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研究者情報

マスター

アカウント（マスター）

  • 氏名

    増田　隆一(マスダ　リユウイチ), マスダ　リユウイチ

所属（マスター）

  • 理学研究院　生物科学部門　多様性生物学分野

所属（マスター）

  • 理学研究院　生物科学部門　多様性生物学分野

独自項目

syllabus

  • 2021, 生態学基礎論, Fundamental Course in Ecology, 修士課程, 環境科学院, 生物進化、種分化、生物多様性、環境適応、絶滅 evolution, speciation, bio-diversity, adaptation, extinction
  • 2021, 大学院共通授業科目（一般科目）：自然科学・応用科学, Inter-Graduate School Classes(General Subject):Natural and Applied Sciences, 修士課程, 大学院共通科目, 地球生命史，　生物進化，　地球環境変化，　気候変動，　生物大量絶滅，　生物多様性，　古生物科学，　地質年代
  • 2021, 多様性生物学概論, Biodiversity, 修士課程, 理学院, 生物進化、種分化、生物多様性、環境適応、絶滅
  • 2021, 多様性生物学特論Ⅰ, Advanced Biodiversity Study I, 修士課程, 理学院, 分子系統、動物地理、進化、集団遺伝
  • 2021, 自然史科学特別研究１, Research in Natural History Science 1, 修士課程, 理学院, 修士論文
  • 2021, 自然史科学論文講読１, Seminar in Natural History Science 1, 修士課程, 理学院, 修士　論文講読　
  • 2021, 多様性生物学研究法, Methods in Biodiversity Studies, 修士課程, 理学院, 生物多様性，分類，系統，古生物，進化発生学，動物，植物，海藻，原生生物，系統地理学
  • 2021, ISP生物科学実習Ⅰ・a, ISP Biological Laboratory Course I･a, 学士課程, 理学部, 分類学　系統学
  • 2021, ISP生物科学実習Ⅰ・b, ISP Biological Laboratory Course I･b, 学士課程, 理学部, 分類学　系統学
  • 2021, 動物系統分類学実習, Laboratory Course in Systematic Zoology, 学士課程, 理学部, 分類学　系統学
  • 2021, 多様性生物学Ⅰ, Biodiversity Studies I, 学士課程, 理学部, 分類学、系統学、生態学、種分化学、原核生物、菌類
  • 2021, 多様性生物学Ⅱ, Biodiversity Studies II, 学士課程, 理学部, 藻類，陸上植物，無脊椎動物，脊椎動物，分類，系統，進化
  • 2021, 環境と人間, Environment and People, 学士課程, 全学教育, ヒグマ，自然環境，生態系，文化，クマ送り，地域社会，共存
  • 2021, 生物学Ⅱ, Biology II, 学士課程, 全学教育, 生物の多様性，系統，進化，生物の形態，生命活動の多様性
  • 2021, 系統進化学, Systematics and Evolution, 学士課程, 理学部, 哺乳類　形態進化　分子進化　生物地理学　鳥類　島　生態　固有種

PositionHistory

  • 大学院理学研究院附属ゲノムダイナミクス研究センター長, 2013年4月1日, 2015年3月31日
  • 大学院理学研究院附属ゲノムダイナミクス研究センター長, 2015年4月1日, 2017年3月31日
  • 大学院理学研究院附属ゲノムダイナミクス研究センター長, 2017年4月1日, 2019年3月31日

researchmap

プロフィール情報

所属

  • 北海道大学, 北極域研究センター, 兼務教員
  • 北海道大学, 総合博物館, 資料部研究員

学位

  • 理学博士（北海道大学）

プロフィール情報

  • 姓

    増田, マスダ

  • 名

    隆一, リュウイチ

  • ID各種

    200901004655181664

所属

  • 北海道大学, 北極域研究センター, 兼務教員
  • 北海道大学, 総合博物館, 資料部研究員

業績リスト

研究キーワード

  • 動物地理学   分子系統進化学   

研究分野

  • ライフサイエンス / 多様性生物学、分類学
  • ライフサイエンス / 進化生物学
  • 人文・社会 / 文化財科学
  • 人文・社会 / 地域研究

経歴

  • 2024年 - 現在 北海道大学 名誉教授
  • 2024年 - 現在 北海道大学 大学院理学研究院 特任教授
  • 2012年 - 2024年 北海道大学 大学院理学研究院 教授
  • 2007年 - 2012年 北海道大学 准教授
  • 2001年 - 2007年 北海道大学 助教授
  • 1991年 - 2001年 北海道大学 助手
  • 1989年 - 1991年 アメリカ合衆国国立がん研究所 博士研究員
  • 1987年 - 1988年 日本学術振興会 特別研究員 [DC]

委員歴

  • 2002年 - 現在   Russian Journal of Theriology 編集委員
  • 2020年 - 2024年   日本動物学会   理事、北海道支部長
  • 2021年 - 2023年   公益財団法人 秋山記念生命科学振興財団   選考委員
  • 2012年 - 2023年   日本哺乳類学会   代議員
  • 2023年   環境省   令和4年度対馬におけるカワウソ生息状況調査意見交換会メンバー
  • 2023年   環境省   令和4年度対馬におけるカワウソ生息状況検討意見交換会メンバー
  • 2020年 - 2022年   環境省   ツシマヤマネコ生息域内保全委員会委員
  • 2018年 - 2019年   日本哺乳類学会   理事
  • 2013年 - 2018年   環境省   ツシマヤマネコ生息域内保全委員会委員
  • 2016年 - 2017年   日本動物学会   北海道支部委員   日本動物学会
  • 2012年 - 2016年   日本動物学会   将来計画委員
  • 2005年 - 2013年   日本哺乳類学会   英文誌"Mammal Study" 編集委員
  • 2008年 - 2010年   日本哺乳類学会   英文誌"Mammal Study" 編集委員長

