexpression promoted gastric cancer cell migration with low potential of invasion. Loss of CDCP1 suppressed invasion and dissemination of cancer cells that were orthotopically implanted in the gastric wall of nude mice. Expression and phosphorylation of CDCP1 were also detected in cancer cells of surgically resected tissues of human scirrhous gastric cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. Our results suggest that CDCP1 promotes invasion and peritoneal dissemination of cancer cells through the regulation of cell migration and anchorage independence. Therefore, it is both a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in certain types of gastrointestinal cancers, and suppression of its phosphorylation might be a useful strategy for modulating cancer metastasis.
• Hyperphosphorylated cortactin in cancer cells plays an inhibitory role in cell motility

  Lin Jia, Takamasa Uekita, Ryuichi Sakai  MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH  6-  (4)  654  -662  2008/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Cortactin is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells, and changes of the levels of its tyrosine phosphorylation have been observed in several cancer cells. However, how the expression level and phosphorylation state of cortactin would influence the ultimate cellular function of cancer cells is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the role of cortactin in gastric and breast cancer cell lines using RNA interference technique and found that knockdown of cortactin inhibited cell migration in a subset of gastric cancer cells with a lower level of its tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas it greatly enhanced cell migration and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas in other subsets of cells with hyperphosphorylated cortactin. Consistent results were obtained when hyperphosphorylation of cortactin was induced in MCF7 breast cancer cells by expressing Fyn tyrosine kinase. Additionally, immunostaining analysis showed that knockdown of hyperphosphorylated cortactin resulted in the recruitment of p130Cas to focal adhesions. These results suggest that cortactin hyperphosphorylation suppresses cell migration possibly through the inhibition of membrane localization and tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas.
• イトマキヒトデ卵に含まれるレクチンの精製と性状

  町田平, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2008-  65  2008/03/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ダイシハーベインおよび類縁体の全合成および生物活性

  局興一, 青木邦衛, 及川雅人, 酒井隆一, 島本啓子, 佐々木誠  日本化学会講演予稿集  88th-  (2)  1041  2008/03/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Functional analysis of Src homology 3-encoding exon (exon 2) of p130Cas in primary fibroblasts derived from exon 2-specific knockout mice

  Tatsuya Tazaki, Kazuko Miyazaki, Eiso Hiyama, Tetsuya Nakamoto, Ryuichi Sakai, Norimasa Yamasaki, Zen-ichiro Honda, Masaki Noda, Nobuyuki Miyasaka, Taijiro Sueda, Hiroaki Honda  GENES TO CELLS  13-  (2)  145  -157  2008/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130Cas (Cas, Crk-associated substrate) is an adaptor molecule composed of a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, a substrate domain (SD) and a Src binding domain (SBD). The SH3 domain of Cas associates with focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but its role in cellular function has not fully been understood. To address this issue, we established and analyzed primary fibroblasts derived from mice expressing a truncated Cas lacking exon 2, which encodes the SH3 domain (Cas Delta exon 2). In comparison to wild-type cells, Cas exon 2(Delta/Delta) cells showed reduced motility, which could be due to impaired tyrosine-phosphorylation of FAK and Cas, reduced FAK/Cas/Src/CrkII binding, and also impaired localization of Cas Delta exon 2 to focal adhesions on fibronectin. In addition, to analyze downstream signaling pathways regulated by Cas exon 2, we performed microarray analyses. Interestingly, we found that a deficiency of Cas exon 2 up-regulated expression of CXC Chemokine Receptor-4 and CC Chemokine Receptor-5, which may be regulated by I kappa B alpha phosphorylation. These results indicate that the SH3-encoding exon of Cas participates in cell motility, tyrosine-phosphorylation of FAK and Cas, FAK/Cas/Src/CrkII complex formation, recruitment of Cas to focal adhesions and regulation of cell motility-associated gene expression in primary fibroblasts.
• Crystal Structure of a Lectin from the Octocoral

  A. Kita, M. Jimbo, Y. Morimoto, R. Sakai, H. Kamiya, K. Miki  XXI Congress of the Int. Union of Crystallography  64  -0  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• シゲミカタトサカレクチン SLL-2の糖結合性と結晶構造

  神保充, 喜田昭子, 小池一彦, 亀井麻直, 中村(鶴田)祥子, 平林淳, 三木邦夫, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本サンゴ礁学会第11回大会  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 25 The Crystal Structures of Glutamate Receptor(s) in Complex with Dysiherbaine Analogs(Oral Presentation)

  Unno Masaki, Shinohara Masanobu, Takayama Koichiro, Sakai Ryuichi, Sasaki Makoto, Ikeda-Saito Masao  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  50-  (0)  173  -178  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) and its congener neodysiherbaine A (NDH) are naturally occurring excitatory amino acids with high-affinity and subunit-selectivity for kainate type ionotropic glutamate receptors, especially GluR5 and GluR6 subunits. To elucidate why DH and NDH bind selectively to GluR5, we have determined the crystal structures of human GluR5 ligand-binding core in complexes with DH and NDH, in addition to the glutamate-complex. DH and NDH form unique hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the amino acid residues in the binding-cleft by excluding the water molecules, which mediate hydrogen bonding interactions with glutamate. The domain openings upon binding DH and NDH are much smaller than that found in the structures of partial-agonist- or antagonist-bound forms of GluR5. Here, we propose that the efficacy and ability of an agonist are not simply in inverse proportion to the extent of domain separation, but appear to be related to the stability of the "closed" conformation of the ligand-binding core. This structural information provides the basis for rational development of a series of novel synthetic analogues as useful probes for studying iGluRs in central nervous system and as potential therapeutic leads.
• 軟サンゴ由来SLL‐2レクチンの結晶構造解析

  喜田昭子, 神保充, 森本幸生, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 三木邦夫  生化学  4P-0107  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 天然物をモチーフにしたグルタミン酸類縁体の合成と生物活性

  生駒実, 及川雅人, 佐々木誠, 酒井隆一  有機合成シンポジウム講演要旨集  93rd-  65-68  -68  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 生物活性グルタミン酸アナログの多様性指向型有機合成

  及川雅人, 生駒実, 佐々木誠, 酒井隆一  Abstr Conf Comb Chem Jpn  27th-  88-91  2008  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CUB domain-containing protein 1 is a novel regulator of Anoikis resistance in lung adenocarcinomavt

  Takamasa Uekita, Lin Jia, Mako Narisawa-Saito, Jun Yokota, Tohru Kiyono, Ryuichi Sakai  MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY  27-  (21)  7649  -7660  2007/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Malignant tumor cells frequently achieve resistance to anoikis, a form of apoptosis induced by detachment from the basement membrane, which results in the anchorage-independent growth of these cells. Although the involvement of Src family kinases (SFKs) in this alteration has been reported, little is known about the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of anoikis under the control of SFKs. In this study, we identified a membrane protein, CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), as an SFK-binding phosphoprotein associated with the anchorage independence of human lung adenocarcinoma. Using RNA interference suppression and overexpression of CDCP1 mutants in lung cancer cells, we found that tyrosine-phosphorylated CDCP1 is required to overcome anoikis in lung cancer cells. An apoptosis-related molecule, protein kinase C delta, was found to be phosphorylated by the CDCP1-SFK complex and was essential for anoikis resistance downstream of CDCP1. Loss of CDCP1 also inhibited the metastatic potential of the A549 cells in vivo. Our findings indicate that CDCP1 is a novel target for treating cancer-specific disorders, such as metastasis, by regulating anoikis in lung adenocareinoma.
• アメフラシ卵レクチンの精製と発生への関与の検討

  神保充, 本橋詳子, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本動物学会大会要旨集  78th-  41  2007/08/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ダイシハーベインおよび類縁体の全合成と生物活性

  局興一, 秋山伸之, 青木邦衛, 及川雅人, 酒井隆一, 島本啓子, 佐々木誠  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  49th-  691-696  -696  2007/08/24  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Total synthesis of dysiherbaine

  Makoto Sasaki, Nobuyuki Akiyama, Koichi Tsubone, Muneo Shoji, Masato Oikawa, Ryuichi Sakai  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  48-  (32)  5697  -5700  2007/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  An efficient total synthesis of dysiherbaine, a potent and subtype-selective agonist for ionotropic glutamate receptors, has been achieved. An advanced key intermediate in the previous synthesis of neodysiherbaine A and its analogues was selected as the starting point, and cis-oriented amino alcohol functionality on the tetrahydropyran ring was installed by using an intramolecular S(N)2 cyclization of N-Boc-protected amino alcohol. The amino acid appendage was constructed by catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamide ester. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 regulates dissemination of gastric scirrhous carcinoma

  Masamitsu Tanaka, Reiko Kamata, Misato Takigahira, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Ryuichi Sakai  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY  171-  (1)  68  -78  2007/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Interaction of the Eph family of receptor protein tyrosine kinase and its ligand ephrin family induces bidirectional signaling via cell-cell contacts. High expression of B-type ephrin is frequently found in various cancer cells, and their expression levels are associated with high invasion of tumors and poor prognosis. However, whether ephrin-B1 actually promotes invasion of cancer cells in vivo has not been shown. We investigated the involvement of ephrin-B1 in regulating the invasiveness of scirrhous gastric cancer, which is a diffusely infiltrative carcinoma with high invasion potential. Reduction of ephrin-B1 expression by short interfering RNA or overexpression of phosphorylation-defective mutant suppressed migration and invasion of scirrhous gastric cancer cells in vitro without affecting tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. Blocking of tyrosine phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 attenuates not only dissemination of cancer cells injected intraperitoneally but also local invasion and dissemination of orthotopically implanted cancer cells in the gastric wall of nude mice. Furthermore, blocking of ephrin-B1 phosphorylation attenuated the activation of Rac1 GTPase in these invasive gastric cancer cells. Our results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 promotes invasion of cancer cells in vivo and is a potential therapeutic target in some types of gastrointestinal cancers.
• The C-terminus of ephrin-B1 regulates metalloproteinase secretion and invasion of cancer cells

  Masamitsu Tanaka, Kazuki Sasaki, Reiko Kamata, Ryuichi Sakai  JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE  120-  (13)  2179  -2189  2007/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Interaction of the Eph family of receptor protein tyrosine kinases and their ligands, ephrin family members, induces bi-directional signaling via cell-cell contacts. High expression of B-type ephrin is associated with high invasion potential of tumors, however, the mechanism by which ephrin-B promotes cancer cell invasion is poorly understood. We show that interaction of ephrin-B1 with the Eph receptor B2 (EphB2) significantly enhances processing of the extracellular domain of ephrin-B1, which is regulated by the C-terminus. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is the key protease that cleaves ephrin-B1, and the C-terminus of ephrin-B1 regulates activation of the extracellular release of MMP-8 without requirement of de novo protein synthesis. One possible mechanism by which ephrin-B1 regulates the exocytosis of MMP-8 is the activation of Arf1 GTPase, a critical regulator of membrane trafficking. In support of this hypothesis, activation of ephrin-B1 increased GTP-bound Arf1, and the secretion of MMP-8 was reduced by expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Arf1. Expression of ephrin-B1 promoted the invasion of cancer cells in vivo, which required the C-terminus of ephrin-B1. Our results suggest a novel function of the C-terminus of ephrin-B1 in activating MMP-8 secretion, which promotes the invasion of cancer cells.
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインの産生生物に関する研究

  酒井隆一  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  10th-  63  2007/05/26  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規長鎖ポリアミンの骨片形成への関与

  酒井隆一, 松永智子, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2007-  117  2007/03/28  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• トゲクサビライシレクチンの精製と褐虫藻への影響

  神保充, 安部聡一郎, 山下洋, 石明大, 母家大樹, 岩尾研二, 小池一彦, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2007-  275  2007/03/28  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインが局在する細胞の同定

  木村敦子, 酒井隆一, 吉田和史, 小池一彦, 小池香苗, 小檜山篤志, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2007-  117  2007/03/28  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規神経毒ペプチドの分離と精製

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2007-  117  2007/03/28  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ダイシハーベインの全合成

  秋山伸之, 局興一, 青木邦衛, 庄司宗生, 酒井隆一, 及川雅人, 佐々木誠  日本化学会講演予稿集  87th-  (2)  1187  2007/03/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• グルタミン酸類縁体の多様合成と生物活性

  生駒実, 及川雅人, 酒井隆一, 佐々木誠  日本化学会講演予稿集  87th-  (2)  1187  2007/03/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• サツマハオリムシおよびシロウリガイのレクチンの精製と性状解析

  神保充, 土橋一貴, 巳城摩倫, 三宅裕志, 吉田尊雄, 佐藤孝子, 丸山正, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  しんかいシンポジウム予稿集  23rd-  58  2007/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Crystallographic studies of a lectin from the octocoral.

  A. Kita, M. Jimbo, Y. Morimoto, R. Sakai, H. Kamiya, K. Miki  The 8th Conference of the Asian Crystallographic association  0  -0  2007  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• P-72 Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dysiherbaine and Analogues

  Tsubone Koichi, Akiyama Nobuyuki, Aoki Kunimori, Oikawa Masato, Sakai Ryuichi, Shimamoto Keiko, Sasaki Makoto  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  49-  (0)  691  -696  2007  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH, 1) and its congener neodysiherbaine A (2), isolated from the Micronesian marine sponge, Dysidea herbacea, are remarkable excitatory amino acids with potent convulsant activity. DH activates the AMPA and kainate classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, with a higher affinity for the latter. Furthermore, it has been revealed that DH had extremely high affinity for GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits. Due to these intriguing pharmacological properties to kainite receptors, DH and its designed analogues are anticipated to serve as useful tools for understanding the complex functions of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. In this presentation, we describe an efficient total synthesis of dysiherbaine. In addition, we report preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of several DH analogues to elucidate the detailed structure-activity relationship profile. A key intermediate 15 was synthesized by two approaches. The first synthetic route utilized compound 6 as the starting point, and the cis-oriented amino alcohol functionality on the tetrahydropyran ring was installed by using an S_N2 cyclization of N-Boc protected amino alcohol 12. An alternative and even more efficient synthetic approach to 15 featured stereoselective introduction of an amino group at C8 by iodoaminocyclization prior to constructing the bicyclic ether skeleton. The amino acid appendage was efficiently constructed by a catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enamide ester 24. The synthetic route developed here provided access to several DH analogues, including 9-epi-dysiherbaine (26a), 9-deoxydysiherbaine (26b), 9-O-methyldysiherbaine (26c), and N-ethyldysiherbaine (26d). The preliminary biological evaluation of these variants will be presented.
• シマイシロウリガイレクチンの性状とクローニング

  神保充, 佐藤心, 吉田尊雄, 丸山正, 三宅裕志, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  生化学  4P-0032  2007  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ヒト由来のグルタミン酸受容体GluR5リガンド結合部位の結晶構造解析

  篠原正将, 海野昌喜, 照屋健太, 酒井隆一, 堂浦克美, 佐々木誠, 齋藤正男  生化学  1P-0039  2007  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Bioactive molecules from sea hares.

  H. Kamiya, R. Sakai, M. Jimbo  Progress in molecular and subcellular biology  43-  215  -239  2006/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Sea hares, belonging to the order Opisthobranchia, subclass Gastropoda, are mollusks that have attracted many researchers who are interested in the chemical defense mechanisms of these soft and "shell-less" snails. Numbers of small molecules of dietary origin have been isolated from sea hares and some have ecologically relevant activities, such as fish deterrent activity or toxicity. Recently, however, greater attention has been paid to biomedically interesting sea hare isolates such as dolastatins, a series of antitumor peptide/macrolides isolated from Dolabella auricularia. Another series of bioactive peptide/macrolides, as represented by aplyronines, have been isolated from sea hares in Japanese waters. Although earlier studies indicated the potent antitumor activity of aplyronines, their clinical development has never been conducted because of the minute amount of compound available from the natural source. Recent synthetic studies, however, have made it possible to prepare these compounds and analogs for a structure-activity relationship study, and started to uncover their unique action mechanism towards their putative targets, microfilaments. Here, recent findings of small antitumor molecules isolated from Japanese sea hares are reviewed. Sea hares are also known to produce cytotoxic and antimicrobial proteins. In contrast to the small molecules of dietary origin, proteins are the genetic products of sea hares and they are likely to have some primary physiological functions in addition to ecological roles in the sea hare. Based on the biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis of these proteins, we propose that they belong to one family of molecule, the "Aplysianin A family," although their molecular weights are apparently divided into two groups. Interestingly, the active principles in Aplysia species and Dolabella auricularia were shown to be L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), a flavin enzyme that oxidizes an alpha-amino group of the substrate with molecular oxygen and liberates hydrogen peroxide, with a sequence similar to other known LAAOs, including snake venom. Possible antibacterial activity and cytotoxic activity mechanisms of these proteins are also discussed.
• Force sensing by mechanical extension of the Src family kinase substrate p130Cas

  Yasuhiro Sawada, Masako Tamada, Benjamin J. Dubin-Thaler, Oksana Cherniavskaya, Ryuichi Sakai, Sakae Tanaka, Michael P. Sheetz  CELL  127-  (5)  1015  -1026  2006/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  How physical force is sensed by cells and transduced into cellular signaling pathways is poorly understood. Previously, we showed that tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas (Cas) in a cytoskeletal complex is involved in force-dependent activation of the small GTPase Rap1. Here, we mechanically extended bacterially expressed Cas substrate domain protein (CasSD) in vitro and found a remarkable enhancement of phosphorylation by Src family kinases with no apparent change in kinase activity. Using an antibody that recognized extended CasSD in vitro, we observed Cas extension in intact cells in the peripheral regions of spreading cells, where higher traction forces are expected and where phosphorylated Cas was detected, suggesting that the in vitro extension and phosphorylation of CasSD are relevant to physiological force transduction. Thus, we propose that Cas acts as a primary force sensor, transducing force into mechanical extension and thereby priming phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling.
• 4‐エピネオダイシハーベインの合成研究

  秋山伸之, 庄司宗生, 酒井隆一, SWANSON G.T, 及川雅人, 佐々木誠  化学系学協会東北大会プログラムおよび講演予稿集  2006-  105  2006/09/22  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規長鎖ポリアミンの骨片形成への関与

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, 神谷久男  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  48th-  307-312  -312  2006/09/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• The docking protein Cas links tyrosine phosphorylation signaling to elongation of cerebellar granule cell axons

  J Huang, R Sakai, T Furuichi  MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL  17-  (7)  3187  -3196  2006/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Crk-associated substrate (Cas) is a tyrosine-phosphorylated docking protein that is indispensable for the regulation of the actin cytoskeletal. organization and cell migration in fibroblasts. The function of Cas in neurons, however, is poorly understood. Here we report that Cas is dominantly enriched in the brain, especially the cerebellum, of postnatal mice. During cerebellar development, Cas is highly tyrosine phosphorylated and is concentrated in the neurites and growth cones of granule cells. Cas coinununoprecipitates with Src family protein tyrosine kinases, Crk, and cell adhesion molecules and colocalizes with these proteins in granule cells. The axon extension of granule cells is inhibited by either RNA interference knockdown of Cas or overexpression of the Cas mutant lacking the YDxP motifs, which are tyrosine phosphorylated and thereby interact with Crk. These findings demonstrate that Cas acts as a key scaffold that links the proteins associated with tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathways to the granule cell axon elongation.
• Theonellapeptolideによる共生渦鞭毛藻Symbiodinium sp.の動態抑制機構について

  越川阿紗美, 酒井隆一, 小池一彦, 山下洋, 神保充, 神谷久男  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  9th-  108  2006/05/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインが局在する細胞の同定

  木村敦子, 酒井隆一, 吉田和史, 小池一彦, 小池香苗, 神保充, 神谷久男  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  9th-  109  2006/05/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿長鎖ポリアミンの骨片形成への関与

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, 神谷久男  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  9th-  109  2006/05/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• シロウリガイ類に含まれるレクチンの精製と性状

  神保充, 佐藤心, 酒井隆一, 佐藤孝子, 丸山正, 三宅裕志, 神谷久男  マリンバイオテクノロジー学会大会講演要旨集  9th-  101  2006/05/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿Axinyssa aculeataより得られた新規長鎖ポリアミンの構造とその機能

  松永智子, 酒井隆一, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2006-  184  2006/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• サツマハオリムシ血液に含まれるレクチンの精製と性状

  神保充, 野中敦司, 井上知美, 三宅裕志, 佐藤孝子, 丸山正, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2006-  186  2006/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシ卵レクチンの発生への関与

  本橋詳子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2006-  185  2006/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 深海性二枚貝リンパ液レクチンの性状

  神保充, 佐藤心, 酒井隆一, 佐藤孝子, 丸山正, 三宅裕志, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2006-  185  2006/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海産真菌Basipetospora sp.より得られたトロンボポエチン様物質

  酒井隆一, 中村隆典, 西野泰斗, 山本正雄, 宮村淳史, 宮本久恵, 石綿紀久, 小松則夫, 神谷久男, 水流添暢智  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2006-  184  2006/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dysiherbaine Analogues (1)

  SHOJI MUNEO, AKIYAMA NOBUYUKI, LASH L. L, SANDERS J. M, SWANSON G. T, SAKAI RYUICHI, SHIMAMOTO KEIKO, OIKAWA MASATO, SASAKI MAKOTO  日本化学会講演予稿集  86th-  (2)  1356  2006/03/13  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dysiherbaine Analogue (2)

  SHOJI MUNEO, TSUBONE KOICHI, SAKAI RYUICHI, SHIMAMOTO KEIKO, OIKAWA MASATO, SASAKI MAKOTO  日本化学会講演予稿集  86th-  (2)  1357  2006/03/13  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Pharmacological activity of synthetic analogs of dysiherbaine on glutamate receptors

  LL Lash, JM Sanders, M Shoji, M Sasaki, R Sakai, GT Swanson  FASEB JOURNAL  20-  (4)  A687  -A687  2006/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysiherbaine: A new generation of excitatory amino acids of marine origin

  Ryuichi Sakai, Geoffrey T. Swanson, Makoto Sasaki, Keiko Shimamoto, Hisao Kamiya  Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry  6-  (2)  83  -108  2006  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The molecular diversity of marine secondary metabolites has been recognized for a number of years, and classic marine-derived excitatory amino acids (EAAs) such as kainic and domoic acid have been indispensable tools in neurobiological research. The recent discovery of the sponge-derived EAA dysiherbaine (DH, 1), a novel di-amino di-acid glutamate analogue with potent convulsant activity, underscores the relatively untapped potential of marine organisms to serve as sources of EAAs with unique structures and activities [1]. DH (1) has a number of pharmacological actions but binds with highest affinity to kainate receptors, a sub-family of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA)-type GluRs, which are also the molecular targets of other potent EAA convulsants like domoic acid. The high affinity and selectivity of 1 towards certain kainate receptor subtypes made it a useful tool for exploring aspects of the biophysical function of these ion channels [2]. In combination with chemical syntheses and neurophysiological techniques, we have shown that 1 and its structural analogues can serve as unique biophysical and physiological probes of GluR function [3]. Current studies have begun to elucidate the critical moieties on 1 that confer activity and selectivity. We anticipate that 1 will serve as a useful template upon which to build molecules with novel pharmacological actions and potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we describe the chemical, pharmacological and behavioral profile of 1 and closely related analogues, with a particular emphasis on their actions on iGluRs, a family of ligand-gated ion channel critical for excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
• P-23 Long-Chain Polyamines (LCPAs) from Marine Sponge : Implication in the Silicon Biomineralization in Sponges

