Researcher basic information

• Habilitation in Mechanics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Feb. 2000
• Doctor of Natural Sciences, Darmstadt University of Technology, Aug. 1995
• Diploma in Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Dec. 1991

• https://researchmap.jp/greve?lang=en

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1341-4777
• https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=201201064839929430
• https://linktr.ee/ralfgreve

• 90374644

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1341-4777

• 201201064839929430

• Martian polar ice cap
• Greenland ice sheet
• Antarctic ice sheet
• Ice sheet
• Climate change
• Ice flow
• Dynamics
• Glacier
• Numerical modelling
• Dome Fuji
• Anisotropy
• Ice core

• Natural Science, Atmospheric and hydrospheric sciences, Dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers, Planetary glaciology

• Master's degree program, Graduate School of Environmental Science
• Doctoral (PhD) degree program, Graduate School of Environmental Science

Research activity information

• Aug. 2024, International Glaciological Society (IGS), Richardson Medal
  Academic and leadership activities in the design and production of future sea-level projections
  The ISMIP6 team (including Ralf Greve)
• Oct. 2022, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Academic Award
  Development of numerical ice-sheet models and research on ice-sheet change
  Ralf Greve
• Mar. 2015, Hokkaido University, President's Research Encouragement Award
  奨励賞
  Ralf Greve