受賞

  • 2021年08月 日本哺乳類学会 2021年度日本哺乳類学会論文賞
     Introduction and expansion history of the masked palm civet, Paguma larvata, in Japan, revealed by mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b analysis. Mammal Study 45 (3): 243-251, 2020. 
    受賞者: Endo, Y;Lin, L.K;Yamazaki, K;Pei, K.J.C;Chang, S.W;Chen, Y.J;Ochiai, K;Yachimori, S;Anezaki, T;Kaneko, Y;Masuda, R
  • 2019年 日本哺乳類学会 2019年度日本哺乳類学会賞
     「分子系統進化学に基づく哺乳類の生物地理学への寄与」 
    受賞者: 増田 隆一「分子系統進化学に基づく哺乳類の生物地理学への寄与」
  • 2019年 日本動物学会 2019年度日本動物学会賞
     「北ユーラシアにおける大型哺乳類・鳥類の遺伝的多様性と動物地理学的歴史の解明」 
    受賞者: 増田 隆一「北ユーラシアにおける大型哺乳類・鳥類の遺伝的多様性と動物地理学的歴史の解明」
  • 2002年 日本動物学会 2002年度日本動物学会論文賞(Zoological Science Award）
     Ancient DNA analysis of brown bear (Ursus arctos) remains from the archeological site of Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan. Zoological Science 18: 741-751, 2021. 
    受賞者: Masuda, R;Amano, T;Ono, HMasuda, R., Amano, T., and Ono, H. (2001) Ancient DNA analysis of brown bear (Ursus arctos) remains from the archeological site of Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan. Zoological Science 18: 741-751.

論文

  • Yoshinori Nishita, Risto Väinölä, Alexei V Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 1 1 - 13 2024年 [査読有り]
     