  Matsunaga Satoko, Sakai Ryuichi, Jimbo Mitsuru, Kamiya Hisao  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  48-  (0)  307  -312  2006  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Long chain polyamines (LCPA), which have been known exclusively in silica wall of diatoms in nature, are thought to play a central role in diatom's silica deposition. In the present study, however, we identified LCPA for the first time from the marine sponge Axinyssa aculeata and named LCPA-Aa. The LCPA-Aa was obtained as a mixture of oligo-propaneamine sulfates of 5 to 15 repeating units (ru). It has been reported that LCPA of diatoms mediate precipitation of silica in a multivalent anion-dependent manner, in that the multivalent anions are important in facilitating the formation of large aggregate of polyamines via electrostatic interaction. Eventually the aggregate grows large enough to give rise macroscopic phase separation. Interaction between the aggregate and oligosilicic acid is of a crucial step for further "hardening" of silica precipitation. Formation of large aggregate of LCPA-Aa was demonstrated by ^1H NMR titration experiment with Ba^<2+> as significant signal broadening was observed when the ratio of sulfate ion [SO_4^<2->] and the propane amine repeating unit [ru] became about 0.36 ([SO_4^<2->]/[ru]). This value was similar to the ratio where macroscopic phase separation of polyallylamine takes place. Above results suggested that LCPA-Aa possibly involve in precipitation of silica, i.e. spicule formation, in the sponge. In fact, LCPA was also isolated from the HF-treated spicules of this sponge. We thus tested the ability of LCPA-Aa to precipitate monosilicic acid into silica in vitro. Silica precipitation was formed at pH6.5, the physiological pH of sponge cellular extract, in the presence of LCPA-Aa while no precipitation formed in the solution without LCPA-Aa. Although biologically controlled silica deposition in sponges is known to be mediated by a protein called silicatein, our results allow proposing additional mechanism on the biomineralization process in the sponges.
• EphA2 phosphorylates the cytoplasmic tail of claudin-4 and mediates paracellular permeability

  M Tanaka, R Kamata, R Sakai  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  280-  (51)  42375  -42382  2005/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Eph receptors and ephrin ligands are widely expressed in epithelial cells and mediate cell-cell interaction. EphA2 is expressed in various cancer tissues and cell lines. Although the mechanism of action of EphA2 is unknown, its expression correlates with progression of the malignant phenotype of cancerous tissues. Here, we have shown that EphA2 modulates the localization and function of claudin-4, a constituent of tight junctions. EphA2 associates with claudin-4 via their extracellular domains. This association, in turn, leads to phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of claudin-4 at Tyr-208. The tyrosine phosphorylation of claudin-4 attenuates association of claudin-4 with ZO-1, decreasing integration of claudin-4 into sites of cell-cell contact and enhancing paracellular permeability. These results indicate that EphA2 moderates the function of tight junctions via phosphorylation of claudin-4.
• Cellular and subcellular localization of kainic acid in the marine red alga Digenea simplex

  R Sakai, S Minato, K Koike, K Koike, M Jimbo, H Kamiya  CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH  322-  (3)  491  -502  2005/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Polyclonal antibodies specific for the excitatory amino acid, kainic acid (KA), were raised in rabbits. The antibody recognized KA but did not cross-react with other structurally related amino acids, including glutamate. We used this anti-KA antibody to localize KA immunohistochemically in the KA-producing red alga Digenea simplex. KA immunoreactivity was most dense in the fine cylindrical thallus, which covers the middle to upper part of the alga. The cortical cells, but not the inner layers of the main axis, and cells of the rhizoid were also stained with this antibody. The presence of KA in cells that cover the surface of the alga might reflect its role in chemical defense. At the subcellular level, KA immunoreactivity was most intense in the nucleus, pit plugs, and the electron-dense areas denoted as "granule bodies", which were found only in the pericentral cells of the thallus.
• Xanthocillins as thrombopoietin mimetic small molecules

  R Sakai, T Nakamura, T Nishino, M Yamamoto, A Miyamura, H Miyamoto, N Ishiwata, N Komatsu, H Kamiya, N Tsuruzoe  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY  13-  (23)  6388  -6393  2005/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Four xanthocillins (1-4), including a new compound 4, were isolated from cultured marine fungus Basipetospora sp. as thrombopoietin (TPO) mimics. Compounds 1-4 promoted the proliferation of a TPO-sensitive human leukemia cell line, UT-7/TPO, and UT-7/EPO-mpl, genetically engineered to express c-Mpl, a receptor for TPO in dose-dependent manners. However, the proliferation of UT-7/EPO, a parental cell line of UT-7/EPO-mpl that was devoid of TPO receptor, was not affected by them. Thrombopoietic action of compound 1 was nearly as potent as that of TPO, inducing cell proliferation at a concentration ranging from 1 to 100 nM. Compound 1 also induced the phosphorylation of several proteins, including Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducers, and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in the UT-7/EPO-mpl cell line, but not in the UT-7/EPO cell line. These data indicated that xanthocillins are putative agonists for c-Mpl, as their cellular actions were analogous to those of TPO. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 via the interaction with claudin following cell-cell contact formation

  M Tanaka, R Kamata, R Sakai  EMBO JOURNAL  24-  (21)  3700  -3711  2005/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The interaction of the Eph family of receptor protein tyrosine kinase and its ligand ephrin family induces bidirectional signaling via the cell-cell contacts. Although most previous studies have focused on the function of Eph-ephrin pathways in the neural system and endothelial cells, this process also occurs in epithelial and cancer cells, of which the biological involvement is poorly understood. We show that ephrin-B1 creates an in vivo complex with adjacent claudin1 or claudin4 via the extracellular domains of these proteins. The cytoplasmic domain of ephrin-B1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon the formation of cell-cell contacts, possibly recognizing an intercellular adhesion of claudins. Phosphorylation of ephrin-B1 induced by claudins was abolished by the treatment with 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, an inhibitor of the Src family kinases. Moreover, overexpression of ephrin-B1 triggered consequent change in the level of cell-cell adhesion depending on its phosphorylation. These results suggest that ephrin-B1 mediated the cell cell adhesion of epithelial and cancer cells via a novel Eph receptor-independent mechanism.
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベイン構造類縁体の全合成と生理活性

  庄司宗生, 塩原薫, 及川雅人, 酒井隆一, SWAMSON G. T, SANDERS J. A, 島本啓子, 佐々木誠  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  47th-  49-54  -54  2005/09/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Crk-associated substrate lymphocyte type is required for lymphocyte trafficking and marginal zone B cell maintenance

  S Seo, T Asai, T Saito, T Suzuki, Y Morishita, T Nakamoto, M Ichikawa, G Yamamoto, M Kawazu, T Yamagata, R Sakai, K Mitani, S Ogawa, M Kurokawa, S Chiba, H Hirai  JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY  175-  (6)  3492  -3501  2005/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The lymphocyte-specific Cas family protein Cas-L (Crk-associated substrate lymphocyte type) has been implicated to function in lymphocyte movement, mediated mainly by integrin signaling. However, its physiological role is poorly understood. In this study we analyzed the function of Cas-L in lymphocytes using gene-targeted mice. The mutant mice showed a deficit of marginal zone B (MZB) cells and a decrease of cell number in secondary lymphoid organs. An insufficient chemotactic response and perturbed cell adhesion were observed in Cas-L-deficient lymphocytes, suggesting that the aberrant localization was responsible for the deficit of MZB cells. Moreover, we found that lymphocyte trafficking was altered in Cas-L-deficient mice, which gave a potential reason for contraction of secondary lymphoid tissues. Thus, Cas-L affects homeostasis of MZB cells and peripheral lymphoid organs, which is considered to be relevant to impaired lymphocyte migration and adhesion.
• Divergent pharmacological activity of novel marine-derived excitatory amino acids on glutamate receptors

  JM Sanders, K Ito, L Settimo, OT Pentikainen, M Shoji, M Sasaki, MS Johnson, R Sakai, GT Swanson  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS  314-  (3)  1068  -1078  2005/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Kainate receptors show a particular affinity for a variety of natural source compounds, including dysiherbaine (DH), a potent agonist derived from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. In this study, we characterized the pharmacological activity and structural basis for subunit selectivity of neodysiherbaine (neoDH) and MSVIII-19, which are natural and synthetic analogs of DH, respectively. NeoDH and MSVIII-19 differ from DH in the composition of two functional groups that confer specificity and selectivity for ionotropic glutamate receptors. In radioligand binding assays, neoDH displayed a 15- to 25-fold lower affinity relative to that of DH for glutamate receptor (GluR)5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits but a 7-fold higher affinity for kainate (KA)2 subunits, whereas MSVIII-19 displaced [H-3] kainate only from GluR5 subunits but not GluR6 or KA2 subunits. NeoDH was an agonist for kainate and alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in patch-clamp recordings; in contrast, MSVIII-19 acted as a potent antagonist for homomeric GluR5 receptor currents with weaker activity on other kainate and AMPA receptors. Neither neoDH nor MSVIII-19 activated group I metabotropic GluRs. Homology modeling suggests that two critical amino acids confer the high degree of selectivity between the dysiherbaine analogs and the GluR5 and KA2 subunits. In summary, these data describe the pharmacological activity of two new compounds, one of which is a selective GluR5 receptor antagonist that will be of use for understanding native receptor function and designing more selective ligands for kainate receptors.
• Synthesis of dysiherbaine analogue

  M Shoji, K Shiohara, M Oikawa, R Sakai, M Sasaki  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  46-  (33)  5559  -5562  2005/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Synthesis of dysiherbaine analogue 4, which corresponds to 8,9-epi-neodysiherbaine A, is described. The synthesis features a concise route to the bicyclic ether skeleton through stereoselective C-glycosylation to set the C-6 stereocenter and 5-exo ring-closure to form the tetrahydrofuran ring. The results of preliminary biological studies of 4 are also provided. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Biological role of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in neuroblastoma

  Y Osajima-Hakomori, Miyake, I, M Ohira, A Nakagawara, A Nakagawa, R Sakai  AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY  167-  (1)  213  -222  2005/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor originally identified as part of the chimeric nucleophosmin-ALK protein in the t(2;5) chromosomal rearrangement associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. We recently demonstrated that the ALK kinase is constitutively activated by gene amplification at the ALK locus in several neuroblastoma cell lines. Forming a stable complex with hyperphosphorylated ShcC, activated ALK modifies the responsiveness of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to growth factors. In the present study, the biological role of activated ALK was examined by suppressing the expression of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma cell lines using an RNA interference technique. The suppression of activated ALX in neuroblastoma cells by RNA interference significantly reduced the phosphorylation of ShcC, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt, inducing rapid apoptosis in the cells. By immunohistochemical analysis, the cytoplasmic expression of ALK was detected in most of the samples of neuroblastoma tissues regardless of the stage of the tumor, whereas significant amplification of ALK was observed in only 1 of 85 cases of human neuroblastoma. samples. These data demonstrate the limited frequency of ALK activation in the real progression of neuroblastoma.
• Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin affects the metastatic potential of human osteosarcoma

  K Azuma, M Tanaka, T Uekita, S Inoue, J Yokota, Y Ouchi, R Sakai  ONCOGENE  24-  (30)  4754  -4764  2005/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  To acquire information on signal alteration corresponding to the changes in metastatic potential, we analysed protein tyrosine phosphorylation of low- and high-metastatic human osteosarcoma HuO9 sublines, which were recently established as the first metastatic model of human osteosarcoma. Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins around 60, 70, and 120 - 130 kDa was enhanced in high-metastatic sublines. Among these proteins, the protein around 70kDa, which was most remarkably phosphorylated, was identified as paxillin, a scaffold protein in integrin signaling. Activity of Src family kinase correlated well with metastatic potential, and a Src family kinase inhibitor, PP2, not only abolished tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin but also impaired the motility of high-metastatic sublines. The expression of paxillin was also elevated in high-metastatic sublines, and knocking down of paxillin expression by RNAi method resulted in attenuated motility of high-metastatic cells. We also demonstrated that the phosphorylated form of paxillin is essential for the migration-promoting effect in human osteosarcoma. These findings suggest that enhanced activity of Src family kinases and overexpression of paxillin synergistically contribute to the high metastatic potential of human osteosarcoma through the hyperphosphorylation of paxillin.
• Cloning and characterization of a lectin from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Kazuhiko Koike, Ryuichi Sakai, Koji Muramoto, Hisao Kamiya  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications  330-  (1)  157  -162  2005/04/29  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  In the present study, the entire amino acid sequence and cDNA structure encoding the d-galactose-binding lectin, SLL-2, isolated from the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes, were determined. SLL-2 regulates the morphology of symbiotic dinoflagellates Symbiodinium spp. through unknown mechanisms. Here, three cDNAs that encode SLL-2 were cloned and characterized. All the SLL-2 cDNAs encoded 142 amino acids with high similarity to each other. The mature subunit of SLL-2 was found to be composed of 94 amino acids and to contain one putative glycosylation site common to all three SLL-2. N-Glycopeptidase F treatment of SLL-2 resulted in a protein band shift from 16.5 to 9.5 kDa in SDS-PAGE, confirming that SLL-2s are glycoproteins. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the deglycosylated SLL-2 indicated a presence of three polypeptides as encoded in SLL-2 cDNAs. The deduced sequences of SLL-2 cDNAs had a similarity to the C-terminal region of discoidin I, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum lectin. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Domain-specific function of ShcC docking protein in neuroblastoma cells

  Miyake, I, Y Hakomori, Y Misu, H Nakadate, N Matsuura, M Sakamoto, R Sakai  ONCOGENE  24-  (19)  3206  -3215  2005/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  ShcC is a family member of the Shc docking proteins that possess two different phosphotyrosine-binding motifs and conduct signals as Grb2-binding substrates of various receptor tyrosine kinases. We have recently shown that some neuroblastoma cell lines, such as NB-39-nu cells, express a protein complex of hyperphosphorylated ShcC and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which is self-activated by gene amplification. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of a mutant ShcC lacking Grb2-binding sites, 3YF-ShcC, significantly impaired the survival, differentiation and motility of NB-39-nu cells by blocking the ERK and Akt pathways. On the other hand, cells overexpressing ShcC or 3YF-ShcC, but not a mutant ShcC that lacks SH2, showed decreased anchorage independency and in vivo tumorigenicity, suggesting a novel ShcC-specific suppressive effect through its SH2 domain on cell transformation. Notably, overexpression of ShcC suppressed the sustained phosphorylation of Src family kinase after cell detachment, which might be independent of phosphorylation of Grb2-binding site. It was indicated that the Src/Fyn-Cas pathway is modulated as a target of these suppressive effects by ShcC. Reciprocal change of ShcC expression and phosphorylation observed in malignant neuroblastoma cell lines might be explained by these phosphotyrosine-dependent and - independent functions of ShcC.
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインの起源に関する生化学的解析

  木村敦子, 酒井隆一, 吉田和史, 小池香苗, 小池一彦, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2005-  123  2005/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 共生渦鞭毛藻Symbiodinium sp.の動態制御物質

  酒井隆一, 平田泰子, 小池一彦, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2005-  116  2005/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシの紫汁における抗菌メカニズムの検討

  神保充, 尾野壮一, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2005-  119  2005/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシ卵レクチンの精製と発生への関与

  本橋詳子, 宮根敦子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2005-  118  2005/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 第11回 Marine Natural Product 学会

  酒井 隆一  日本水産学会誌  71-  (2)  232  -232  2005/03/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• A concise synthesis of dysiherbaine analogues for design of selective glutamate receptor ligands

  SHOJI MUNEO, SHIOHARA KAORU, OIKAWA MASATO, SASAKI MAKOTO, SAKAI RYUICHI  日本化学会講演予稿集  85th-  (2)  854  2005/03/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Hippocampal synaptic modulation by the phosphotyrosine adapter protein ShcC/N-Shc via interaction with the NMDA receptor

  Y Miyamoto, L Chen, M Sato, M Sokabe, T Nabeshima, T Pawson, R Sakai, N Mori  JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE  25-  (7)  1826  -1835  2005/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  N-Shc (neural Shc) (also ShcC), an adapter protein possessing two phosphotyrosine binding motifs [PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) and SH2 (Src homology 2) domains], is predominantly expressed in mature neurons of the CNS and transmits neurotrophin signals from the TrkB receptor to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, leading to cellular growth, differentiation, or survival. Here, we demonstrate a novel role of ShcC, the modulation of NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus, using ShcC gene-deficient mice. In behavioral analyses such as the Morris water maze, contextual fear conditioning, and novel object recognition tasks, ShcC mutant mice exhibited superior ability in hippocampus-dependent spatial and nonspatial learning and memory. Consistent with this finding, electrophysiological analyses revealed that hippocampal long-term potentiation in ShcC mutant mice was significantly enhanced, with no alteration of presynaptic function, and the effect of an NMDA receptor antagonist on its expression in the mutant mice was notably attenuated. The tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B was also increased, suggesting that ShcC mutant mice have enhanced NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus. These results indicate that ShcC not only mediates TrkB-Ras/MAPK signaling but also is involved in the regulation of NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus via interaction with phosphotyrosine residues on the receptor subunits and serves as a modulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory.
• 9 Total Synthesis and biological evaluation of dysiherbaine analogues

  Shoji Muneo, Shiohara Kaoru, Oikawa Masato, Sakai Ryuichi, Sanders James M., Swanson Geoffrey T., Shimamoto Keiko, Sasaki Makoto  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  47-  (0)  49  -54  2005  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH, 1) and its congener neodysiherbaine A (2), isolated from the Micronesian marine sponge, Dysidea herbacea, are novel excitatory amino acids with potent convulsant activity. DH activates non-NMDA type glutamate receptors [AMPA and kainic acid (KA) receptors] with considerable preference over KA receptors. Moreover, it has been shown that DH binds to the GluR5 and GluR6 KA receptor subunits with high affinity. Due to these intriguing pharmacological properties to KA receptors, DH and its designed analogues are anticipated to serve as useful tools for understanding the structure and functions of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. In order to reveal the detailed structure-activity relationship profiles of DH, we undertook a diverted synthesis of structural analogues of DH. In this paper, we report the synthesis of simplified analogue 3,8,9-epi-neodysiherbaine A (4a), 8-epi-neodysiherbaine A (4b), 8-deoxyneodysiherbaine A (4c) and 9-deoxyneodysiherbaine A (4d) from a common intermediate 5. The synthesis of 5 started with C-glycosylation of allylsilane 9 with diacetyl-L-arabinal (10), which led to C-glycoside 8 as the sole product. Chemo- and stereoselective dihydroxylation using (DHQD)_2AQN and subsequent epoxidation delivered epoxy alcohol 7, which underwent epoxide opening/5-exo ring-closure during chromatography on silica gel, leading to bicyclic ether core 12. Stereoselective construction of the amino acid chain was efficiently realized by DuPHOS-mediated asymmetric hydrogenation of enamido ester 17 to generate key intermediate 5 via 18. Global deprotection of 5 by acid hydrolysis furnished analogue 4a. Selective deprotection of the acetonide group of 5 was achieved by using DDQ to afford diol 19, which was further converted to other analogues (3 and 4b-d) via cyclic sulfate 20 and thiocarbonate 24. The toxicity of analogues 4a-d were tested on mice. Intracerebral injection of analogue 4a did not induce any convulsant behavior even at higher dose (20μg/mouse), whereas that of 4b induced a sleeper effect. Analogues 4c and 4d were found to show convulsant activity although the potency was much weaker than that of the natural DH (1). In the radioligand binding assay using rat synaptic membrane preparation, 4b displaced [^3H]KA and [^3H]AMPA with IC_<50> values of 24.1±6.8μM and 9.7±2.3μM, respectively. In contrast, analogue 4a did not displace these radioligand from receptors even at 100μM. In addition, detailed pharmacological studies revealed that simplified analogue 3 is a selective antagonist for GluR5 KA receptors. Further neurophysiological studies of analogues are underway and will be described.
• シロウリガイCalyptogena soyoaeリンパ液レクチンの性状

  佐藤心, 宮尾佳子, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 佐藤孝子, 丸山正  日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集  2005-  82  2005  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Analysis of estrogen receptor alpha signaling complex at the plasma membrane

  K Azuma, K Horie, S Inoue, Y Ouchi, R Sakai  FEBS LETTERS  577-  (3)  339  -344  2004/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  There is accumulating evidence that the estrogen receptor (ER) can transduce specific signals at the plasma membrane. We tried to clarify the biological function of ER as a signaling molecule by identifying proteins that interact with the membrane-localized ER. The activation function 1 and 2 (AF-1 and AF-2) domains of ERalpha with or without the membrane-targeting sequence were stably expressed in the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of AF-2 was significantly elevated by the membrane localization. By massspectrometry analysis, alpha- and beta-tubulins and heat shock protein 70 were identified as the AF-l-associated proteins. Of these, tubulins are associated only with membrane-targeted AF-1. (C) 2004 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Activation of Src family kinases in tumor progression and metastasis

  Ryuichi Sakai, Ryuichi Sakai  Biotherapy  18-  397  -404  2004/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Src family kinases have been investigated intensively in relationship to cancer development and progression, although their precise functions in cancer remain unclear. Numerous studies on Src family kinases to date have revealed them to be key molecules regulating proliferation, metastasis and invasion of tumor cells and most promising targets for anticancer therapeutics.
• 八放サンゴシゲミカタトサカレクチンSLL‐2の構造

  神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 太田英司, 村本光二  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2004-  198  2004/03/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシの抗菌タンパク質アプリシアニンEの発生における動態

  神保充, 江頭浩司, 高橋正興, 得能大輔, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2004-  199  2004/03/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysidea herbaciaに含まれる新規アミノ酸関連化合物

  酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 鈴木克治  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2004-  191  2004/03/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• マクリDigenea simplexにおけるカイニン酸の局在性

  湊早樹子, 酒井隆一, 小池香苗, 小池一彦, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2004-  195  2004/03/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 紅藻マクリに存在するレクチンの性状

  佐藤心, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2004-  196  2004/03/31  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Pharmacological characterization of novel marine toxins on glutamate receptors

  JM Sanders, K Ito, M Shoji, M Sasaki, R Sakai, GT Swanson  FASEB JOURNAL  18-  (5)  A962  -A962  2004/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Tiam1 mediates neurite outgrowth induced by ephrin-B1 and EphA2

  M Tanaka, R Ohashi, R Nakamura, K Shinmura, T Kamo, R Sakai, H Sugimura  EMBO JOURNAL  23-  (5)  1075  -1088  2004/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Bidirectional signals mediated by Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, play pivotal roles in the formation of neural networks by induction of both collapse and elongation of neurites. However, the downstream molecular modules to deliver these cues are largely unknown. We report here that the interaction of a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide-exchanging factor, Tiam1, with ephrin-B1 and EphA2 mediates neurite outgrowth. In cells coexpressing Tiam1 and ephrin-B1, Rac1 is activated by the extracellular stimulation of clustered soluble EphB2 receptors. Similarly, soluble ephrin-A1 activates Rac1 in cells coexpressing Tiam1 and EphA2. Cortical neurons from the E14 mouse embryos and neuroblastoma cells significantly extend neurites when placed on surfaces coated with the extracellular domain of EphB2 or ephrin-A1, which were abolished by the forced expression of the dominant-negative mutant of ephrin-B1 or EphA2. Furthermore, the introduction of a dominant-negative form of Tiam1 also inhibits neurite outgrowth induced by the ephrin-B1 and EphA2 signals. These results indicate that Tiam1 is required for neurite outgrowth induced by both ephrin-B1-mediated reverse signaling and EphA2-mediated forward signaling.
• Novel betaines from a micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, K Suzuki, K Shimamoto, H Kamiya  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  69-  (4)  1180  -1185  2004/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Three new betaines, dysibetaine PP (1), dysibetaine CPa (2), and dysibetaine CPb (3), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea collected in Yap state, Micronesia. The structure of 1 was determined by spectral methods as well as chemical degradation to be a novel dipeptide betaine, and those for 2 and 3 were determined to be unprecedented cyclopropane betaines. Compounds 2 and 3 showed weak affinity toward the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-type and the kainic acid-type glutamate receptors, respectively, in a radioligand binding assay.
• Characterization of novel L-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate derivatives, high affinity blockers for the glutamate transporters

  Y Shigeri, R Sakai, K Takaoka, N Yumoto, T Nakajima, S Amara, K Shimamoto  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES  94-  163P  -163P  2004  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Koike K, Jimbo M, Sakai R, Kaeriyama M, Muramoto K, Ogata T, Maruyama T, Kamiya H.Octocoral chemical signaling selects and controls dinoflagellate symbionts.