• The Smith–Morland flow law revisited
  Ralf Greve; Ryszard Staroszczyk
  Zenodo, 18802437, 27 Feb. 2026, [Lead author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The standard Nye–Glen flow law for ice deformation contains a physically questionable infinite-viscosity singularity at zero stress. We revisit the polynomial Smith–Morland flow law as a singularity-free alternative. After rescaling the law into a modern non-dimensional framework, we find that the original parameters produce ice that is significantly too soft. Using an idealized EISMINT Phase 2 steady-state test, we recalibrate the law to match the ice volume of the standard Nye–Glen law, resulting in a slowdown factor of 5.776. Validation via a steady-state Greenland ice-sheet simulation shows that the modified law produces realistic geometries and velocities. Notably, the Smith–Morland law's linear term leads to faster flow in low-stress regions and favours thermomechanical fingering instabilities in the ice-sheet interior. The results demonstrate that the modified Smith–Morland law is a viable, physically consistent alternative for large-scale ice-flow modelling.
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  Preprint, submitted to Journal of Glaciology.
• On non-dimensional forms of basal sliding laws and flow laws for ice-sheet and glacier modelling
  Ralf Greve
  Journal of Glaciology, 71, e123, 19 Nov. 2025, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Ice sheets and glaciers flow through basal sliding and internal deformation, each governed by physical laws commonly expressed as power-law relationships. These formulations include coefficients - the sliding coefficient and rate factor - whose values and units depend on the respective exponents. This dependency complicates the systematic exploration of parameter space, especially in ensemble simulations. To address this, we propose dimensionless formulations of both sliding and flow laws, in which the coefficients are of order unity and decoupled from the exponents. This separation simplifies sensitivity studies and parameter variations. The dimensionless laws are straightforward to implement in existing models; we demonstrate this with the SICOPOLIS ice-sheet model using three test simulations in an idealized set-up. These simulations illustrate that independent variation of exponents and coefficients is feasible and practical, supporting the use of dimensionless laws in efforts to better constrain ice dynamics in past and future climate scenarios.
• Disentangling uncertainty in ISMIP6 Antarctic sub-shelf melting and 2300 sea level rise projections
  Johanna Beckmann; Ronja Reese; Felicity S. McCormack; Sue Cook; Lawrence Bird; Dawid Gwyther; Daniel Richards; Matthias Scheiter; Yu Wang; Hélène Seroussi; Ayako Abe‐Ouchi; Torsten Albrecht; Jorge Alvarez‐Solas; Xylar S. Asay‐Davis; Jean‐Baptiste Barre; Constantijn J. Berends; Jorge Bernales; Javier Blasco; Justine Caillet; David M. Chandler; Violaine Coulon; Richard Cullather; Christophe Dumas; Benjamin K. Galton‐Fenzi; Julius Garbe; Fabien Gillet‐Chaulet; Rupert Gladstone; Heiko Goelzer; Nicholas R. Golledge; Ralf Greve; G. Hilmar Gudmundsson; Holly Kyeore Han; Trevor R. Hillebrand; Matthew J. Hoffman; Philippe Huybrechts; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Ann Kristin Klose; Petra M. Langebroek; Gunter R. Leguy; William H. Lipscomb; Daniel P. Lowry; Pierre Mathiot; Marisa Montoya; Mathieu Morlighem; Sophie Nowicki; Frank Pattyn; Antony J. Payne; Tyler Pelle; Aurélien Quiquet; Alexander Robinson; Leopekka Saraste; Erika G. Simon; Sainan Sun; Jake P. Twarog; Luke D. Trusel; Benoit Urruty; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Chen Zhao; Thomas Zwinger
  EGUsphere, 2025-4069, Copernicus GmbH, 14 Oct. 2025, ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Ocean-driven ice shelf melting is a major contributor of present and future ice loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet. In the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (ISMIP6) Antarctic 2300 projections, sea level rise varies widely, from –0.6 to 4.4 m, highlighting significant uncertainty. Here, we assess drivers of this spread, focussing on sub-shelf melting and dynamic ice loss as well as sectors that have the potential for large-scale, rapid ice loss: the Amundsen Sea, Filchner-Ronne, and Ross sectors, and the Aurora and Wilkes Subglacial Basins. We derive two sensitivity factors for each ISMIP6 simulation: a) a melt sensitivity factor, describing how simulated sub-shelf melt rates respond to ocean thermal forcing changes; and b) a dynamic ice loss sensitivity factor, describing how simulated dynamic ice loss (and hence sea level contribution) responds to cumulative sub-shelf melt changes. Melt sensitivities range from 1.5–21.3 m/(a K), with no clear dependency on the melt parameterisation. Model simulations cluster into two groups based on calving strength. The dynamic ice loss sensitivities range from 0.1 to 2.6 (unitless), with larger variations in the Amundsen sector, and Aurora and Wilkes Subglacial Basins. These sensitivity factors are good predictors of short-term integrated melting and sea level rise, respectively, but are less robust on longer time scales. Our findings show that these factors explain much of the ensemble spread in projected ice loss to 2300. We recommend to further constrain these factors, and advocate for their use in model calibration and emulator design, with the ultimate aim of explaining uncertainties in future projections of sea level rise from Antarctica.
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  Preprint, submitted to The Cryosphere.
• Projecting the evolution of the Northern Patagonian Icefield until the year 2200
  Marius Schaefer; Ilaria Tabone; Ralf Greve; Johannes Fürst; Matthias Braun
  EGUsphere, 2025-4167, Copernicus GmbH, 29 Sep. 2025, ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The Northern Patagonian Icefield (NPI), Chile, is the second-largest ice mass in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica and a major remnant of the Patagonian ice sheet from the Last Glacial Period. It is located in the Southern Andes, which is among the world's glacierized regions with the most negative specific mass balances. The NPI is a highly dynamic system, with high amounts of accumulation and ablation, and includes Glaciar San Rafael, the tidewater calving glacier closest to the equator. Using the ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS, we reproduce the dynamical state and observed changes of the NPI in the early 21st century and project its evolution until 2200. Calving is represented by prescribing an additional mass loss for ocean-terminating grid cells (Glaciar San Rafael). A spin-up experiment generates an icefield comparable to conditions around the year 2000, which we then force with present-day and projected surface mass balance under climate scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5. In the committed mass loss run, the NPI stabilizes by 2100 at around 75 % of its current volume. Under climate change scenarios, mass loss accelerates from the mid-21st century and continues until 2200, despite assuming constant climate during the final century. The NPI exhibits a response time of approximately 100 years, highlighting the need for caution when interpreting current trends. By 2200, the remaining volume strongly depends on the emission pathway: 64 ± 10 % under SSP1-2.6 versus 32 ± 14 % under SSP5-8.5. These results confirm that for Patagonia, as found elsewhere, every fraction of a degree of warming matters.
  -------
  Preprint, submitted to The Cryosphere.
• Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet over the next three centuries from an ISMIP6 model ensemble
  Hélène Seroussi; Tyler Pelle; William H. Lipscomb; Ayako Abe‐Ouchi; Torsten Albrecht; Jorge Alvarez‐Solas; Xylar Asay‐Davis; Jean‐Baptiste Barre; Constantijn J. Berends; Jorge Bernales; Javier Blasco; Justine Caillet; David M. Chandler; Violaine Coulon; Richard Cullather; Christophe Dumas; Benjamin K. Galton‐Fenzi; Julius Garbe; Fabien Gillet‐Chaulet; Rupert Gladstone; Heiko Goelzer; Nicholas Golledge; Ralf Greve; G. Hilmar Gudmundsson; Holly Kyeore Han; Trevor R. Hillebrand; Matthew J. Hoffman; Philippe Huybrechts; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Ann Kristin Klose; Petra M. Langebroek; Gunter R. Leguy; Daniel P. Lowry; Pierre Mathiot; Marisa Montoya; Mathieu Morlighem; Sophie Nowicki; Frank Pattyn; Antony J. Payne; Aurélien Quiquet; Ronja Reese; Alexander Robinson; Leopekka Saraste; Erika G. Simon; Sainan Sun; Jake P. Twarog; Luke D. Trusel; Benoit Urruty; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Yu Wang; Chen Zhao; Thomas Zwinger
  Earth's Future, 12, 9, e2024EF004561, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 04 Sep. 2024, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) is the primary effort of CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project–Phase 6) focusing on ice sheets, designed to provide an ensemble of process‐based projections of the ice‐sheet contribution to sea‐level rise over the twenty‐first century. However, the behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet beyond 2100 remains largely unknown: several instability mechanisms can develop on longer time scales, potentially destabilizing large parts of Antarctica. Projections of Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution until 2300 are presented here, using an ensemble of 16 ice‐flow models and forcing from global climate models. Under high‐emission scenarios, the Antarctic sea‐level contribution is limited to less than 30 cm sea‐level equivalent (SLE) by 2100, but increases rapidly thereafter to reach up to 4.4 m SLE by 2300. Simulations including ice‐shelf collapse lead to an additional 1.1 m SLE on average by 2300, and can reach 6.9 m SLE. Widespread retreat is observed on that timescale in most West Antarctic basins, leading to a collapse of large sectors of West Antarctica by 2300 in 30%–40% of the ensemble. While the onset date of retreat varies among ice models, the rate of upstream propagation is highly consistent once retreat begins. Calculations of sea‐level contribution including water density corrections lead to an additional ∼10% sea level and up to 50% for contributions accounting for bedrock uplift in response to ice loading. Overall, these results highlight large sea‐level contributions from Antarctica and suggest that the choice of ice sheet model remains the leading source of uncertainty in multi‐century projections.
• Glacial inception through rapid ice area increase driven by albedo and vegetation feedbacks
  Matteo Willeit; Reinhard Calov; Stefanie Talento; Ralf Greve; Jorjo Bernales; Volker Klemann; Meike Bagge; Andrey Ganopolski
  Climate of the Past, 20, 3, 597, 623, Copernicus GmbH, 18 Mar. 2024, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, We present transient simulations of the last glacial inception using the Earth system model CLIMBER-X with dynamic vegetation, interactive ice sheets, and visco-elastic solid Earth responses. The simulations are initialized at the middle of the Eemian interglacial (125 kiloyears before present, ka) and run until 100 ka, driven by prescribed changes in Earth's orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations from ice core data. CLIMBER-X simulates a rapid increase in Northern Hemisphere ice sheet area through MIS5d, with ice sheets expanding over northern North America and Scandinavia, in broad agreement with proxy reconstructions. While most of the increase in ice sheet area occurs over a relatively short period between 119 and 117 ka, the larger part of the increase in ice volume occurs afterwards with an almost constant ice sheet extent. We show that the vegetation feedback plays a fundamental role in controlling the ice sheet expansion during the last glacial inception. In particular, with prescribed present-day vegetation the model simulates a global sea level drop of only ∼ 20 m, compared with the ∼ 35 m decrease in sea level with dynamic vegetation response. The ice sheet and carbon cycle feedbacks play only a minor role during the ice sheet expansion phase prior to ∼ 115 ka but are important in limiting the deglaciation during the following phase characterized by increasing summer insolation. The model results are sensitive to climate model biases and to the parameterization of snow albedo, while they show only a weak dependence on changes in the ice sheet model resolution and the acceleration factor used to speed up the climate component. Overall, our simulations confirm and refine previous results showing that climate–vegetation–cryosphere feedbacks play a fundamental role in the transition from interglacial to glacial states characterizing Quaternary glacial cycles.
• Insights into the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers from the ISMIP6 ice sheet model ensemble and associated uncertainty
  Hélène Seroussi; Vincent Verjans; Sophie Nowicki; Antony J. Payne; Heiko Goelzer; William H. Lipscomb; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Cécile Agosta; Torsten Albrecht; Xylar Asay-Davis; Alice Barthel; Reinhard Calov; Richard Cullather; Christophe Dumas; Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi; Rupert Gladstone; Nicholas R. Golledge; Jonathan M. Gregory; Ralf Greve; Tore Hattermann; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Thomas Kleiner; Eric Larour; Gunter R. Leguy; Daniel P. Lowry; Chistopher M. Little; Mathieu Morlighem; Frank Pattyn; Tyler Pelle; Stephen F. Price; Aurélien Quiquet; Ronja Reese; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Andrew Shepherd; Erika Simon; Robin S. Smith; Fiammetta Straneo; Sainan Sun; Luke D. Trusel; Jonas Van Breedam; Peter Van Katwyk; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Ricarda Winkelmann; Chen Zhao; Tong Zhang; Thomas Zwinger
  The Cryosphere, 17, 12, 5197, 5217, Copernicus GmbH, 07 Dec. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The Antarctic Ice Sheet represents the largest source of uncertainty in future sea level rise projections, with a contribution to sea level by 2100 ranging from −5 to 43 cm of sea level equivalent under high carbon emission scenarios estimated by the recent Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). ISMIP6 highlighted the different behaviors of the East and West Antarctic ice sheets, as well as the possible role of increased surface mass balance in offsetting the dynamic ice loss in response to changing oceanic conditions in ice shelf cavities. However, the detailed contribution of individual glaciers, as well as the partitioning of uncertainty associated with this ensemble, have not yet been investigated. Here, we analyze the ISMIP6 results for high carbon emission scenarios, focusing on key glaciers around the Antarctic Ice Sheet, and we quantify their projected dynamic mass loss, defined here as mass loss through increased ice discharge into the ocean in response to changing oceanic conditions. We highlight glaciers contributing the most to sea level rise, as well as their vulnerability to changes in oceanic conditions. We then investigate the different sources of uncertainty and their relative role in projections, for the entire continent and for key individual glaciers. We show that, in addition to Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers in West Antarctica, Totten and Moscow University glaciers in East Antarctica present comparable future dynamic mass loss and high sensitivity to ice shelf basal melt. The overall uncertainty in additional dynamic mass loss in response to changing oceanic conditions, compared to a scenario with constant oceanic conditions, is dominated by the choice of ice sheet model, accounting for 52 % of the total uncertainty of the Antarctic dynamic mass loss in 2100. Its relative role for the most dynamic glaciers varies between 14 % for MacAyeal and Whillans ice streams and 56 % for Pine Island Glacier at the end of the century. The uncertainty associated with the choice of climate model increases over time and reaches 13 % of the uncertainty by 2100 for the Antarctic Ice Sheet but varies between 4 % for Thwaites Glacier and 53 % for Whillans Ice Stream. The uncertainty associated with the ice–climate interaction, which captures different treatments of oceanic forcings such as the choice of melt parameterization, its calibration, and simulated ice shelf geometries, accounts for 22 % of the uncertainty at the ice sheet scale but reaches 36 % and 39 % for Institute Ice Stream and Thwaites Glacier, respectively, by 2100. Overall, this study helps inform future research by highlighting the sectors of the ice sheet most vulnerable to oceanic warming over the 21st century and by quantifying the main sources of uncertainty.
• Reduced ice loss from Greenland under stratospheric aerosol injection
  John C. Moore; Ralf Greve; Chao Yue; Thomas Zwinger; Fabien Gillet‐Chaulet; Liyun Zhao
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 128, 11, e2023JF007112, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 27 Nov. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Sea level rise (SLR) due to surface melt and to dynamic losses from the ice sheets—that is via accelerated flow of glaciers into the sea—is something that may be potentially mitigated by cooling the ice sheet and oceans via solar geoengineering. We use two ice dynamic models driven by changes in surface mass balance (SMB) from four climate models to estimate the SLR contribution from the Greenland ice sheet under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5, and 8.5, and Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenarios. The G4 scenario adds 5 Tg/yr sulfate aerosols to the equatorial lower stratosphere (equivalent of 1/4 the 1991 Mt Pinatubo SO₂ eruption) to the IPCC RCP4.5 scenario, which itself approximates the greenhouse gas emission commitments agreed in Paris in 2015. Over the 2020–2090 period, mass loss under G4 is about 31%–38% that under RCP4.5, which is 36%–48% lower than under RCP8.5. Ice lost across the grounding line under both G4 and RCP4.5 is reduced in the future as the termini of many southeast Greenland outlets retreat onto bedrock above sea level. Glaciers with large low‐lying catchments in the west, north, and northeast of Greenland (e.g., Jakobshavn, 79N, Zachariae Isstrøm, and Petermann glaciers) discharge more ice from the ice‐sheet interior under RCP4.5 than under G4. Although calving losses vary much more than the SMB difference between ice dynamic models, both models point to significant ice discharge losses of between 15% and 42% across the scenarios.
• Future projections for the Antarctic ice sheet until the year 2300 with a climate-index method
  Ralf Greve; Christopher Chambers; Takashi Obase; Fuyuki Saito; Wing-Le Chan; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  Journal of Glaciology, 69, 278, 1569, 1579, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 11 Jul. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, As part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) was devised to assess the likely sea-level-rise contribution from the Earth's ice sheets. Here, we construct an ensemble of climate forcings for Antarctica until the year 2300 based on original ISMIP6 forcings until 2100, combined with climate indices from simulations with the MIROC4m climate model until 2300. We then use these forcings to run simulations for the Antarctic ice sheet with the SICOPOLIS model. For the unabated warming pathway RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5, the ice sheet suffers a severe mass loss, amounting to ~ 1.5 m SLE (sea-level equivalent) for the fourteen-experiment mean, and ~ 3.3 m SLE for the most sensitive experiment. Most of this loss originates from West Antarctica. For the reduced emissions pathway RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6, the loss is limited to a three-experiment mean of ~ 0.16 m SLE. The means are approximately two times larger than what was found in a previous study (Chambers and others, 2022, doi:10.1017/jog.2021.124) that assumed a sustained late-21st-century climate beyond 2100, demonstrating the importance of post-2100 climate trends on Antarctic mass changes in the 22nd and 23rd centuries.
• SICOPOLIS-AD v2: tangent linear and adjoint modeling framework for ice sheet modeling enabled by automatic differentiation tool Tapenade
  Shreyas Sunil Gaikwad; Laurent Hascoet; Sri Hari Krishna Narayanan; Liz Curry-Logan; Ralf Greve; Patrick Heimbach
  Journal of Open Source Software, 8, 83, 4679, The Open Journal, 07 Mar. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets (SICOPOLIS) is an open-source, 3D dynamic/thermodynamic model that simulates the evolution of large ice sheets and ice caps. SICOPOLIS has been developed continuously and applied to problems of past, present, and future glaciation of Greenland, Antarctica, and others. It uses the finite differences discretization on a staggered Arakawa C grid and employs the shallow ice and shallow shelf approximations, making it suitable for paleoclimatic simulations. We present a new framework for generating derivative code, i.e., tangent linear, adjoint, or Hessian models, of SICOPOLIS. These derivative operators are powerful computational engines to efficiently compute comprehensive gradients or sensitivities of scalar-valued model output, including least-squares model-data misfits or important quantities of interest, to high-dimensional model inputs (such as model initial conditions, parameter fields, or boundary conditions). The new version 2 (SICOPOLIS-AD v2) framework is based on the source-to-source automatic differentiation (AD) tool Tapenade which has recently been open-sourced. The switch from a previous AD tool (OpenAD) used in SICOPOLIS-AD version 1 to Tapenade overcomes several limitations outlined here. The framework is integrated with the SICOPOLIS model's main trunk and is freely available.
• Mass loss of the Antarctic ice sheet until the year 3000 under a sustained late-21st-century climate
  Christopher Chambers; Ralf Greve; Takashi Obase; Fuyuki Saito; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  Journal of Glaciology, 68, 269, 605, 617, Jun. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet until the year 3000 under a sustained late-21st-century climate
  Ralf Greve; Christopher Chambers
  Journal of Glaciology, 68, 269, 618, 624, Jun. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Carbon dioxide ice glaciers at the South Pole of Mars
  Isaac B. Smith; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Eric Larour; Ignacio Isola; Peter B. Buhler; Nathaniel E. Putzig; Ralf Greve
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 127, 4, e2022JE007193, Apr. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Future sea level change under Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 scenarios from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
  Antony J. Payne; Sophie Nowicki; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Cecile Agosta; Patrick Alexander; Torsten Albrecht; Xylar Asay-Davis; Andy Aschwanden; Alice Barthel; Thomas J. Bracegirdle; Reinhard Calov; Christopher Chambers; Youngmin Choi; Richard Cullather; Joshua Cuzzone; Christophe Dumas; Tamsin L. Edwards; Denis Felikson; Xavier Fettweis; Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi; Heiko Goelzer; Rupert Gladstone; Nicholas R. Golledge; Jonathan M. Gregory; Ralf Greve; Tore Hattermann; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Thomas Kleiner; Peter Kuipers Munneke; Eric Larour; Sebastien Le Clec'h; Victoria Lee; Gunter Leguy; William H. Lipscomb; Christopher M. Little; Daniel P. Lowry; Mathieu Morlighem; Isabel Nias; Frank Pattyn; Tyler Pelle; Stephen F. Price; Aurelien Quiquet; Ronja Reese; Martin Rueckamp; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Helene Seroussi; Andrew Shepherd; Erika Simon; Donald Slater; Robin S. Smith; Fiammetta Straneo; Sainan Sun; Lev Tarasov; Luke D. Trusel; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik van de Wal; Michiel van den Broeke; Ricarda Winkelmann; Chen Zhao; Tong Zhang; Thomas Zwinger
  Geophysical Research Letters, 48, 16, e2020GL091741, Aug. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• The 21st-century fate of the Mocho-Choshuenco ice cap in southern Chile
  Matthias Scheiter; Marius Schaefer; Eduardo Flandez; Deniz Bozkurt; Ralf Greve
  The Cryosphere, 15, 8, 3637, 3654, Aug. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise
  Tamsin L. Edwards; Sophie Nowicki; Ben Marzeion; Regine Hock; Heiko Goelzer; Helene Seroussi; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Donald A. Slater; Fiona E. Turner; Christopher J. Smith; Christine M. McKenna; Erika Simon; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Jonathan M. Gregory; Eric Larour; William H. Lipscomb; Antony J. Payne; Andrew Shepherd; Cecile Agosta; Patrick Alexander; Torsten Albrecht; Brian Anderson; Xylar Asay-Davis; Andy Aschwanden; Alice Barthel; Andrew Bliss; Reinhard Calov; Christopher Chambers; Nicolas Champollion; Youngmin Choi; Richard Cullather; Joshua Cuzzone; Christophe Dumas; Denis Felikson; Xavier Fettweis; Koji Fujita; Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi; Rupert Gladstone; Nicholas R. Golledge; Ralf Greve; Tore Hattermann; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Matthias Huss; Philippe Huybrechts; Walter Immerzeel; Thomas Kleiner; Philip Kraaijenbrink; Sebastien Le Clec'h; Victoria Lee; Gunter R. Leguy; Christopher M. Little; Daniel P. Lowry; Jan-Hendrik Malles; Daniel F. Martin; Fabien Maussion; Mathieu Morlighem; James F. O'Neill; Isabel Nias; Frank Pattyn; Tyler Pelle; Stephen F. Price; Aure'lien Quiquet; Valentina Radic; Ronja Reese; David R. Rounce; Martin Ruckamp; Akiko Sakai; Courtney Shafer; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Sarah Shannon; Robin S. Smith; Fiammetta Straneo; Sainan Sun; Lev Tarasov; Luke D. Trusel; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik van de Wal; Michiel van den Broeke; Ricarda Winkelmann; Harry Zekollari; Chen Zhao; Tong Zhang; Thomas Zwinger
  Nature, 593, 7857, 74, 82, May 2021, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Studies on the variability of the Greenland Ice Sheet and climate
  Kumiko Goto-Azuma; Tomoyuki Homma; Tomotaka Saruya; Fumio Nakazawa; Yuki Komuro; Naoko Nagatsuka; Motohiro Hirabayashi; Yutaka Kondo; Makoto Koike; Teruo Aoki; Ralf Greve; Jun'ichi Okuno
  Polar Science, 27, 100557, Mar. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Rapidly changing glaciers, ocean and coastal environments, and their impact on human society in the Qaanaaq region, northwestern Greenland
  Shin Sugiyama; Naoya Kanna; Daiki Sakakibara; Takuto Ando; Izumi Asaji; Ken Kondo; Yefan Wang; Yoshiki Fujishi; Shungo Fukumoto; Evgeniy Podolskiy; Yasushi Fukamachi; Minori Takahashi; Sumito Matoba; Yoshinori Iizuka; Ralf Greve; Masato Furuya; Kazutaka Tateyama; Tatsuya Watanabe; Shintaro Yamasaki; Atsushi Yamaguchi; Bungo Nishizawa; Kohei Matsuno; Daiki Nomura; Yuta Sakuragi; Yoshimasa Matsumura; Yoshihiko Ohashi; Teruo Aoki; Masashi Niwano; Naotaka Hayashi; Masahiro Minowa; Guillaume Jouvet; Eef van Dongen; Andreas Bauder; Martin Funk; Anders Anker Bjork; Toku Oshima
  Polar Science, 27, 100632, Mar. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Antarctic ice sheet response to sudden and sustained ice-shelf collapse (ABUMIP)
  Sainan Sun; Frank Pattyn; Erika G. Simon; Torsten Albrecht; Stephen Cornford; Reinhard Calov; Christophe Dumas; Fabien Gillet-Chaulet; Heiko Goelzer; Nicholas R. Golledge; Ralf Greve; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Elise Kazmierczak; Thomas Kleiner; Gunter R. Leguy; William H. Lipscomb; Daniel Martin; Mathieu Morlighem; Sophie Nowicki; David Pollard; Stephen Price; Aurelien Quiquet; Helene Seroussi; Tanja Schlemm; Johannes Sutter; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Ricarda Winkelmann; Tong Zhang
  Journal of Glaciology, 66, 260, 891, 904, Dec. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Possible impacts of a 1000 km long hypothetical subglacial river valley towards Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland
  Christopher Chambers; Ralf Greve; Bas Altena; Pierre-Marie Lefeuvre
  The Cryosphere, 14, 11, 3747, 3759, Nov. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6
  Heiko Goelzer; Sophie Nowicki; Anthony Payne; Eric Larour; Helene Seroussi; William H. Lipscomb; Jonathan Gregory; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Andrew Shepherd; Erika Simon; Cecile Agosta; Patrick Alexander; Andy Aschwanden; Alice Barthel; Reinhard Calov; Christopher Chambers; Youngmin Choi; Joshua Cuzzone; Christophe Dumas; Tamsin Edwards; Denis Felikson; Xavier Fettweis; Nicholas R. Golledge; Ralf Greve; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Sebastien Le Clec'h; Victoria Lee; Gunter Leguy; Chris Little; Daniel P. Lowry; Mathieu Morlighem; Isabel Nias; Aurelien Quiquet; Martin Rueckamp; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Donald A. Slater; Robin S. Smith; Fiamma Straneo; Lev Tarasov; Roderik van de Wal; Michiel van den Broeke
  The Cryosphere, 14, 9, 3071, 3096, Sep. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century
  Helene Seroussi; Sophie Nowicki; Antony J. Payne; Heiko Goelzer; William H. Lipscomb; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Cecile Agosta; Torsten Albrecht; Xylar Asay-Davis; Alice Barthel; Reinhard Calov; Richard Cullather; Christophe Dumas; Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi; Rupert Gladstone; Nicholas R. Golledge; Jonathan M. Gregory; Ralf Greve; Tore Hattermann; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Nicolas C. Jourdain; Thomas Kleiner; Eric Larour; Gunter R. Leguy; Daniel P. Lowry; Chistopher M. Little; Mathieu Morlighem; Frank Pattyn; Tyler Pelle; Stephen F. Price; Aurelien Quiquet; Ronja Reese; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Andrew Shepherd; Erika Simon; Robin S. Smith; Fiammetta Straneo; Sainan Sun; Luke D. Trusel; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Ricarda Winkelmann; Chen Zhao; Tong Zhang; Thomas Zwinger
  The Cryosphere, 14, 9, 3033, 3070, Sep. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Description and validation of the ice-sheet model Yelmo (version 1.0)
  Alexander Robinson; Jorge Alvarez-Solas; Marisa Montoya; Heiko Goelzer; Ralf Greve; Catherine Ritz
  Geoscientific Model Development, 13, 6, 2805, 2823, Jun. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• SICOPOLIS-AD v1: an open-source adjoint modeling framework for ice sheet simulation enabled by the algorithmic differentiation tool OpenAD
  Liz C. Logan; Sri Hari Krishna Narayanan; Ralf Greve; Patrick Heimbach
  Geoscientific Model Development, 13, 4, 1845, 1864, Apr. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2)
  Anders Levermann; Ricarda Winkelmann; Torsten Albrecht; Heiko Goelzer; Nicholas R. Golledge; Ralf Greve; Philippe Huybrechts; Jim Jordan; Gunter Leguy; Daniel Martin; Mathieu Morlighem; Frank Pattyn; David Pollard; Aurelien Quiquet; Christian Rodehacke; Helene Seroussi; Johannes Sutter; Tong Zhang; Jonas Van Breedam; Reinhard Calov; Robert DeConto; Christophe Dumas; Julius Garbe; G. Hilmar Gudmundsson; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Thomas Kleiner; William H. Lipscomb; Malte Meinshausen; Esmond Ng; Sophie M. J. Nowicki; Mauro Perego; Stephen F. Price; Fuyuki Saito; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Sainan Sun; Roderik S. W. van de Wal
  Earth System Dynamics, 11, 1, 35, 76, Feb. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Constraining the geothermal heat flux in Greenland at regions of radar-detected basal water
  Soroush Rezvanbehbahani; Leigh A. Stearns; C. J. Van der Veen; Gordon K. A. Oswald; Ralf Greve
  Journal of Glaciology, 65, 254, 1023, 1034, Dec. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparative simulations of the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet under simplified Paris Agreement scenarios with the models SICOPOLIS and ISSM
  Martin Rückamp; Ralf Greve; Angelika Humbert
  Polar Science, 21, 14, 25, Sep. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• InitMIP-Antarctica: an ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6
  Helene Seroussi; Sophie Nowicki; Erika Simon; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Torsten Albrecht; Julien Brondex; Stephen Cornford; Christophe Dumas; Fabien Gillet-Chaulet; Heiko Goelzer; Nicholas R. Golledge; Jonathan M. Gregory; Ralf Greve; Matthew J. Hoffman; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Thomas Kleiner; Eric Larour; Gunter Leguy; William H. Lipscomb; Daniel Lowry; Matthias Mengel; Mathieu Morlighem; Frank Pattyn; Anthony J. Payne; David Pollard; Stephen F. Price; Aurelien Quiquet; Thomas J. Reerink; Ronja Reese; Christian B. Rodehacke; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel; Andrew Shepherd; Sainan Sun; Johannes Sutter; Jonas Van Breedam; Roderik S. W. van de Wal; Ricarda Winkelmann; Tong Zhang
  The Cryosphere, 13, 5, 1441, 1471, May 2019, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Response of the flow dynamics of Bowdoin Glacier, northwestern Greenland, to basal lubrication and tidal forcing
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Daiki Sakakibara; Shun Tsutaki; Masahiro Minowa; Shin Sugiyama
  Journal of Glaciology, 65, 250, 225, 238, Apr. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Geothermal heat flux distribution for the Greenland ice sheet, derived by combining a global representation and information from deep ice cores
  Ralf Greve
  Polar Data Journal, 3, 22, 36, National Institute of Polar Research, Feb. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, We present a distribution of the geothermal heat flux (GHF) for Greenland, which is an update of two earlier versions by Greve (2005, Ann. Glaciol. 42) and Greve and Herzfeld (2013, Ann. Glaciol. 54). The GHF distribution is constructed in two steps. First, the global representation by Pollack et al. (1993, Rev. Geophys. 31) is scaled for the area of Greenland. Second, by means of a paleoclimatic simulation carried out with the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS, the GHF values for five deep ice core locations are modified such that observed and simulated basal temperatures match closely. The resulting GHF distribution generally features low values in the south and the north-west, whereas elevated values prevail in central North Greenland and towards the north-east. The data are provided as NetCDF files on two different grids (EPSG:3413 grid, Bamber grid) that have frequently been used in modelling studies of the Greenland ice sheet, and for the three different resolutions of 5 km, 10 km and 20 km.
• Simulation of the future sea level contribution of Greenland with a new glacial system model
  Reinhard Calov; Sebastian Beyer; Ralf Greve; Johanna Beckmann; Matteo Willeit; Thomas Kleiner; Martin Rückamp; Angelika Humbert; Andrey Ganopolski
  The Cryosphere, 12, 10, 3097, 3121, Oct. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Design and results of the ice sheet model initialisation initMIP-Greenland: an ISMIP6 intercomparison
  Heiko Goelzer; Sophie Nowicki; Tamsin Edwards; Matthew Beckley; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Andy Aschwanden; Reinhard Calov; Olivier Gagliardini; Fabien Gillet-Chaulet; Nicholas R. Golledge; Jonathan Gregory; Ralf Greve; Angelika Humbert; Philippe Huybrechts; Joseph H. Kennedy; Eric Larour; William H. Lipscomb; Sebastien Le Clec'h; Victoria Lee; Mathieu Morlighem; Frank Pattyn; Antony J. Payne; Christian Rodehacke; Martin Rückamp; Fuyuki Saito; Nicole Schlegel; Helene Seroussi; Andrew Shepherd; Sainan Sun; Roderik van de Wal; Florian A. Ziemen
  The Cryosphere, 12, 4, 1433, 1460, Apr. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Brief introduction to ice-sheet modeling
  Fuyuki Saito; Ralf Greve
  Low Temperature Science, 76, 179, 186, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Mar. 2018, [Invited], [Last author], [Domestic magazines]
  Japanese, Research institution, In this article, we give a general overview of ice-sheet models and, in particular, outline models that describe the shape of ice sheets. We describe how ice sheets are represented abstractly by a set of dynamic equations and, as concrete examples, introduce two specific approximations for understanding the properties of ice sheets and ice shelves.
• Regional modeling of the Shirase drainage basin, East Antarctica: full Stokes vs. shallow ice dynamics
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger; Shin Sugiyama
  The Cryosphere, 11, 5, 2213, 2229, Sep. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Projecting the response of the Greenland ice sheet to future climate change with the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; Reinhard Calov; Ute C. Herzfeld
  Low Temperature Science, 75, 117, 129, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Mar. 2017, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [Domestic magazines]
  English, Research institution, Numerical modelling has become established as an important tool for understanding ice sheet dynamics in general, and in particular for assessing the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to future sea level change under global warming conditions. In this paper, we review related work carried out with the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS (SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets). As part of a group of eight models, it was applied to a set of standardised experiments for the Greenland ice sheet defined by the SeaRISE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) initiative. A main finding of SeaRISE was that, if climate change continues unabatedly, the ice sheet may experience a significant decay over the next centuries. However, the spread of results across different models was very large, mainly because of differences in the applied initialisation methods and surface mass balance schemes. Therefore, the new initiative ISMIP6 (Ice Sheet Modeling Intercomparison Project for CMIP6) was launched. An early sub-project is InitMIP-Greenland, within which we showed that two different initialisations computed with SICOPOLIS lead indeed to large differences in the simulated response to schematic future climate scenarios. Further work within ISMIP6 will thus focus on improved initialisation techniques. Based on this, refined future climate simulations for the Greenland ice sheet, driven by forcings derived from AOGCM (atmosphere-ocean general circulation model) simulations, will be carried out. The goal of ISMIP6 is to provide significantly improved estimates of ice sheet contribution to sea level rise in the coming years.
• State dependence of climatic instability over the past 720,000 years from Antarctic ice cores and climate modeling
  Kenji Kawamura; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Hideaki Motoyama; Yutaka Ageta; Shuji Aoki; Nobuhiko Azuma; Yoshiyuki Fujii; Koji Fujita; Shuji Fujita; Kotaro Fukui; Teruo Furukawa; Atsushi Furusaki; Kumiko Goto-Azuma; Ralf Greve; Motohiro Hirabayashi; Takeo Hondoh; Akira Hori; Shinichiro Horikawa; Kazuho Horiuchi; Makoto Igarashi; Yoshinori Iizuka; Takao Kameda; Hiroshi Kanda; Mika Kohno; Takayuki Kuramoto; Yuki Matsushi; Morihiro Miyahara; Takayuki Miyake; Atsushi Miyamoto; Yasuo Nagashima; Yoshiki Nakayama; Takakiyo Nakazawa; Fumio Nakazawa; Fumihiko Nishio; Ichio Obinata; Rumi Ohgaito; Akira Oka; Jun'ichi Okuno; Junichi Okuyama; Ikumi Oyabu; Frederic Parrenin; Frank Pattyn; Fuyuki Saito; Takashi Saito; Takeshi Saito; Toshimitsu Sakurai; Kimikazu Sasa; Hakime Seddik; Yasuyuki Shibata; Kunio Shinbori; Keisuke Suzuki; Toshitaka Suzuki; Akiyoshi Takahashi; Kunio Takahashi; Shuhei Takahashi; Morimasa Takata; Yoichi Tanaka; Ryu Uemura; Genta Watanabe; Okitsugu Watanabe; Tetsuhide Yamasaki; Kotaro Yokoyama; Masakazu Yoshimori; Takayasu Yoshimoto
  Science Advances, 3, 2, e1600446, Feb. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Marine ice sheet model performance depends on basal sliding physics and sub-shelf melting
  Rupert Michael Gladstone; Roland Charles Warner; Benjamin Keith Galton-Fenzi; Olivier Gagliardini; Thomas Zwinger; Ralf Greve
  The Cryosphere, 11, 1, 319, 329, Jan. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparison of hybrid schemes for the combination of shallow approximations in numerical simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
  Jorge Bernales; Irina Rogozhina; Ralf Greve; Maik Thomas
  The Cryosphere, 11, 1, 247, 265, Jan. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Cyclic steps on ice
  Miwa Yokokawa; Norihiro Izumi; Kensuke Naito; Gary Parker; Tomohito Yamada; Ralf Greve
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121, 5, 1023, 1048, May 2016, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparison of thermodynamics solvers in the polythermal ice sheet model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; Heinz Blatter
  Polar Science, 10, 1, 11, 23, Mar. 2016, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Modelling the Antarctic marine cryosphere at the Last Glacial Maximum
  Kazuya Kusahara; Tatsuru Sato; Akira Oka; Takashi Obase; Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Hiroyasu Hasumi
  Annals of Glaciology, 56, 69, 425, 435, Oct. 2015, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Ice sheet mass loss caused by dust and black carbon accumulation
  Thomas Goelles; Carl E. Bøggild; Ralf Greve
  The Cryosphere, 9, 5, 1845, 1856, Sep. 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparison and verification of enthalpy schemes for polythermal glaciers and ice sheets with a one-dimensional model
  Heinz Blatter; Ralf Greve
  Polar Science, 9, 2, 196, 207, Jun. 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Coupled simulations of Greenland Ice Sheet and climate change up to AD 2300
  Miren Vizcaino; Uwe Mikolajewicz; Florian Ziemen; Christian B. Rodehacke; Ralf Greve; Michiel R. van den Broeke
  Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 10, 3927, 3935, May 2015, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Projecting Antarctic ice discharge using response functions from SeaRISE ice-sheet models
  A. Levermann; R. Winkelmann; S. Nowicki; J. L. Fastook; K. Frieler; R. Greve; H. H. Hellmer; M. A. Martin; M. Meinshausen; M. Mengel; A. J. Payne; D. Pollard; T. Sato; R. Timmermann; W. L. Wang; R. A. Bindschadler
  Earth System Dynamics, 5, 2, 271, 293, Aug. 2014, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• On the pressure dependence of the rate factor in Glen's flow law
  Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger; Yongmei Gong
  Journal of Glaciology, 60, 220, 397, 398, Apr. 2014, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Accumulation reconstruction and water isotope analysis for 1736-1997 of an ice core from the Ushkovsky volcano, Kamchatka, and their relationships to North Pacific climate records
  Tatsuru Sato; Takayuki Shiraiwa; Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik; Erik Edelmann; Thomas Zwinger
  Climate of the Past, 10, 1, 393, 404, Feb. 2014, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Capabilities and performance of Elmer/Ice, a new-generation ice sheet model
  O. Gagliardini; T. Zwinger; F. Gillet-Chaulet; G. Durand; L. Favier; B. de Fleurian; R. Greve; M. Malinen; C. Martin; P. Råback; J. Ruokolainen; M. Sacchettini; M. Schäfer; H. Seddik; J. Thies
  Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 4, 1299, 1318, Aug. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Resolution of ice streams and outlet glaciers in large-scale simulations of the Greenland ice sheet
  Ralf Greve; Ute C. Herzfeld
  Annals of Glaciology, 54, 63, 209, 220, Jul. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project I: Antarctica
  Sophie Nowicki; Robert A. Bindschadler; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Andy Aschwanden; Ed Bueler; Hyeungu Choi; Jim Fastook; Glen Granzow; Ralf Greve; Gail Gutowski; Ute Herzfeld; Charles Jackson; Jesse Johnson; Constantine Khroulev; Eric Larour; Anders Levermann; William H. Lipscomb; Maria A. Martin; Mathieu Morlighem; Byron R. Parizek; David Pollard; Stephen F. Price; Diandong Ren; Eric Rignot; Fuyuki Saito; Tatsuru Sato; Hakime Seddik; Helene Seroussi; Kunio Takahashi; Ryan Walker; Wei Li Wang
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118, 2, 1002, 1024, Jun. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Insights into spatial sensitivities of ice mass response to environmental change from the SeaRISE ice sheet modeling project II: Greenland
  Sophie Nowicki; Robert A. Bindschadler; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Andy Aschwanden; Ed Bueler; Hyeungu Choi; Jim Fastook; Glen Granzow; Ralf Greve; Gail Gutowski; Ute Herzfeld; Charles Jackson; Jesse Johnson; Constantine Khroulev; Eric Larour; Anders Levermann; William H. Lipscomb; Maria A. Martin; Mathieu Morlighem; Byron R. Parizek; David Pollard; Stephen F. Price; Diandong Ren; Eric Rignot; Fuyuki Saito; Tatsuru Sato; Hakime Seddik; Helene Seroussi; Kunio Takahashi; Ryan Walker; Wei Li Wang
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118, 2, 1025, 1044, Jun. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and their use in projecting future sea level (the SeaRISE project)
  Robert A. Bindschadler; Sophie Nowicki; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Andy Aschwanden; Hyeungu Choi; Jim Fastook; Glen Granzow; Ralf Greve; Gail Gutowski; Ute Herzfeld; Charles Jackson; Jesse Johnson; Constantine Khroulev; Anders Levermann; William H. Lipscomb; Maria A. Martin; Mathieu Morlighem; Byron R. Parizek; David Pollard; Stephen F. Price; Diandong Ren; Fuyuki Saito; Tatsuru Sato; Hakime Seddik; Helene Seroussi; Kunio Takahashi; Ryan Walker; Wei Li Wang
  Journal of Glaciology, 59, 214, 195, 224, Apr. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Greenland ice sheet contribution to sea-level rise from a new-generation ice-sheet model
  F. Gillet-Chaulet; O. Gagliardini; H. Seddik; M. Nodet; G. Durand; C. Ritz; T. Zwinger; R. Greve; D. G. Vaughan
  The Cryosphere, 6, 6, 1561, 1576, Dec. 2012, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］
  English, Scientific journal
• On the influence of Greenland outlet glacier bed topography on results from dynamic ice-sheet models
  Ute C. Herzfeld; James Fastook; Ralf Greve; Brian McDonald; Bruce F. Wallin; Philip A. Chen
  Annals of Glaciology, 53, 60, 281, 293, Nov. 2012, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Sensitivity experiments for the Antarctic ice sheet with varied sub-ice-shelf melting rates
  Tatsuru Sato; Ralf Greve
  Annals of Glaciology, 53, 60, 221, 228, Nov. 2012, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Projecting Antarctic ice discharge using response functions from SeaRISE ice-sheet models
  A. Levermann; R. Winkelmann; S. Nowicki; J. L. Fastook; K. Frieler; R. Greve; H. H. Hellmer; M. A. Martin; M. Mengel; A. J. Payne; D. Pollard; T. Sato; R. Timmermann; W. L. Wang; R. A. Bindschadler
  The Cryosphere Discussions, 6, 3447, 3489, Copernicus, Aug. 2012, ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The largest uncertainty in projections of future sea-level change still results from the potentially changing dynamical ice discharge from Antarctica. While ice discharge can alter through a number of processes, basal ice-shelf melting induced by a warming ocean has been identified as a major if not the major cause for possible additional ice flow across the grounding line. Here we derive dynamic ice-sheet response functions for basal ice-shelf melting using experiments carried out within the Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution (SeaRISE) intercomparison project with five different Antarctic ice-sheet models. As used here these response functions provide separate contributions for four different Antarctic drainage regions. Under the assumptions of linear-response theory we project future ice-discharge for each model, each region and each of the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) using oceanic temperatures from 19 comprehensive climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP-5, and two ocean models from the EU project Ice2Sea. Uncertainty in the climatic forcing, the oceanic response and the ice-model differences is combined into an uncertainty range of future Antarctic ice discharge induced from basal ice-shelf melt. The additional ice loss (Table 6) is clearly scenario-dependent and results in a median of 0.07 m (66%-range: 0.04-0.10 m; 90%-range: -0.01-0.26 m) of global sea-level equivalent for the low-emission RCP-2.6 scenario and yields 0.1 m (66%-range: 0.06-0.14 m; 90%-range: -0.01-0.45 m) for the strongest RCP-8.5. If only models with an explicit representation of ice shelves are taken into account the scenario dependence remains and the values change to: 0.05 m (66%-range: 0.03-0.08 m) for RCP-2.6 and 0.07 m (66%-range: 0.04-0.11 m) for RCP-8.5. These results were obtained using a time delay between the surface warming signal and the subsurface oceanic warming as observed in the CMIP-5 models. Without this time delay the ranges for all ice models changes to 0.10 m (66%-range: 0.07-0.12 m; 90%-range: 0.01-0.28 m) for RCP-2.6 and 0.15 m (66%-range: 0.10-0.21 m; 90%-range: 0.02-0.53 m) for RCP-8.5. All probability distributions as provided in Fig. 10 are highly skewed towards high values.
• Simulations of the Greenland ice sheet 100 years into the future with the full Stokes model Elmer/Ice
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger; Fabien Gillet-Chaulet; Olivier Gagliardini
  Journal of Glaciology, 58, 209, 427, 440, Jun. 2012, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• An assessment of key model parametric uncertainties in projections of Greenland Ice Sheet behavior
  P. J. Applegate; N. Kirchner; E. J. Stone; K. Keller; R. Greve
  The Cryosphere, 6, 3, 589, 606, May 2012, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Computational modeling of flow-induced anisotropy of polar ice for the EDML deep drilling site, Antarctica: The effect of rotation recrystallization and grain boundary migration
  Swantje Bargmann; Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve
  International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 36, 7, 892, 917, May 2012, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Effects of uncertainties in the geothermal heat flux distribution on the Greenland Ice Sheet: An assessment of existing heat flow models
  I. Rogozhina; J. M. Hagedoorn; Z. Martinec; K. Fleming; O. Soucek; R. Greve; M. Thomas
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117, F2, F02025, May 2012, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Present State and Prospects of Ice Sheet and Glacier Modelling
  Heinz Blatter; Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  Surveys in Geophysics, 32, 4-5, 555, 583, Sep. 2011, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Initial results of the SeaRISE numerical experiments with the models SICOPOLIS and IcIES for the Greenland ice sheet
  Ralf Greve; Fuyuki Saito; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  Annals of Glaciology, 52, 58, 23, 30, Aug. 2011, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• A full Stokes ice flow model for the vicinity of Dome Fuji, Antarctica, with induced anisotropy and fabric evolution
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger; Luca Placidi
  The Cryosphere, 5, 2, 495, 508, Jun. 2011, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Permanent fast flow versus cyclic surge behaviour: numerical simulations of the Austfonna ice cap, Svalbard
  Thorben Dunse; Ralf Greve; Thomas Vikhamar Schuler; Jon Ove Hagen
  Journal of Glaciology, 57, 202, 247, 259, Apr. 2011, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Paleoglaciological reconstructions for the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial cycle: evaluating numerical ice sheet simulations driven by GCM-ensembles
  Nina Kirchner; Ralf Greve; Arjen P. Stroeven; Jakob Heyman
  Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 1-2, 248, 267, Jan. 2011, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• MAIC-2, a latitudinal model for the Martian surface temperature, atmospheric water transport and surface glaciation
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel
  Planetary and Space Science, 58, 6, 931, 940, May 2010, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Continuum-mechanical, Anisotropic Flow model for polar ice masses, based on an anisotropic Flow Enhancement factor
  Luca Placidi; Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik; Sergio H. Faria
  Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 22, 3, 221, 237, Mar. 2010, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Evidence of past migration of the ice divide between the Shirase and Soya drainage basins derived from chemical characteristics of the marginal ice in the Soya drainage basin, East Antarctica
  Yoshinori Iizuka; Hideki Miura; Shogo Iwasaki; Hideaki Maemoku; Takanobu Sawagaki; Ralf Greve; Hiroshi Satake; Kimikazu Sasa; Yuki Matsushi
  Journal of Glaciology, 56, 197, 395, 404, 2010, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• A short history of the thermomechanical theory and modelling of glaciers and ice sheets
  Heinz Blatter; Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  Journal of Glaciology, 56, 200, 1087, 1094, 2010, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Results from the Ice-Sheet Model Intercomparison Project-Heinrich Event INtercOmparison (ISMIP HEINO)
  Reinhard Calov; Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Ed Bueler; Philippe Huybrechts; Jesse V. Johnson; Frank Pattyn; David Pollard; Catherine Ritz; Fuyuki Saito; Lev Tarasov
  Journal of Glaciology, 56, 197, 371, 383, 2010, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• A continuum-mechanical model for the flow of anisotropic polar ice
  Ralf Greve; Luca Placidi; Hakime Seddik
  Low Temperature Science, 68 (Suppl.), 137, 148, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Dec. 2009, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [Domestic magazines]
  English, International conference proceedings, In order to study the mechanical behaviour of polar ice masses, the method of continuum mechanics is used. The newly developed CAFFE model (Continuum-mechanical, Anisotropic Flow model, based on an anisotropic Flow Enhancement factor) is described, which comprises an anisotropic flow law as well as a fabric evolution equation. The flow law is an extension of the isotropic Glen's flow law, in which anisotropy enters via an enhancement factor that depends on the deformability of the polycrystal. The fabric evolution equation results from an orientational mass balance and includes constitutive relations for grain rotation and recrystallization. The CAFFE model fulfills all the fundamental principles of classical continuum mechanics, is sufficiently simple to allow numerical implementations in ice-flow models and contains only a limited number of free parameters. The applicability of the CAFFE model is demonstrated by a case study for the site of the EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) ice core in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica.
• Decay of the Greenland Ice Sheet due to surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding
  Ralf Greve; Shin Sugiyama
  ArXiv E-Prints, arXiv:0905.2027, Cornell University, May 2009, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet are carried out with a high-resolution version of the ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS for several global-warming scenarios for the period 1990-2350. In particular, the impact of surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding on the stability of the ice sheet is investigated. A parameterization for the acceleration effect is developed for which modelled and measured mass losses of the ice sheet in the early 21st century agree well. The main findings of the simulations are: (i) the ice sheet is generally very susceptible to global warming on time-scales of centuries, (ii) surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding leads to a pronounced speed-up of ice streams and outlet glaciers, and (iii) this ice-dynamical effect accelerates the decay of the Greenland Ice Sheet as a whole significantly, but not catastrophically, in the 21st century and beyond.
• Numerical simulation of the evolution of glacial valley cross sections
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Shin Sugiyama; Renji Naruse
  ArXiv E-Prints, arXiv:0901.1177, Cornell University, Jan. 2009, [Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, A numerical model was developed for simulating the formation of U-shaped glacial valleys by coupling a two-dimensional ice flow model with an erosion model for a transverse cross section. The erosion model assumes that the erosion rate varies quadratically with sliding speed. We compare the two-dimensional model with a simple shallow-ice approximation model and show the differences in the evolution of a pre-glacial V-shaped valley profile using the two models. We determine the specific role of the lateral shear stresses acting on the glacier side walls in the formation of glacial valleys. By comparing the model results with field data, we find that U-shaped valleys can be formed within 50 ka. A shortcoming of the model is that it primarily simulates the formation of glacial valleys by deepening, whereas observed valleys apparently have formed mainly by widening.
• A comparative modeling study of the Brunt Ice Shelf/Stancomb-Wills Ice Tongue system, East Antarctica
  Angelika Humbert; Thomas Kleiner; Chris-Oliver Mohrholz; Christoph Oelke; Ralf Greve; Manfred A. Lange
  Journal of Glaciology, 55, 189, 53, 65, 2009, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Increased future sea level rise due to rapid decay of the Greenland ice sheet?
  Ralf Greve
  Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Arctic Research (ISAR-1), 90, 93, Nov. 2008, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, International conference proceedings
• Simulation of cryovolcanism on Saturn's moon Enceladus with the Green-Naghdi theory of thermoelasticity
  Swantje Bargmann; Ralf Greve; Paul Steinmann
  Bulletin of Glaciological Research, 26, 23, 32, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Aug. 2008, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft proved the existence of cryovolcanism, i.e., the icy counterpart of volcanism on Earth, on Saturn's moon Enceladus during its close fly-bys. In particular, water-rich plume venting was discovered in the south polar region. Thus, Enceladus was found to be one out of three outer solar bodies to be geologically active. This contribution is concerned with the modeling and computation of this phenomenon. For the underlying thermoelastic description of ice at cryogenic temperatures, we resort to the Green-Naghdi approach. The Green-Naghdi theory includes the classical Fourier approach, but, in addition to that, it is a lot more general as it also allows for other types of heat propagation. The numerical implementation is carried out with the help of the finite element method. Results show that lateral spreading of internal and surface warming away from an active volcanic vent increases strongly with increasing contribution of the non-classical heat flux. Agreement with available high-resolution surface temperature data based on infrared spectrometry seems to be best if the non-classical heat flux contributes significantly to the total heat transport. Complementary laboratory studies would be required in order to strengthen this speculative, yet promising idea.
• Scenarios for the formation of Chasma Boreale, Mars
  Ralf Greve
  Icarus, 196, 2, 359, 367, Aug. 2008, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Application of a continuum-mechanical model for the flow of anisotropic polar ice to the EDML core, Antarctica
  Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve; Luca Placidi; Ilka Hamann; Olivier Gagliardini
  Journal of Glaciology, 54, 187, 631, 642, 2008, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• The polar ice caps of Mars
  Ralf Greve
  Low Temperature Science, 66, 139, 148, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Dec. 2007, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  English, Research institution, Both Martian polar regions are covered by prominent ice caps. Similar to snow on Earth, the seasonal caps are extended layers of CO2 frost which grow and shrink over the seasons. In the respective summer season, much smaller permanent caps remain, which are underlain by 3 km high topographic domes termed as polar layered deposits. The polar layered deposits consist mainly of H2O ice and have formed by exchange of water with the atmosphere over at least millions of years. Alternating layers of clear and dusty ice, which are exposed in surface troughs and close to the margin, indicate a complex climatic history of Mars driven by quasiperiodic changes of orbital elements, similar to the Milankovitch cycles on Earth. Likely present-day glacial flow velocities are of the order of 0.1-1 mm/a, the north polar deposits being more dynamic than the southern ones due to higher surface temperatures. Basal temperatures are far below the pressure melting point, with the possible exception of geothermally active areas under the ice.
• Coupling Planet Simulator Mars, a general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere, to the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS
  O. J. Stenzel; B. Grieger; H. U. Keller; R. Greve; K. Fraedrich; E. Kirk; F. Lunkeit
  Planetary and Space Science, 55, 14, 2087, 2096, Nov. 2007, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• The effect of the north-east ice stream on the Greenland ice sheet in changing climates
  Ralf Greve; Shoko Otsu
  The Cryosphere Discussions, 1, 41, 76, Copernicus, Jun. 2007, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The north-east Greenland ice stream (NEGIS) was discovered as a large fast-flow feature of the Greenland ice sheet by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaginary of the ERS-1 satellite. In this study, the NEGIS is implemented in the dynamic/thermodynamic, large-scale ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS (Simulation Code for POLythermal Ice Sheets). In the first step, we simulate the evolution of the ice sheet on a 10-km grid for the period from 250 ka ago until today, driven by a climatology reconstructed from a combination of present-day observations and GCM results for the past. We assume that the NEGIS area is characterized by enhanced basal sliding compared to the "normal", slowly-flowing areas of the ice sheet, and find that the misfit between simulated and observed ice thicknesses and surface velocities is minimized for a sliding enhancement by the factor three. In the second step, the consequences of the NEGIS, and also of surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding, for the possible decay of the Greenland ice sheet in future warming climates are investigated. It is demonstrated that the ice sheet is generally very susceptible to global warming on time-scales of centuries and that surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding can speed up the decay significantly, whereas the NEGIS is not likely to dynamically destabilize the ice sheet as a whole.
• A full Stokes-flow thermo-mechanical model for firn and ice applied to the Gorshkov crater glacier, Kamchatka
  Thomas Zwinger; Ralf Greve; Olivier Gagliardini; Takayuki Shiraiwa; Mikko Lyly
  Annals of Glaciology, 45, 29, 37, 2007, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Simulation of large-scale ice-sheet surges: The ISMIP HEINO experiments
  Ralf Greve; Ryoji Takahama; Reinhard Calov
  Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, 20, 1, 15, National Institute of Polar Research, Nov. 2006, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The three-dimensional, dynamic/thermodynamic ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS (SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets) is applied to the ISMIP HEINO (Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project-Heinrich Event INtercOmparison) set-up. ISMIP HEINO has been designed to study large-scale ice-sheet instabilities, similar to those of the Laurentide ice sheet which are likely the cause of Heinrich events, on a simplified geometry which consists of a flat square with 4000 km side length. This square contains an area which resembles Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, on which rapid sediment sliding can occur. The ice sheet is built up over 200 ka by assuming a temporally constant glacial climate. For the standard set-up of ISMIP HEINO, we obtain an oscillatory behaviour of the ice sheet with a main period of approx. 7.5 ka. One cycle consists of a gradual growth phase, followed by a massive surge through "Hudson Bay" and "Hudson Strait" owing to rapid sediment sliding on a molten bed. The occurrence of internal oscillations is robust against moderate variations of the surface boundary conditions and the strength of the sediment sliding. These findings support the idea of a free oscillatory mechanism as the main cause for large-scale ice-sheet surges.
• Fluid dynamics of planetary ices
  Ralf Greve
  GAMM-Mitteilungen, 29, 1, 29, 51, Wiley‐VCH, Apr. 2006, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, The role of water ice in the solar system is reviewed from a fluid‐dynamical point of view. On Earth and Mars, water ice forms ice sheets, ice caps and glaciers at the surface, which show glacial flow under their own weight. By contrast, water ice is a major constituent of the bulk volume of the icy satellites in the outer solar system, and ice flow can occur as thermal convection. The rheology of polycrystalline aggregates of ordinary, hexagonal ice Ih is described by a power law, different forms of which are discussed. The temperature dependence of the ice viscosity follows an Arrhenius law. Therefore, the flow of ice in a planetary environment constitutes a thermo‐mechanically coupled problem; its model equations are obtained by inserting the flow law and the thermodynamic material equations in the balance laws of mass, momentum and energy. As an example of gravity‐driven flow, the polar caps of Mars are discussed. For the north‐polar cap, large‐scale flow velocities of the order of 0.1 … 1 mm/a are likely, locally enhanced by a factor ten or more in the vicinity of surface scarps/troughs. By contrast, the colder south‐polar cap is expected to be almost stagnant. Tidally heated convection is discussed for the example of the icy crust of Europa, where a two‐dimensional model predicts the formation of an upper, conductive lid and a lower, convective layer with flow velocities of the order of 100 mm/a. Very little is known about the fluid‐dynamical relevance of high‐pressure phases of water ice as well as ices made up of other materials.
• Parameter sensitivity studies for the ice flow of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
  Angelika Humbert; Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 110, F4, F04022, Dec. 2005, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Response of the intermediate complexity Mars Climate Simulator to different obliquity angles
  J. Segschneider; B. Grieger; H. U. Keller; F. Lunkeit; E. Kirk; K. Fraedrich; A. Rodin; R. Greve
  Planetary and Space Science, 53, 6, 659, 670, May 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Transient simulation of the last glacial inception. Part I: glacial inception as a bifurcation in the climate system
  Reinhard Calov; Andrey Ganopolski; Martin Claussen; Vladimir Petoukhov; Ralf Greve
  Climate Dynamics, 24, 6, 545, 561, May 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Influence of ice rheology and dust content on the dynamics of the north-polar cap of Mars
  Ralf Greve; Rupali A. Mahajan
  Icarus, 174, 2, 475, 485, Apr. 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• A semi-analytical solution for the positive degree-day model with stochastic temperature variations
  Reinhard Calov; Ralf Greve
  Journal of Glaciology, 51, 172, 173, 175, 2005, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Relation of measured basal temperatures and the spatial distribution of the geothermal heat flux for the Greenland ice sheet
  Ralf Greve
  Annals of Glaciology, 42, 424, 432, 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Simulation of large-scale surges of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet: the simplified ISMIP HEINO experiments
  Ralf Greve; Ryoji Takahama
  Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Global Change: Connection to the Arctic (GCCA-6), Miraikan, Tokyo, Japan, 160, 163, 2005, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, International conference proceedings
• Evolution of the north-polar cap of Mars: a modelling study
  Ralf Greve; Rupali A. Mahajan; Joachim Segschneider; Björn Grieger
  Planetary and Space Science, 52, 9, 775, 787, Aug. 2004, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Simulation of the Eurasian ice sheet dynamics during the last glaciation
  Pirjo-Leena Forsström; Ralf Greve
  Global and Planetary Change, 42, 1-4, 59, 81, Jul. 2004, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Derivation of deformation characteristics in fast-moving glaciers
  Ute C. Herzfeld; Garry K. C. Clarke; Helmut Mayer; Ralf Greve
  Computers & Geosciences, 30, 3, 291, 302, Apr. 2004, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Evolution and dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet over past glacial-interglacial cycles and in future climate-warming scenarios
  Ralf Greve
  Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Global Change: Connection to the Arctic (GCCA-5), University of Tsukuba, Japan, 42, 45, 2004, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, International conference proceedings
• Inlandeismodelle
  Ralf Greve
  Promet, 29, 1-4, 98, 104, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Jun. 2003, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  German, Scientific journal
• Ice flow and isostasy of the north polar cap of Mars
  Ralf Greve; Volker Klemann; Detlef Wolf
  Planetary and Space Science, 51, 3, 193, 204, Mar. 2003, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Simulation of fast-flow features of the Fennoscandian ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum
  Pirjo-Leena Forsström; Olli Sallasmaa; Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger
  Annals of Glaciology, 37, 383, 389, 2003, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Large-scale instabilities of the Laurentide ice sheet simulated in a fully coupled climate-system model
  Reinhard Calov; Andrey Ganopolski; Vladimir Petoukhov; Martin Claussen; Ralf Greve
  Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 24, 2216, Dec. 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparison of numerical schemes for the solution of the ice-thickness equation in a dynamic/thermodynamic ice-sheet model
  Ralf Greve; Reinhard Calov
  Journal of Computational Physics, 179, 2, 649, 664, Jul. 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Comparison of numerical schemes for the solution of the advective age equation in ice sheets
  Ralf Greve; Yongqi Wang; Bernd Mügge
  Annals of Glaciology, 35, 487, 494, 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Asymptotic theories of large-scale motion, temperature, and moisture distribution in land-based polythermal ice sheets: A critical review and new developments
  Dambaru R. Baral; Kolumban Hutter; Ralf Greve
  Applied Mechanics Reviews, 54, 3, 215, 256, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May 2001, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, A review is given of the theory of polythermal ice sheets, ie, ice masses of which the ice has submelting temperatures in certain subdomains and is at the pressure melting point in other subdomains. Cold ice is treated as a non-linearly viscous heat conducting fluid, temperate ice as a mixture of ice at the melting point and melt-water diffusing through the ice matrix. Cold and temperate ice are separated by a non-material singular Stefan-type surface. We repeat and partly amend the complicated field equations and boundary conditions as derived in the literature. These equations are subjected to a scale analysis that makes the creeping flow conditions and the shallow geometries of land-based ice sheets explicit. The small aspect ratio ε — typical depth to horizontal distance over which the geometry and/or stresses change appreciably — suggests a perturbation approach for a possible analytical or numerical solution which has been pursued to include second-order terms O(ε^2). The lowest-order O(ε^0) model equations, known as the shallow-ice approximation (SIA), are asymptotically valid in the entire ice sheet domain except a small marginal zone provided the topographic variations are shallow, ie, possess wave height to wavelength ratios that are O(ε^1) and the constitutive relation for the stress deviator exhibits finite viscosity at zero effective shear stress (square root of second stress deviator invariant). We critically review earlier procedures and put them into the proper perspectives with regard to the original expansion procedures. We extend the zeroth-order theory to first and second order but present only those equations and deductions from them which lead to improved physical insight. In particular we derive stress formulas which show how the stresses depend on i) depth and surface slope, ii) surface topography and iii) stress deviator components, more complete than, and going beyond, known formulas of the literature. Finally we discuss numerically computed second-order stresses for the present state of the Greenland ice sheet. It turns out that they are typically three orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding zeroth-order quantities, and that they are mainly determined by contributions due to zeroth-order stress deviators, rather than by topography effects. Their relative importance is largest close to the ice surface for the second-order pressure, and in the vicinity of ice domes for the horizontal, bed-parallel shear stresses. There are 229 references.
• On the response of the Greenland ice sheet to greenhouse climate change
  Ralf Greve
  Climatic Change, 46, 3, 289, 303, Aug. 2000, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Waxing and waning of the perennial north polar H2O ice cap of Mars over obliquity cycles
  Ralf Greve
  Icarus, 144, 2, 419, 431, Apr. 2000, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Simulation of the Antarctic ice sheet with a three-dimensional polythermal ice-sheet model, in support of the EPICA project. II. Nested high-resolution treatment of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
  Alexey Savvin; Ralf Greve; Reinhard Calov; Bernd Mügge; Kolumban Hutter
  Annals of Glaciology, 30, 69, 75, 2000, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Results from the EISMINT model intercomparison: the effects of thermomechanical coupling
  A. J. Payne; P. Huybrechts; A. Abe-Ouchi; R. Calov; J. L. Fastook; R. Greve; S. J. Marshall; I. Marsiat; C. Ritz; L. Tarasov; M. P. A. Thomassen
  Journal of Glaciology, 46, 153, 227, 238, 2000, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Theory of shallow ice shelves
  Magnus Weis; Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 11, 1, 15, 50, Feb. 1999, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere at the onset of the Eemian and Holocene
  Ralf Greve; Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll; Anton Eisenhauer
  Annals of Glaciology, 28, 1, 8, 1999, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Palaeoclimatic evolution and present conditions of the Greenland ice sheet in the vicinity of Summit: An approach by large-scale modelling
  Ralf Greve; Magnus Weis; Kolumban Hutter
  Paleoclimates: Data and Modelling, 2, 2-3, 133, 161, OPA (Overseas Publishers Association), 1998, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Using the three-dimensional numerical model SICOPOLIS for polythermal land-based ice sheets in the shallow ice approximation, simulations are performed to determine the velocity, temperature and water-content distributions as well as the evolution of the free surface, the cold-temperate-transition surface (CTS) and the basal surface within the Greenland Ice Sheet through time for a climate driving as determined by the (smoothed) GRIP palaeotemperature record. The model is driven by the temperature at the free surface, the global sea level and the geothermal heat flow 5 km below the basal surface. It uses plausible parameterizations for the accumulation and ablation rates, the basal sliding law and the constitutive behaviour (power-law rheology), in which the fluidity difference between glacial and interglacial ice is accounted for by appropriate enhancement factors. Computations that cover 250,000 years of climate history are performed with various sets of parameters to find optimal present conditions when compared with available data. To this end a misfit index is defined, and parameterizations are chosen so as to minimize it. It is shown that dating the ice at depth is crucially dependent on the “flux of age” into the base. However, other parameterizations such as the geothermal heat flow or the basal drag in the sliding law etc. equally influence the present geometry of the ice sheet. We investigate the results of the best-fit simulation with particular attention to the vicinity of Summit, the highest point of the Greenland Ice Sheet at 72°34'N, 37°38'W, in whose vicinity the two deep ice cores GRIP and GISP2 were drilled. For these boreholes, time series for the ice thickness and the basal temperature, present temperature-depth profiles and present age-depth profiles are presented. Furthermore, the ice-surface topography and the ice thickness in the vicinity of Summit is shown, and a comparison with high-resolution RES data is performed.
• Simulation of the Antarctic ice sheet with a three-dimensional polythermal ice-sheet model, in support of the EPICA project
  Reinhard Calov; Alexey Savvin; Ralf Greve; Imke Hansen; Kolumban Hutter
  Annals of Glaciology, 27, 201, 206, 1998, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Application of a polythermal three-dimensional ice sheet model to the Greenland Ice Sheet: Response to steady-state and transient climate scenarios
  Ralf Greve
  Journal of Climate, 10, 5, 901, 918, May 1997, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• A continuum-mechanical formulation for shallow polythermal ice sheets
  Ralf Greve
  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 355, 1726, 921, 974, May 1997, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Large-scale ice-sheet modelling as a means of dating deep ice cores in Greenland
  Ralf Greve
  Journal of Glaciology, 43, 144, 307, 310, 1997, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Modelled ice-sheet margins of three Greenland ice-sheet models compared with a geological record from ice-marginal deposits in central West Greenland
  Frank G. M. van Tatenhove; Adeline Fabré; Ralf Greve; Philippe Huybrechts
  Annals of Glaciology, 23, 52, 58, 1996, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, Ice-sheet modelling is an essential tool for estimating the effect of climate change on the Greenland ice sheet. The large spatial and long-term temporal scales of the ice-sheet model limits the amount of data which can be used to test model results. The geological record is useful because it provides test material on the time-scales typical for the memory of ice sheets (millennia). This paper compares modelled ice-margin positions with a geological scenario of ice-margin positions since the Last Glacial Maximum to the present in West Greenland. Morphological evidence of ice-margin positions is provided by moraines. Moraine systems are dated by 14C-dated marine shells and terrestrial peat. Three Greenland ice-sheet models are compared. There are distinct differences in modelled ice-margin positions between the models and between model results and the geological record. Disagreement between models and the geological record in the near-coastal area is explained by the inadequate treatment of marginal processes in a tide-water environment. A smaller than present ice sheet around the warm period in the Holocene (Holocene climatic optimum) only occurs if such a period appears in the forcing (ice-core record) or used temporal resolution. Smoothing of the GRIP record with a 2000 year average eliminates the climatic signal related to the Holocene climatic optimum. This underlines the importance of short-term and medium-term variations (decades, centuries) in climatic variables in determining ice-margin positions in the past but also in the future.
• The EISMINT benchmarks for testing ice-sheet models
  Philippe Huybrechts; Anthony J. Payne; EISMINT Intercomparison Group (including Ralf Greve)
  Annals of Glaciology, 23, 1, 12, International Glaciological Society, 1996, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, We present a series of benchmark experiments designed for testing and comparing numerical ice-sheet models. Following the outcome of two EISMINT workshops organized to intercompare large-scale ice-sheet models currently in operation, model benchmark experiments ate described for ice sheets under fixed and moving margin conditions. These address both steady-state and time-dependent behaviour under schematic boundary conditions and with prescribed physics. A comparison was made of each model’s prediction of basic geophysical variables such as ice thickness, velocity and temperature. Consensus achieved in the model inter-comparison provides reference solutions against which the accuracy and consistency of ice-sheet modelling codes can be assessed.
• Polythermal modelling of steady states of the Antarctic ice sheet in comparison with the real world
  Imke Hansen; Ralf Greve
  Annals of Glaciology, 23, 382, 387, International Glaciological Society, 1996, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, An approach to simulate the present Antarctic ice sheet with reaped to its thermomechanical behaviour and the resulting features is made with the three-dimensional polythermal ice-sheet model designed by Greve and Hutter. It treats zones of cold and temperate ice as different materials with their own properties and dynamics. This is important because an underlying layer of temperate ice can influence the ice sheet as a whole, e.g. the cold ice may slide upon the less viscous binary ice water mixture.
  Measurements indicate that the geothermal heat flux below the Antarctic ice sheet appears to be remarkably higher than the standard value of 42 mW/m2 that is usually applied for Precambrian shields in ice-sheet modelling. Since the extent of temperate ice at the base is highly dependent on this heat input from the lithosphere, an adequate choice is crucial for realistic simulations. We shall present a series of steady-state results with varied geothermal heat flux and demonstrate that the real ice-sheet topography can be reproduced fairly well with a value in the range 50–60 mW/m2. Thus, the physical parameters of ice (especially the enhancement factor in Glen’s flow law) as used by Greve (1995) for polythermal Greenland ice-sheet simulations can be adopted without any change. The remaining disagreements may he explained by the neglected influence of the ice shelves, the rather coarse horizontal resolution (100 km), the steady-state assumption and possible shortcomings in the parameterization of the surface mass balance.
• Dynamic/thermodynamic simulations of Laurentide ice-sheet instability
  Ralf Greve; Douglas R. MacAyeal
  Annals of Glaciology, 23, 328, 335, International Glaciological Society, 1996, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal, A crucial element of several leading theories of Laurentide ice-sheet instability (i.e. Heinrich events and advance/retreat cycles of the southern margin) is the evolution of melting conditions at the subglacial bed. Despite the great importance basal-temperature conditions play in these theories, relatively little has been done to test their physical plausibility. We therefore undertake a numerical model study of the ice-sheet temperature field along an important transect which extends from the lobate southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet to the iceberg-calving from at the terminus of Hudson Strait. Our experiments illustrate the influence of important aspects of ice-sheet thermodynamics on ice-sheet instability, including horizontal advection and the development of an internal temperate-ice reservoir. Free oscillations of the basal temperature and ice thickness in Hudson Strait are possible under a restricted range of parameters elucidated by the model. These free oscillations may provide a basis for understanding ice-sheet instability, e.g. Heinrich events, with time-scales in the range of 10^3–10^4 a.
• Application of a polythermal ice sheet model to the Antarctic ice sheet: Steady-state solution and response to Milankovic cycles
  Imke Hansen; Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Thermal Engineering and Sciences for Cold Regions (ed. Y. Lee and W. Hallett), 89, 96, 1996, [International Magazine]
  English, International conference proceedings
• Polythermal three-dimensional modelling of the Greenland ice sheet with varied geothermal heat flux
  Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Annals of Glaciology, 21, 8, 12, 1995, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Unconfined flow of granular avalanches along a partly curved surface. II. Experiments and numerical computations
  Thilo Koch; Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 445, 1924, 415, 435, May 1994, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Unconfined flow of granular avalanches along a partly curved surface. I. Theory
  Ralf Greve; Thilo Koch; Kolumban Hutter
  Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 445, 1924, 399, 413, May 1994, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Motion of a granular avalanche in a convex and concave curved chute: experiments and theoretical predictions
  Ralf Greve; Kolumban Hutter
  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 342, 1666, 573, 600, Mar. 1993, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal
• Two-dimensional similarity solutions for finite-mass granular avalanches with Coulomb- and viscous-type frictional resistance
  Kolumban Hutter; Ralf Greve
  Journal of Glaciology, 39, 132, 357, 372, 1993, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], [International Magazine]
  English, Scientific journal