    Abstract Four mitochondrial phylogroups are distinguished in the European pine marten (Martes martes), two of which, FNR1/2, are shared with the more easterly sister species, the sable (Martes zibellina). Here, we found that the phylogroup frequencies differed markedly between the southern Finland and western Russia populations in the eastern part of the range of Martes martes, suggesting differential introgression from M. zibellina in these regions. We also examined the diversity of a protein-coding gene, MHC class II DRB, in these two Martes species. We detected 16 functional Martes martes DRB alleles (Mama-DRBs), including several codons that seem to have undergone positive selection, and eight presumed pseudogenes (Mama-DRB*PSs); some alleles/pseudogenes were geographically widespread and others restricted. In a broader carnivoran DRB tree, all Mama-DRBs grouped within a mustelid clade, four in a basal group comprising alleles from early-diverged species and the others in a derived group containing alleles from more recently diverged species. Many alleles showed trans-species polymorphism, suggesting that Mama-DRBs have evolved under pathogen-driven balancing selection. Three of six Mama-DRBs and one of four pseudogenes shared with Martes zibellina were restricted to the FNR1/2 mitochondrial DNA phylogroups, pointing to the possibility that genetic introgression from Martes zibellina might have contributed to Mama-DRB diversity and thus adaptability.
  • Hiroya Ishii, Yosuke Amaike, Yoshinori Nishita, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 68 3 375 - 381 2023年04月27日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yuri Sugiyama, Yoshinori Nishita, Yosuke Amaike, Antti Oksanen, Antti Lavikainen, Ryuichi Masuda
    Annales Zoologici Fennici 60 1 57 - 71 2023年04月03日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Nodoka Suzuki, Alexei V Abramov, Yosuke Amaike, Yoshinori Nishita, Ryuichi Masuda
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 138 3 274 - 281 2023年02月15日 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Abstract The phylogeography of the Altai weasel (Mustela altaica) based on mitochondrial control-region sequences was investigated using samples from individuals obtained widely across the species range, including Central Asia, Tibet and southern Siberia. Thirty-four haplotypes were identified among 53 individuals from 32 localities. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree for haplotypes showed two major clades, clades I and II. Clade I contained haplotypes from northern Eurasia, including the continental Far East, Altai Mountains and eastern Kazakhstan. Clade II comprised two subclades: group IIa, with haplotypes from around the Pamir Mountains, and the poorly supported group IIb, with haplotypes from the Tibetan Plateau. High haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity for clade I suggest that the range of M. altaica expanded over a relatively short period in northern Eurasia. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity for clade II indicate a longer-term, more stable population resulting from geographical isolation of individuals on the Tibetan Plateau by surrounding mountain ranges. Our study suggests that the ancestral population of M. altaica migrated into Tibet from the outside and has diversified in Tibet, seemingly not supporting the ‘out-of-Tibet’ hypothesis; however, we could not completely refute this hypothesis because an individual having a group IIb haplotype was detected in Mongolia.
  • Yoshinori Nishita, Yosuke Amaike, Nikolai Spassov, Latinka Hristova, Dimitar Kostov, Diyana Vladova, Stanislava Peeva, Evgeniy Raichev, Radka Vlaeva, Ryuichi Masuda
    Animal Science Journal 94 1 e13810  2023年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yuri Sugiyama, Yoshinori Nishita, Gerhardus M. J. Lansink, Katja Holmala, Jouni Aspi, Ryuichi Masuda
    PLOS ONE 17 5 e0267609  2022年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Momoko Osaka, Kirsi Pynnönen-Oudman, Antti Lavikainen, Yosuke Amaike, Yoshinori Nishita, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 67 1 99 - 107 2022年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Keita Ishikawa, Radostina Doneva, Evgeniy G. Raichev, Stanislava Peeva, Valentin D. Doichev, Yosuke Amaike, Yoshinori Nishita, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    Animal Science Journal 92 1 e13630  2021年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yu Endo, Naoki Osada, Tsutomu Mano, Ryuichi Masuda
    Genome Biology and Evolution evab195 2021年08月19日 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Abstract Previous studies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) on Hokkaido Island, Japan, have detected three geographically distinct subpopulations representing different mitochondrial lineages and shown that gene flow between subpopulations has occurred due to male-biased dispersal. In this study, we determined whole-genomic sequences for six Hokkaido brown bears and analyzed these data along with previously published genomic sequences of 17 brown bears from other parts of the world. We found that the Hokkaido population is genetically distinct from the other populations, keeping genetic diversity higher than the endangered populations in Western Europe but lower than most populations on the continents. A reconstruction of historical demography showed no increase in population size for the Hokkaido population during the Eemian interglacial period (130,000–114,000 years ago). In a phylogenetic analysis of the autosomal data, the Hokkaido population formed a clade distinct from North American and European populations, showing that it has maintained genetic diversity independently from continental populations following geographical isolation on the island. This autosomal genetic similarity contrasts with the geographically separate mitochondrial lineages on Hokkaido and indicates the occurrence of male-driven gene flow between subpopulations.
  • Aye Mee F. Bartocillo, Yoshinori Nishita, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 66 2 371 - 383 2021年03月15日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Kaito Mizumachi, Sergei V. Gorbunov, Alexander A. Vasilevski, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Daisuke Hirata, Yoshinori Nishita, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 66 1 95 - 102 2021年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Sho Hosotani, Yoshinori Nishita, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 65 3 573 - 582 2020年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yu Endo, Liang-Kong Lin, Koji Yamazaki, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei, Shih-Wei Chang, Yen-Jean Chen, Keiji Ochiai, Shuuji Yachimori, Tomoko Anezaki, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Study 45 3 243 - 243 2020年06月26日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Mizumachi, K., Spassov, N., Kostov D., Raichev E.G., Peeva S., Hirata D., Nishita Y., Kaneko Y., Masuda R.
    Mammal Research 65 2 413 - 421 2020年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Kinoshita E., Kosintsev P.A., Abramov A.V., Solovyev V.A., Saveljev A.P., Nishita Y., Masuda R.
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129 3 594 - 602 2020年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Ishikawa, K, Abramov, A.V, Amaike, Y, Nishita, Y, Masuda, R
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129 3 587 - 593 2020年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Sato, T., Abramov, A.V., Raichev, E.G., Kosintsev, P.A., Väinölä, R., Murakami, T., Kaneko, Y., Masuda, R.
    Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 58 1 408 - 426 2020年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Bartocillo, A.M, Nishita, Y, Abramov, A.V, Masuda, R
    Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129 1 61 - 73 2020年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • S. Abduriyim, Y. Nishita, A. V. Abramov, V. A. Solovyev, A. P. Saveljev, P. A. Kosintsev, A. P. Kryukov, E. Raichev, R. Väinölä, Y. Kaneko, R. Masuda