  Biol. Bull.  207, 80-86-  2004  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• K. Shimamoto, R. Sakai, K. Takaoka, N. Yumoto, T. Nakajima, S. G. Amara, and Y. Shigeri Characterization of Novel L-threo-b-benzyloxyaspartate Derivatives, High Affinity Blockers for the Glutamate Transporters

  Mol. Pharmacol.  65, 1108-1015.-  2004  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Physiological study of an excitatory amino acid dysiherbaine.

  Sakai Ryuichi, Swanson Geffery T, Shimammoto Keiko, Kamiya Hisao  Proceedings of Annual Meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan  2004-  (0)  S13  -S13  2004  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) is a novel marine sponge-derived amino acid and is highly epileptogenic in mice. Administration of DH induced long lasting convulsive behaviors with ED₅₀ values of 13 pmol/mouse, i.c.v., and 0.97 mg/kg, i.p. which is 5-7 time more potent than that of domoic acid. In rat brain synaptic membranes DH displaced binding of [³H]kainic acid (KA) and [³H]AMPA with Ki values of 26 and 153 nM, respectively. In contrast, DH did not displace the NMDA receptor ligand [³H] CGS-19755. DH also displaced [³H]KA from the recombinant GluR5 and GluR6 at Ki value of each 0.74 and 1.2 nM, respectively. In whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from cultured rat hippocampal neurons DH evoked inward currents from both AMPA and KA receptors with EC₅₀ values of 9.7 μM and 210 nM, respectively. Additionally DH activated mGlu5 but not mGluR1. In the heteromerically expressed KA receptors, GluR5-KA2, in HEK 293 cells DH evoked desensitizing inward current. However, the inward current arose again after removal of DH. Application of glutamate to this "activated" receptor can further elicit the desensitizing inward current. Surprisingly, non-desensitizing inward current was gated by CNQX, a classically defined antagonist. These results demonstrated that DH can activate only high affinity GluR5 site in the heteromerically assembled GluR5/KA2, and that for the first time the low affinity subunit, KA2, can gate channel currents individually upon application of the agonists in quite unexpected ways. [Jpn J Physiol 54 Suppl:S13 (2004)]
• Characterization of L-amino acid oxidase and antimicrobial activity of aplysianin A, a sea hare-derived antitumor-antimicrobial protein

  M Jimbo, F Nakanishi, R Sakai, K Muramoto, H Kamiya  FISHERIES SCIENCE  69-  (6)  1240  -1246  2003/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) activity, as well as mechanisms of antimicrobial action of aplysianin A, a sea hare-derived 340 kDa hornotetrameric protein, was determined. Spectrophotometric and High-performance liquid chromatography analyses of aplysianin A indicated that one flavin adenine dinucleoticle, a cofactor of LAAO, bound to each subunit of the homotetramer. Aplysianin A can specifically catalyze oxidation of basic amino acids (L-arginine and L-lysine), and is the first protein from marine invertebrate animals with LAAO activity. Substrate specificity of aplysianin A is markedly different from that of commonly known LAAO, such as snake venom LAAO, which prefer hydrophobic amino acids. Km value of aplysianin A was the smallest of those for all known LAAO reported. In the presence of catalase, the antibacterial activity of aplysianin A was inhibited as expected, indicating that the antibacterial action of aplysianin A results from hydrogen peroxide production during the reaction with substrates. Interestingly, aplysianin A acted as an antibacterial agent even in the presence of excess catalase. Antibacterial assays in various media suggested that this phenomenon was simply attributed to the consumption of amino acids required for bacterial growth in the media by aplysianin A.
• アメフラシ由来抗腫よう・抗菌タンパク質アプリシアニンEの性状

  神保充, 江頭浩司, 高橋正興, 得能大輔, 飯島亮介, 山崎正利, 村本光二, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本分子生物学会年会プログラム・講演要旨集  26th-  583  2003/11/25  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Cooperative roles of Fyn and cortactin in cell migration of metastatic murine melanoma

  JH Huang, T Asawa, T Takato, R Sakai  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  278-  (48)  48367  -48376  2003/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Src family kinases are major regulators of various integrin-mediated biological processes, although their functional roles and substrates in cancer metastasis are unknown. We explored the roles of Src family tyrosine kinases in cell migration and the spread of K-1735 murine melanoma cell lines with low or high metastatic potential. Corresponding to elevated cell motility and spreading ability, Fyn was selectively activated among Src family kinases, and the cell motility was blocked by an inhibitor of Src family kinases. Significant tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin, stable complex formation between activated Fyn and cortactin, and co-localization of cortactin with Fyn at cell membranes were all observed only in cells with high metastatic potential. Both integrin-mediated Fyn activation and hyperphosphorylation of cortactin were observed 2 - 5 h after stimulation in highly metastatic cells, and they required de novo protein synthesis. We demonstrate that cortactin is a specific substrate and cooperative effector of Fyn in integrin-mediated signaling processes regulating metastatic potential.
• 興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインの組織内局在性:産生生物と存在意義の解明に向けて

  酒井隆一, 吉田和文, 小池香苗, 神保充, 小池一彦, 湊早樹子, 神谷久男  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  45th-  629-634  -634  2003/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシ抗菌・抗腫ようタンパク質アプリシアニンAの作用機構

  神保充, 畠中聡, 飯島亮介, 酒井隆一, 山崎正利, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2003-  253  2003/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 興奮性アミノ酸dysihebaineの局在性

  吉田和史, 酒井隆一, 小池香苗, 小池一彦, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2003-  247  2003/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 海綿より単離された新規興奮性アミノ酸Cribronic acidの構造と活性

  酒井隆一, 松原裕樹, 神保充, 神谷久男, 島本啓子, 浪越通夫  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2003-  247  2003/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• カイニン酸抗体の作成 カイニン酸の局在性解明に向けて

  湊早樹子, 酒井隆一, 小池香苗, 小池一彦, 神保充, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2003-  247  2003/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 107(P-50) Cellular localization of dysiherbaine in the producing organism

  Sakai Ryuichi, Yoshida Kazufumi, Koike Kanae, Jimbo Mitsuru, Koike K., Minato Sakiko, Kamiya Hisao  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  45-  (0)  629  -634  2003  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Cellular localization of the marine sponge-derived excitatory amino acid dysiherbaine (1) was investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Dysiherbaine (1), isolated from a sponge Dysidea herbacea, selectively activates mammalian non-NMDA type glutamate receptors (GluRs) and induces seizure in mice. Recently 1 was found to have unusually high affinity towards GluR5 and 6, subtypes of kainite-type GluRs, and can activate these subtype receptors selectively in the heteromerically expressed receptor complex. These unusual actions of 1 to the neuronal receptors warrants its usefulness as a research tool, however, its production, biosynthesis, and roles in the natural environment are left to be investigated. Since microorganisms including a cyanobacterial, Oscillatoria spongeliae are known to be heavily associated with D. herbacea, actual producers of the secondary metabolites and their roles in the sponge and associated microorganisms are difficult problem to solve. In this study, we paved a way to approach this elusive problems by showing cellular localization of 1 using immnumohistochemical methods. We also show a presence of putative DH-binding protein of 111kD using DH-conjugated affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE.
• ミクロネシア産海綿より得られた興奮性アミノ酸および関連アミノ酸代謝物の研究

  酒井隆一, 鈴木克治, 石田真喜子, 神谷久男, 佐々木誠, 橘和夫, 小池達樹, 島本啓子, 波越通夫  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  44th-  295-300  -300  2002/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase is responsible for hyperphosphorylation of ShcC in neuroblastoma cell lines

  Miyake, I, Y Hakomori, A Shinohara, T Gamou, M Saito, A Iwamatsu, R Sakai  ONCOGENE  21-  (38)  5823  -5834  2002/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  She family of docking proteins, ShcA, Shell and ShcC, play roles in cellular signal transduction by binding to phosphotyrosine residues of various activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Both Shell and ShcC proteins are selectively expressed in the neural system of adult mouse tissues. In most of neuroblastoma cells, obvious tyrosine phosphorylation of ShcC was observed, whereas expression of ShcB was considerably low. Phosphoproteins associated with hyperphosphorylated ShcC were purified from neuroblastoma cell lines, and identified by mass-spectrometry. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which turned out to be one of these phosphoproteins, was constitutively activated and associated with the PTB domain of ShcC in three neuroblastoma cells. In vitro kinase assay revealed that ShcC is a potent substrate of the activated ALK kinase. The ALK gene locus was significantly amplified in both of these cell lines, suggesting that gene amplification leads to constitutive activation of the ALK kinase, which results in hyperphosphorylation of ShcC. Constitutive activation of ALK appeared to interfere with signals from other receptor tyrosine kinases. ALK-ShcC signal activation, possibly caused. by co-amplification with the N-myc gene, might give additional effects on malignant tumor progression of neuroblastoma.
• Differential regulation of cell migration, actin stress fiber organization, and cell transformation by functional domains of Crk-associated substrate

  JH Huang, H Hamasaki, T Nakamoto, H Honda, H Hirai, M Saito, T Takato, R Sakai  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  277-  (30)  27265  -27272  2002/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The Crk-associated substrate Was) is a unique docking protein that possesses a repetitive stretch of tyrosine-containing motifs and an Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. Embryonic fibroblasts lacking Cas demonstrated resistance to Src-induced transformation along with impaired actin bundling and cell motility, indicating critical roles of Cas in actin cytoskeleton organization, cell migration, and oncogenesis. To gain further insight into roles of each domain of Cas in these processes, a compensation assay was performed by expressing a series of Cas mutants in Cas-deficient fibroblasts. The results showed that motifs containing YDxP were indispensable for actin cytoskeleton. organization and cell migration, suggesting that CrkII-mediated signaling regulates these biological processes. The C-terminal Src-binding domain played essential roles in cell migration and membrane localization of Cas, although it was dispensable in the organization of actin stress fibers. Furthermore, the Src-binding domain was also a prerequisite for Src transformation possibly, because of its crucial role in the phosphorylation of Cas during transformation. Overall, differential uses of the Cas domains in individual biological processes were demonstrated.
• Differential activation of individual subunits in heteromeric kainate receptors

  GT Swanson, T Green, R Sakai, A Contractor, W Che, H Kamiya, SF Heinemann  NEURON  34-  (4)  589  -598  2002/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Neuronal kainate receptors are assembled from subunits with dissimilar specificities for agonists and antagonists. The composite biophysical behavior of heteromeric kainate receptors is determined by intersubunit interactions whose nature is unclear. Here we use dysiherbaine, a selective kainate receptor agonist, to show that GluR5 subunits assembled in heteromeric GluR5/KA-2 kainate receptor complexes can gate current without concomitant activation of their partner KA-2 subunits. A long-lasting interaction between dysiherbaine and GluR5 subunits elicits a tonic current from GluR5/KA-2 receptors; subsequent cooperative gating of KA-2 subunits can be elicited by both agonists, such as glutamate, and some classically defined antagonists, such as CNQX. This study demonstrates that each type of subunit within a heteromeric kainate receptor contributes a distinct conductance upon activation by agonist binding, and therefore provides insight into the biophysical function of ionotropic glutamate receptors.
• ミクロネシア産海綿Dysidea herbaceaより得られた新規ベタインの構造

  鈴木克治, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2002-  201  2002/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• チオールとの複合体を用いた麻ひ性貝毒誘導体の合成

  本郷直人, 佐藤繁, 小藤田安希子, 酒井隆一, 児玉正昭  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2002-  215  2002/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミドリイソギンチャクAnthopleura fuscoviridisのナトリウムチャンネル毒AFT‐IIIの大腸菌による発現とその性状解析

  成毛央人, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 村本光二, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2002-  213  2002/03/30  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Analysis of gene expression profile in p130Cas-deficient fibroblasts

  Tetsuya Nakamoto, Takahiro Suzuki, Jinhong Huang, Tomoko Matsumura, Sachiko Seo, Hiroaki Honda, Ryuichi Sakai, Hisamaru Hirai  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications  294-  (3)  635  -641  2002  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130Cas (Cas) is a docking protein that becomes tyrosine phosphorylated in v-Src- or v-Crk-transformed cells and in integrin-stimulated cells. Cas -/- fibroblasts show defects in stress fiber formation, cell spreading, cell migration, and transformation by activated Src. To further characterize the role of Cas in signaling, we compared the expression profile in Cas -/- fibroblasts with that in Cas-re-expressing fibroblasts using the microarray methods. In Cas -/- fibroblasts, the expression of heme oxygenase 1 and caveolin-1 was reduced, but the expression of procollagen 1 α 1, procollagen 3 α 1, procollagen 11 α 1, elastin, periostin, TSC-36, and MARCKS was enhanced. The domains in Cas necessary for the change varied among these genes. Activated Src reduced the expression of most of these genes both in Cas -/- and in Cas +/+ fibroblasts. These results suggest the existence of signaling pathways that emanate from Cas to gene expression. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
• Expression of the Antitumour-Antibacterial Glycoprotein Aplysianin a in Escherichia coli

  Mitsuru Jimbo, Fumie Nakanishi, Ryuichi Sakai, Koji Muramoto, Hisao Kamiya  Fisheries Science  68-  1635  -1636  2002  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  cDNA encoding the sea hare-derived antitumour-antibacterial protein Aplysianin A (APA) was expressed on Escherichia coli. APA displays sequence similarity to L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) found in the snake {Crotalus atrox) venom. Spectrophotometric analysis along with thin layer chromatography of APA indicated that one flavin adenine dinucleotide, a cofactor of LAAO, bound to each subunit of the homotetramer. APA also displayed LAAO activity. Specifically, treatment of L-phenylalanine with APA resulted in the generation of hydrogen peroxide. This finding indicated that the antibacterial activity of APA is mainly caused by hydrogen peroxide production. © 2002, The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science. All rights reserved.
• Multifunction of the acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa hemolymph lectins

  Hiroshi Yako, Mitsuru Jimbo, Ryuichi Sakai, Nobuhiko Takamatsu, Tadayoshi Shiba, Koji Muramoto, Hisao Kamiya  Fisheries Science  68-  1127  -1130  2002  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Megabalanus rosa contained the C-type lectins as the major constituents of hemolymph proteins. BRA-1 (330 kDa) and BRA-2 (140 kDa) were composed of identical subunits (173 amino acids), and BRA-3 (64 kDa) of four same subunits (138 amino acids). These lectins were present in various tissues other than the hemolymph. However, only BRA-2 was detected in the organic matrix of shell by western blotting. Both BRA-2 and BRA-3 showed high association constants to calcium ions and inhibitory activity to CaCO3 crystallization. The immobilized BRA-2 was found to promote the CaCO3 crystallization. M. rosa lectins also showed opsonic activity when checked with murine macrophage. The gene structures of BRA-2 and BRA-3 were different from each other. These results suggest the participation in defense as well as biomineralization and the allotted biological role of M. rosa humoral lectins. © 2002, The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science. All rights reserved.
• 50(P-11) Excitatory Amino Acids and Related Compounds from Micronesian Sponges

  Sakai Ryuichi, Suzuki Katsuji, Ishida Makiko, Kamiya Hisao, Sasaki Makoto, Tachibana Kazuo, Koike Tatsuki, Shimamoto Keiko, Namikoshi Michio  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  44-  (0)  295  -300  2002  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Excitatory amino acids bind and activate ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) in central nervous system (CNS). Since iGluR is a highly diverse class of the synaptic receptors both structurally and functionally, highly selective agonists and antagonists are in demand as tools to understand their roles in the CNS. Here, we report isolation, structure, and biological activities of excitatory amino acids and related compounds from sponges collected in the Micronesian waters. Dysidea herbacea collected in Yap state afforded isolations of neodysiherbaine A (2), a related compound of dysiherbaine (1), dysibetaine PP (3), dysibetaines CPa (4) and b(5). Compound 2 induced convulsion in mice when injected intracerebroventricular route with ED_<50> value of 16pmol/mouse. In radioligand binding assay 2 was shown to selectively displace labeled kainite and AMPA receptor ligands with IC_<50> values of 104±9.2,161±21nM, respectively. Dysibetaine PP (3) is a dipeptide betaine composed of N-methyl proline and pipecolic acid connected both by peptide bond and N,N-aminal linkage. Dysibetaines CPa (4) is a cyclopropane di-acid substituted with a (trimethylammonium)methyl group. Although 4 did not induce convulsion in mice, it showed moderate affinity both toward kinate and NMDA binding site with IC_<50> values of 13, 10μM, respectively. On the other hand 5 has affinity only toward KA binding site(IC_<50>=4.9±2.3μM). Spectral data indicated that planer structure of 5 corresponds with a mono-amide of 4. Determination of stereochemistry of 5 is now underway. Cribronic acid (2S, 4R, 5R)-4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid-4-O-sulfate, 6) is isolated from a Palauan sponge Cribrochalina olemda as a potent convulsant in mice. On thither hand, (2S, 4S)-4-hydroxypipecolic acid-4-O-sulfate (7) was isolated as a common convulsant of Axinella carteri and Stylotella aurantium. Both 6 and 7 selectively displaced labeled NMDA ligand in the radioligand binding assay.
• Gene dosage-dependent functions for phosphotyrosine-Grb2 signaling during mammalian tissue morphogenesis

  TM Saxton, AM Cheng, SH Ong, Y Lu, R Sakai, JC Cross, T Pawson  CURRENT BIOLOGY  11-  (9)  662  -670  2001/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Background: The mammalian Grb2 adaptor protein binds pTyr-X-Asn motifs through its SH2 domain, and engages downstream targets such as Sos1 and Gab1 through its SH3 domains. Grb2 thereby couples receptor tyrosine kinases to the Ras-MAP kinase pathway, and potentially to phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 ' -kinase, By creating a null (Delta) allele of mouse Grb2, we have shown that Grb2 is required for endoderm differentiation at embryonic day 4.0. Results: Grb2 likely has multiple embryonic and postnatal functions. To address this issue, a hypomorphic mutation, first characterized in the Caenorhabditis elegans Grb2 ortholog Sem-5, was engineered into the mouse Grb2 gene. This mutation (E89K) reduces phosphotyrosine binding by the SH2 domain. Embryos that are compound heterozygous for the null and hypomorphic alleles exhibit defects in placental morphogenesis and in the survival of a subset of migrating neural crest cells required for branchial arch formation. Furthermore, animals homozygous for the hypomorphic mutation die perinatally because of clefting of the palate, a branchial arch-derived structure. Analysis of E89K/Delta Grb2 mutant fibroblasts revealed a marked defect in ERK/MAP kinase activation and Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation following growth factor stimulation. Conclusions: We have created an allelic series within mouse Grb2, which has revealed distinct functions for phosphotyrosine-Grb2 signaling in tissue morphogenesis and cell viability necessary for mammalian development. The placental defects in E89K/Delta mutant embryos are reminiscent of those seen in receptor tyrosine kinase-, Sos1-, and Gab1-deficient embryos, consistent with the finding that endogenous Grb2 is required for efficient RTK signaling to the Ras-MAP kinase and Gab1 pathways.
• Isolation, structure determination, and synthesis of neodysiherbaine A, a new excitatory amino acid from a marine sponge

  R Sakai, T Koike, M Sasaki, K Shimamoto, C Oiwa, A Yano, K Suzuki, K Tachibana, H Kamiya  ORGANIC LETTERS  3-  (10)  1479  -1482  2001/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new excitatory amino acid, neodysiherbaine A (2), was isolated as a minor constituent of the aqueous extract from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. The structure was deduced by spectroscopic methods and established unambiguously by the total synthesis. The present synthesis, including as a key step cross coupling of the 6/5-bicyclic core with an amino acid residue, is useful in constructing its structural analogues.
• Isolation, structure determination, and synthesis of neodysiherbaine A, a new excitatory amino acid from a marine sponge

  R Sakai, T Koike, M Sasaki, K Shimamoto, C Oiwa, A Yano, K Suzuki, K Tachibana, H Kamiya  ORGANIC LETTERS  3-  (10)  1479  -1482  2001/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new excitatory amino acid, neodysiherbaine A (2), was isolated as a minor constituent of the aqueous extract from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. The structure was deduced by spectroscopic methods and established unambiguously by the total synthesis. The present synthesis, including as a key step cross coupling of the 6/5-bicyclic core with an amino acid residue, is useful in constructing its structural analogues.
• 八放サンゴSinularia Iochmodesレクチンに付加されている非タンパク質部分の検討

  神保充, 佐藤愛, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2001-  33  2001/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Structure and total synthesis of neodysiherbaine, a new neuroexcitotoxic amino acid.