• Predicting the long-term mass loss of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets
  Ralf Greve, Teionken News, 53, 12, 14, Jul. 2022, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, English, Introduction research institution
• ISMIP6 future projections for the Greenland ice sheet with the model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; Christopher Chambers; Reinhard Calov, Zenodo, 3971251, Sep. 2020, [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) brings together a consortium of international ice-sheet and climate modellers to simulate the contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to future sea-level rise. In this document (supplementary to Goelzer et al. 2020, doi: 10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020), we describe the ISMIP6 Greenland Tier-1 and Tier-2 experiments carried out with the ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. First, we conduct a paleoclimatic spin-up over the last glacial-interglacial cycle until the year 1990. In this spin-up, we employ a nudging technique for the topography and aim at optimizing the match between simulated and observed surface velocities by adjusting the amount of basal sliding for individual drainage systems. Then, we carry out a historical run to bridge the gap between 1990 and 2015. The future climate projections run from the beginning of 2015 until the end of 2100. The simulated mass loss by 2100 is 133.0 ± 40.7 mm SLE (mean ± 1-sigma uncertainty; SLE: sea-level equivalent) for the RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5 pathway that represents "business as usual", and it is 48.6 ± 6.2 mm SLE for the RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6 pathway that represents substantial emissions reductions. The large difference between the results for the two pathways highlights the importance of efficient climate change mitigation for limiting sea-level rise. Further, results obtained with forcings from the newer CMIP6 global climate models consistently produce larger mass losses than those obtained with the older CMIP5 global climate models., CERN / OpenAIRE / European Commission, English, Technical report
• ISMIP6 future projections for the Antarctic ice sheet with the model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; Reinhard Calov; Takashi Obase; Fuyuki Saito; Shun Tsutaki; Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Zenodo, 3971232, Sep. 2020, [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) brings together a consortium of international ice-sheet and climate modellers to simulate the contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to future sea-level rise. In this document (supplementary to Seroussi et al. 2020, doi: 10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020), we describe the ISMIP6 Antarctica Tier-1 and Tier-2 experiments carried out with the ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. First, we conduct a paleoclimatic spin-up over the last glacial-interglacial cycle until the year 1990. In this spin-up, we employ a nudging technique for the topography and aim at optimizing the match between simulated and observed surface velocities by adjusting the amount of basal sliding for individual drainage systems. Then, we carry out a historical run to bridge the gap between 1990 and 2015. The future climate projections run from the beginning of 2015 until the end of 2100. Results reveal a non-uniform response of the Antarctic ice sheet: for both employed future climate scenarios (RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5, RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6), mass losses and gains occur, depending on the specific forcing (provided by CMIP5 and CMIP6 global climate models). This is due to the counteracting effects of increasing ocean temperature (leading to a loss) and increasing precipitation (leading to a gain). For RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5, the ensemble mean is a mass loss of 18.5 mm SLE (sea-level equivalent) by 2100, and for RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6 it is 8.4 mm SLE. However, the uncertainty range is quite large, including the possibility of a mass loss of more than 100 mm SLE under RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5., CERN / OpenAIRE / European Commission, English, Technical report
• Ice sheets, global warming and sea level
  Ralf Greve, Proceedings of the 18th Chitose International Forum on Photonics Science & Technology, 12, 17, Jul. 2018, [Invited]
  English, Introduction international proceedings
• Simulations of the present state and future evolution of the Greenland ice sheet with the model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve, Teionken News, 45, 8, 9, Jun. 2018, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, English, Introduction research institution
• CO2 glaciers on the South Polar Layered Deposits of Mars
  Ian B. Smith; Eric Larour; Nathan E. Putzig; Ralf Greve; Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Sixth International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration. LPI Contribution No. 1926, 6072, Sep. 2016, ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Promoting international, multidisciplinary efforts in detecting and understanding high-latitude changes, and searching for their global impacts
  Igor V. Polyakov; Robert Bolton; Ralf Greve; Jenny Hutchings; Seong-Joong Kim; Yongwon Kim; Sang H. Lee; Tetsuo Ohata; Fuyuki Saito; Atsuko Sugimoto; Rikie Suzuki, Polar Science, 8, 2, 53, 56, 2014, ［Internationally co-authored］
  Elsevier, English, Introduction scientific journal
• An experimental study of step topography on the ice surface
  Miwa Yokokawa; Norihiro Izumi; Kensuke Naito; Tomohito Yamada; Ralf Greve, 土木学会論文集 B1(水工学), 69, 4, I.1129, I.1134, 2013, [Last author], [Domestic magazines]
  The spiral troughs observed on the surface of Mars' north polar ice cap show upstream-migrating structures, which indicate that those may possibly be cyclic steps formed by a density current created by cooling of the atmosphere due to the ice. It can be useful to estimate the formative process of the Mars' polar ice cap and thus the climatic history of Mars using the analogues of cyclic steps on the Earth. In this study, we have performed a series of physical experiments aimed at the formation of cyclic steps on ice by flowing fluid. Temperature distribution plays a quite important role for the formation and development of step topography on the ice surface, and was set as ice < fluid < ambient air in this experiment. As a result, step topography was formed on the ice except the case whose Fr is lowest, i.e., 0.76, and the steps generally developed upstream direction. The results of the present experiment agree with the mathematical model describing the evolution of the ice surface by flowing fluid., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japanese, Summary national conference
• Numerical simulations of the evolution of the Martian water ice deposits in past and future climates
  Ralf Greve, ILTS Research Fund, Report, 59, 64, Jul. 2012, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  English, Technical report
• Stratigraphic and modeling evidence in support of a young age for the North Polar Layered Deposits, Mars
  J. W. Holt; R. Greve; I. B. Smith; L. E. Steel; T. C. Cowan, 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. LPI Contribution No. 1659, 2879, Mar. 2012, ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Glaciation of Mars from 10 million years ago until 10 million years into the future simulated with the model MAIC-2
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel, Fifth International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration. LPI Contribution No. 1631, 6004, Sep. 2011, [Lead author, Corresponding author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Simulation of the evolution and dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet in past and future climates
  Ralf Greve; Shin Sugiyama, ILTS Research Fund, Report, 49, 53, Jun. 2010, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  English, Technical report
• Evolution and dynamics of the Martian polar ice caps over climatic cycles
  Ralf Greve, ILTS Research Fund, Report, 37, 41, May 2008, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  English, Technical report
• Book review: "Mass Balance of the Cryosphere: Observations and Modelling of Contemporary and Future Changes", J. L. Bamber and A. J. Payne (Eds.), 2004, 662 pp., Cambridge University Press
  Ralf Greve, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 12, 1759, 1760, Dec. 2006, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  American Meteorological Society, English, Book review
• Scenarios for the formation of Chasma Borealis, Mars
  Ralf Greve, Fourth International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration. LPI Contribution No. 1323, 8002, 2006, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Klimarekonstruktion aus dem Eis großer Eisschilde
  Kolumban Hutter; Ralf Greve; Reinhard Calov, Thema Forschung (Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany), 2/2003, 24, 32, 2003, [Invited], [Domestic magazines]
  German, Introduction research institution
• Kommt die Klimakatastrophe?
  Ralf Greve, Der Gesundheitsberater (Organ der Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsberatung GGB e.V., Lahnstein, Germany), 2/02, 8, 10, 2002, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  German, Introduction research institution
• Klima und Klimaänderungen
  Martin Claussen; Ralf Greve; Ulrich Cubasch, Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Meteorologie der Universität Leipzig, Sonderheft zum Jahr der Geowissenschaften -- Atmosphäre, 44, 50, 2002, [Invited], [Domestic magazines]
  German, Introduction research institution
• Ice flow, isostasy and gravity anomaly of the permanent north polar H2O ice cap of Mars
  Ralf Greve; Volker Klemann; Detlef Wolf, Second International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration. LPI Contribution No. 1057, 51, 52, 2000, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Dynamic/thermodynamic simulations of the north polar ice cap of Mars
  Ralf Greve, First International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration. LPI Contribution No. 953, 13, 15, 1998, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• Auswirkungen des Treibhauseffektes auf das grönländische Eisschild
  Ralf Greve, VESGO Mitteilungen (Verein zur Erforschung und zum Schutz der Gewässer Ottendorf, Germany), 1/96, 16, 17, 1996, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [Domestic magazines]
  German, Report research institution
• EGIG line simulations with a 2-d polythermal ice sheet model
  Ralf Greve, Open File Series (Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark), 94/13, 47, 49, 1994, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution
• An improved polythermal ice sheet model
  Ralf Greve, Open File Series (Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark), 93/5, 22, 24, 1993, [Lead author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
  English, Report research institution