    Journal of Zoology 308 28 - 36 2019年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Shamshidin Abduriyim, Yoshinori Nishita, Pavel A Kosintsev, Evgeniy Raichev, Risto Väinölä, Alexey P Kryukov, Alexei V Abramov, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    Heredity 122 2 205 - 218 2019年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Because of their role in immune defense against pathogens, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are useful in evolutionary studies on how wild vertebrates adapt to their environments. We investigated the molecular evolution of MHC class I (MHCI) genes in four closely related species of Eurasian badgers, genus Meles. All four species of badgers showed similarly high variation in MHCI sequences compared to other Carnivora. We identified 7-21 putatively functional MHCI sequences in each of the badger species, and 2-7 sequences per individual, indicating the existence of 1-4 loci. MHCI exon 2 and 3 sequences encoding domains α1 and α2 exhibited different clade topologies in phylogenetic networks. Non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions at codons for antigen-binding sites exceeded synonymous substitutions for domain α1 but not for domain α2, suggesting that the domains α1 and α2 likely had different evolutionary histories in these species. Positive selection and recombination seem to have shaped the variation in domain α2, whereas positive selection was dominant in shaping the variation in domain α1. In the separate phylogenetic analyses for exon 2, exon 3, and intron 2, each showed three clades of Meles alleles, with rampant trans-species polymorphism, indicative of the long-term maintenance of ancestral MHCI polymorphism by balancing selection.
  • Nishita Yoshinori, Spassov Nikolai, Peeva Stanislava, Raichev Evgeniy G, Kaneko Yayoi, Masuda Ryuichi
    ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 31 1 59 - 72 2019年01月02日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Andrey Yu Puzachenko, Ryuichi Masuda, Alexei V. Abramov
    Russian Journal of Theriology 18 12 - 19 2019年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Shirane Yuri, Shimozuru Michito, Yamanaka Masami, Tsuruga Hifumi, Hirano Saiko, Nagano Natsuo, Moriwaki Jun, Nakanishi Masanao, Ishinazaka Tsuyoshi, Nose Takane, Kasai Shinsuke, Shirayanagi Masataka, Masuda Yasushi, Fujimoto Yasushi, Osada Masahiro, Akaishi Masao, Mano Tsutomu, Masuda Ryuichi, Sashika Mariko, Tsubota Toshio
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 64 6 65  2018年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yosuke Amaike, Yoshinori Nishita, Kohji Uraguchi, Ryuichi Masuda
    Zoological Science 35 5 402 - 410 2018年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To assess the genetic diversity of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, we examined genotypes of exon 2 of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB1 gene for 232 individuals and identified 17 novel alleles. The subpopulation in the Southern area was genetically differentiated from those in all other areas on Hokkaido, suggesting isolation in southern Hokkaido. In addition, the Southern subpopulation is lower in genetic diversity than the other subpopulations, possibly resulting from purifying selection and/or a recent bottleneck. The non-synonymous substitutions exceeded the synonymous substitutions for codons encoding antigen-binding sites (ABSs) in exon 2, indicating that the red fox DRB1 alleles have evolved under positive selection. In a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, although most of the DRB1 alleles from the Hokkaido red fox were contained within a red fox-like canid (Vulpes) clade, some belonged to another canid clade. This means trans-species polymorphism maintained by balancing selection. Our results showed the local variability and the presence of selection on the MHC gene in this population, which contributes to the understanding of the historical background and the molecular evolution.
  • Amaike Yosuke, Murakami Takahiro, Masuda Ryuichi
    MAMMAL STUDY 43 3 141 - 152 2018年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Yoshinori Nishita, Alexei V. Abramov, Takahiro Murakami, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Research 63 3 369 - 378 2018年07月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The sable (Martes zibellina) is a medium-sized mustelid inhabiting forest environments in Siberia, northern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Hokkaido Island, Japan. To further understand the molecular evolution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we sequenced part of exon 2 in MHC class II DRB genes, including codons encoding the antigen binding site, from 33 individuals from continental Eurasia and Japan. We identified 16 MHC class II DRB alleles (Mazi-DRBs), some of which were geographically restricted and others broadly distributed, and eight putative pseudogenes. A single-breakpoint recombination analysis detected a recombination site in the middle of exon 2. A mixed effects model of evolution analysis identified five amino acid sites presumably under positive selection. These sites were all located in the region 3′ to the recombination site, suggesting that positive selection and recombination could be committed to the diversity of the M. zibellina DRB gene. In a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, all Mazi-DRBs and the presumed pseudogenes grouped within a Mustelidae clade. The Mazi-DRBs showed trans-species polymorphism, with some alleles most closely related to alleles from other mustelid species. This result suggests that the sable DRBs have evolved under long-lasting balancing selection.
  • Omote, K, Surmach, S.G, Kohyama, T.I, Takenaka, T, Nishida, C, Masuda, R
    Journal of Raptor Research 52 1 31 - 41 2018年03月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The endangered Blakiston's Fish-Owl (Bubo blakistoni) has a fragmented distribution in the northeastern Eurasian continent, as well as on Hokkaido, southern Kuril, and Sakhalin islands. To examine the phylogeography of this species, we analyzed mitochondrial sequences. The whole mitochondrial genome, which included duplicated genes, was the largest (> 21 kbp) in vertebrates to date. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences revealed a clear separation between two clades. The insular clade comprised the mitochondrial haplotypes from Hokkaido, southern Kuril, and Sakhalin islands, whereas the continental clade consisted of those from the Eurasian continent, including the Primorye, Amur, and Magadan areas. Analyses based on whole mitochondrial sequences suggested that the level of genetic differentiation between the two subspecies, B. b. blakistoni on the islands and B. b. doerriesi on the continent, was enough to recognize them as separate species. The estimated divergence time between the clades was at least 500,000 yr before present. In contrast, the divergence times within the clades were less than 10,000 yr before present, indicating that the haplotypes within the clades diverged after the last glacial maximum (LGM). Information on the distribution of vegetation suggests that the main areas currently inhabited by B. blakistoni were unsuitable as habitats during the LGM. Lower diversities, higher growth rate, and the pattern of haplotype distribution in the continental population suggest a severe bottleneck and rapid dispersion through the last glacial period. In contrast, the insular population retains a higher haplotype variation. Because southern Hokkaido Island was covered with forests in the LGM, the area could have acted as a refugia for this species.
  • Toshinori Saka, Yoshinori Nishita, Ryuichi Masuda
    Immunogenetics 70 2 115 - 124 2018年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Isolated populations of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) on Tsushima and Iriomote islands in Japan are classified as subspecies P. b. euptilurus and P. b. iriomotensis, respectively. Because both populations have decreased to roughly 100, an understanding of their genetic diversity is essential for conservation. We genotyped MHC class II DRB exon 2 and MHC-linked microsatellite loci to evaluate the diversity of MHC genes in the Tsushima and Iriomote cat populations. We detected ten and four DRB alleles in these populations, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis showed DRB alleles from both populations to be closely related to those in other felid DRB lineages, indicating trans-species polymorphism. The MHC-linked microsatellites were more polymorphic in the Tsushima than in the Iriomote population. The MHC diversity of both leopard cat populations is much lower than in the domestic cat populations on these islands, probably due to inbreeding associated with founder effects, geographical isolation, or genetic drift. Our results predict low resistance of the two endangered populations to new pathogens introduced to the islands.