  KOIKE TATSUKI, SASAKI MAKOTO, TACHIBANA KAZUO, SAKAI RYUICHI, OIWA CHIE, KAMIYA HISAO  日本化学会講演予稿集  79th-  (2)  1023  2001/03/15  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Pharmacological properties of the potent epileptogenic amino acid dysiherbaine, a novel glutamate receptor agonist isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, GT Swanson, K Shimamoto, T Green, A Contractor, A Ghetti, Y Tamura-Horikawa, C Oiwa, H Kamiya  JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS  296-  (2)  650  -658  2001/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Dysiherbaine (DH) is a marine sponge-derived amino acid that causes seizures upon injection into mice. In this report we investigate the behavioral effects and characterize the pharmacological activity of DH. DH induced convulsive behaviors in mice with ED50 values of 13 pmol/mouse, i.c.v. and 0.97 mg/kg, i p. In rat brain synaptic membranes DH displaced binding of [H-3] kainic acid (KA) and [H-3] alpha -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) with K-i values of 26 and 153 nM, respectively; in contrast, DH did not displace the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor ligand [H-3] CGS-19755. DH displaced [H-3]KA from recombinant GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits expressed in HEK293 cells with K-i values of 0.74 and 1.2 nM, respectively. In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from cultured rat hippocampal neurons, DH evoked inward currents from both AMPA and KA receptors with EC50 values of 9.7 muM and 210 nM, respectively. AMPA receptor currents were blocked by GYKI 53655, whereas KA receptor currents were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Surprisingly, in calcium imaging experiments we found that DH also activated recombinant mGluR5 receptors but did not activate mGluR1 receptors. DH did not activate glutamate transporters or gamma -aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A))receptors. These results indicate that DH is a potent non-NMDA-type agonist with very high affinity for KA receptors, as well as a subtype-selective mGluR agonist. DH possesses the most potent epileptogenic activity among the amino acids yet identified. This novel excitatory amino acid may prove useful for evaluating the physiological and pathological roles of non-NMDA receptors, especially KA receptors, in the central nervous system.
• The mammalian ShcB and ShcC phosphotyrosine docking proteins function in the maturation of sensory and sympathetic neurons

  R Sakai, JT Henderson, JP O'Bryan, AJ Elia, TM Saxton, T Pawson  NEURON  28-  (3)  819  -833  2000/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Shc proteins possess SH2 and PTB domains and serve a scaffolding function in signaling by a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases. There are three known mammalian She genes, of which ShcB and ShcC are primarily expressed in the nervous system. We have generated null mutations in ShcB and ShcC and have obtained mice lacking either ShcB or ShcC or both gene products. ShcB-deficient animals exhibit a loss of peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons, which is not enhanced by additional loss of ShcC. Mice lacking both ShcB and ShcC exhibit a significant loss of neurons within the superior cervical ganglia, which is not observed in either mutant alone. The results indicate that these She family members possess both unique and overlapping functions in regulating neural development and suggest physiological roles for ShcB/ShcC in TrkA signaling.
• 八放サンゴレクチンSLL‐2の精製およびクローニング

  神保充, 佐藤愛, 矢野原泰士, 小池一彦, 酒井隆一, 村本光二, 神谷久男  日本分子生物学会年会プログラム・講演要旨集  23rd-  327  2000/11/25  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• アメフラシ抗菌抗腫ようタンパク質アプリシアニンA組換え体の発現

  中西文恵, 大山智樹, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2000-  104  2000/09/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• コイ科魚卵レクチンの性状

  臼井梨香, 角井陽子, 西尾寛明, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 村本光二, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2000-  104  2000/09/27  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Identification of thioether intermediates in the reductive transformation of gonyautoxins into saxitoxins by thiols

  S Sato, R Sakai, M Kodama  BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS  10-  (16)  1787  -1789  2000/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  O-Sulfate group of gonyautoxin I and IV is transformed into methylene to form neosaxitoxin by thiols such as glutathione, a common cellular scavenger, in mild conditions. We isolated the intermediate of this conversion and propose that this reaction proceeds through formation of thiohemiketal, 1,2 shift to form stable thioether intermediate, and then redox exchange at sulfur atom to form the final product, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Total synthesis of (-)-dysiherbaine, a novel neuroexcitotoxic amino acid

  M Sasaki, T Koike, R Sakai, K Tachibana  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  41-  (20)  3923  -3926  2000/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A total synthesis of (-)-dysiherbaine, a neuroexcitotoxic amino acid isolated from the Micronesian marine sponge Dysidea herbacea, starting from a carbohydrate precursor, is described. The present synthesis features a palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of the 6/5-bicyclic core with an amino acid residue. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• 八放サンゴSinularia lochmodesレクチンの化学的性状

  矢野原泰士, 神谷久男, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 村本光二  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2000-  167  2000/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミクロネシア産海綿D.herbaceaのケモタイプ比較

  酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 日景  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  2000-  165  2000/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CIZ, a zinc finger protein that interacts with p130(cas) and activates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases

  T Nakamoto, T Yamagata, R Sakai, S Ogawa, H Honda, H Ueno, N Hirano, Y Yazaki, H Hirai  MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY  20-  (5)  1649  -1658  2000/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130(cas) (Cas) is a docking protein that contains an SH3 domain and multiple tyrosine residues. p130(cas) is located at focal adhesions, is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to integrin stimulation, and is thought to transmit signals, via c-Crk and other proteins, for the remodeling of actin stress fibers and cell movement. In a search for the ligands of the SH3 domain of p130(cas) by far-Western screening,,ve cloned a novel protein named CIZ (for Gas-interacting zinc finger protein). CIZ consists of the following: a putative leucine zipper; a serine/threonine-rich region; a proline-rich sequence; five, six, or eight Kruppel-type C2H2 zinc fingers; and the glutamine-alanine repeat. CIZ binds Gas in cells and is located in the nucleus and at focal adhesions. We showed that CIZ is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, by using the transient interspecies heterokaryon formation assay. In order to search for the targets of CIZ in nucleus, we determined the DNA binding consensus of CIZ as (GIC)AAAAA(A) by cyclic amplification and selection of targets analysis. The consensus-like sequences are found in several promoters of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the enzymes used to degrade the extracellular matrix proteins. CIZ binds to a consensus-like sequence in the MMP-1 (collagenase) promoter. Overexpression of CIZ upregulates the transcriptions from MMP-1, MMP-3 (stromelysin), and MMP-7 (matrilysin) promoters, and this transactivation was enhanced in the presence of Gas. Furthermore, the stable overexpression of CIZ promoted the production of MMP-7 in culture medium, In summary, CIZ, a novel zinc finger protein, binds Cas, is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, and regulates the expression of MMPs.
• The D-galactose-binding lectin of the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes: characterization and possible relationship to the symbiotic dinoflagellates

  M Jimbo, T Yanohara, K Koike, K Koike, R Sakai, K Muramoto, H Kamiya  COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  125-  (2)  227  -236  2000/02  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A D-galactose binding lectin (SLL-2) was isolated from Sinularia lochmodes, an octocoral, by a combination of affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose and FPLC on Superdex 200. SLL-2 agglutinated rabbit and horse erythrocytes while SLL-1, a minor component, reacted only with rabbit erythrocytes. SLL-2 is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and is composed of eight identical subunits (15 kDa). The sequence of the amino terminal region of SLL-2 did not show any apparent homology to the sequences of other animal and plant lectins. D-Galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, lactose, and melibiose were moderate inhibitors to the agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes. In contrast, horse erythrocytes were much more susceptible to agglutination by SLL-2, which was inhibited by sugars and glycoproteins such as D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, lactose, melibiose, and porcine stomach mucin. SLL-2 showed considerable tolerance to heating and kept its activity after heating at 80 degrees C for 60 min. In immuno-histochemical studies using an anti-SLL-2 antiserum and protein A gold conjugate, SLL-2 was found to be present in high amounts in the nematocysts. SLL-2 was also detected on the surface of symbiotic dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium sp. cells irrespective whether they were surrounded with or without host cells. These observations suggest the presence of lectin-mediated interaction between symbiotic dinoflagellates and S. lochmodes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
• Activation and inhibition of kainate receptors by dysiherbaine, a novel marine neurotoxin

  GT Swanson, R Sakai, T Green, A Contractor, H Kamiya, SF Heinemann  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE  12-  393  -393  2000  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Development of Analytical Method on the Countermeasure for Food Poisoning.

  KODAMA MASAAKI, KOTAKI RYUICHI, SAKAI RYUICHI, SATO SHIGERU  食肉に関する助成研究調査成果報告書  17-  326-331  -331  1999/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysibetaine: a new alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acid derivative from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, C Oiwa, K Takaishi, H Kamiya, M Tagawa  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  40-  (38)  6941  -6944  1999/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acid derivative, dysibetaine (1), was isolated from an aqueous extract of the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea collected in Yap, Micronesia. The structure of 1, (2R*,4R*)-2-(trimethylammonium)methyl-4-hydroxy-5-oxoprolinate, was determined by spectral methods and X-ray crystallography. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Identification of thioether intermediates in the reductive transformation of gonyautoxins into saxitoxins by thiols.

  SATO SHIGERU, SAKAI RYUICHI, KODAMA MASAAKI  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  41st-  403-408  -408  1999/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• p130(Cas), an assembling molecule of actin filaments, promotes cell movement, cell migration, and cell spreading in fibroblasts

  H Honda, T Nakamoto, R Sakai, H Hirai  BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS  262-  (1)  25  -30  1999/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130(Cas) (Cas) is an adaptor molecule which becomes tyrosine phosphorylated by v-Src- or v-Crk-triggered transformation and several physiological stimuli, such as cell attachment to fibronectin. We previously generated mice lacking Cas and demonstrated that Cas functions as an assembling molecule of actin filaments. To further explore Cas role in cellular function, we established Cas-deficient and Gas-re-expressing fibroblasts and compared their behaviors in response to several biological stimuli. We found that Cas-deficient fibroblasts showed significant defects in cell movement after mechanical wounding and in cell migration toward fibronectin as compared with Cas-reexpressing cells. In addition, when plated on fibronectin-coated dishes, Cas-deficient cells exhibited a significant delay in cell spreading as compared with Gas-re-expressing cells albeit that protein-tyrosine phosphorylation was similarly induced. These results demonstrated that Cas functions as a molecule promoting cell movement, cell migration, and cell spreading and suggest that Cas would be implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as would healing, chemotaxis, and tumor invasion. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
• Synthesis and biological activity of dysiherbaine model compound

  M Sasaki, T Maruyama, R Sakai, K Tachibana  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  40-  (16)  3195  -3198  1999/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Synthesis of dysiherbaine model compound 2 and its diastereomer 3 is described. The structurally simplified model compound 2, lacking the hydroxyl and N-methyl groups on the tetrahydropyran ring, induced convulsive behavior in mice upon intracerebral injections; (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• 八方サンゴSinularia lochmodesレクチンの性状

  矢野原泰士, 神保充, 小池一彦, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 村本光二  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1999-  189  1999/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ゴニオトキシンのチオール化合物によるサキシトキシンへの還元反応における中間体の同定

  佐藤繁, 酒井隆一, 坂本節子, 児玉正昭  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1999-  185  1999/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Sinularia lochmodesレクチンSLLの体内分布

  神谷久男, 矢野原泰士, 神保充, 小池一彦, 小池香苗, 酒井隆一, 村本光二  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1999-  188  1999/04/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin (vol. 119 pg. 593, 1998)

  M Yamaguchi, M Jimbo, R Sakai, K Muramoto, H Kamiya  COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  122-  (3)  363  -363  1999/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• A new excitatory neurotoxin isolated from a sponge. Dysiherbane noticed as a tool of elucidating the function of glutamate receptor in the central nervous system.

  SAKAI RYUICHI  化学と生物  37-  (1)  7  -9  1999/01/25  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Erratum: Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 119B (1998) 593-597) PII: S0305049198000339)

  M. Yamaguchi, M. Jimbo, R. Sakai, K. Muramoto, H. Kamiya  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology  122-  (3)  363  1999  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 68(P45) Identification of Thioether Intermediates in the Reductive Transformation of Gonyautoxins into Saxitoxins by Thiols

  Sato Shigeru, Sakai Ryuichi, Kodama Masaaki  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  41-  (0)  403  -408  1999  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Gonyautoxins 1-4 (GTXs) are 11-O-sulfated analogues of saxitoxins (STXs). These compounds block voltage-gated sodium channels at very low concentration and cause paralytic shellfish poisonings. GTXs have been shown to be transformed reductively into STXs by homogenates of accumulating organisms or by bacteria. On the other hand, mild chemical treatment of GTXs with thiol reagents such as glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol also results in the formation of STXs. Although the machanism of these transformations have risen intriguing questions, no detailed study has been conducted. Herein, we describe for the first time, isolation and characterization of stable intermediates, 11-sulfide of STXs, formed in the course of reductive transformations of GTXs by thiols, and propose the mechanism of these unusual conversion to be "two step" reactions. These steps include (a) replacement of O-sulfate by a thiol reagent to give a thioether inter mediate, and (b) attack of another thiol at the sulfur atom of the inter mediate to give the products, STX and a disulfide. The proposed mechanism in the above reductive transformation is reminiscent of several enzymatic reduction processes, such as reductive cleavage of carbon-nitrogen bond catalyzed by glycine reductase, proline reductase or reduction of tetrachlorohydr oquinone (TCHQ) by TCHQ dehalogenase. Discovery of stable 11-thiol derivatives allowed us to develop biochemical probes, which would facilitate not only the study of the more detailed mechanisms of the transformation and dynamics of these toxins in nature, but also to confirm STX binding mechanisms in the voltage-gated sodium channel.
• Mammalian Grb2 regulates multiple steps in embryonic development and malignant transformation

  AM Cheng, TM Saxton, R Sakai, S Kulkarni, G Mbamalu, W Vogel, CG Tortorice, RD Cardiff, JC Cross, WJ Muller, T Pawson  CELL  95-  (6)  793  -803  1998/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Proteins with SH2 and SH3 domains link tyrosine kinases to intracellular pathways. To investigate the biological functions of a mammalian SH2/SH3 adaptor, we have introduced a null mutation into the mouse gene for Grb2. Analysis of mutant embryonic stem cells, embryos, and chimeras reveals that Grb2 is required during embyrogenesis for the differentiation of endodermal cells and formation of the epiblast. Grb2 acts physiologically as an adaptor, since replacing the C terminus of the Ras activator Sos1 with the Grb2 SH2 domain yields a fusion protein that largely rescues the defects caused by the Grb2 mutation. Furthermore, Grb2 is rate limiting for mammary carcinomas induced by polyomavirus middle T antigen. These data provide genetic evidence for a mammalian Grb2-Ras signaling pathway, mediated by SH2/SH3 domain interactions, that has multiple functions in embryogenesis and cancer.
• ウグイ卵レクチンの性状 (予報)

  神谷久男, 神保充, 酒井隆一, 井田斎, 村本光二  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1998-  135  1998/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミクロネシア連邦ヤップ島産海綿に含まれる興奮性アミノ酸の分離

  松原裕樹, 神谷久男, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1998-  136  1998/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ミクロネシア連邦ヤップ島産海綿Dysidea herbaceaに含まれる新規化合物ダイシベタインの単離と構造

  大岩智恵, 神谷久男, 酒井隆一  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1998-  136  1998/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Isolation and characterization of a D-galactose-binding lectin from the acorn barnacle Balanus rostratus

  M Toda, M Jimbo, K Muramoto, R Sakai, H Kamiya  FISHERIES SCIENCE  64-  (4)  638  -642  1998/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The hemolymph of the acorn barnacle Balanus rostratus showed hemagglutinating activity and inhibition of calcium carbonate crystallization. A lectin having D-galactose-binding specificity was isolated from the hemolymph by a combination of affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose gel and HPLC. The purified lectin was dependent on the presence of calcium ion for hemagglutinating activity. In SDS-PACE, it gave one protein band (25 kDa) under a reduced condition, while it gave two components (35 and 95 kDa) without a reducing agent. The molecular mass of the intact lectin was estimated to be 120 kDa by HPLC on TSK G-3000SW. Isolectric point was determined to be pH 4.4. The same amino-terminal sequence, Tyr-Val-Ser-Asn-Gln-Ser-Val-Glu-Pro-Asp-Thr-Ala, was obtained with the purified lectin as well as the components observed in SDS-PAGE. The purified lectin did not inhibit calcium carbonate crystallization at 1 mg/30 ml, although the hemolymph inhibited the crystallization at 0.1 mg protein/30 ml. The inhibitory factor(s) was an acidic and small molecular-weight compound(s).
• Cardiovascular anomaly, impaired actin bundling and resistance to Src-induced transformation in mice lacking p130(Cas)

  H Honda, H Oda, T Nakamoto, Z Honda, R Sakai, T Suzuki, T Saito, K Nakamura, K Nakao, T Ishikawa, M Katsuki, Y Yazaki, H Hirai  NATURE GENETICS  19-  (4)  361  -365  1998/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130(Cas) (Cas), the protein encoded by the Crkas gene (also known as Gas), is an adaptor molecule with a unique structure that contains a Src homology (SH)-3 domain followed by multiple YXXP motifs and a proline-rich region(1). Cas was originally cloned as a highly tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in cells transformed by v-Src (refs 2,3) or v-Crk (ref, 4) and has subsequently been implicated in a variety of biological processes including cell adhesion(5), cell migration(6), growth factor stimulation(7-9), cytokine receptor engagement(10,11) and bacterial infection(12,13). To determine its role in vivo, we generated mice lacking Gas. Cas-deficient embryos died in utero showing marked systemic congestion and growth retardation. Histologically, the heart was poorly developed and blood vessels were prominently dilated. Electron microscopic analysis of the heart revealed disorganization of myofibrils and disruption of Z-disks. In addition, actin stress fiber formation was severely impaired in Cas-deficient primary fibroblasts. Moreover, expression of activated Src in Cas-deficient primary fibroblasts did not induce a fully transformed phenotype, possibly owing to insufficient accumulation of actin cytoskeleton in podosomes. These findings have defined Cas function in cardiovascular development, actin filament assembly and Src-induced transformation.
• Physiological activity of new erethismic neurotoxin Dysiherbaine.

  SAKAI RYUICHI, KAMIYA HISAO, SHIMAMOTO KEIKO, HORIKAWA YOSHIKO, MIYAMAE TAKEAKI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1998-  177  1998/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Properties of lectin of Happosango coral from Okinawa. ( Preliminary report ).

  KAMIYA HISAO, JINBO MITSURU, SAKAI RYUICHI, KOIKE KAZUHIKO, MURAMOTO KOJI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1998-  149  1998/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin

  M Yamaguchi, M Jimbo, R Sakai, K Muramoto, H Kamiya  COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  119-  (3)  593  -597  1998/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Microcystis aeruginosa, strain M228, a laboratory culture of freshwater cyanobacterium, showed hemagglutinating activity against rabbit, horse and human ABO erthrocytes. Crossed absorption tests revealed the presence of a single type of lectin in the extract of M228 strain cells. The lectin, termed MAL, was purified in combination with the affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose gel and the gel permeation chromatography in an electrophoretically pure form. MAL was a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugars and was composed of a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 57 kDa. Isoelectric point was estimated to be pH 6.4. Hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was inhibited effectively by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and by glycoproteins. D-galactose and lactose also showed moderate inhibitory activity. The destruction of the hemagglutinating activity by a 2-mercaptoethanol treatment suggests the presence of intra-chain disulfide bond(s) essential for the activity in the molecule. The sequence of the amino-terminal region of MAL was determined as Val-Lys-Ala-Ser-Lys-Val-Ser-Thr-Ser-Gln-Ala-Gly-S er-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Ala. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
• Of the GATA-binding proteins, only GATA-4 selectively regulates the human IL-5 gene promoter in IL-5 producing cells which express multiple GATA-binding proteins

  T. Yamagata, J. Nishida, R. Sakai, T. Tanaka, Y. Yazaki, H. Hirai  Leukemia  11-  501  -502  1997/08/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is produced by T lymphocytes and known to support B cell growth and eosinophilic differentiation of the progenitor cells. Using ATL-16T cells which express IL-5 mRNA, we have identified a region, within the human IL-5 gene promoter, that regulates IL-5 gene transcription. This cis-acting sequence contains the core binding motif, (A/T)GATA(A/G), for GATA-binding family proteins and thus suggests the involvement of these family members. In this report, we describe the cloning of human GATA-4 (hGATA-4) and show that hGATA-4 selectively interacts with the -70 GATA site within the IL-5 proximal promoter region. By promoter deletion and mutation analyses, we established this region as a positive regulatory element. Cotransfection experiments revealed that both hGATA-4 and PMA/A23187 stimulation are necessary for the IL-5 promoter activation. The requirement of another regulatory element called CLEO, which lies downstream of the -70 GATA site, was also demonstrated. ATL-16T cells express mRNA of three GATA-binding proteins, hGATA-2, hGATA-3 and hGATA-4 and each of them has a potential to bind to the consensus (A/T)GATA(G/A) motif. However, using ATL-16T nuclear extract, we demonstrated that GATA-4 is the only GATA-binding protein that forms specific DNA-protein complex with the -70 GATA site. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay with extracts of COS cells expressing GATA-binding proteins showed that GATA-4 has the highest binding affinity to the -70 GATA site among the three GATA-binding proteins. When the transactivation ability was compared among the three, GATA-4 showed the highest activity. These results demonstrate the selective role of GATA-4 in the transcriptional regulation of the IL-5 gene in a circumstance where multiple members of the GATA-binding proteins are expressed.
• Requirements for localization of p130(cas) to focal adhesions

  T Nakamoto, R Sakai, H Honda, S Ogawa, H Ueno, T Suzuki, S Aizawa, Y Yazaki, H Hirai  MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY  17-  (7)  3884  -3897  1997/07  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130(cas) (Gas) is an adapter protein that has an SH3 domain followed by multiple SH2 binding motifs in the substrate domain. It also contains a tyrosine residue and a proline-rich sequence near the C terminus, which are the binding sites for the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src kinase, respective?v. Cas was originally identified as a major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in v-Crk- and v-Src-transformed cells. Subsequently, Cas was shown to be inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated upon integrin stimulation; it is therefore regarded as one of the focal adhesion proteins, Using an immunofluorescence study, rye examined the subcellular localization of Cas and determined the regions required for its localization to focal adhesions, In nontransformed cells, Cas was localized predominantly to the cytoplasm and partially to focal adhesions, However, in 527F-c-Src-transformed cells, Cas was localized mainly to podosomes, where the focal adhesion proteins are assembled, The localization of Cas to focal adhesions was also observed in cells expressing the kinase-negative 527F/295M-c-Src. A series of analyses with deletion mutants expressed in various cells revealed that the SH3 domain of Cas is necessary for its localization to focal adhesions in nontransformed cells while both the SH3 domain and the C-terminal Src binding domain of Cas are required in 527F-c-Src-transformed cells and fibronectin-stimulated cells. In addition, the localization of Cas to focal adhesions was abolished in Src-negative cells, These results demonstrate that the SH3 domain of Cas and the association of Cas with Src kinase play a pivotal role in the localization of Cas to focal adhesions.
• Dysiherbaine: A new neurotoxic amino acid from the Micronesian marine sponge Dysidea herbacea

  R Sakai, H Kamiya, M Murata, K Shimamoto  JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  119-  (18)  4112  -4116  1997/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new amino acid, dysiherbaine (1), was isolated from a Micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea., The structure was determined by using FABMS, ESIMS, FABMS/CID/MS, and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments of 1 and its dimethyl derivative 3 to be a navel diamino dicarboxylic acid, which consisted of a cis-fused hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyran ring substituted with a 3-[2-aminopropanoic acid] side chain. The relative configuration of the bicyclic portion of 1 was determined by (3)J(H,H) analysis and difference NOE experiments, and that of the acyclic side chain was assigned by additional (2,3)J(C,H) analysis, measured by hetero half-filtered TOCSY (HETLOC) and phase sensitive HMBC experiments. Systemic administration of 1 induced neurotoxic symptoms in mice which were reminiscent of neuroexcitatory amino acids such as domoic acid. Dysiherbaine inhibited bindings of [H-3]-kainic acid (KA) and [H-3]-1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), but not [H-3]-CGS-19755, an N-methyl-D-asparatic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist, on rat brain synaptic membranes, suggesting that 1 is a selective agonist of non-NMDA type glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
• Detailed investigation of properties of water-bloom Microcystis aeruginosa M228 lectin.

  YAMAGUCHI MASATO, JINBO MITSURU, SAKAI RYUICHI, MURAMOTO KOJI, KAMIYA HISAO  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1997-  186  1997/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin

  M Yamaguchi, M Jinbo, R Sakai, K Muramoto, H Kamiya  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY  74-  44  -44  1997  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Characterization of the kinase activity essential for tyrosine phosphorylation of p130(Cas) in fibroblasts

  Ryuichi Sakai, Tetsuya Nakamoto, Keiya Ozawa, Shin-Ichi Aizawa, Hisamaru Hirai  Oncogene  14-  (12)  1419  -1426  1997  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The cellular transformation by v-Src or v-Crk induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a common substrate molecule, p130(Cas), which tightly binds these oncoproteins in vivo. From its structure, Cas is deduced to be an ideal substrate for Src family kinases and Abl kinase. The tyrosine kinase activity associated with Cas was analysed using mouse variant fibroblasts lacking at least one of tyrosine kinases. In normal fibroblasts, Cas is associated with a significant level of tyrosine kinase activity which efficiently phosphorylates Cas in vitro. The Cas-associated tyrosine kinase activity was remarkably elevated in Csk(-/-) cells, which resulted in hyperphosphorylation of cellular Cas. The associated kinase activity was slightly increased in Src(-/-) cells whereas not significantly changed in Abl(-/-) nor Fak(-/-) cells. On the contrary, the Cas-associated kinase activity was remarkably decreased in Fyn(-/-) cells. At the same time, association of Cas with Fyn kinase in vitro was most obviously detected in normal fibroblasts as well as Csk(-/-) cells. Transient expression of v-Crk induced elevation of the Cas-associated kinase activity in all of these cell lines except the primary culture of Fyn(-/-) fibroblasts. These results indicate that Fyn kinase plays an essential role in v-Crk-mediated phosphorylation of Cas.
• Elevated expression of DNA polymerase beta gene in glioma cell lines with acquired resistance to 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea

  A Gomi, S Shinoda, R Sakai, H Hirai, K Ozawa, T Masuzawa  BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS  227-  (2)  558  -563  1996/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We investigated the expression of DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in human glioma cells with acquired resistance to 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU) and in the parent cells. ACNU-resistant T430 (T430R) and A172 (A172R) glioma cell lines were established following repeated exposure to ACNU. The level of MGMT mRNA expression was elevated in T430R, but not in A172R. In contrast, the level of beta-pol mRNA expression and the level of beta-pol protein were elevated in A172R, compared with the parent cells. While the mechanism of MGMT repair has been considered to be important in the drug resistance of human brain tumors to ACNU, our present results demonstrate that beta-pol may also play an important role in the acquisition of tumor cell resistance to ACNU in human gliomas. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
• Purification and property of water-bloom Mycrocystis viridis NIES102 strain lectin.

  YAMAGUCHI MASAHITO, SAKAI RYUICHI, JINBO MITSURU, KAMIYA HISAO  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1996-  110  1996/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas in cell adhesion and transformation.