• Expedition Erde. Wissenswertes und Spannendes aus den Geowissenschaften (4th Edition)
  Martin Claussen; Ralf Greve; Ulrich Cubasch, Was ist eigentlich Klima? Klima und Klimaänderungen
  MARUM Bibliothek, Jul. 2015, 9783000490453, 352-359, German, General book, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Contributor]
• Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  J. A. Church; P. U. Clark; A. Cazenave; J. M. Gregory; S. Jevrejeva; A. Levermann; M. A. Merrifield; G. A. Milne; R. S. Nerem; P. D. Nunn; A. J. Payne; W. T. Pfeffer; D. Stammer; A. S. Unnikrishnan; 57 contributing authors including R. Greve, Sea level change
  Cambridge University Press, Sep. 2013, 1137-1216, English, Report, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Contributor]
• Expedition Erde. Wissenswertes und Spannendes aus den Geowissenschaften (3rd Edition)
  Martin Claussen; Ralf Greve; Ulrich Cubasch, Was ist eigentlich Klima? Klima und Klimaänderungen
  MARUM Bibliothek, Oct. 2010, 9783000307720, 326-333, German, General book, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Contributor]
• Continuum Mechanics, Fluids, Heat
  Swantje Bargmann; Hakime Seddik; Ralf Greve, On a thermodynamically consistent flow model for induced anisotropy in polar ice
  WSEAS Press, Feb. 2010, 9789604741588, 114-119, English, Scholarly book, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Contributor]
• Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
  Ralf Greve; Heinz Blatter
  Springer, Aug. 2009, 9783642034145, 287 pp., English, Textbook, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Joint work]
• The Science of Global Warming
  Ralf Greve, Global warming, the role of land ice, and sea-level rise
  Hokkaido University Press, 2007, 9784832981812, 105-112, Japanese, Textbook, [Contributor]
• Kontinuumsmechanik. Ein Grundkurs für Ingenieure und Physiker
  Ralf Greve
  Springer, 2003, 3540007601, 302 pp., German, Textbook, [Single work]
• Continuum Mechanics and Applications in Geophysics and the Environment
  Ralf Greve, Glacial isostasy: Models for the response of the Earth to varying ice loads
  Springer, 2001, 3540416609, 307-325, English, Scholarly book, [Contributor]
• Continuum Mechanics and Applications in Geophysics and the Environment
  Brian Straughan; Ralf Greve; Harald Ehrentraut; Yongqi Wang
  Springer, 2001, 3540416609, 393 pp., English, Scholarly book, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Joint editor]
• Advances in Cold-Region Thermal Engineering and Sciences
  Bernd Mügge; Alexey A. Savvin; Reinhard Calov; Ralf Greve, Numerical age computation of the Antarctic ice sheet for dating deep ice cores
  Springer, 1999, 3540663339, 307-318, English, Scholarly book, [Contributor]
• Advances in Cold-Region Thermal Engineering and Sciences
  Ralf Greve; Bernd Mügge; Dambaru R. Baral; Olaf Albrecht; Alexey A. Savvin, Nested high-resolution modelling of the Greenland Summit region
  Springer, 1999, 3540663339, 285-306, English, Scholarly book, [Contributor]