  • Emi Kinoshita, Alexei V. Abramov, Vyacheslav A. Soloviev, Alexander P. Saveljev, Yoshinori Nishita, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammalian Biology 94 140 - 148 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Two closely related species of Meles (Carnivora), the European badger (M. meles) and the Asian badger (M. leucurus), are distributed allopatrically in continental Eurasia but show a narrow contact zone around the Volga and Kama Rivers, Russia. We analyzed maternally (mitochondrial DNA), paternally (SRY gene and CAN-SINEs on the Y chromosome), and biparentally (CFTR gene and nine microsatellite loci) inherited genes for evidence of hybridization between the two species in the contact zone. Of 71 badgers examined, we identified 17 individuals as hybrids with mixed genotypes for the first time. Some hybrids appeared to have resulted from repeated backcrossing with the parental species. In addition, the hybridization was symmetric between the two species. Compared with previous palaeontological data, the hybridization between the two species could have resulted from secondary contact due to western expansion in distribution by the Asian badgers.
  • Alexei V. Abramov, Andrey Yu. Puzachenko, Ryuichi Masuda
    Zoological Studies 57 : 14  2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Morphometric variation in 23 cranial characters of 555 Siberian weasels (Mustela sibirica) was studied across its whole distribution range. Most of the distribution range in Siberia and China is occupied by medium-sized weasels, whereas the eastern part of the species range-including the Russian Far East, Korea and eastern China-is occupied by the larger form. Specimens from the Pacific islands (Jeju and Tsushima) were morphologically closely related to the western form of M. sibirica than to the neighboring continental weasels. The western form can be treated as nominotypical subspecies M. s. sibirica Pallas, 1773, whereas the eastern form can be treated as M. s. manchurica Brass, 1911. Small-sized weasels from the eastern Himalayan area (Myanmar and southwestern China) form a distinct group within M. sibirica, and they were treated as a subspecies M. s. moupinensis (Milne-Edwards, 1874). Specimens from the western Himalayas (Kashmir, Nepal and Sikkim) are morphologically distinct from all other populations of Mustela sibirica and can be treated as a separate species Mustela subhemachalana Hodgson, 1837.
  • Keita Omote, Tetsuo I. Kohyama, Chizuko Nishida, Keisuke Saito, Satoshi Fujimoto, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 34 6 484 - 489 2017年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) includes many genes that are essential for the adaptive immune system, and variation in the antigen binding site (ABS) is related to resistance against pathogens. In the present study, quantitative real-time PCR indicated a larger number of MHC gene copies in the endangered population of Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) than in five other owl species, and massively parallel pyrosequencing detected more MHC class II beta per individual alleles in B. blakistoni than in the other species. A chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that the MHC class I and class II beta loci are closely linked on a single pair of micro-chromosomes, indicating that the MHC genes were tandemly duplicated in a limited chromosomal region. Because B. blakistoni has twice as many MHC genes as its sister species, the tawny fish owl (Bubo flavipes), the duplication of MHC genes occurred after these species diverged by speciation. A Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the DAB1 and DAB2 lineages of MHC class II beta alleles from various strigid species each formed a separate clade, indicating that the two allelic lineages preceded the radiation of Strigidae and evolved as paralogs. By contrast, the ABS sequences did not form distinct clades between DAB1 and DAB2 alleles but were intermixed, presumably due to gene conversion. Despite the low diversity of alleles per locus, B. blakistoni had many lineages of MHC class II beta alleles. Gene duplication increases variation in the MHC genes in this species, and could have facilitated adaptation in small populations.
  • Daisuke Hirata, Tsutomu Mano, Alexei V. Abramov, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Koichi Murata, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 3 21  2017年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Background: Sex-biased dispersal is widespread among mammals, including the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Previous phylogeographic studies of the brown bear based on maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA have shown intraspecific genetic structuring around the northern hemisphere. The brown bears on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, comprise three distinct maternal lineages that presumably immigrated to the island from the continent in three different periods. Here, we investigate the paternal genetic structure across northeastern Asia and assess the connectivity among and within intraspecific populations in terms of male-mediated gene flow. Results: We analyzed paternally inherited Y-chromosomal DNA sequence data and Y-linked microsatellite data of 124 brown bears from Hokkaido, the southern Kuril Islands (Kunashiri and Etorofu), Sakhalin, and continental Eurasia (Kamchatka Peninsula, Ural Mountains, European Russia, and Tibet). The Hokkaido brown bear population is paternally differentiated from, and lacked recent genetic connectivity with, the continental Eurasian and North American populations. We detected weak spatial genetic structuring of the paternal lineages on Hokkaido, which may have arisen through male-mediated gene flow among natal populations. In addition, our results suggest that the different dispersal patterns between male and female brown bears, combined with the founder effect and subsequent genetic drift, contributed to the makeup of the Etorofu Island population, in which the maternal and paternal lineages show different origins. Conclusions: Brown bears on Hokkaido and the adjacent southern Kuril Islands experienced different maternal and paternal evolutionary histories. Our results indicate that sex-biased dispersal has played a significant role in the evolutionary history of the brown bear in continental populations and in peripheral insular populations, such as on Hokkaido, the southern Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin.
  • Shamshidin Abduriyim, Yoshinori Nishita, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Evgeniy Raichev, Risto Vainola, Alexey P. Kryukov, Alexei V. Abramov, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 122 2 258 - 273 2017年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes encode proteins that play a key role in the adaptive immune system of vertebrates and are generally highly polymorphic for defence against various pathogens. To understand the diversity and evolution of MHC variation in badgers in the genus Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), we analysed sequence variation of the MHC class II DRB gene exon 2 in the Japanese (Meles anakuma), Asian (Meles leucurus), European (Meles meles) and Southwest Asian (Meles canescens) badgers. Variation was higher in the Meles species than in other species in Mustelidae, and altogether 60 alleles were isolated from 28 individuals. The variable number of three to eight putative alleles per individual was observed, indicating the presence of two to four DRB loci per haploid genome. Non-synonymous substitutions exceeded synonymous substitutions at putative antigen-binding sites. Selection analyses of PAML models, fixed-effect likelihood and mixed-effect model evolution, together with the single breakpoint recombination, indicated that recombination and selection could be responsible for driving and maintaining the diversity of Meles DRBs. In a phylogenetic analysis, the DRB sequences from Meles were distributed in several clusters, which were dispersed among sequences of other mustelid family, even five alleles comprised a monophyletic group of Meles DRBs within a canid clade. The data demonstrate trans-species polymorphisms at different taxonomic and temporal scales, transgressing family-, genus- and species-level splits. Some allele sequences were shared by two to four of the Meles species, in line with a close phylogenetic relationship among these species.
  • H. Tsunoda, E. G. Raichev, C. Newman, R. Masuda, D. M. Georgiev, Y. Kaneko
    JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 303 1 64 - 71 2017年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In Europe, the range of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) has expanded since the mid-twentieth century, but little is known about how it interacts with other sympatric carnivores. Among European countries, Bulgaria has the largest population of golden jackals and jackal numbers have increased around two-fold during the past two decades, particularly in lowland habitats. Larger canids often competitively exclude, or even kill, smaller sympatric ones, especially when guild dynamics are in flux due to population re-establishment. We therefore investigate whether trophic niche segregation occurs between golden jackals and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central Bulgaria, where both species are sympatric. Because jackals are more abundant in lowland than in upland Bulgaria, we further investigate whether habitat elevation affects the strength of trophic competition. From the analysis of stomach contents of both species, collected from lowland and upland areas during hunting seasons between 1997 and 2009, we found no significant food niche overlap, and no effect of elevation on trophic interactions. In lowland habitat, golden jackals mainly scavenged carcasses of domestic animals, whereas in upland habitat they consumed mostly carcasses of wild ungulates. In contrast, red foxes predominantly and consistently predated rodents in both habitats. This suggests that trophic segregation facilitates the coexistence of these canids under these prevailing population conditions. Nevertheless, we stress that as golden jackals colonize Eastern Europe, impacts on red foxes, and consequences for ecological communities, should be monitored carefully, especially in regions with less carrion available to support jackals.
  • Takuya Akiyama, Tetsuo I. Kohyama, Chizuko Nishida, Manabu Onuma, Kunikazu Momose, Ryuichi Masuda
    IMMUNOGENETICS 69 7 451 - 462 2017年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Populations that have drastically decreased in the past often have low genetic variation, which may increase the risk of extinction. The genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play an important role in the adaptive immune response of jawed vertebrates. Maintenance of adaptive genetic diversity such as that of MHC genes is important for wildlife conservation. Here, we determined genotypes of exon 3 of MHC class IA genes (MHCIA) and exon 2 of MHC class IIB genes (MHCIIB) to evaluate genetic variation of the endangered red-crowned crane population on Hokkaido Island, Japan, which experienced severe population decline in the past. We identified 16 and 6 alleles of MHCIA and MHCIIB, respectively, from 152 individuals. We found evidence of a positive selection at the antigen-binding sites in MHCIA exon 3 and MHCIIB exon 2. The phylogenetic analyses indicated evidence of trans-species polymorphism among the crane MHC genes. The genetic variability in both classes of MHC genes at the population level was low. No geographic structure was found based on the genetic diversity of microsatellite and MHC genes. Our study provides useful data for the optimal management of the red-crowned crane population in Hokkaido and can contribute to future studies on MHC genes of the continental populations of the red-crowned crane and other crane species.
  • Takuya Akiyama, Kunikazu Momose, Manabu Onuma, Fumio Matsumoto, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 34 3 211 - 216 2017年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is recognized internationally as an endangered species. Migratory populations breed in eastern Russia and northeastern China, whereas the resident population inhabits the island of Hokkaido, Japan. Although the population inhabiting Hokkaido had experienced a severe bottleneck by the end of the 19th century, the population size has recovered to about 1500 and continues to increase now thanks to conservation efforts. A previous study reported that no marked genetic differences were seen in the island population, and that the genetic variation of the whole population on Hokkaido was lower than that of the continental population. However, the precise genetic structure of the island population in the past or near present remains unclear. To better understand the spatiotemporal changes in the genetic structure of the island population, we performed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses using stuffed specimens (years 1878-2001) and tissue or blood samples (years 1970-2014). We found three haplotypes in the island population, one of which was a novel mtDNA haplotype in 1997 and 2007 samples. In addition, there was no clear difference in the haplotype frequency through the time span. These results suggest that the low genetic variation of the island population persisted for the last hundred years. It is thus nearly impossible for the island population to recover its genetic variation in isolation. Conservation plans for this species should therefore include the promotion of genetic exchanges between the continental and island populations, such as through artificial introduction to Hokkaido.
  • Yoshinori Nishita, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Voitto Haukisalmi, Risto Vainola, Evgeniy G. Raichev, Takahiro Murakami, Alexei V. Abramov, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 121 1 28 - 37 2017年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Mustela nivalis, the smallest member of the family Mustelidae, is widely distributed in the Holarctic region and shows high geographical variation. To further understand the molecular evolution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we sequenced part of MHC class II DRB gene exon 2, including codons encoding the antigen binding site (ABS), from 35 individuals from Finland, Bulgaria, Russia, and Japan. We detected 27 species-specific alleles (Muni-DRBs), some of which were broadly distributed and others geographically restricted. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates for predicted ABS codons exceeded 1, though not statistically significant. In addition, the single break point recombination (SBP) and mixed-effects model evolution (MEME) analyses demonstrated a recombination site and positive selection sites that could be committed to maintain the diversity of Muni-DRBs. In a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, all Muni-DRBs grouped within a Mustelidae clade. The Muni-DRBs showed trans-species polymorphism in related Mustela species that could have appeared to be evolved under long-lasting balancing selection. However, the sister-group patterns suggested that Mustela itatsi and Mustela sibirica alleles are much more closely related to one another than either are to M. nivalis alleles. This result correlates with the large genetic distance separating M. nivalis from M. itatsi or M. sibirica, data for which we have previously reported.
  • Masumi Hisano, Lisa Hoshino, Shouko Kamada, Ryuichi Masuda, Chris Newman, Yayoi Kaneko
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 34 2 137 - 146 2017年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We compared the reliability of visual diagnostic criteria to DNA diagnostic techniques, including newly designed primers, to discriminate Japanese marten (Martes melampus) feces from those of other sympatric carnivore species. Visual criteria proved > 95% reliable for fresh, odoriferous scats in good condition. Based upon this verification, we then examined if and how Japanese marten diet differs among seasons at high elevation study site (1500-2026 m). We also considered how intra-specific competition with the Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica) may shape marten feeding ecology. From 120 Japanese marten fecal samples, high elevation diet comprised (frequency of occurrence) 30.6-66.0% mammals, 41.0-72.2% insects and 10.6-46.2% fruits, subject to seasonal variation, with a Shannon-Weaver index value of 2.77. These findings contrast substantially to seasonal marten diet reported in adjacent lowland regions (700-900 m), particularly in terms of fruit consumption, showing the trophic adaptability of the Japanese marten. We also noted a substantial dietary overlap with the red fox (n = 26 scats) with a Shannon-Weaver index of 2.61, inferring little trophic niche mutual exclusion (trophic niche overlap: 0.95), although some specific seasonal prey selection differences were likely related to relative differences in body size between foxes and martens. This additional information on the feeding ecology of the Japanese marten enables a better assessment of the specific risks populations face in mountainous regions.