  Y. Nojima, T. Mimura, N. Morino, K. Hamasaki, H. Furuya, R. Sakai, T. Nakamoto, Y. Yazaki, H. Hirai  Human cell : official journal of Human Cell Research Society  9-  (3)  169  -174  1996/09/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Integrins comprise the major class of receptors used by cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. Integrin/matrix interactions play a critical role in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, tumor metastasis, cell growth and differentiation. It is now evident that integrins can transduce biochemical signals across the plasma membrane to the cell interior. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has attracted much attention as an important regulator for integrin-mediated signal transduction. Recently, we have identified a novel signaling molecule, p130Cas, which participates in integrin-mediated signal transduction. p130Cas was originally identified as a protein hyperphosphorylated in cells expressing transforming gene products p47v-crk (v-Crk) and p60v-crk (v-Src). In this brief review, we will discuss about a role of p130Cas in signal transduction triggered by cell adhesion and transformation.
• Ecteinascidins: Putative biosynthetic precursors and absolute stereochemistry

  R Sakai, EA JaresErijman, Manzanares, I, MVS Elipe, KL Rinehart  JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  118-  (38)  9017  -9023  1996/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  New bioactive ecteinascidins (Et's) 597 (1), 583 (2), 594 (3), and 596 (4)-putative biosynthetic precursors of previously described Et's [e.g., Et 743 (5)]-were isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Structures assigned to these compounds based on spectroscopic data represent a novel series of Et's with L-cysteine or its alpha-oxo analog as unit C. The absolute configuration of the L-Cys unit of 1 was assigned by chiral GC, while a 2D POESY (rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy) spectrum of its acetyl derivative 1a completed the assignment of the stereochemistry of 1 as 1R,2R,3R,4R,11R,13S,21S,1'R.
• Resource recovery from unused seaweed.

  SAKAI RYUICHI, KAMIYA HISAO, HARAYAMA SHIGEAKI, ONISHI TOMOKO  研究基盤施設合同シンポジウム講演予稿集  1996-  79-84  -84  1996/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Dysiherbaine: A New Neurotoxic Amino Acid From a Micronesian Marine Sponge Dysidea herbacea.

  SAKAI RYUICHI, KAMIYA HISAO, MURATA MICHIO  天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集  38th-  463-468  -468  1996/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• A novel interferon regulatory factor family transcription factor, ICSAT/Pip/LSIRF, that negatively regulates the activity of interferon-regulated genes

  T Yamagata, J Nishida, T Tanaka, R Sakai, K Mitani, M Yoshida, T Taniguchi, Y Yazaki, H Hirai  MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY  16-  (4)  1283  -1294  1996/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We have isolated a novel cDNA clone encoding interferon (IFN) consensus sequence-binding protein in adult T-cell leukemia cell lines or activated T cells (ICSAT); this protein is the human homolog of the recently cloned Pip/LSIRF. ICSAT is structurally most closely related to the previously cloned ICSBP, a member of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family of proteins that binds to interferon consensus sequences (ICSs) found in many promoters of the IFN-regulated genes. Among T-cell lines investigated, ICSAT was abundantly expressed in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells. When the HTLV-1 tax gene was expressed or phorbol myristate acetate-A23187 stimulation was used, ICSAT expression was induced in Jurkat cells which otherwise do not express ICSAT. When the binding of ICSAT to four different ICSs was tested, the relative differences in binding affinities for those ICSs were determined. To study the functional role of ICSAT, we performed cotransfection experiments with the human embryonal carcinoma cell line N-Tera2. ICSAT was demonstrated to possess repressive function over the gene activation induced by IFN stimulation or by IRF-1 cotransfection. Such repressive function is similar to that seen in IRF-2 or ICSBP. However, we have found that ICSAT has a different repressive effect from that of IRF-2 or ICSBP in some IFN-responsive reporter constructs. These results suggest that a novel mechanism of gene regulation by ''differential repression'' is used by the multiple members of repressor proteins with different repressive effects on the IFN-responsive genes.
• Property of Japanese giant salamander skin mucus lectin.

  KAMIYA HISAO, SAKAMOTO SETSUKO, YOSHIKATA YOKO, SAKAI RYUICHI, TOCHIMOTO TAKEYOSHI  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1996-  161  1996/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Water-soluble neurotoxin contained in benthic invertebrate animals produced in Micronesia.

  SAKAI RYUICHI, KAMISATO TAKANORI, YABUKI AYUMI, YONEZU AYAKO, TAKAYAMA MASAHIKO, KAMIYA HISAO  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1996-  163  1996/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Various properties of water-bloom lectin.

  YAMAGUCHI MASATO, MURAMOTO KOJI, SAKAI RYUICHI, KAMIYA HISAO  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1996-  161  1996/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 78(P65) Dysiherbaine : A New Neurotoxic Amino Acid From a Micronesian Marine Sponge Dysidea herbacea

  Sakai Ryuichi, Kamiya Hisao, Murata Michio  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  38-  (0)  463  -468  1996  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A new amino acid dysiherbaine (1), was isolated from a Micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea. The structure was determined spectroscopically by using FABMS, ESIMS, FABMS/CID/MS, and one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments of 1 and its dimethyl derivative 2 to be a novel di-amino di-carboxylic acid, which consisted of a cis fused-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b] pyran ring substituted with a 3-[2-amino propanoic acid] side chain. The relative configuration of the bicyclic portion of 1 was determined by 3^J_analysis and deference NOE experiments, and that of acyclic side chain was assigned by additional ^<2.3>J_analysis, measured by conventional proton NMR and newer hetero half-filtered TOCSY (HETLOC) and phase sensitive HMBC experiments. A systemic administration of 1 induced typical neurotoxic symptoms in mice which were reminiscent of neuroexcitatory amino acids, such as domoic acid. Dysiherbaine inhibited bindings of [^3H]kainic acid (KA) and [^3H]1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazol-propionic acid (AMPA), but not not [^3H]CGS-19755, an NMDA receptor agonist, to the rat brain synaptic membranes, suggesting that 1 is a specific agonist of KA/AMPA class glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
• MOLECULAR-CLONING OF THE HUMAN GLUCOSE-REGULATED PROTEIN ERP57/GRP58, A THIOL-DEPENDENT REDUCTASE - IDENTIFICATION OF ITS SECRETORY FORM AND INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION BY THE ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION

  N HIRANO, F SHIBASAKI, R SAKAI, T TANAKA, J NISHIDA, Y YAZAKI, T TAKENAWA, H HIRAI  EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY  234-  (1)  336  -342  1995/11  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Recently it was shown that putative phospholipase C-alpha cDNA does not code for an isotype of the phospholipase C superfamily but for one of the glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs), ERp57/GRP58. We have isolated human ERp57/GRP58 cDNA from human placenta. Sequence analysis showed that ERp57/GRP58 has two Trp-Cys-Gly-His-Cys-Lys motifs completely conserved among the mammals. Bacterially expressed recombinant ERp57/GRP58 protein contained a thiol-dependent reductase activity which was completely abolished when Ser residues were substituted for Cys residues in both of the two motifs. Furthermore, we have identified a soluble form of ERp57/GRP58 by Western blotting and biosynthetic labeling. In v-onc transformants of normal rat kidney cells, the expression level of ERp57/GRP58 was elevated at the protein level. In NIH3T3 cells transformed with v-src, activated c-src (Y527F) or c-src, the expression level of ERp57/GRP58 was upregulated in proportion to their transforming abilities. These results indicate that a soluble form of ERp57/GRP58 exists and that this protein may control both extracellular and intracellular redox activities through its thiol-dependent reductase activity. Moreover, it is likely that ERp57/GRP58 is involved in the oncogenic transformation.
• 7 NEW DIDEMNINS FROM THE MARINE TUNICATE TRIDIDEMNUM-SOLIDUM (VOL 117, PG 3734, 1995)

  R SAKAI, JG STROH, DW SULLINS, KL RINEHART  JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  117-  (34)  8885  -8885  1995/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• INTEGRIN-MEDIATED CELL-ADHESION PROMOTES TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF P130(CAS), A SRC HOMOLOGY 3-CONTAINING MOLECULE HAVING MULTIPLE SRC HOMOLOGY 2-BINDING MOTIFS

  Y NOJIMA, N MORINO, T MIMURA, K HAMASAKI, H FURUYA, R SAKAI, T SATO, K TACHIBANA, C MORIMOTO, Y YAZAKI, H HIRAI  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  270-  (25)  15398  -15402  1995/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p130(Cas) (Cas) has been recently identified as a 130-kDa protein that is highly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and is stably associated with p47(v-crk) (v-Crk) and p60(v-src) (v-Src) oncogene products in cells transformed by the respective genes. Cas is a novel signaling molecule having a single Src homology (SH) 3 domain and a cluster of multiple SH2-binding motifs. While the tight association of Cas with v-Crk and v-Src is strongly suggestive of a significant role in regulating cellular transformation, the function of Cas in normal untransformed cells is totally unknown. We report here that cell adhesion to fibronectin rapidly promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas in human and rat fibroblast cell lines. The response was equally induced by cell adhesion to plates coated with vitronectin, laminin, and collagen but not by cell attachment to nonspecific substrate poly-L-lysine. The kinetic profile of Cas phosphorylation was almost identical with that of tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase pp125(FAK) (Fak), which is well known to be activated subsequent to integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Adhesion-dependent Cas phosphorylation was completely inhibited by treating cells with cytochalasin D, an agent that disrupts polymerization of actin stress fibers. These results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas is stimulated by normal cell adhesion in close association with Fak phosphorylation and the formation of actin stress fibers. In v-Src- or v-Crk-transformed cells, however, the tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas is markedly increased in an adhesion-independent manner that is insensitive to treatment with cytochalasin D. Thus, Cas plays a role in signaling pathways mediated by cell adhesion as well as by transformation. We propose that Cas may amplify and propagate integrin-mediated signals by interacting with SH2-containing molecule(s).
• Microcystis aeruginosa M228株のレクチンの性状

  山口政人, 伊藤晃一, 坂本節子, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 渡辺真理代  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1995-  316  1995/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 霞ケ浦および津久井湖で発生したアオコの血球に対する反応

  坂本節子, 伊藤晃一, 山口政人, 酒井隆一, 神谷久男, 渡辺真利代, 渡辺真之  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1995-  315  1995/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 甲殻類レクチンの生理機能 石灰化への関与

  戸田道寿, 今井利樹, 八子博, 坂本節子, 酒井隆一, 村本光二, 神谷久男  日本水産学会大会講演要旨集  1995-  79  1995/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Evidence that SH2 domains promote processive phosphorylation by protein-tyrosine kinases

  Bruce J. Mayer, Hisamaru Hirai, Ryuichi Sakai  Current Biology  5-  (3)  296  -305  1995  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Background: Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases often contain at least one Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, a protein module that binds with high affinity to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. Because SH2 domains would be predicted to bind with high affinity to proteins phosphorylated by the kinase, but not to the unphosphorylated substrate, their presence in tyrosine kinases has been puzzling. An important role for the SH2 domain of the Abl tyrosine kinase was suggested by work showing that Abl requires an intact SH2 domain in order to malignantly transform cells, and that replacement of the Abl SH2 domain with heterologous SH2 domains alters the spectrum of proteins phosphorylated detectably by Abl in vivo. Results We have used purified wild-type and mutant Abl kinases to examine the roles of the Abl's SH2 and catalytic domains in phosphorylation of p130CAS, a model substrate that has multiple potential phosphorylation sites. We find that an SH2 domain is required for efficient hyperphosphorylation of p130 in vitro. We use chimeric mutants with heterologous SH2 domains to demonstrate that the SH2 domain of the oncogenically transforming adaptor protein Crk, which is the SH2 domain predicted to bind with highest affinity (of those tested) to potential phosphorylation sites in p130, is best able to facilitate hyperphosphorylation. This is the case whether the catalytic domain of the kinase is derived from Abl or from its distant relative, Src. These studies also reveal a role for binding of Crk to Abl in mediating phosphorylation by the kinase. Using purified proteins, we demonstrate that association with Crk strikingly enhances the ability of Abl to hyperphosphorylate p130. There is an excellent correlation between the ability of mutant Crk proteins to promote hyperphosphorylation of p130 by Abl and their ability to transform rodent fibroblasts. Conclusion Our data suggest that, ultimately, the substrate specificity of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is dependent on the binding specificity of its associated SH2 domain. The SH2 domain binds tightly to a subset of proteins phosphorylated by the catalytic domain, leading to processive phosphorylation of those proteins. Substrate specificity can be broadened by an association between the kinase and proteins, such as Crk, that contain additional SH2 domains this may play a role in malignant transformation by Crk. © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Seven New Didemnins from the Marine Tunicate Trididemnum solidum

  Ryuichi Sakai, Justin G. Stroh, David W. Sullins, Kenneth L. Rinehart  Journal of the American Chemical Society  117-  3734  -3748  1995/01/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Seven new didemnins—didemnins M (1), N (2), X (3), and Y (4), nordidemnin N (5), epididemnin A 1 (6), and acyclodidemnin A (7)—were isolated from an extract of the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum. The structures of these compounds were assigned, based on FABMS, high-field NMR data, and chemical degradation studies. Biological activities of these peptides are also described. © 1995, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
• Frequent Loss of the Cyclin‐dependent Kinase‐4 Inhibitor Gene in Human Gliomas

  Akira Gomi, Ryuichi Sakai, Seishi Ogawa, Souji Shinoda, Hisamaru Hirai, Toshio Masuzawa  Japanese Journal of Cancer Research  86-  (4)  342  -346  1995  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Studies have shown that homozygous deletion of the cyclin‐dependent kinase‐4 inhibitor (CDK41) gene, which is mapped to chromosome 9p21, is frequently observed in various types of human cancers. Here we report that the CDK4I gene was deleted in gliomas. Eight cell lines derived from glioblastomas and samples from 14 patients with various grades of gliomas were examined by Southern blot analysis. We found that the CDK4I gene was deleted in 7 of 8 (87.5%) cell lines and 7 of 9 (78%) samples from high‐grade glioma patients, whereas it was deleted in 1 of 5 (20%) low‐grade glioma samples. These results suggested that inactivation of the CDK4I gene may play an important role in the progression of human glioma. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
• Of the GATA-binding proteins, only GATA-4 selectively regulates the human interleukin-5 gene promoter in interleukin-5-producing cells which express multiple GATA-binding proteins

  Tetsuya Yamagata, Junji Nishida, Ryuichi Sakai, Tomoyuki Tanaka, Hiroaki Honda, Naoto Hirano, Hiroyuki Mano, Yoshio Yazaki, Hisamaru Hirai  Molecular and Cellular Biology  15-  (7)  3830  -3839  1995  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is produced by T lymphocytes and known to support B- cell growth and eosinophilic differentiation of the progenitor cells. Using ATL-16T cells which express IL-5 mRNA, we have identified a region within the human IL-5 gene promoter that regulates IL-5 gene transcription. This cis- acting sequence contains the core binding motif, (A/T)GATA(A/G), for GATA- binding family proteins and thus suggests the involvement of this family members. In this report, we describe the cloning of human GATA-4 (hGATA-4) and show that hGATA-4 selectively interacts with the -70 GATA site within the IL-5 proximal promoter region. By promoter deletion and mutation analyses, we established this region as a positive regulatory element. Cotransfection experiments revealed that both hGATA-4 and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-A23187 stimulation are necessary for IL-5 promoter activation. The requirement for another regulatory element called CLE0, which lies downstream of the -70 GATA site, was also demonstrated. ATL-16T cells express mRNAs of three GATA-binding proteins, hGATA-2, hGATA-3, and hGATA-4, and each of them has a potential to bind to the consensus (A/T)GATA(G/A) motif. However, using ATL-16T nuclear extract, we demonstrated that GATA-4 is the only GATA- binding protein that forms a specific DNA-protein complex with the -70 GATA site. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with extracts of COS cells expressing GATA-binding proteins showed that GATA-4 has the highest binding affinity for the -70 GATA site among the three GATA-binding proteins. When the transactivation abilities were compared among the three, GATA-4 showed the highest activity. These results demonstrate the selective role of GATA-4 in the transcriptional regulation of the IL-5 gene in a circumstance where multiple members of the GATA-binding proteins are expressed.
• Seven New Didemnis from the Marine Tuniate ┣DBTrididemnum(/)-┫DB ┣DBsodium(/)-┫DB

  Journal of Americium Chemical Society  (117)  1995  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CHARACTERIZATION, PARTIAL-PURIFICATION, AND PEPTIDE SEQUENCING OF P130, THE MAIN PHOSPHOPROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH V-CRK ONCOPROTEIN

  R SAKAI, A IWAMATSU, N HIRANO, S OGAWA, T TANAKA, J NISHIDA, Y YAZAKI, H HIRAI  JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY  269-  (52)  32740  -32746  1994/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The transforming gene v-crk found in CT10 and ASV-1 avian sarcoma viruses induces marked phosphorylation of several proteins in cells expressing p47(v-crk) (v-Crk), In this work, the main tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in ASV-1-infected chicken cells and v-crk transfected rat cells were characterized biochemically, Both these proteins have a molecular mass of about 130 kDa and are tightly associated with v-Crk in vivo, Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that they are both essentially single proteins (p130) with modifications that result in a broad spot in an acidic region, The broad band of semi-purified p130 became sharp at an elevated position in the gel upon treatment with orthovanadate in vivo or with c-Src kinase produced using a baculovirus vector in vitro, whereas it shifted at a lower position upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase in vitro, These results suggest multiple phosphorylation states of p130, which result in a broad band of p130. Two procedures of immunoaffinity purification were used to purify p130 from SY1 cells transfected with v-crk. Approximately 30 pmol of purified p130 was obtained in an immobilized form on a filter starting from 3 x 10(10) cells, Peptide mapping of p130 digested in situ by peptidase revealed that the purity and quantity of the final material were enough for peptide sequencing, Several stretches of partial amino acid sequences were determined, and they indicated that p130 is a novel protein.
• MOLECULAR-CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CDNA FOR BOVINE PHOSPHOLIPASE C-ALPHA - PROPOSAL OF REDESIGNATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C-ALPHA

  N HIRANO, F SHIBASAKI, H KATO, R SAKAI, T TANAKA, J NISHIDA, Y YAZAKI, T TAKENAWA, H HIRAI  BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS  204-  (1)  375  -382  1994/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We have isolated bovine phospholipase C (PLC)-alpha cDNA from bovine thymus. Sequence analysis showed that PLC-a is highly conserved among rat, mouse, and calf and that it has two Trp-Cys-Gly-His-Cys-Lys motifs completely conserved in the mammals. Southern blot analysis revealed that bovine PLC-a is derived from a single gene. When PLC-and cDNA was stably transfected in NIH3T3 cells, there was no increase in PLC activity. PLC-alpha is supposed to be a member not of PLC superfamily but of Trp-Cys-Gly-His-Cys-Lys motif-containing proteins consisting of protein disulfide isomerase, P5, ERp72, and thioredoxin. PLC-alpha should be redesignated ERp57 (ER-resided p57). (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.
• A NOVEL SIGNALING MOLECULE, P130, FORMS STABLE COMPLEXES IN-VIVO WITH V-CRK AND V-SRC IN A TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION-DEPENDENT MANNER

  R SAKAI, A IWAMATSU, N HIRANO, S OGAWA, T TANAKA, H MANO, Y YAZAKI, H HIRAI  EMBO JOURNAL  13-  (16)  3748  -3756  1994/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p47(v-crk) (v-Crk), transforming gene product containing Src homology (SH)-2 and -3 domains, induces an elevated level of tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins. Among these proteins, a 125-135 kDa protein (p130) shows marked phosphorylation at tyrosines and tight association with v-Crk, suggesting a direct signal mediator of v-Crk. Here we report the molecular cloning of rat p130 by immunoaffinity purification. The p130 is a novel SH3-containing signaling molecule with a cluster of multiple putative SH2-binding motifs of v-Crk. Immunochemical analyses revealed that p130 is highly phosphorylated at tyrosines during transformation by p60(v-src) (v-Src), as well as by v-Crk, forming stable complexes with these oncoproteins. The p130 behaves as an extremely potent substrate of kinase activity included in the complexes and it is a major v-Src-associated substrate of the Src kinase by partial peptidase mapping. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated that the cytoplasmic p130 could move to the membrane upon tyrosine phosphorylation. The p130 (designated Cas for Crk-associated substrate) is a common cellular target of phosphorylation signal via v-Crk and v-Src oncoproteins, and its unique structure indicates the possible role of p130(Cas) in assembling signals from multiple SH2-containing molecules.
• THE C-TERMINAL SH3 DOMAIN OF THE MOUSE C-CRK PROTEIN NEGATIVELY REGULATES TYROSINE-PHOSPHORYLATION OF CRK ASSOCIATED P130 IN RAT 3Y1 CELLS

  S OGAWA, H TOYOSHIMA, H KOZUTSUMI, K HAGIWARA, R SAKAI, T TANAKA, N HIRANO, H MANO, Y YAZAKI, H HIRAI  ONCOGENE  9-  (6)  1669  -1678  1994/06  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  We have isolated the mouse c-crk cDNA from a mouse liver cDNA library. It encodes 304 amino acids and consists mainly of SH2/SH3 regions. In Northern blot analysis, the mouse c-crk mRNA is expressed ubiquitously in every tissue and organ, suggesting that the c-Crk protein may be a common signal transducing molecule among tissues. In contrast to the v-Crk protein, which has a single SH3 domain, the c-Crk protein contains two, the more N-terminal SH3(1) domain and the C-terminal SH3(2) domain. To elucidate functions of these SH3 domains, we have constructed two c-crk mutants, B-cuk and D-crk which lack the SH3(2) and the SH3(1) domain, respectively. These mutants were expressed in rat 3Y1 cells, and examined for their transforming ability in terms of morphological phenotypes and for tyrosine phosphorylation profiles of cells expressing the mutant proteins. Morphological alteration and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of 130-140 kDa proteins, the major component of which is the Crk-associated p130, were observed in cells expressing B-Crk as well as those expressing v-Crk, but little in cells expressing c-Crk even at a similar level of expression. Although a highly tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the p130 was coimmunoprecipitated with c-Crk as well as B-Crk, the relative level of tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130, which is normalized to the amount of Crk protein immunoprecipitated, was 10 to 20 times higher in B-Crk-expressing cells than in c-Crk- or D-Crk-expressing cells. The present results indicate that the SH3(2) domain of mouse c-Crk protein negatively regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130, and that lack of the SH3(2) domain in B-Crk and v-Crk may contribute, at least partly, to their morphological alteration or transforming ability through increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130.
• NEW NODULARINS - A GENERAL-METHOD FOR STRUCTURE ASSIGNMENT

  M NAMIKOSHI, BW CHOI, R SAKAI, F SUN, KL RINEHART, WW CARMICHAEL, WR EVANS, P CRUZ, MHG MUNRO, JW BLUNT  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  59-  (9)  2349  -2357  1994/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A general method has been developed for assigning the structures of nodularin, a potent hepatotoxin, tumor promoter, and protein phosphatase inhibitor, and minor components isolated from a cultured and a bloom sample of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. It consists of (1) FABMS analysis (determination of molecular weight and molecular formula), (2) H-1 NMR spectroscopy on the parent compound and chiral GC analysis of an acid hydrolyzate (identification and stereochemistry of amino acid components), (3) ozonolysis followed by NaBH4 reduction (conversion to a linear peptide), and (4) FABMS/CID/MS analyses of the linear peptide and the parent compound (sequence analysis). The method has been employed in assigning structures to three new nodularins (2-4) and can be applied to other cyclic peptides containing alpha,beta-dehydroamino acid unit(s), especially the related microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins. Two nodularins, [DMAdda(3)]nodularin (2) and [(6Z)-Adda(3)] nodularin (3), were obtained from a bloom sample collected from Lake Ellesmere (New Zealand), and [D-Asp(1)] nodularin (4) was isolated from cultured cells (strain L-575). The LD50s of 2 and 4 were 150 and 75 mu g/kg (ip, mice), respectively, but 3 did not show apparent toxicity at 2.0 mg/kg.
• 9-DEAZAADENOSINE AND ITS 5'-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM (BLUE-GREEN-ALGA) ANABAENA-AFFINIS STRAIN VS-1