• Development of numerical ice-sheet models and research on ice-sheet change
  Ralf Greve
  National Conference of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, 04 Oct. 2022, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [Domestic Conference]
• History and Japanese contribution to the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences IACS
  Ralf Greve
  JpGU (Japan Geoscience Union) Meeting, 30 May 2019, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Ice sheets, global warming and sea level
  Ralf Greve
  Chitose International Forum on Photonics Science & Technology, 10 Oct. 2017, English, Invited oral presentation
  Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, [Invited], [International presentation]
• Ice sheet modelling and applications to Greenland, Antarctica and the Martian polar caps
  Ralf Greve
  Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, 04 Dec. 2012, English, Keynote oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Ice sheet modelling and applications to the past, present and future glaciation of the Earth
  Ralf Greve
  IPICS (International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences) Open Science Conference, 02 Oct. 2012, English, Keynote oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Glaciation of Mars from 10 million years ago until 10 million years into the future simulated with the model MAIC-2
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel
  JpGU (Japan Geoscience Union) Meeting, 24 May 2012, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• Cooperation between the Nordic countries and Japan in advanced ice sheet and glacier modelling
  Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger
  Northern Environmental Research Symposium, Hokkaido University Sustainability Weeks, 31 Oct. 2011, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• Do the Martian Polar Layered Deposits flow, now or in the past?
  D. Fisher; W. Durham; R. Greve; J. Holt; C. Hvidberg; S. Milkovich
  Fifth International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, 12 Sep. 2011, English, Nominated symposium
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• SeaRISE: Modelling the present-day state and future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet with the models SICOPOLIS and IcIES
  Ralf Greve; Fuyuki Saito; Ayako Abe-Ouchi
  AGU (American Geophysical Union) Fall Meeting, Dec. 2010, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Implementation of ice shelf dynamics and marine ice dynamics in the ice sheet model SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; Tatsuru Sato; Thorben Dunse
  International Glaciological Conference "Ice and Climate Change: A View from the South", Feb. 2010, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• Dynamic/thermodynamic modelling of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the focus on the vicinity of Dome Fuji
  Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik; Thomas Zwinger; Luca Placidi
  2nd International Symposium on the Dome Fuji Ice Core and Related Topics, Nov. 2009, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• Dynamic/thermodynamic modelling of ice sheets in changing climates
  Ralf Greve
  International Symposium "Frontiers of Low Temperature Science", Hokkaido University Sustainability Weeks, Nov. 2009, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Decay of the Greenland Ice Sheet due to surface-meltwater-induced acceleration of basal sliding
  Ralf Greve
  Nuuk Climate Days: Changes of the Greenland Cryosphere Workshop & International Symposium on the Arctic Freshwater Budget, Aug. 2009, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Increased future sea level rise due to rapid decay of the Greenland Ice Sheet?
  Ralf Greve
  IAMAS-IAPSO-IACS Joint Assembly (MOCA-09), Jul. 2009, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Rapid decay of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets?
  Ralf Greve
  Sentinel Earth, Detection of Environmental Change, Jul. 2008, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Dynamic/thermodynamic modeling of the Gorshkov crater glacier at Ushkovsky volcano, Kamchatka
  Ralf Greve; Thomas Zwinger; Olivier Gagliardini; Evgeny Isenko; Erik Edelmann; Hakime Seddik
  AGU (American Geophysical Union) Fall Meeting, Dec. 2007, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation], ［Internationally co-authored］
• Simulation of the north and south polar caps of Mars over climate cycles
  Ralf Greve
  AOGS (Asia Oceania Geosciences Society) 2nd Annual Meeting, Jun. 2005, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]
• Evolution and dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet over past glacial-interglacial cycles and in future climate-warming scenarios
  Ralf Greve
  5th International Conference on Global Change: Connection to the Arctic (GCCA-5), Nov. 2004, English, Invited oral presentation
  [Invited], [International presentation]