  M NAMIKOSHI, WW CARMICHAEL, R SAKAI, EA JARESERIJMAN, AM KAUP, KL RINEHART  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  205-  252  -ORGN  1993/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 9-DEAZAADENOSINE AND ITS 5'-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ISOLATED FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM ANABAENA-AFFINIS STRAIN VS-1

  M NAMIKOSHI, WW CARMICHAEL, R SAKAI, EA JARESERIJMAN, AM KAUP, KL RINEHART  JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  115-  (6)  2504  -2505  1993/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• ABSOLUTE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE PENTACYCLIC GUANIDINE MOIETIES OF CRAMBESCIDIN-816 AND 13,14,15-ISOCRAMBESCIDIN-800 ISOLATED FROM THE SPONGE CRAMBE-CRAMBE

  EA JARESERIJMAN, R SAKAI, A INGRUM, CARNEY, JR, KL RINEHART  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  205-  250  -ORGN  1993/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• NEW POLYUNSATURATED AMINO-ALCOHOLS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN TUNICATE PSEUDODISTOMA-CRUCIGASTER

  EA JARESERIJMAN, CP BAPAT, AL BERTELLONI, KL RINEHART, R SAKAI  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  205-  251  -ORGN  1993/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Crucigasterins, New Polyunsaturated Amino Alcohols from the Mediterranean Tunicate Pseudodistoma crucigaster

  Elizabeth A. Jares-Erijman, Chintamani, P. Bapat, Anna Lithgow-Bertelloni, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Ryuichi Sakai  Journal of Organic Chemistry  58-  5732  -5737  1993/01/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Crucigasterins 277, 275, and 225, three new polyunsaturated amino alcohols, 10–12, were isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Pseudodistoma crucigaster. The structures of these compounds were assigned based on NMR and FABMS data. Absolute stereochemistry of the amino alcohol portion in 10 was assigned to be 2R,3S based on chiral GC comparison of 3-hydroxy-4-aminopentanoic acid 13d, a chemical degradation product of 10, with a synthetic sample prepared from l-alanine. Compounds 10–12 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. © 1993, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
• Polycyclic Guanidine-Containing Compounds from the Mediterranean Sponge Crambe crambe: The Structure of 13,14,15-Isocrambescidin 800 and the Absolute Stereochemistry of the Pentacyclic Guanidine Moieties of the Crambescidins

  Elizabeth A. Jares-Erijman, April L. Ingrum, John R. Carney, John R. Carney, Kenneth L. Rinehart, Ryuichi Sakai  Journal of Organic Chemistry  58-  4805  -4808  1993/01/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The absolute stereochemistry of the pentacyclic guanidine moieties of crambescidin 816 (1) 1 and of 13,14,15-isocrambescidin 800 (4), a new member of this family, was determined, based on chiral GC analysis of a derivative of 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, an ozonolysis product of the crambescidins. Significantly less antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were observed for 4. © 1993, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
• ADDITIONAL ANTITUMOR ECTEINASCIDINS FROM A CARIBBEAN TUNICATE - CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES AND ACTIVITIES INVIVO

  R SAKAI, KL RINEHART, Y GUAN, AHJ WANG  PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  89-  (23)  11456  -11460  1992/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Ecteinascidins (Ets), isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, protect mice in vivo against P388 lymphoma, B16 melanoma, M5076 ovarian sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and the LX-1 human lung and MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts. Crystal structures of two tris(tetrahydroisoquinoline) Ets were investigated with single crystals of the 21-O-methyl-N-12-formyl derivative of Et 729 and the natural N-12 -oxide of Et 743. Representatives of an additional class of Ets, Et 722 and Et 736, isolated from the same organism, were assigned tetrahydro-beta-carboline-substituted bis(tetrahydroisoquinoline) structures by NMR and fast atom bombardment MS spectra.
• MOLECULAR-CLONING OF BOVINE ACTIN-LIKE PROTEIN, ACTIN2

  T TANAKA, F SHIBASAKI, M ISHIKAWA, N HIRANO, R SAKAI, J NISHIDA, T TAKENAWA, H HIRAI  BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS  187-  (2)  1022  -1028  1992/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Actins are major cytoskeletal components and highly conserved in evolution. In mammals, there are six actin isoforms, a pair of which shows at least 93% identity in the amino acid sequence. We have cloned cDNA for a bovine protein that is distantly related to members of the mammalian actin isotypes. The predicted amino acid sequence (418 residues long, calculated molecular mass 47369) shows that this protein, which we have named actin2, exhibits 36% identity to mammalian actins and 60% identity to the yeast actin-like protein, act2. We have concluded that actin2 defines a new class of mammalian actin-like proteins. It was also revealed that actin2 messenger RNA is expressed in a broad range of tissues. © 1992.
• FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN THE P53 GENE IN HUMAN MYELOID-LEUKEMIA CELL-LINES

  K SUGIMOTO, H TOYOSHIMA, R SAKAI, K MIYAGAWA, K HAGIWARA, F ISHIKAWA, F TAKAKU, Y YAZAKI, H HIRAI  BLOOD  79-  (9)  2378  -2383  1992/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The p53 gene is currently considered to function as a tumor-suppressor gene in various human malignancies. In hematologic malignancies, alterations in the p53 gene have been shown in some human leukemias and lymphomas. Although mutations in the p53 gene are infrequent in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients, we show in this report that alterations in the p53 gene are frequent in myeloid leukemia cell lines. We studied alterations of the p53 gene in nine human myeloid leukemia cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, and direct sequencing. Expression of the p53 gene was not detected at all by RT-PCR in two of the nine cell lines. In these two cell lines, Southern blot analysis showed gross rearrangements and deletions in both of the p53 alleles. Six of the nine cell lines were found to express only mutant p53 mRNA by RT-PCR/SSCP analysis and direct sequencing, and wild-type p53 mRNA was not detected. Two of the mutant p53 mRNAs were shown to be products of abnormal splicing events induced by intronic point mutations. Taken together, eight of nine human myeloid leukemia cell lines expressed no or an undetectable amount of wild-type p53 mRNA. Three of the eight cell lines were growth factor-dependent. Our results suggest that inactivation of the p53 gene may be a common feature in myeloid leukemia cell lines and may play an important role in the establishment of these cell lines. © 1992 by The American Society of Hematology.
• SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF THE 8 ISOSTATINE STEREOISOMERS

  KL RINEHART, R SAKAI, KISHORE, V, DW SULLINS, KM LI  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  57-  (11)  3007  -3013  1992/05  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The eight possible stereoisomers of isostatine, (3S,4R,5S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylheptanoic acid, have been synthesized from the four isomeric D- and L-isoleucinals and D- and L-allo-isoleucinals and ethyl lithioacetate. The eight isomers have been compared for the GC retention times of their bis(trifluoroacetyl) methyl ester derivatives and the H-1 NMR properties of the gamma-lactams derived from them. The natural isomer was shown to be the 3S,4R,5S isomer.
• IDENTIFICATION OF 12 HEPATOTOXINS FROM A HOMER LAKE BLOOM OF THE CYANOBACTERIA MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA, MICROCYSTIS-VIRIDIS, AND MICROCYSTIS-WESENBERGII - 9 NEW MICROCYSTINS

  M NAMIKOSHI, KL RINEHART, R SAKAI, RR STOTTS, AM DAHLEM, VR BEASLEY, WW CARMICHAEL, WR EVANS  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  57-  (3)  866  -872  1992/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Eleven minor components were isolated, together with microcystin-LR, (LR, I, Scheme I) as the principal toxin (ca. 90% of the toxic components), from Microcystis cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) collected from Homer Lake (Illinois) in the summer of 1988. The components were characterized by amino acid analysis and HRFABMS, FABMS/MS, H-1 NMR, and UV spectroscopic methods as microcystins-RR (2) and -YR (3) (Scheme I) and nine new microcystins. The structures of seven new microcystins were assigned as [DMAdda5]microcystin-LR (4), [Dha7]microcystin-LR (5), microcystin-FR (6), microcystin-AR (7), microcystin-M(O)R (8), [Mser7]microcystin-LR (9), and microcystin-WR (12). Compound 4 is the first microcystin containing 9-O-demethyl-Adda, while phenylalanine, N-methylserine, and tryptophan are also new variations in amino acid components of microcystins. Compound 11 was deduced to be a (C3H7O) monoester of the alpha-carboxyl on the Glu unit of LR (1). New microcystin 11 caused no apparent toxic effects in mice dosed ip at 1 mg/kg, while the others had LD50's of 90-800-mu-g/kg.
• CRAMBESCIDINS - NEW ANTIVIRAL AND CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE SPONGE CRAMBE-CRAMBE

  EA JARESERIJMAN, R SAKAI, KL RINEHART  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  56-  (19)  5712  -5715  1991/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• MUTATIONS OF THE P53 GENE IN LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA

  K SUGIMOTO, H TOYOSHIMA, R SAKAI, K MIYAGAWA, K HAGIWARA, H HIRAI, F ISHIKAWA, F TAKAKU  BLOOD  77-  (6)  1153  -1156  1991/03  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  p53 is currently considered to be a tumor suppressor gene product, and its alterations are suggested to be involved in several human malignancies. Here we show evidence of the possible involvement of p53 gene mutations in lymphoid leukemias studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and nucleotide sequencing. Fourteen patients with various leukemias were examined and two with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia were identified to have mutations in the coding region of the p53 gene. These mutations included point mutation, triplet deletion, and single nucleotide insertion. Furthermore, expression of the wild-type p53 mRNA was not detected in the samples from these three patients. In one of them, chromosome 17p was deleted, suggesting the absence of the nonmutated p53 gene, whereas in the other two patients, chromosome 17p seemed to be intact by cytogenetic analysis. Our results suggest that alterations of the p53 gene may have a role in the genesis of some leukemias. © 1997 by The American Society of Hematology.
• ROLE OF ACTIVATED C-H-RAS ONCOGENE IN THE INDUCTION AND PROGRESSION OF IMMORTAL LIVER EPITHELIAL-CELL LINES DERIVED FROM NORMAL C3H MICE

  GH LEE, R SAKAI, M NAGAO, T KITAGAWA  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER  47-  (1)  60  -65  1991/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The nature of 15 immortal mouse liver epithelial cell (MLEC) lines established from normal C3H mice was investigated specifically in terms of ras oncogene activation. Neither transforming activity nor point mutation within codon 61 of c-H-ras could be demonstrated in any of the cell lines by DNA transfection in a NIH/3T3 cell system or by the direct sequencing method after polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Acrylamide gel migration analysis of ras p21 products did not show any shift from the normal. Transplantation experiments demonstrated only 2 out of the 15 lines to be tumorigenic in nude mice. When 4 of the non-tumorigenic MLEC lines were transfected with cloned activated c-H-ras containing a point mutation within condon 61, they all became tumorigenic, the resultant neoplasms being hepatocellular carcinomas often associated with albumin mRNA expression. Our results thus indicate that ras activation is not necessary for immortalization or even for transformation of mouse liver cells in culture, and that ras activation may be an event during the progression process in mouse hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo.
• Ki‐ras Activation in Pancreatic Carcinomas of Syrian Hamsters Induced by N‐Nitrosobis(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine

  Toshikazu Ushijima, Masahiro Tsutsumi, Ryuichi Sakai, Yukihito Ishizaka, Fumimaro Takaku, Yoichi Konishi, Michihito Takahashi, Takashi Sugimura, Minako Nagao  Japanese Journal of Cancer Research  82-  (9)  965  -968  1991  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Five pancreatic carcinomas induced by N‐nitrosobis(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine in Syrian golden hamsters were analyzed for activation of Ki‐ras at codons 12 and 13, using the polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The Ki‐ras gene was shown to be activated in four of the five carcinomas, and the results were further confirmed by subcloning and sequencing. All the mutations involved a G‐to‐A transition at the second position of codon 12, which resulted in a change at the amino acid level from glycine to aspartic acid. This mutation is identical with that reported for pancreatic tumors of Syrian hamsters induced by N‐nitrosobis(2‐oxopropyl)amine. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
• STRUCTURES OF 3 NEW CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDE HEPATOTOXINS PRODUCED BY THE CYANOBACTERIUM (BLUE-GREEN-ALGA) NOSTOC SP STRAIN 152

  M NAMIKOSHI, KL RINEHART, R SAKAI, K SIVONEN, WW CARMICHAEL  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  55-  (25)  6135  -6139  1990/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Three new hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides in the microcystin class were isolated from the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Nostoc sp. strain 152 and assigned structures based on their high-resolution FABMS, FABMS/MS, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra, amino acid analysis, and GC on a chiral capillary column. All three toxins (1–3) have 9-acetoxy-3-amino-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoic acid as an unusual structural component (Scheme I) instead of the corresponding 9-methoxyl derivative (Adda) found in the microcystins. © 1990, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
• A Taql RFLP in the human ret proto-oncogene

  T. Tahira, M. Shiraishi, M. Shiraishi, Y. Ishizaka, I. Ikeda, R. Sakai, T. Sugimura, M. Nagao  Nucleic Acids Research  18-  (24)  7472  -7472  1990/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ORGANISMS

  T HIGA, R SAKAI, S SAKEMI, T ICHIBA, J TANAKA  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  200-  77  -AGFD  1990/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Role of protein phosphatases in malignant transformation.

  M. Nagao, R. Sakai, Y. Kitagawa, I. Ikeda, K. Sasaki, H. Shima, T. Sugimura  Princess Takamatsu symposia  20-  177  -184  1989/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Many oncogene products are protein kinases and signals are transduced via phosphorylation of proteins. Similarly, protein-dephosphorylation may play a critical role in malignant cell transformation. We have cloned two catalytic subunits of ser/thr protein phosphatase (PP) type 2A, PP2A alpha, and PP2A beta, from a rat liver cDNA library. Both cDNAs encode peptides of 309 amino acids with a difference of only 8 amino acids between the two. All primary hepatocellular hyperplastic nodules or carcinomas, which were induced by a food carcinogen, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, showed up-regulation of expression of the mRNAs of both PP2A alpha and PP2A beta. NIH3T3 cell transformants obtained by introducing activated c-raf, ret-II or Ki-ras oncogenes also showed high levels of PP2A alpha transcripts. Okadaic acid, a non-TPA type tumor promoter, was found to be a potent inhibitor of PP1 and PP2A. Its IC50 for PP1 was much higher than that for PP2A with phosphorylase a as a substrate. When raf and ret-II transformants were cultured with okadaic acid at 8 ng/ml for 2 days, both transformants became flattened and showed strict contact inhibitions. This flat cell morphology was stable for at least one month in the presence of okadaic acid, but in its absence, the cells reverted to their original transformed shape within 7-10 days. Colony formation by raf and ret-II transformants in soft agar was inhibited dose-dependently by okadaic acid; very few colonies grew in the presence of the acid at 8 ng/ml. Okadaic acid had less effect on a transformant of the Ha-ras gene, causing only 50% inhibition of colony formation at 8 ng/ml. The role of protein phosphatases in cellular transformation by certain oncogenes is suggested.
• FLAT REVERSION BY OKADAIC ACID OF RAF AND RET-II TRANSFORMANTS

  R SAKAI, IKEDA, I, H KITANI, H FUJIKI, F TAKAKU, U RAPP, T SUGIMURA, M NAGAO  PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  86-  (24)  9946  -9950  1989/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Okadaic acid is a non-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-type tumor promoter on mouse skin and known to be a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Contrary to expectation from its tumor-promoting activity, okadaic acid was shown to have a potential to revert the phenotype of cells transformed by raf and ret-II to that of normal cells. Two to 3 days after addition of 8 ng of okadaic acid per ml to the culture medium, raf and ret-II transformants changed to flat cells and gained contact inhibition. The amount of fibronectin, which was decreased in malignant transformed cells, was increased in the flat revertants. Moreover, okadaic acid caused a dose-dependent loss of ability to grow in soft agar. The morphology of the cells reverted to malignant phenotype within 1 week after removal of okadaic acid. The levels of mRNA and protein of activated c-raf in flat revertants were similar to those in parental transformed cells. The level of mRNA of ret-II was also not changed by flat reversion. No induction of flat reversion was observed with okadaic acid tetramethyl ether, an inactive compound, or a phorbol ester, PMA. As okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, the possibility that these phosphatases are involved in signal transduction from the raf and ret-II oncogenes is suggested.
• DIDEMIN-X AND DIDEMNIN-Y - NEW CYTO-TOXIC CYCLIC DEPSIPEPTIDES FROM THE TUNICATE TRIDIDEMNUM-SOLIDUM

  R SAKAI, KL RINEHART  ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  197-  171  -ORGN  1989/04  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Identification by a random linker insertion method of a region which suppresses the transforming activity of the raf oncogene.

  F. Ishikawa, R. Sakai, M. Ochiai, T. Sugimura, M. Nagao  Nucleic acids symposium series  (19)  39  -42  1988/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Activation mechanism of raf oncogene was studied by applying in vitro mutagenesis to its cDNA. Previous studies suggested the presence of an activation suppressing sequence in the amino-terminal half of c-raf product. Loss of the sequence by genetic rearrangement was presumed to convert c-raf to possess transforming activity. To identify such sequence, we prepared cDNA mutants by random linker insertion. Synthetic oligonucleotide linker was inserted into the plasmid containing cDNA at a single and random site. Coupling two different mutants, in-frame deletion mutants were constructed systematically. Analysis of these deletion mutants revealed a region, the loss of which made c-raf activated.
• IDENTIFICATION OF A TRANSFORMING ACTIVITY SUPPRESSING SEQUENCE IN THE C-RAF ONCOGENE

  F ISHIKAWA, R SAKAI, M OCHIAI, F TAKAKU, T SUGIMURA, M NAGAO  ONCOGENE  3-  (6)  653  -658  1988/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Our previous study revealed that the rat c-raf was activated by a rearrangement leading to replacement of the amino-terminal half of the product. Therefore, we suggested that some sequences present in the amino-terminal half might prevent c-raf from becoming an active oncogene. To examine this possibility, we constructed a series of deletion mutants of c-raf cDNA by the random linker insertion method. By transfection of NIH3T3 cells with these mutants, a region whose deletion resulted in activation of c-raf was identified. This region is located at amino acid residues 245 to 261, immediate upstream of the kinase domain of the c-raf product and is rich in serine and threonine residues. This region includes a sequence of six amino acids, RSTSTP, which is conserved in the products of normal raf gene families of various species. This sequence is the best candidate for suppressing transforming activity of c-raf.
• MOLECULAR-CLONING OF RAT PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-2A-BETA CDNA AND INCREASED EXPRESSIONS OF PHOSPHATASE 2A-ALPHA AND 2A-BETA IN RAT-LIVER TUMORS

  Y KITAGAWA, R SAKAI, T TAHIRA, H TSUDA, N ITO, T SUGIMURA, M NAGAO  BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS  157-  (2)  821  -827  1988/12  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  A cDNA clone coding for an isotype of the catalytic subunit of rat phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence of the clone was different at 8 positions from that of rat phosphatase 2Aα determined in a previous study. The deduced amino acid sequence of the clone was, however, identical to that of human phosphatase 2Aβ and differed only at one position from that of rabbit 2Aβ. Thus, the isolated cDNA was identified as a clone coding for rat phosphatase 2Aβ. Using a 2Aβ specific probe, two kinds of transcripts were detected in rat liver: a major 2.0 kb mRNA transcript and a minor 1.4 kb mRNA transcript. These transcripts were both greatly increased in rat liver tumors induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) regardless of the carcinoma or hyperplastic nodule. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
• DISCORHABDIN-D, AN ANTITUMOR ALKALOID FROM THE SPONGES LATRUNCULIA-BREVIS AND PRIANOS SP

  NB PERRY, JW BLUNT, MHG MUNRO, T HIGA, R SAKAI  JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY  53-  (17)  4127  -4128  1988/08  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• NEW MANZAMINE ALKALOIDS FROM A SPONGE OF THE GENUS XESTOSPONGIA

  T ICHIBA, R SAKAI, S KOHMOTO, G SAUCY, T HIGA  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  29-  (25)  3083  -3086  1988  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Manzamines E (2) and F (3) have been isolated as cytotoxic constituents of a sponge of the genus Xestospongia and the structures elucidated by the application of 2D-NMR tecniques and spectroscoplc comparison with manzamine A (1). Manzamine F was shown to be identical with keramamine B (4), the structure of which should therefore be revised as 3. © 1988.
• NO CORRELATION BETWEEN L‐myc RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM AND MALIGNANCY OF HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCERS

  Isuzu Ikeda, Yukihito Ishizakz, Masako Ochiai, Ryuichi Sakai, Masayuki Itabashi, Masahiko Onda, Takashi Sugimura, Minako Nagao  Japanese Journal of Cancer Research  79-  (6)  674  -676  1988  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The correlations of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern of L‐myc with the progressive state of cancer and metastases to lymph nodes or other organs were examined in 35 cases of human colorectal cancer by χ2 analysis. No significant correlation was found. Copyright © 1988, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
• TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF DIDEMNIN-A, DIDEMNIN-B, AND DIDEMNIN-C

  KL RINEHART, KISHORE, V, S NAGARAJAN, RJ LAKE, JB GLOER, FA BOZICH, KM LI, RE MALECZKA, WL TODSEN, MHG MUNRO, DW SULLINS, R SAKAI  JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  109-  (22)  6846  -6848  1987/10  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• MANZAMINE-B AND MANZAMINE-C, 2 NOVEL ALKALOIDS FROM THE SPONGE HALICLONA SP

  R SAKAI, S KOHMOTO, T HIGA  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  28-  (45)  5493  -5496  1987  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  The title compounds were isolated from a marine sponge collected off Okinawa. Their structures were determined by X-ray and shown to be 1-β-carbolines. Manzamine C was the 2-ethyl-N-azacycloundec-6-ene derivative, whereas manzamine B was more complex being the epoxy isomer of the free base of dihydromanzamine A. © 1987.
• BIOACTIVE MARINE METABOLITES .22. ANTITUMOR MACRODIOLIDES ISOLATED FROM A MARINE SPONGE THEONELLA SP - STRUCTURE REVISION OF MISAKINOLIDE-A

  Y KATO, N FUSETANI, S MATSUNAGA, K HASHIMOTO, R SAKAI, T HIGA, Y KASHMAN  TETRAHEDRON LETTERS  28-  (49)  6225  -6228  1987  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Two antitumor macrodiolides, bistheonellides A and B, were isolated from a marine sponge Theonella sp. Bistheonellide A was found to be identical with misakinolide A, whose structure has been revised from the previously proposed monomeric macrolide (3) to the dimeric macrodiolide (1). Similarly, bistheonellide B was deduced to be the related structure 2. © 1987.
• 40 STRUCTURES OF ANTITUMOR MACRODIOLIDES FROM A MARINE SPONGE THEONELLA SP.

  Kato Yuko, Fusetani Nobuhiro, Matsunaga Shigeki, Hashimoto Kanehisa, Sakai Ryuichi, Higa Tatsuo, Kashman Yoel  Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, symposium papers  29-  (0)  301  -308  1987  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  During the course of our search for bioactive metabolites from Japanese marine invertebrates, we found that methanol extract of a sponge Theonella sp. collected in Hachijo-jima island revealed strong activity both in the echinoderm egg assay and in the cytotoxicity test. Fran this sponge we have isolated two active components, named bistheonellides A and B (1 and 2, respectively), which inhibited development of starfish embryos at 0.1 and 0.2μg/ml, respectively as well as growth of tumor cells at low concentrations. Bistheonellide A exhibited spectral data, except for molecular weight, identical with those for misakinolide A which had been reported from an Okinawan Theonella sponge. Direct comparison showed that both compounds were identical. On the basis of FABMS, molecular weight determination by vapor pressure method, and NMR analyses of octaacetyl and p-bromobenzoyl derivatives, bistheonellide A (misakinolide A) was revised from the previously proposed monomeric macrolide (3) to its dimeric macrodiolide (1). This was also confirmed by chemical degradation work. Similarly, bistheonellide B was found to have structure 2 by spectral and chemical analyses.
• Manzamine A, a Novel Antitumor Alkaloid from a Sponge

  Ryuichi Sakai, Tatsuo Higa, Charles W. Jefford, Gérald Bernardinelli  Journal of the American Chemical Society  108-  (20)  6404  -6405  1986  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Manzamine A, a Novel Antitumor Alkaloid from a Sponge

  Ryuichi Sakai, Tatsuo Higa, Charles W. Jefford, Gérald Bernardinelli  Journal of the American Chemical Society  108-  (20)  6404  -6405  1986  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Caffeic and trans-Aconitic Acids from the Seagrass Syringodium Isoetifolium

  酒井 隆一, 比嘉 辰雄  Bulletin of the College of Science,University of the Ryukyus  (36)  p99  -104  1983/09  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• 赤血球数・血色素量・ヘマトクリット値の簡易測定装置の検討

  阿波島清, 井上理人, 岡本静江, 酒井隆一, 柳瀬彦三  南大阪病院医学雑誌  29-  (2/3)  212  -215  1981/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• Human isoferritin and malignant neoplasms

  W. Mori, H. Asakawa, T. Taguchi, R. Sakai  Acta Haematologica Japonica  41-  1309  -1317  1978/12/01  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  Our recent studies on ferritin have revealed, at least, two interesting points concering its close relation to malignant neoplasms; frequent elevation of ferritin level in cancer patients' serum, and existence of biochemical as well as immunological heterogeneities between several isoferritins of human origin. The former indicates some possibility of its usefulness as a laboratory test for cancer diagnosis, and the latter suggests indispensable necessity of selection of the most suitable human isoferritin as the material for the test. Our tentative conclusion at present is that human placental ferritin seems to be the most suitable material for producing the antiserum to be used for the test of cancer diagnosis from various points of view, our studies therefore have been carried out mainly using anti-human placental ferritin antiserum. In such a way we have obtained some meaningful results on the ferritin test of patients' serum, which we would like to review with some other, more fundamental data on human ferritin, very briefly here in this paper. A short discussion including future problems in this field of study is also to be made at the conclusion.
• Ryuichi Sakai, Elizabeth A. Jares-Elijman, Ignacio Manzanares, Maria Victoria Silva Elipe and Kenneth L. Rinehart "Ecteinascidins: Putative Biosynthetic Precursors and Absolute Stereochemistry" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9017-9023.

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• R. Sakai, K. L. Rinehart, V. Kishore, B. Kundo, G. Faircloth, J. B. Gloer, J. R. Carney, M. Namikoshi, F. Sun, R. G. Hughes Jr., D. G. Gravalos, T. G. deQueseda, G. R. Wilson, R. M. Heid. "Structure-Activity relationships of the Didemnins" J・・・

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  R. Sakai, K. L. Rinehart, V. Kishore, B. Kundo, G. Faircloth, J. B. Gloer, J. R. Carney, M. Namikoshi, F. Sun, R. G. Hughes Jr., D. G. Gravalos, T. G. deQueseda, G. R. Wilson, R. M. Heid. "Structure-Activity relationships of the Didemnins" J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2819-2834.
• R. Sakai, H. Kamiya, M. Murata, K. Shimamoto "Dysiherbaine: A New Neurotoxic Amino Acid from the Micronesian Marine Sponge Dysidea herbacea" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4112-4116.

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• R. Sakai, G.T. Swanson, K. Shimamoto, A. Contractor, A. Ghetti, Y. Tamura-Horikawa, C. Oiwa and H. Kamiya. Pharmacological Properties of the Potent Epileptogenic Amino Acid Dysiherbaine, a Novel Glutamate Receptor Agonist Isolated from the Marine Spong・・・

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
   

  R. Sakai, G.T. Swanson, K. Shimamoto, A. Contractor, A. Ghetti, Y. Tamura-Horikawa, C. Oiwa and H. Kamiya. Pharmacological Properties of the Potent Epileptogenic Amino Acid Dysiherbaine, a Novel Glutamate Receptor Agonist Isolated from the Marine Sponge Dysidea herbacea．J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 2001, 296：655-663.
• G. T. Swanson, T. Green, R. Sakai, A. Contractor, W. Che, H. Kamiya and S. F. Heinemann. Diferential activation of individual subunits in heteromeric kainite receptors. Neuron 2002, 34, 589-598.

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• R. Sakai, H. Matsubara, K. Shimamoto, H. Kamiya, M. Namikoshi Isolations of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-type glutamate receptor ligands from Micronesian sponges. J Nat Prod, 2003, 66, 784-787.

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  
• M. Jimbo, F. Nakanishi, R. Sakai, K. Muramoto, H. Kamiya Characterization of L-amino acid oxidase and antimicrobial activity of Aplysianin A, a sea hare-derived antitumor-antimicrobial protein Fish. Sci. 69, 1240-1246(2003).

  [Not refereed][Not invited]
  

Books etc

• 天然物の化学II(科学のとびら64): 自然からの贈り物

  上村 大輔 
  東京化学同人 2018/07 (ISBN: 4807915053) 183

  

Association Memberships

• 日本分子生物学会   日本農芸化学会   日本水産学会   アメリカ化学会(American chemical Society)   日本化学会   

Works

• 海洋生物の産生する新規抗癌物質の探索

  2001 -2003
• Dysiherbainのカイニン酸受容体に対する作用

  2000 -2003
• 新規興奮性アミノ酸の生理作用

  1995 -2002
• 海洋微生物の産生する生理活性物質

Research Projects

• 共生体が持つ物質の多様性と生態系における新機能の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業

  Date (from‐to) : 2023/04 -2026/03 

  Author : 恒松 雄太, 酒井 隆一, 北 将樹, 犬塚 俊康
• Structure-based functionalization of novel sugar-binding proteins derived from marine natural products for corona drug discovery

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2022/04 -2025/03 

  Author : 田中 良和, 高田 礼人, 酒井 隆一, 横山 武司
• 細胞膜で多彩に機能する有機化合物の合成化学的開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業

  Date (from‐to) : 2022/04 -2025/03 

  Author : 及川 雅人, 入江 一浩, 酒井 隆一, 池上 貴久, 入江 樂, 松永 智子
• 細胞の動的応答を制御する海洋天然物の探索

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2022/04 -2025/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一
• サンゴ礁で繁栄する褐虫藻共生システムの体系的理解：学際的研究体制によるアプローチ

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)

  Date (from‐to) : 2021/04 -2025/03 

  Author : 山下 洋, 酒井 隆一, 井上 菜穂子, 神保 充, 新里 宙也, 小池 一彦, 横田 秀夫

   

  海の熱帯雨林とも称されるサンゴ礁では、刺胞動物のサンゴや二枚貝のシャコガイが褐虫藻と呼ばれる微細な藻類と共生して繁栄している。本研究では、観察により得られた「現象」に関与する「物質」の詳細を明らかにし、それら物質の共生体内での「局在・分布・遷移」を可視化することで、生命現象が複雑に絡み合う褐虫藻共生システムを体系的に理解することを目的とする。令和3年度は主にシャコガイ類を用いて実験を実施した。シャコガイの生殖腺からDNAを抽出して次世代シーケンサーによる新規ゲノム解読に着手し、現在150を超えるコンティグを得ている。代謝物の解析はシャコガイの外套膜、生殖腺、中腸腺、腎臓、エラ、筋肉をそれぞれ個別に採取し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計や核磁気共鳴装置等の機器を用いて実施した。その結果、各部位ごとに特徴的な代謝物の存在が明らかとなったため、組織中での実際の局在をイメージング質量分析顕微鏡で確認した。また、外套膜由来の抽出物をゲル濾過によりサイズ分画してシャコガイから単離した褐虫藻培養株に添加した。添加後、褐虫藻の光合成活性を二次元イメージングクロロフィル蛍光測定装置により測定したところ、いくつかの画分で活性や増殖に影響が見られた。さらに、シャコガイ内で褐虫藻が共生する特殊な器官である共生藻管の分布を明らかにするため、小型のシャコガイを用いて３次元内部構造顕微鏡観察を実施した。シャコガイ内の褐虫藻の多くは外套膜に分布していたが、貝柱周辺やエラ基部などにも褐虫藻が存在することを確認した。
• 体組成変化からアプローチする生物の分布域拡大メカニズム

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的研究(萌芽)

  Date (from‐to) : 2021/07 -2024/03 

  Author : 山下 洋, 酒井 隆一, 井上 菜穂子, 馬久地 みゆき, 山口 智史

   

  本研究ではサンゴ礁生態系が本来の生息域であるが、近年九州の岩礁生態系へと分布域が拡大しつつあるハタ科魚類のスジアラを用いて、生物の分布域拡大メカニズムの研究に「体組成の変化」という新たな視点を提供することを目的とする。令和３年度はまず、沖縄県の八重山周辺と九州長崎県の五島列島・対馬周辺でそれぞれ採取されたスジアラの代謝物の分析を実施した。薄層クロマトグラフィーによる解析の結果、本来の生息域である沖縄のスジアラではリン脂質、九州のスジアラでは遊離脂肪酸が多く含まれていた。ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析の結果、沖縄と九州のスジアラそれぞれに特徴的な脂肪酸が見られた。また、イメージング質量分析顕微鏡により、筋肉組織中のリン脂質・中性脂肪・アミノ酸の分布を可視化することにも成功した。腸内細菌叢の解析に関してはスジアラの採取後すぐに試料を得る必要があるため、当初予定では九州に出張してサンプリングを行う予定であった。しかし、新型コロナウイルス感染症の拡大により県外への出張が困難となったため、九州のスジアラの腸内細菌叢解析は延期し、令和３年度は沖縄のスジアラの腸内細菌叢のみ実施した。次世代シーケンサーを用いてアンプリコンシーケンス解析の結果、沖縄のスジアラの腸内細菌はProteobacteriaが優占していたが、個体によって組成がやや異なっていた。また、令和４年度から実施するスジアラ仔稚魚を用いた水槽実験のため、水槽やエサの準備と使用する褐虫藻培養株の選定を実施して拡大培養を始めた。
• マルチオミクス解析で紐解くホヤのケミカルコミュニケーション戦略

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

  Date (from‐to) : 2020/04 -2022/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  前年度までの研究で、シロボヤモドキおよびヨーロッパザラボヤよりその生態制御に関与していると思われる化合物を単離した。本年度はこれらの成分の生理的な役割を調べた。シロボヤモドキの卵、幼生、幼若体、成体の成分を比較したところ、二次代謝物は主に成体に含まれており、幼生や幼若体にはほとんど見られなかった。一方、紫外線防御物質であるマイコスポリン類が卵と幼生のみに含まれており、これらの化合物が卵や孵化後の幼生の保護に関与している可能性が示唆された。ヨーロッパザラボヤからは長鎖アルキル硫酸ジエステル化合物 (ADS) およびそのモノエステル体 (AMS)を単離したが、LC-MSおよびイメージングMSによる解析から、AMSがフンに、ADSが内蔵、特に腸管に局在することが分かった。また、ホヤの飼育水中にはAMSのみが放出されていた。生育ステージでの成分を調べた結果、幼生にはADSのみが含まれており、成長とともにAMSが増加した。AMSは幼生の変態時の尾部吸収を促進したことから、ホヤの生態制御に関与している可能性が示唆された。近縁種の探索の結果、長鎖アルキル硫酸エステルは、マボヤ目には含まれず、マメボヤ目およびマンジュウボヤ目のホヤに特有の代謝物である可能性を見出し、広くホヤの生理・生態に関与している可能性が示唆された。海綿Haliclona sp.組織の顕微鏡観察の結果、共生微生物が多数観察された。またメタゲノム解析を行ったところプロテオバクテリア門ついで未記載のシアノバクテリア2種を主に含んでいた。フローサイトメーターにより共生微生物を分離したところ、得られた一種の細胞にPap/Halが含まれることが分かった。これらの結果からPap/Halは共生微生物により産生され、海水中に放出されることで海綿のケミカルコミュニケーション物質としまたて機能している可能性が示唆された。
• Marine natural products that capture biological brriers

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2019/04 -2022/03 

  Author : Sakai Ryuichi

   

  We searched for compounds that capture cell barriers such as plasma membranes focusing on the aqueous extracts of marine organisms. As a result, we found, a 110 kD proteinous toxin Soritesidine (SOR); a sponge-derived cell penetrating peptide aculeine-A; sponge derived cell invading lectin RaspL; a guanidine alkaloid KB343 that disrupts cell trafficking. We characterized mechanisms of activity for the above molecules in detail. We also found a sponge derived fucose-binding lectin, thrombocorticin (ThC), that exhibits thrombopoietin-like activity. Detailed mechanism of receptor activation was investigated.
• Potential new food web route for coral reef ecosystems based on zooxanthellae

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2021/03 

  Author : YAMASHITA Hiroshi

   

  Corals constantly release their own symbiont algae of the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae, often called zooxanthellae. If zooplankton prey on the released zooxanthellae, it could be a new route in the food web of coral reef ecosystems. We searched for remnants of zooxanthellae in zooplankton using unique compounds of zooxanthellae as markers. Metabolites of various Symbiodiniaceae cultured strains were analyzed. Homotrigonelline found from the cultured Symbiodinium microadriaticum strains isolated from coral was selected as a candidate marker. We compared the amount of homotrigonelline in zooplankton collected from an area with a large amount of coral and an offshore coral reef. Although the composition of zooplankton was almost same in both area, zooplankton in the coral rich area contained more homotrigonelline. Although more detailed observations are needed, the findings may provide evidence of predation of symbiodiniacean cells by zooplankton.
• 褐虫藻を起点としたサンゴ礁生態系の新しい食物網ルートの提案

  文部科学省：基盤研究B

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2021/03 

  Author : 山下 洋, 国立研究開発法人, 水産研究, 教育機構
• Marine polycations and their roles in chemical communication

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2020/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  西表島産海綿より強い抗カビ作用を持つ既知脂溶性成分パプアミン類を単離した。パプアミン類は主にアルコール抽出物に含まれているが、水抽出物のタンパク質画分をメタノール抽出することによっても得られたことから、パプアミンが海綿のタンパク質と結合していることが示唆された。また、西表産海綿Axinyssa aculeataより新規のポリアミンペプチド、アーキュレインDを単離・構造決定した。さらにパラオ産の海綿2種よりポリアルキルピリジン（PAP）の分離を行い、分子サイズの異なるPAPを得た。パラオのスナギンチャクEpizoanthus illoricatusに含まれるトリスグアニジンアルカロイドKB343および類縁化合物の構造と活性を検討した。西表・石垣島、およびパラオ生物の観察と採集を行い、150種の底生生物を採集した。また石垣島でタイマイ一頭を捕獲し、本年度の行動実験に備え飼育している。西表産の海洋生物の抽出物については、ヤドカリと海水魚（Pempheris）を用いて行動実験を行った結果、ポリカチオンを含む海綿はヤドカリに摂食阻害作用を示したが、試験魚は忌避行動を引き起こさず、24時間以内に死亡した。単離化合物については細胞毒性、抗カビ性、溶血性の評価を行うとともに、細胞内に蛍光ナノ粒子を送達するか否かを調べた。またA3班との共同でKB343の活性を変異型酵母によるケミカルゲノミクス解析を行ないKB343 が特定の遺伝子欠損株に対して強く活性を示すことを見出した。ポリカチオン化合物により、細胞内に10kDa程度のナノ粒子を送達できることを観察した。また、西表産の海綿Spongosoritesに含まれる毒素タンパク質ソリテシジンに関する研究も進め、論文化した。これは化学コミュニケーション物質としてタンパク質も重要であることを示したものである。
• Pathogenic mechanism and control of soft egg disease in salmonids

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2016/04 -2020/03 

  Author : Kasai Hisae

   

  Soft egg disease in salmonids causes loss of firmness of the egg membrane, increasing vulnerability of the embryo to external impact. In this study, we show that the disease is caused when bacteria from the environment gradually dissolve the surface of the egg membrane. We analyzed bacteria attached to egg membranes, and found candidate pathogenic bacteria to be short bacilli. Artificial culture of the pathogen was possible and a specific detection method was subsequently developed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how polyphenols can inhibit egg membrane softening.
• 魚類卵膜軟化症の発症・促進機構の解明に基づく防除技術の確立

  文部科学省：基盤研究B

  Date (from‐to) : 2016/04 -2020/03 

  Author : 笠井 久会
• Search for marine natural products that act on "cellular machinery" on cell surface

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2019/03 

  Author : Sakai Ryuichi

   

  Ion channels, receptors, sugar chains, etc. embedded in the cell membrane surface serve as the window for information exchange between cells, and can be regarded as "cellular machinery" that maintains homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In this study, we found novel compounds that act on synaptic receptors such as serotonin receptor, opioid receptor and glutamate receptor from water-soluble extracts of marine organisms. In addition to this, we also found peptide toxins, protein toxins and low molecular weight compounds that penetrate the cell membrane to enter cells despite being water soluble molecule. These results demonstrated that water soluble extract of marine organisms is an excellent source for not only neuroactive substances but also molecules that attack biological membranes act as cell barriers. These molecules are likely to have structural units that contribute to the development of drug delivery systems.
• 海洋生物のポリカチオンコミュニケーション戦略の研究

  文部科学省：新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

  Date (from‐to) : 2018/04 -2019/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一
• 細胞表面の「生命装置」に作用する海洋天然物の探索

  文部科学省：基盤研究B

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2018/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一
• A direct structure determination using lectin-carbohydrate complex

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2017/03 

  Author : Sakai Ryuichi, TANAKA Yoshikazu

   

  Lectins, carbohydrate binding proteins, bind to sugars. We have isolated a galactose binding lectin CchG from the marine sponge Cinachyrella sp. that forms a rigid tetramer in the crystalline state. If the lectin-carbohydrate complex can be crystallized and its structure solved, the structure of the carbohydrate bind to the protein will be visualized. We extended this idea to determine the structure of glycosylated small molecules; that is, if a small molecule was glycosylated with the sugar that can bind to the lectin, the structure of the glycoside would be visualized directly by X-ray crystallography at the atomic level. We thus tested our concept by synthesizing 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-5-(1-aminolacoside) (LacDNFB) which can readily couple with amino acids. In crystallization of CchG-lactose, CchG-LacDNFB, and CchG-LacDNFB-alanine complexes, and crystal structure for CchG-lactose showing that +1-end of the sugar had a space to hold molecule to be visualized, was solved.
• Development of selective modulators for synaptic receptors in the central nervous system

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2014/04 -2017/03 

  Author : Oikawa Masato

   

  Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) play a central role in the excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In the present study, we have studied synthesis and evaluation of the inhibitory nature of the analogs of our original ligand IKM-159, to develop novel compound that would be used for therapeutic treatment of neuronal disorders. We first developed synthetic route for diverse analogs of IKM-159, and we identified IKM-154 acts as an excitatory agent in vivo. Like the inhibitory IKM-159, the excitatory IKM-154 is supposed to be also a ligand for AMPA receptor which is one of the subtype protein of iGluR. With IKM-154 and IKM-159 in hand, it is now possible to explore the detailed biological function and the macinery of AMPA receptor, by selective activation and inactivation.
• レクチン―糖相互作用を利用した低分子化合物の直接構造決定

  文部科学省：挑戦的萌芽研究

  Date (from‐to) : 2015/04 -2017/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一
• Studies toward creation of chemical probes for dissecting structural dynamics of ionotropic glutamate receptors

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2013/04 -2015/03 

  Author : OIKAWA Masato, SAKAI Ryuichi

   

  Chemical probes are important tools to elucidate functions of target proteins. Development of chemical probes for ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluRs), that mediates majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS), is highly challenging due to the unique structure of the ligand binding domain. Dysiherbaine (DH), which was isolated from Micronesian marine sponge Lendenfeldia chondrodes in 1997 by Sakai et al, is a potent agonist selective to GluK1- and GluK2-containing subtypes of kainate type iGluR. In the present study, we planned to synthesize clickable DH as a precursor for the chemical probe. We first synthesized the vital intermediate, which has three stereocenters, performed in 10 steps starting from D-ribose. The key transformation includes domino aldol-Cannizzaro reaction followed by stereoselective aldol reaction at the ring juncture of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane skeleton, and stereoselective addition of vinyl group to the lactol moiety.
• Biosynthtic investigation of the didemnins

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

  Date (from‐to) : 2012/04 -2014/03 

  Author : SAKAI Ryuichi, IMADA Chiaki

   

  The antitumor peptide didemnins originally found from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum were recently identified in the cultured marine bacterium Tistrella mobilis collected in various regions in the world. We thus compared the production and genetic profiles between the tunicate and the microbe. We found that the metabolic pattern in the bacteria differed largely from that of the tunicate. Analysis of microbial fauna in the tunicate indicated that a genus of cyanobacteria is a main associate of the tunicate, but T. mobilis was found as only a minor microbe that associate with the host.
• Neuroactive marine metabolites that modulate synaptic functions

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2010/04 -2014/03 

  Author : RYUICHI Sakai

   

  Marine natural products are a rich source of neuroactive compounds that selectively acts to ion channels and receptors that function or modulate synaptic neurotransmission. Here, we have isolated biologically active metabolites that modulate neuronal functions, including new polyamine-modified peptide toxin aculeines, a sponge galectin CchGs that modulate actions of AMPA/KA-type glutamate receptors, a new alkaloids from sponges that target neuronal receptors selectively. We determined chemical structure, target receptors, and modes of activity of those molecules.
• イオンチャネル・受容体の動的構造変化追跡を可能にするケミカルプローブの創製

  文部科学省：挑戦的萌芽研究

  Date (from‐to) : 2013/04 -2014/03 

  Author : 及川 雅人
• 海綿－共生微生物複合体由来の小分子生合成マシナリーの探索

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

  Date (from‐to) : 2011/04 -2013/03 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  海綿は特徴的な生理活性物質を含むが、その生合成研究は容易ではない。本研究では、海綿Lendenfeldia chondrodesより見出された興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベイン（DH）をモデルケースに海綿由来化合物の生合成研究の足がかりを得ることを目的とした。本海綿にはラン藻Synechocystisが共生しており、DHはこのラン藻に局在していることがわかっている。また、DH産生型、非産生型の海綿も存在する。本研究ではDH産生型の海綿に特有のタンパク質（DHP）の情報を手がかりに研究を進めることとした。海綿に共生するSynechocystisの分離を試みたところ、パーコール法でSynechocystisの細胞を濃縮することができた。分離した細胞にDHPが含まれることが確認できたのでそれを分離してN-末端アミノ酸配列を得た。また分離した細胞のゲノム解析を行い、ドラフト配列を得ることができた。その中にはDHPのN-末端アミノ酸配列に相同性の高い配列も見出された。一方で、海綿に含まれる水溶性代謝物を分離しその代謝物のパターンを調べたところ、微生物の適合溶質として見出されたグリセリル化糖が見出された。また、海綿には多くのマイコスポリン類が含まれていたが、分離した細胞では主に2種のマイコスポリンが確認された。これらの化合物は共生藍藻の代謝物である可能性が高いので、その生合成遺伝子のゲノム情報が得られると期待される。また、新規のベタインも得られたのでその構造決定を行った。これらの結果から本海綿の水溶性成分は細胞保護作用を示す適合溶質やベタイン等を多く含むことがわかり、これらの成分が共生微生物の細胞保護に資するものと推測された。生合成機構に関する情報が多いマイコスポリンや糖、そしてDHPが得られたことからこれらの情報を参考にしてDHの生合成遺伝子をゲノム中から見出されることが期待される。
• Research for useful marineorganisms in Asia and Pacific regions

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2009 -2011 

  Author : NAKAO Yoichi, HORI Kanji, SAKAI Ryuichi, FUSETANI Nobuhiro, MATSUOKA Shunji, FUKUZAWA Seketsu, WAKIMOTO Toshiyuki, FUJITA Masaki, TAKADA Kentarou

   

  In this project, a total 515 marine organisms were collected from 3 countries and preserved as the extract-, microbe-, and genome-libraries. Currently, evaluation for bioactivities of these extracts are being carried out. At the same time, thight collaborative relationship among the researchers of these countries and our group was founded, through this project.
• Creation of novel bioactive agents on the basis of fragment evolution approach of natural products

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2009 -2011 

  Author : OIKAWA Masato, SAKAI Ryuichi

   

  Development of novel ligands, that specifically interact with receptors located at synapses of mammalian nervous system, is important to understand and control complex brain functions at a molecular level. We had synthetically developed IKM-159 as a specific AMPA receptor antagonist, and in the present study, the structure-activity relationships have been extensively studied. As a result, we found that(2R)-IKM159 is neuronally active, whereas the(2S)-isomer is inactive. Furthermore, the interactions with GluA2 subunit have been clarified by X-ray crystallography of(2R)-IKM159 in complex with GluA2 dimer.
• Analysis and generation of functional molecules to modulate neutral amino acid transporters

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2007 -2009 

  Author : SHIGERI Yasushi, SAKAI Ryuichi

   

  Alanine-serine-cysteine transporters (ASCT1, 2) are neutral amino acids transporters. Their representative substrates are alanine, serine and cysteine. Since th ere is no specific inhibitors or substrates for ASCT1 and ASCT2, their physiological functions are quite mystery. To develop their specific compounds to modulate their functions, high-throughput screening is essential. Therefore, we made two approaches as follows. First, we looked for host cells with lower level of endogenous ASCT1 or ASCT2. We checked CHO cells, HEK293 cells, 3T3 cells and other cells. But all of the cells that we examined showed higher level of ASCTs expression. Second, we tried the cloning of human and rat type ASCTs. Cloned ASCTs were integrated into the expression vectors for their expressions in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes.
• Sponge-derived neurotoxic substances : Structure, Bioactivity, and their cellular localization.