• 理論雪氷学特論, 2024年, 修士課程, 環境科学院
• 地球雪氷学実習Ⅱ, 2024年, 修士課程, 環境科学院
• 地球雪氷学実習Ⅰ, 2024年, 修士課程, 環境科学院
• 大学院共通授業科目（一般科目）：自然科学・応用科学, 2024年, 修士課程, 大学院共通科目
• 大学院共通授業科目（教育プログラム）：南極学, 2024年, 修士課程, 大学院共通科目
• 国際科学ｺﾐｭﾆｹｰｼｮﾝ法特論, 2024年, 修士課程, 環境科学院
• 地球雪氷学基礎論, 2024年, 修士課程, 環境科学院

• Japan Geoscience Union
• American Geophysical Union
• European Geosciences Union
• International Glaciological Society

• SICOPOLIS
  Ralf Greve; SICOPOLIS Authors, Mar. 1992 - Present, SICOPOLIS (SImulation COde for POLythermal Ice Sheets, www.sicopolis.net) is a 3D model that simulates the evolution, dynamics and thermodynamics of large ice sheets and ice caps., [Software], ［Internationally co-authored］
• MAIC-2
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel, Oct. 2007 - Feb. 2013, The Mars Atmosphere-Ice Coupler MAIC-2 is a simple, latitudinal model that consists of a set of parameterizations for the surface temperature, the atmospheric water transport and the surface mass balance (condensation minus evaporation) of water ice. It is driven directly by the orbital parameters obliquity, eccentricity and solar longitude of perihelion., [Software], ［Internationally co-authored］