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2005 -2007 

  Author : SAKAI Ryuichi, JINBO Mitsuru, KOIKE Kazuhiko

   

  In the present study, we identified new polyamines from a Okinawan sponge Axinissa aculeate that modulate ligand binding to NMDA type glutamate receptors. These polyamines may also function as a factor involved in silica biomineralization in the sponge. From the same extract, we identified new peptides containing polyamine in the substructure and named aculeines. This novel highly modified peptide showed strong convulsant actions in mice. We also isolated Cribropurine, a new purine from a Micronesian sponge Chribrocharina olemda. Cribroprine elicited a seizure-like spontaneous current in rat hippocampal neuron. A lipophilic extract of the sponge Raspailia sp. contained raspailol as seizure-inducing factor in mice. Okinawan sponge Spongosolites afforded an isolation of protein toxin Soritesidine. A terminal amino acid sequence for sotitesidine was determined We identified a cell where an excitatory amino acid dysiherbaine was localized. The cell was identified to be a cyanobacteria Synechosystis sp based on its 16S rDNA sequence This result suggested that dysiherbaine was a cyanobacterial product This species also contained 6-phospholylated deoxynojirimycin derivatives. Investigation of an aqueous extract that exhibited AMPAKine like activity resulted in separation of bioactive fractions. One of the active fractions was shown to contain lectin based on its hemagglutinating activity. The lectin- containing fraction showed AMPAKine-like activity whereas the fraction containing small molecule was responsible for seizure-induction in mice. The preset study demonstrated that toxic extracts that induce convulsion in mice is a interesting source of neuron active compounds that can be useful tools in neurobiology.
• グルタミン酸受容体サブタイプ選択的な生体機能分子の創製と機能解析

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 特定領域研究

  Date (from‐to) : 2004 -2007 

  Author : 佐々木 誠, 及川 雅人, 不破 春彦, 酒井 隆一, 島本 啓子

   

  グルタミン酸受容体は高等動物の中枢神経シナプスにおいて興奮性神経伝達の中心的役割を司るのみならず、記憶や学習などの高次脳機能、種々の脳疾患における神経細胞死に深く関与している。グルタミン酸受容体は数多くのサブタイプに細分化されているが、個々の生理機能は未だ完全には明らかにされていない。本研究では、グルタミン酸受容体サブタイプ選択的なアゴニストである海綿由来の興奮性アミノ酸ダイシハーベインおよびネオダイシハーベインAとそれらの類縁体の効率的全合成と構造展開により、サブタイプ選択的な生体機能分子の創製と機能解析を目的とした。 ネオダイシハーベインA類縁体全合成における重要中間体から、N-Boc保護1,2-アミノアルコールの分子内S_N2環化反応により6員環上の官能基導入を行い、ダイシハーベインの全合成を達成した。さらに、ヨードアミノ環化によるC8位アミノ基の立体選択的導入法を開発し、より効率的な全合成ルートを確立した。 ダイシハーベインおよびネオダイシハーベインAとGluR5カイニン酸受容体リガンド結合ドメインとの複合体のX線結晶構造解析に初めて成功し、原子レベルでその結合様式を明らかにした。 上記合成ルートを利用して、ダイシハーベイン類縁体を合成し、構造活性相関研究の結果からC9α水酸基が受容体との結合に重要であることが示唆された。また、ネオダイシハーベインAの構造類縁体について詳細な生物活性評価を行い、2,4-エピ体がGluR5およびGluR6カイニン酸受容体に対する機能的アンタゴニストとして機能する初めての化合物であることを明らかにした。
• Selection and Morphological Alteration of dinoflagellates symbionts by chemical substances in marine invertebrates

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2003 -2005 

  Author : KAMIYA Hisao, SAKAI Ryuichi, JIMBO Mitsuru, KOIKE Kazuhiko, MARUYAMA Tadashi

   

  The D-galactose-binding lectin, Sll-2, in the octocoral was effectively purified by affinithy chromatography on D-galactosamine-HiTrap column using Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5% L-ascorbic acid and 0.1% kojic acid to avoid melanization and insolubilization of SLL-2 during purification. The purified SLL-2 gave many spot in 2D-PAGE with different pI values rangin from 3 to 5. However, after the N-glycopeptidase F treatment, the molecular weight of subunit (16.5kDa) reduced to 9.5kDa with three different pIs. These results suggested that SLL-2 is a mixture of isolectins composed of three glycosilated polypeptides, each equimolar of SLL-2a, b, and c. In frontal affinithy chromatography, SLL-2 showed a high Ka value to Gal α1-3 (Fucα1-2) Gal β1-4 (Fucα1-3) Glc compared to that of Gal α1-3 (Fucα1-2) Gal β1-4 Glc. It also showed high affinity to Forssman antigen which contains GalNAc α1-3 GalNAc structure, and to certain kinds of carbohydrate having a Gal α1-3 Gal structure. These indicate that SLL-2 binds to carbohydrate constituents derived from glycolipids but not to N-liked carbohydrates. When the protein profiles of coccoid cells induced by the SLL-2 treatment was compared with that by untreated cells on 2-dimentional electrophoresis, the protein profile of SLL-2 treated CS-156 cells was much similar to that of spontaneous coccoid cells than to that of motile cells. Newly expressed proteins, named Bland B2, also confirmed to present in SLL-2-treated cells. B1 showed sequence homology to VDAC1.1 and outer mitochondrial membrane protein porin 1, and B2 to Merozoite surface protein 1 (fragment). In a confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis, we observed the alignment of F-actin and β-tubulin was different between a motile form and coccoid one. The change in the alignment and number of β-tubulin was correlated to the morphological transform from motile to coccoid in Symbiodinium. The D-galactose-binding lectin (TDL) was purified from the hemolymph of a giant clam Tridaca derasa. TDL induced the transform from motile form to coccoid of Symbiodinium sp. However, the effect of TDL on Symbiodinium was species-specic. Interestingly, TDL stimulated the growth of Symbiodinium species tested. D-galactose-bindig lectin from various origins including plants and animals did not stimulate the transform or growth of Symbiodinium. The stony coral Fungia echinata was also confirmed to possess a D-Galactose-binding lectin which alters the motile form to coccoid one to some extent. Some protein fractions were also observed to stimulate significantly the growth of Symbiodinium sp. The factors which showed similar effects on Symbiodinium cells in the sponge Theonella sp. were determined to be depsipeptides, TPId and TP1436. These peptides altered the motile forms to coccoid ones and also depressed cell division completely. The effect was concentration-dependent, and TP-treated CS-156 cells recovered the regular diel alternation between motile and coccoid forms by washing. The similar effect on CS-156 cells was also recognized by the treatment with actin polymerization inhibitors such as Latrunculin A and also with protein kinase inhibitors such as Bisindolylmaleimide I. Present observation strongly suggests that SLL-2 affects the microfilament formulation in Symbiodinium cells and keep these cells in their coccoid stage.
• Biochemical investigations on the cells that localizes dysiherbaine in marine sponge Dysidea herbacea.

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2003 -2004 

  Author : SAKAI Ryuichi, JIMBO Mitsuru, KOIKE Kazuhiko

   

  We have investigated the cellular localization of the marine sponge-derived excitatory amino acid dysiherbaine (DH), and found that DH-like immunoreactivity was densely located in the large (10 μm) globular cells. On the basis of 18S rDNA sequence analysis it was shown that this cell belongs to the sponge itself, however, results from fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry using anti-phycobilin antibody indicated that this cell contains phycobilin, a photosynthetic pigment of cyanobacteria. Although number of histological observations of D.herbacea are available in literature, cells with this morphological or biochemical characteristics have never been reported. A comparison of the extract of D.herbacea collected in various regions in Yap, Palau, or Guam indicated that DH is unique to the Yap specimen. Among the Yap specimens, however, concentration of DH varied significantly. Interestingly, all the Yap specimens we have examined so far contained the globular cells regardless of the DH concentration, but the cells were not observed in the sponges collected in Palau or Guam. As expected, the globular cells of the DH-free Yap specimen were unlabeled by the antibody. These findings suggested that DH was produced and stored in the "globular cells" which is a previously unidentified type of sponge cells unique to Yap specimen of D.herbacea, and biosynthesis of DH in this cell might be controlled by some unknown factors.
• 海洋生物に含まれる生理活性アミノ酸の機能と起源の解明

  Date (from‐to) : 2000 -2004
• Development of simple analyzing method for paralytic shellfish toxins by ELISA

  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))

  Date (from‐to) : 2000 -2003 

  Author : Shigeru SATO, 品川 邦汎, 酒井 隆一, 佐藤 繁

   

  Although many sophisticated analyzing methods for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP toxins) have been developed, mouse bioassay is still applied as official method for monitoring of bivalve toxicity in various countries including Japan. Mouse bioassay is a simple and reliable method, but many problems about animal experiments have been pointed out for this method. Currently a simple and rapid method which could be replaceable with mouse bioassay is needed. ELISA far PSP toxins is one of the first candidates. In order to make specific antibody against toxins required for ELISA, hapten antigen ...
• CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF MARINE-DERIVED EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS IN THEIR PRODUCING ORGANISMS

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

  Date (from‐to) : 2001 -2002 

  Author : SAKAI Ryuichi, KOIKE Kazuhiko, JIMBO Mitsuru

   

  Cellular localizations of two representative marine excitatory ammo acids : dysiherbaine (DH) and kainic acid (KA) were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Selective polyclonal antibodies to each amino acid were raised by coupling each amino acid to carrier protein such as KLH. Using successfully prepared antibodies, section of Micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea and red algae Digenea simplex, producing organism of DH and kainic acid, respectively, were separately stained then visualized with protein A-gold. Microscopic observations indicated that DH was localized exclusively in the spherical cell present hi the mesohyl of the sponge. We also showed a presence of putative DH-binding protein of 111kD using DH-conjugated affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE. We preliminary observed by RT-PCR using GluR-targeted primers that there might be a GluR-like molecule in the sponge. KA was mainly located in the cells of heir-like structure of the algae which grows from the main stem of the algae. Only very surface of the main stem was stained. The surface of the stem which likely be transforming into the hear-like structure was stained densely. The hear-like structure composed of three cell layers : outer small cells, middle layer cells and the central cells. Numbers of chloroplasts were present in the outer small cells. KA-stain was observed all these cells. A small (1 to 2 μm) granular body observed in the surrounding cells was stained somewhat stronger then other cellular structures.
• 海産無脊椎動物由来の共生藻運動抑制因子

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究

  Date (from‐to) : 2001 -2002 

  Author : 神谷 久男, 小池 一彦, 神保 充, 酒井 隆一

   

  共生渦鞭毛藻Symbiodiniumの自由生活ステージから共生ステージへの形態変化を引き起こす物質を検索するために、様々な海洋生物抽出物のスクリーニングを行った結果、海綿Theonella sp.の抽出物に、Symbiodinium CS-156培養株の増殖に影響を与えずに形態を共生ステージに変化させ、その状態を持続させる活性を見出した。今年度はTheonella中の活性成分の性状解析を目指し、(1)分子量分画、(2)加熱安定性、(3)SephadexLH-20ゲルクロマトグラフィー上の挙動、(4)タンパク分解酵素耐性、(5)有機溶媒分画を行い、活性成分の挙動を精査した。 セントリコン(分子量分画限界20,000ダルトン)を用いる透限外ろ過で分画し、形態変化を誘起する活性成分の挙動を追跡したところ、活性は高分子画分にのみ認められた。また、高分子画分にはウサギ血球に対する凝集活性と溶血活性とが認められた。一方、抽出物を80℃、2時間加熱した後でも、活性が残存することが確認された。そこで抽出物を蒸留水を展開剤とするSephadex LH-20ゲルろ過クロマトグラフィーに付したところ、Symbiodinium形態制御活性は血球に対する活性を示さない低分子溶出画分にのみ見出された。また、トリプシンなど3種のプロテアーゼで37℃、1時間処理したが、とくに活性の変化は認められなかった。次いで抽出物をアセトンあるいはメタノール可溶性画分と沈澱画分とに分画して活性を調べたところ、活性はすべて有機溶媒可溶性画分に認められ、高分子画分からなると考えられる沈澱は活性を示さなかった。これらの結果から、Theonellaの活性本体はシゲミカタトサカレクチンSLL-2のような高分子成分ではなく、限外濾過膜を通過しないものの低分子成分であると推測せれた。現在、メタノール可溶性画分をSephadx LH-20によるカラムクロマトグラフィーで分画し、各画分の活性とNMR測定を行い、活性本体の性状検索を継続中である。
• Structure and Function of the Octocoral Sinularia lochmodes lectin

  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science：Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

  Date (from‐to) : 2000 -2002 

  Author : KAMIYA Hisao, KOIKE Kazuhiko, JIMBO Mitsuru, SAKAI Ryuichi, MARUYAMA Tadashi, MURAMOTO Koji

   

  The cDNA cloning of SLL-2, a D-galactose-binding lectin of the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes, has revealed that SLL-2 had a sequence homology to those of "discoidin" group lectins. It is observed that the difference of 2 kD in the molecular weight of SLL-2 was present between that calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence of SLL-2 (10, 751) and that observed in SDS-PAGE(15, 000) and TOF-MS (13, 194). No neutral sugar was observed. On the other hand, the spectroscopic analysis and also a treatment with tyrosinase suggested the presence of dopa in a lectin molecule. SLL-2 seems to have a melanin-like component in the C-terminal region. SLL-2 binds to cell surface of Symbiodinium cell. In this research, we tested the effect of SLL-2 to various dinoflagellates. Additions of ecologically relevant concentrations to the cultures of actively swimming Symbiodinium sp. (Type C) decreased number of the motile cells dramatically, and Symbiodinium cells begun to transform into stationary coccoid form while cell division was not affected. Non-symbiotic dinoflagellates also responded to SLL-2. Gymnodinium catenatum and Prolocentrum micans resulted in cell death after inflation and burst of the cells within 24 hours. Thus, present results strongly suggest that the lectin-mediated chemical signal contributes to a stable symbiosis between S. lochomodes and Symbiodinium. This is the first evidence of chemical recognition and physiological modulation observed between symbiotic dinoflagellates and a coral. The screening for the similar component in the ocotocorals using rabbit antibodies against SLL-2 revealed that SLL-2 seems to be specific to the genus Sinularia.
• 毒化ホタテガイ中腸腺における麻痺性貝毒結合タンパク

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(萌芽的研究)

  Date (from‐to) : 2000 -2001 

  Author : 児玉 正昭, 酒井 隆一, 佐藤 繁

   

  毒化したホタテガイ中腸腺より水溶性タンパクおよび膜結合タンパク画分を得、両タンパク画分をサキシトキシン(STX)に対する抗体を用いたwestem blot分析にかけたところ、両者共に抗体と反応する複数のタンパクバンドを観察した。抗体と反応するバンドは膜結合タンパク画分に強く認められた。westem blotにおける抗体との反応を指標にこれらタンパクの精製を試みたが、精製過程でタンパクのバンドが変化し、タンパクの分解が起こっていることが考えられた。この原因は現在のところ不明で、ホタテガイ試料からは毒が結合したタンパクの精製が困難であった。そこで市販のメタロチオネインに毒を結合させた標品を用い、タンパクと毒との結合様式を検討した。まず毒を結合させたメタロチオネインをゲルろ過および抗STX抗体をリガンドとするアフィニティクロマトグラフィーで精製し、これをproteaseで分解した。分解物をGSHと毒の複合体(GS-STXs)分析用に開発したHPLCに付したところ、GS-STXsとは異なる位置に1本のピークを与えた。用いたproteaseは非特異的なものであるので、peptideは完全に加水分解されたと考えられ、HPLCで検出された分解物はシステインと毒の複合体であることが考えられた。これに対し、PSPの代謝研究においてシステインと結合した毒は速やかに分解されることが明らかにされてい...
• 新規興奮性神経毒Dysiherbaineその絶対構造及び構造活性相関について

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)

  Date (from‐to) : 1997 -1997 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  本研究では、ダイシハーベイン(DH)およびその関連化合物の構造、生理活性、絶対構造そして構造-活性相関について検討を行なった。DHはnon-NMDAタイプのグルタミン酸受容体に結合して、アゴニストとして作用することが示されたきたが、本研究では、さらにその薬理活性を詳しく評価するために、マウスを用いたin vivoでの活性、培養神経細胞およびラットのシナプス膜標本におけるin vitroでの挙動を既知の興奮性アミノ酸と詳しく比較した。その結果、DHはマウスに対して既知の興奮性アミノ酸中最強の、興奮性活性を示すことが明らかになった。一方、ラットのシナプス膜標本に対してDHはカイニン酸,/AMPA受容体に選択的ではあるが弱い結合を示したにとどまった。このような活性パターンをもつ興奮性アミノ酸は知られておらず、DHが受容体とのユニークな相互作用を有することが示唆された。 我々はさらにDHの絶対構造、構造活性相関、生合成機構に関して有用な知見を得るためにD.herbaceaよりDH誘導体の作製および関連化合物の単離を試みた。DHの誘導体として、メチルエステルおよびFmoc化誘導体が得られたが。絶対構造情報を得るための誘導体作製の条件は現在検討中である。一方、DH関連化合物の探索の結果、新規アミノ酸誘導体であるダイシベタイン(DB)の単離、構造決定に成功した。DBは4-hydoroxy-5-oxoprolineのα位に(trimethylammonium)methyl基が置換した新しい骨格を有するベタイン化合物であるが、その構造単位にはDHのそれと重なる4-hydoroxyglutamateが含まれており、生合成上の関連性が示唆された.DBはマウスに対して、弱い興奮性の活性を示したことから中枢神経に何らかの作用があると推定されるが、詳しい薬理学的性質については現在検討中である。DHの詳しい構造活性相関に関しては今後さらに検討を加えていく予定である。
• ミクロネシア産海綿のグルタミン酸受容体アゴニスト様物質の構造と単離

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)

  Date (from‐to) : 1996 -1996 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  ミクロネシア連邦ヤップ島の推進5〜10mにおいて採集された海綿Dysidea herbaciaの水抽出物はマウスに対して腹腔内投与で興奮性神経毒特有の症状を引き起こすことが見出されたので、Sephadex LH20,C18逆相HPLC等を用いて活性化合物の単離を行った。その結果、200gの海綿から約7mgの新規アミノ酸Dysiherbaineが単離された。Dysiherbaineは、分子式C_<12>H_<20>N_2O_7のdi-amino,di-acidであり、その構造は各種NMR,質量スペクトル等を解析することによってcis-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]pyran環を中心とした新規骨格を持つ化合物であると決定された。またその相対立体配置は、NOE実験に加えて、HETLOC及びPSHMBCスペクトルを用いて測定した^<2,3>J_を解析することにより決定された。Dysiherbaineはラット脳より調製されたシナプス膜標品に対する[^3H]kainic acid および[^3H]AMPAの結合をそれぞれlC_<50>=59,224nMの濃度で阻害したが、NMDAレセプターに対するアゴニストである[^3H]CGS-19755の結合は阻害しなかった。また腹腔内投与によりマウスは、脇腹をむやみに掻く行動("scratching"、20μg/kg)、テンカン様の痙攣(1.3mg/kg)を示した。さらに投与量を上げると激しい発作の後死亡した(6.5mg/kg)。これらのin vivoおよびin vitroアッセイの結果DysiherbaineはKainateおよびAMPAサブタイプのグルタミン酸受容体の選択的なアゴニストであることを強く示唆した。
• 群体ボヤEcteinascidia turbinata体液中の水溶性生理活性物質

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A))

  Date (from‐to) : 1995 -1995 

  Author : 酒井 隆一

   

  カリブ海産のホヤEcteinascidia turbinataは現在米国で臨床試験が行われているエクテナシディン43をはじめとする抗癌性アルカロイドを産生することが知られている。本研究ではこのホヤの水溶性抽出物が強い抗菌性を示すことから、この抗菌性を指標に水溶性の生理活性物質を単離精製することを目的として研究を進めた。E. turbinataの体液を遠心分離で固形分と分離し、水溶性の抽出物を得た。この抽出物に硫酸アンモニウムを加え、タンパク成分を沈殿除去した後上清を限外濾過しその分子量1000以上の画分を逆相シリカゲルを担体としたHPLCにより分離して、4つの活性画分を得た。最も強い活性を示したEt1-131-1は枯草菌に対して39ng/discという強い抗菌活性を示した。この画分の各種癌細胞に対する細胞毒性を調べた。その結果、マウスの白血病細胞L1210, P388に大して細胞毒性はそれぞれIC_<50>1.5、25ng/mLであった。現在、さらに構造的知見を得るために活性化合物の分離精製を行っている。
• 海洋生物の生理活性物質：分離、構造、生理作用、役割の解明

  海洋生物に含まれる中枢シナプス制御物質の探索
• 海洋生物の産生する生理活性物質の分離と構造決定
• Isolation and structure determination of Bioactive Marine natural products.

Industrial Property Rights

• 特開2021-164430:機能性ポリペプチド及びその使用  2021/10/14

  酒井 隆一, 中野 宏治  国立大学法人北海道大学  202103015771026891
• 特許第3955345号:新規アミノ酸ダイジハーベイン  2007/05/11

  酒井 隆一, 神谷 久男, 村田 道雄, 島本 啓子  サントリー株式会社  200903001742833242
• amino acid dysiherbaine

  United States Patent 6,147,230
• Antiviral guanidine derivatives and compositions therefor

  United States Patent 4,772,609
• Antiviral guanidine derivatives compositions and their methods of use

  United States Patent 4,851,441
• Misakinolide compositions and their derivatives

  United States Patent 4,859,782
• Novel Cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides from the tunicate trididemnum solidum

  United States Patent 4,948,791
• Antitumor Alkaloids

  United States Patent 4,895,854
• Antitumor Alkaloids

  U.S. Patent 4,895,853
• Antitumor Alkaloids

  U.S. Patent 4,895,852
• Ecteinascidins (ET 729, 743 analogues and derivatives of ET 729 and 743)

  U.S. Patent #5,478,932
• Ecteinascidins

  U.S. Patent #5,654,426
• Compositions Comprising Ecteinascidins and a Method of Treating Herpes Simplex Virus infections Therewith

  U.S. Patent # 5,256,663
• Ecteinascidins 736 and 722

  U.S. Patent #5,149,804

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