• Improving model physics, improving boundary conditions and employing statistical methods for simulating the future mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2024 - Mar. 2025
  Ralf Greve
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Changes of the coastal environment in the Arctic and its social impact
  Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II)
  Jun. 2020 - Mar. 2025
  Shin Sugiyama; et al.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Coinvestigator, JPMXD1420318865
• Weather and climate prediction and its technological improvement
  Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II)
  Jun. 2020 - Mar. 2025
  Hiroyasu Hasumi; et al.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Coinvestigator, JPMXD1420318865
• Integrative modeling of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, ocean, and climate
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)
  Jun. 2017 - Mar. 2022
  Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Masakazu Yoshimori; Kazuya Kusahara; Fuyuki Saito; Akira Oka; Ralf Greve
  ◆南極氷床モデリング：氷床モデルを南極用に設定し海洋ー氷床相互作用や底面過程を改良した。さらに将来予測実験ISMIP6の実行に向けた準備を行なった。棚氷底面融解を外力とする氷床の定常・非定常実験を実施。・気候モデルによる温暖化実験結果を入力に用いた実験や、長時間スケールの氷床変動再現実験を開始した。・南極変動に関わる古気候氷床実験を実施。モデルの不確定性の評価を行った。
  ◆南極氷床の質量収支解析：・MIROCの降水量や気温や大気循環に関するデータによるモデル検証を行い。20世紀再現バイアスなどとの関係を調べた。
  ◆南大洋モデリング：・氷期の数値実験に基づいて物理環境など各要素の再現性についての検討を進める。・底層水班と連携した南大洋における底層水形成や海氷分布などの検討を行った。生態系班と連携した南大洋での生物ポンプ過程の検討。氷床・気候班と連携した氷床コアによるCO2濃度データとモデル結果との直接の比較、氷期CO2低下の理解に向けた研究を進めた。過去及び将来における海洋酸性化に関する数値実験を実施した。氷期のCO2のモデリングについて論文執筆を進める一方、氷期から退氷期の実験の準備を進めた。
  ◆長期気候-氷床モデリング：過去数百万年の気候と氷床の変化に関して大気海洋結合モデルMIROCの結果と南極氷床モデルを組み合わせた長期気候-氷床モデル実験を準備し、固体地球班との連携による古気候データとの比較検討によって、南極氷床と気候の変動メカニズムを調べた。
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area), The University of Tokyo, Coinvestigator, Competitive research funding, 17H06323
• Ice-sheet–ocean–atmosphere interactions in large-scale, past climate change
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
  May 2017 - Mar. 2022
  Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Naohiko Ohkouchi; Masakazu Yoshimori; Fuyuki Saito; Koji Fujita; Ralf Greve; Kenji Kawamura
  N/A
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S), The University of Tokyo, Coinvestigator, Competitive research funding, 17H06104
• Modelling the future mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet due to atmospheric and oceanic changes
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2020 - Mar. 2021
  Ralf Greve; Christopher Chambers; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Fuyuki Saito; Angelika Humbert
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Projecting discharge from the Greenland ice sheet using climatic forcings derived from atmosphere-ocean models
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
  Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2020
  Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Shin Sugiyama; Fuyuki Saito; Hiroyuki Enomoto; Kumiko Goto-Azuma
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding
• Variability of the Greenland Ice Sheet and climate
  Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS)
  Oct. 2015 - Mar. 2020
  Kumiko Goto-Azuma; et al.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Coinvestigator
• Ice-sheet/glacier–ocean interaction in Greenland
  Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS)
  Oct. 2015 - Mar. 2020
  Shin Sugiyama; et al.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Coinvestigator
• 急激な気候変動の大気中二酸化炭素濃度への依存性の解明
  科学研究費助成事業
  01 Apr. 2017 - 31 Mar. 2018
  阿部 彩子; 吉森 正和; 齋藤 冬樹; Greve Ralf; 川村 賢二
  本研究、基盤研究Ａ「急激な気候変動の大気中二酸化炭素濃度への依存度の解明」では、数千年周期で繰り返す急激な気候変動について、
  大気海洋結合モデルを用いて再現し、大気中二酸化炭素濃度を変化させて気候と深層海洋循環の定常応答を調べる感度実験を行い、急激な気候変動が起こりやすい条件を明らかにしようとすること、
  そして、氷期から間氷期への移行における大気・海洋・氷床の相互作用を複数のモデルの結合により再現し、過去150万年の氷期サイクルの卓越周期が4万年から10万年に移り変わった原因やプロセスを提示することを目指している。
  Ｈ２９年の２ヶ月で、大気海洋結合モデル（ＭＩＲＯＣ）と氷床モデル、植生モデル、海洋炭素循環モデルを統合的に用いた数値実験に着手した。
  また、大気海洋結合モデルを用いて再現し、大気中二酸化炭素濃度を変化させて気候と深層海洋循環の異なる応答を調べる感度実験を数多く実行している段階である。
  今後の研究目標は、基盤研究Ｓ「過去の大規模な気候変動における氷床・海洋・気候の相互作用の解明」（代表阿部彩子）で達成していく予定である。
  日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(A), 東京大学, 17H00778
• Development and application of a GPU-accelerated ice sheet model
  Grant-in-Aid for Postdoctoral Research Fellows
  Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2017
  Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding
• Understanding the interaction between abrupt climate change and glacial cycle using earth system modeling
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
  Apr. 2013 - Mar. 2016
  Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Ralf Greve; Kenji Kawamura; Masakazu Yoshimori; Fuyuki Saito; Hiroyasu Hasumi; Kei Yoshimura; Naohiko Ohkouchi; Akira Oka; Jun'ichi Okuno
  We conducted numerical simulations with an ice-sheet model in combination with the general circulation model to investigate the physical mechanisms underpinning the 100,000-year glacial cycles. Our results show that insolation and internal feedbacks between the climate, the ice sheets and the lithosphere-asthenosphere system explain the 100,000-year periodicity. Carbon dioxide is involved, but is not determinative, in the evolution of the 100,000-year glacial cycles. These results are important for deepening the understanding of climate change and verifying the reliability of the ice sheet-climate model used for global warming prediction.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), The University of Tokyo, Coinvestigator, Competitive research funding, 25241005
• Numerical simulations of the dynamics of the Greenlandic Qaanaaq drainage basin in the recent past and into the future
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2014 - Mar. 2015
  Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Shin Sugiyama; Fuyuki Saito; Thomas Zwinger
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Simulation of the evolution and dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet in past and future climates
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
  Apr. 2010 - Mar. 2014
  Ralf Greve; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Shin Sugiyama; Shuji Fujita; Hideaki Motoyama; Fuyuki Saito
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding
• Numerical simulations of the evolution of the Martian water ice deposits in past and future climates
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2012
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Simulation of rapid dynamical changes of the Greenland ice sheet in response to global warming
  Grant-in-Aid for Postdoctoral Research Fellows
  Oct. 2008 - Oct. 2010
  Ralf Greve; Hakime Seddik
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding
• Simulation of the evolution and dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet in past and future climates
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2009 - Mar. 2010
  Ralf Greve; Shin Sugiyama; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Shuji Fujita; Angelika Humbert; Nina Kirchner; Hideaki Motoyama; Fuyuki Saito; Hakime Seddik; Thomas Zwinger
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Induced anisotropy, fast ice flow and climate change in ice sheets
  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
  Apr. 2006 - Mar. 2009
  Ralf Greve; Shin Sugiyama
  This project dealt with two hot topics in current climatological research on ice sheets, induced anisotropy and fast ice flow, by means of numerical modelling. A new versatile, three-dimensional computer model "Elmer/Ice" for flowing ice masses was developed, which solves the full-Stokes equations. Within Elmer/Ice, induced anisotropy is described by the "CAFFE model". The CAFFE model was applied to the site of the EDML ice core at Kohnen Station in east Antarctica, for which the measured surface velocity and fabrics profile could be reproduced well. Elmer/Ice with the CAFFE model was applied to a 200×200km window around the Dome Fuji ice core in central east Antarctica. The main findings of the simulations were : (i)the flow regime at Dome Fuji is a complex superposition of vertical compression, horizontal extension and bed-parallel shear ; (ii)for a geothermal heat flux of 60mW m^<-2> the basal temperature at Dome Fuji reaches the pressure melting point ; (iii)the fabric shows a weak single maximum at Dome Fuji ; (iv)the basal age is smaller where the ice is thicker and larger where the ice is thinner. As a spin-off study, Elmer/Ice was also applied to the Gorshkov crater glacier at Ushkovsky volcano, Kamchatka, which is characterized by an unusually large aspect ratio and a very high geothermal heat flux. Simulations of the Greenland ice sheet were carried out with R. Greve's ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. It was found that(i)the present-day North-East Greenland Ice Stream(NEGIS)shows basal sliding enhancement by the factor three compared to the surrounding, slowly flowing ice, and(ii)ice-dynamical processes(basal sliding accelerated by surface meltwater)can speed up the decay of the ice sheet significantly, but not catastrophically in the 21st century and beyond. Modelling with Elmer/Ice of the flow regime of the Antarctic drainage system from Dome Fuji to Shirase Glacier is still ongoing. One doctoral thesis(Mr. Hakime Seddik)and one master thesis(Ms. Shoko Otsu)were completed at Hokkaido University within this project.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 18340135
• Evolution and dynamics of the Martian polar ice caps over climatic cycles
  Leadership Research Grant
  Apr. 2005 - Mar. 2007
  Ralf Greve; Björn Grieger; Oliver J. Stenzel
  Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, ［Internationally co-authored］
• Physical processes in polar ice sheets and high resolution analyses of Earth's history in climatic and environmental changes
  Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research
  Apr. 2002 - Mar. 2007
  Takeo Hondoh; Ralf Greve; Yoshinori Iizuka; Shuji Fujita; Akira Hori; Takao Kameda; Takayuki Shiraiwa; Hideki Narita
  The aim of the present study is to develop a new research field, Nanoglaciology, for better understanding the ice sheet processes on a macroscopic scale on the basis of various microphysical mechanisms involved in the processes, and to clarify the meaning of paleoclimate-and paleoenvironment-signals and their reliabilities. The main results obtained are summarized as:
  1. A mass transfer in the firn and the formation process of layer structures: We revealed structural changes of the layering formed at the surface with depth by the use of various experimental methods. Using SEM-EDS and micro-RAMAN, we found that most of the trace ions are included in the micro-particles of sulfate salts and other salts. We proposed a new reaction diagram for determining the product materials in relation to ion balances.
  2. Bubble to hydrate transition and gas fractionations: We found a new mechanism of hydrate nucleation that occurs on salt inclusions, and suggested that the layer structure in deeper part depends on the distribution of salt particles.
  3. Development of crystal fabrics and ice-sheet flow: We developed a new model taking anisotropy of fabrics into consideration that has been neglected so far. Applying this new model to DML Antarctica, we found much larger flow velocity than that calculated by an isotropic flow model.
  4. Radar echo sounding of ice sheets: Using a new radar sounding system that was designed to detect internal structures of ice sheets, we found birefringence effect by the ice sheet for the first time. This new method enables us to deduce the internal fabric structures regarding ice-sheet flow.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research, Hokkaido University, Coinvestigator, Competitive research funding, 14GS0202

• Modelling and Observations of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
  21 Jul. 2025 - 22 Jul. 2025
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  IAMAS, IACS, IAPSO
  Busan, South Korea, Convenor of session C08 "Modelling and Observations of Glaciers and Ice Sheets", BACO-25 (Busan IAMAS-IACS-IAPSO Joint Assembly), [Contributing to international academic research]
• Fast Glacier Flow: Processes, Observations and Modelling of Ice Streams, Tidewater Glaciers and Surging Glaciers
  16 Jul. 2023
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
  Berlin, Germany, Co-convenor of session C04 "Fast Glacier Flow: Processes, Observations and Modelling of Ice Streams, Tidewater Glaciers and Surging Glaciers", IUGG General Assembly, [Contributing to international academic research]
• Fast Glacier Flow: Processes, Observations and Modelling of Ice Streams, Tidewater Glaciers and Surging Glaciers
  10 Jul. 2019
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
  Montreal, Canada, Co-convenor of session C05 "Fast Glacier Flow: Processes, Observations and Modelling of Ice Streams, Tidewater Glaciers and Surging Glaciers", IUGG General Assembly, [Contributing to international academic research]
• Cold Flows
  06 Jun. 2016
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
  Paris, France, Co-convenor of session 2d "Cold Flows", IUGG Conference on Mathematical Geophysics, [Contributing to international academic research]
• ILTS International Symposium on Low Temperature Science
  30 Nov. 2015 - 02 Dec. 2015
  Planning etc
  Competition etc
  Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS)
  Sapporo, Japan, Head of the Local Organizing Committee, ILTS International Symposium on Low Temperature Science, [Contributing to international academic research]
• Planetary Physics
  26 Jun. 2015
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
  Prague, Czechia, Co-convenor of session JS1 "Planetary Physics", IUGG General Assembly, [Contributing to international academic research]
• Solar System Exploration of Atmospheres with Ground-Based and Space-Based Platforms
  24 Jun. 2015
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
  Prague, Czechia, Co-convenor of session M09 "Solar System Exploration of Atmospheres with Ground-Based and Space-Based Platforms", IUGG General Assembly,
• Linking Cryospheric Observations and Modeling
  19 Dec. 2014
  Panel chair etc
  Competition etc
  American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  San Francisco, USA, Co-convenor of session C51B/C54A "Linking Cryospheric Observations and Modeling",
  AGU Fall Meeting, [Contributing to international academic research]

• Reduced mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet under stratospheric aerosol injection, and some general considerations about pros and cons of geoengineering techniques
  07 Mar. 2024
  Lecturer
  International Glaciological Society (IGS)
  IGS Global Seminar
  Online
  College students, Graduate students, Researchers
• Of cold ice, warm ice and water: thermodynamics of ice sheets and glaciers
  13 Oct. 2021
  Lecturer
  International Glaciological Society (IGS)
  IGS Global Seminar
  Online
  College students, Graduate students, Researchers
• How to write strong KAKENHI proposals
  25 Sep. 2019
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University
  KAKENHI Seminar in English
  Hokkaido University CRIS Building
  Graduate students, Researchers
• How to write strong KAKENHI proposals
  25 Sep. 2018
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University
  KAKENHI Seminar in English
  Hokkaido University CRIS Building
  Graduate students, Researchers
• How to write strong KAKENHI proposals
  03 Oct. 2017
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University
  KAKENHI Seminar in English
  Hokkaido University Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery
  Graduate students, Researchers
• How to write strong KAKENHI proposals
  21 Sep. 2016
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University
  KAKENHI Seminar in English
  Hokkaido University CRIS Building
  Graduate students, Researchers
• Tips for writing strong KAKENHI proposals
  25 Jul. 2016
  Lecturer
  EURAXESS Japan
  Boost your Career: Grants in Practice
  Delegation of the European Union to Japan, Tokyo
  Graduate students, Researchers
• Practical tips on writing proposals
  24 Sep. 2015
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University
  KAKENHI Seminar in English
  Hokkaido University Conference Hall
  Graduate students, Researchers
• How to give a great scientific presentation
  14 Jul. 2014
  Presenter
  English Engineering Education (e3) Program
  School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
  College students, Graduate students
• Ice sheets and climate change
  18 May 2014
  Lecturer
  Chitose Institute of Science and Technology
  4th meeting of the German JSPS Club in Japan
  Chitose Institute of Science and Technology
  Researchers
• Global warming and icy environments
  15 Nov. 2008
  Presenter
  Hokkaido University CoSTEP
  International Science Cafe
  Restaurant Mintaru, Sapporo
  High school students, College students, General

• Geoengineering may slow Greenland ice sheet loss
  30 Jan. 2024
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• 成層圏へのエアロゾル噴射による氷床の変化を予測〜グリーンランド氷床の体積減少を大幅に抑制できることが判明〜
  11 Jan. 2024
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• 西暦3000年までのグリーランド氷床の変動を予測～このまま温暖化が進むと氷床の体積が半分に減る可能性を示唆～
  25 Mar. 2022
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• Greenland ice sheet may halve in volume by year 3000
  14 Mar. 2022
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• Sea level rise 5.3 m in 3000 – Prediction of Antarctic ice sheet change
  02 Feb. 2022
  Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun
  [Paper]
• Antarctica melting, up to 1000 years ahead? Tokyo is also at risk of inundation due to rising sea levels
  30 Jan. 2022
  The Nikkei
  [Paper]
• 西暦3000年までの南極氷床の変動を予測～氷床の崩壊を防ぐための効果的な気候変動対策が重要～
  24 Jan. 2022
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• Melting of the Antarctic ice sheet could cause multi-meter rise in sea levels by the end of the millennium
  22 Dec. 2021
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• Possible 1,000-kilometer-long river running deep below Greenland’s ice sheet
  12 Nov. 2020
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  [Internet]
• New estimates for the rise in sea levels due to ice sheet mass loss under future climate change
  17 Sep. 2020
  Hokkaido University
  Research Press Release
  Japan, [Internet]