  • Emi Kinoshita, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Evgeniy G. Raichev, Voitto K. Haukisalmi, Alexey P. Kryukov, Oystein Wiig, Alexei V. Abramov, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 71 121 - 130 2017年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Based on previous molecular and morphological analyses, Eurasian badgers are currently classified into Metes metes distributed in Europe, M. canescens in the Caucasus and Middle East, M. leucurus in continental Asia and M. anakuma in Japan. The precise locations of their distribution boundaries are still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we clarified the phylogenetic relationships in the genus Metes around its distribution boundaries, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosomal genes. From 71 badgers examined, 29 mtDNA haplotypes were identified, including new 26 types. Multiple haplotypes of SRY and CAN-SINEs were identified from 23 males, including two new haplotypes of SRY. The mtDNA phylogeny showed that the Ural Mountains were not a current distribution boundary between M metes and M. leucurus. In addition, our results supported the hypothesis that the Bosphorus Strait is a geographical barrier between M. metes and M. canescens. The badgers from Bulgaria north of the Bosphorus Strait shared haplotypes with M. metes. On the other hand, badgers from Far Eastern Russia distributed in the eastern peripheral region of the Asian Continent had haplotypes of M. leucurus. The badgers from Norway and Finland shared haplotypes with M. metes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Y. Kato, Y. Amaike, T. Tomioka, T. Oishi, K. Uraguchi, R. Masuda
    JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 301 2 118 - 124 2017年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In some countries, the red fox Vulpes vulpes has been rapidly expanding its range into urban and suburban areas, where it is referred to as the urban fox'. In the city of Sapporo, northern Japan, the population of urban foxes has been increasing since the 1990s. Because the red fox carries several zoonoses, it is important to understand its population structure and migration status in urban areas, for not only basic biology but also public health. In this study, to clarify population genetic structure and gene flow, we examined the genotypes of nine microsatellite loci for 578 road-killed foxes collected in and around residential areas of Sapporo from 2002 to 2014 (except for 2009 and 2010). Based on the genotype data and spatial information for the sampled animals, we detected three subpopulations within the urban fox population. Boundaries separating the three subpopulations were a river and a railway crossing in central Sapporo. The subpopulations separated by the railway were more genetically differentiated than those separated by the river, and the railway, which is surrounded by crowded roads, may have had a greater effect on gene flow and genetic differentiation. Levels of genetic differentiation among the subpopulations in Sapporo, however, were lower than those of urban fox populations studied in other countries. Our results suggest that there is weak gene flow among the subpopulations in Sapporo.
  • Mohammed A. Shalabi, Alexei V. Abramov, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Liang-Kong Lin, Sang-Hoon Han, Shigeki Watanabe, Koji Yamazaki, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 120 2 333 - 348 2017年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome for 26 individuals of the endemic Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi) and 20 individuals of its continental sister species, the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica). These species diverged an estimated 1.19 Mya, in the Early Pleistocene. Mustela itatsi comprised two haplotype clades that diverged an estimated 0.93 Mya, in the Middle Pleistocene: a northern (Honshu) clade comprising geographically distinct basal, northern, and eastern subclades, and a western paraphyletic group, as well as a southern clade comprising geographically distinct subclades on Kyushu, Shikoku, and adjacent small islands. Our results indicate a single migration of an ancestral population from the Korean Peninsula to southern Japan across an Early Pleistocene land bridge, followed by allopatric speciation of M. itatsi in Japan. The southern lineage appears to have remained in place, whereas the range of the northern lineage expanded stepwise from southwestern to northern Honshu between 0.31 and 0.11 Mya. Mustela sibirica also comprised two main clades that diverged an estimated 0.67 Mya; one containing haplotypes from continental Russia and Tsushima Island (Japan), and the other containing haplotypes from Korea, China, and Taiwan. The M. sibirica population on Tsushima Island is likely a relict from the continental Russian population. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London,
  • Kaito Mizumachi, Yoshinori Nishita, Nikolai Spassov, Evgeniy G. Raichev, Stanislava Peeva, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 70 99 - 107 2017年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In this study, we investigated molecular phylogenetic status of the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) from Bulgaria, using sequences of two Y-chromosomal genes (SRY and ZFY). The phylogenetic tree inferred using combined sequences of both genes indicated that the marbled polecat was split from genera Lutra, Neovison and Mustela after genus Martes was diverged in family Mustelidae. In addition, we analyzed molecular phyla geography of the Bulgarian population of the marbled polecat, using cytochrome b and control region sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The phylogenetic tree of cytochrome b indicated that the haplotypes of the Bulgarian population comprised two haplogroups, which were the most ancestral clades. Additionally, the control region phylogeny showed that the haplotypes of Bulgaria formed two haplogroups: one was the most ancestral Glade, and the other was the derivative Glade. One individual with the most ancestral cytochrome b Glade had a control region haplotype of the derivative Glade. Thus, this study revealed that the most ancestral lineages of the marbled polecat are included in the population of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian population could be a remnant lineage from a basal for the species, which in Pleistocene occupied a relatively large area related to the Balkan-Caucasian. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Raichev, E, Peeva, S, Masuda, R, Kaneko, Y, Tsunoda, H, Georgiev, D, Georgiev, D
    Trakia Journal of Sciences 15 135 - 140 2017年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Takuya Akiyama, Chizuko Nishida, Kunikazu Momose, Manabu Onuma, Kazutoshi Takami, Ryuichi Masuda
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION 106 158 - 163 2017年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The gene duplication in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been reported in diverse bird taxa so far. Although many phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of cranes were carried out based on mtDNA diversity, whether mtDNA contains duplicated regions is unknown. To address the presence or absence of gene duplication in cranes and investigate the molecular evolutionary features of crane mtDNA, we analyzed the gene organization and the molecular phylogeny of mtDNA from 13 crane species. We found that the mtDNA in 13 crane species shared a tandem duplicated region, which consists of duplicated sequence sets including cytochrome b (Cytb), NADH6, control region (CR) and three genes of tRNA. The gene order in the duplicated region was identical among all the 13 crane species, and the nucleotide sequences found within each individual showed high similarities. In addition, phylogenetic trees based on homologous sequences of CR and Cytb indicated the possibility of concerted evolution among the duplicated genes. The results suggested that the duplication event occurred in the common ancestor of crane species or some older ancestors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Wataru Saito, Yosuke Amaike, Takako Sako, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 33 5 485 - 490 2016年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canidae, Carnivora) is highly adaptable to urban environments. Populations of carnivorans inhabiting urban areas sometimes differ ecologically and genetically from those in rural areas. However, there is little information on urban raccoon dogs. This study focused on raccoon dog populations in Tokyo, one of the most highly urbanized cities in the world. We examined the genotypes of 10 microsatellites for 101 fecal samples from raccoon dogs inhabiting the grounds of the Imperial Palace, a green space in central Tokyo. We successfully genotyped 58 samples originating from 31 individuals. We also analyzed muscle tissue samples from raccoon dogs from the grounds of the Imperial Palace, the Akasaka Imperial Grounds (a green space close to the Imperial Palace), and the surrounding urban area, and then investigated the genetic structure and diversity of these populations, and the genetic differentiation among them. The population on the grounds of the Imperial Palace was genetically differentiated from that in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds, suggesting that the roads and buildings act as barriers to gene flow. In addition, the population on the grounds of the Imperial Palace showed greater genetic difference from that in the surrounding area than that in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds. We speculate that the moats around the Imperial Palace restrict individual ranges within the palace grounds and limit migration and gene flow to other areas.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Robert J. Losey, Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, Bair Badmaev
    QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL 419 133 - 139 2016年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from ancient marmot teeth (similar to 7550-6800 cal. BP), which were recovered during archaeological excavations of two contemporary cemeteries near Lake Baikal, Russia: one archaeological site is the Shamanka II cemetery located on the southwest shoreline of Lake Baikal, and the other is the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery located about 77 km to northwest and within the modern city of Irkutsk. Although the teeth had not been identified to species based on their morphology, our ancient DNA analysis revealed that all incisors from ten individuals were of the tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica), which is currently not distributed around those archaeological sites. In contrast, the black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica), which also has a dominant distribution in Eastern Siberia and whose incisors are morphologically similar to M. sibirica, was not identified from our ancient tooth samples. In addition, the mtDNA sequence variation showed that the genealogy of marmots in the Shamanka II cemetery could have been different from that of the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery. These data indicate that the ancient people at the Shamanka II cemetery could have used M. sibirica from different regions than those utilized at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet site. This suggests non-overlapping marmot hunting ranges for the people buried at the two Middle Holocene cemeteries. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
  • M. Hisano, E. G. Raichev, S. Peeva, H. Tsunoda, C. Newman, R. Masuda, D. M. Georgiev, Y. Kaneko
    ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 28 3 295 - 311 2016年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Understanding whether and how carnivores can adapt to urbanised environments is becoming increasingly important, as human populations grow and undeveloped landscape is lost. The stone marten (Martes foina) is often found in urban habitats across continental Europe, due to its flexible foraging behaviour. We compare the utilisation of food types for martens living in villages in a more populated region with that of martens living in a less populated mountainous forest region, over the summer fruiting season (May-July) of 2013, inferred from the analysis of 310 faecal samples. Fruits were the primary food for martens in both regions, but comprised a significantly greater proportion of the diet in villages. Invertebrates and rodents were utilised significantly more in the natural habitat. Garbage and domestic animals were rarely exploited in either region; however, village-dwelling martens appeared to rely heavily on being subsidised by cultivated fruits grown in gardens and orchards, and along the streets. We conclude that the stone marten is able to succeed in urbanised regions of Central Bulgaria by exploiting cultivated food resources, attributable to its flexible and adaptable generalist diet.
  • Maiko Noda, Tatsuo Oshida, Alexei V. Abramov, Galina Baranova, Gennady Baryshinikov, Hideo Ichikawa, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY 50 11-12 771 - 786 2016年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To test postglacial population expansion in small arboreal mammals dependent on boreal and subboreal forests, we used complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bases) to investigate the phylogeography of the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris orientis) on the Hokkaido Island of Japan. This subspecies is common in the boreal and subboreal forests of Hokkaido. We examined 61 specimens from 27 localities in Hokkaido. Phylogenetic relationships among 29 haplotypes found in the Hokkaido populations were not associated with geographic distribution of sampling localities. There were four mitochondrial DNA phylogroups. Phylogeographic analyses support sudden expansion of S. vulgaris orientis from restricted refugium in the southern part of Hokkaido during the last glacial period. The phylogeographic structure of this subspecies directly reflects the boreal and subboreal forest dynamics occurring in Hokkaido.
  • Y. Nishita, A. V. Abramov, P. A. Kosintsev, L. -K. Lin, S. Watanabe, K. Yamazaki, Y. Kaneko, R. Masuda
    TISSUE ANTIGENS 86 6 431 - 442 2015年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes encode proteins that play a critical role in vertebrate immune system and are highly polymorphic. To further understand the molecular evolution of the MHC genes, we compared MHC class II DRB genes between the Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi), a species endemic to Japan, and the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), a closely related species on the continent. We sequenced a 242-bp region of DRB exon 2, which encodes antigen-binding sites (ABS), and found 24 alleles from 31 M. itatsi individuals and 17 alleles from 21 M. sibirica individuals, including broadly distributed, species-specific and/or geographically restricted alleles. Our results suggest that pathogen-driven balancing selection have acted to maintain the diversity in the DRB genes. For predicted ABS, nonsynonymous substitutions exceeded synonymous substitutions, also indicating positive selection, which was not seen at non-ABS. In a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, two M. sibirica DRB alleles were basal to the rest of the sequences from mustelid species and may represent ancestral alleles. Trans-species polymorphism was evident between many mustelid DRB alleles, especially between M. itatsi and M. sibirica. These two Mustela species divided about 1.7 million years ago, but still share many MHC alleles, indicative of their close phylogenetic relationship.
  • Yosuke Amaike, Takuya Oishi, Kohji Uraguchi, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 40 4 245 - 256 2015年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the morphological variation in an island population of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), we measured 25 cranial and 24 dental characters for 225 specimens (137 males and 88 females) from Hokkaido Island, Japan. A Bayesian principal component analysis found only small differences among three groups identified genetically in previous studies. Concretely, analyses of variance and post-hoc tests detected clear differences in two functionally important measurements: postorbital constriction-and upper fourth premolar length. In the postorbital constriction, relating to size of the temporal muscle, a difference with a gradient of increase from west to east on Hokkaido Island was found in both sexes. In the upper fourth premolar length, relating to body size, a difference between the Southern and Central groups was found in both sexes. Additionally, in differences in four measurements of skull width, skull height, mastoid width, and occipital condyle width, relating to braincase, were detected in only male. Subsequently, a correlation analysis showed that the postorbital constriction might be related to climatic conditions (e.g., minimum mean monthly temperature and snowfall). Endemic climate conditions and food habits appeared to contribute to the observed geographical variation in skull morphology.
  • Tetsuo I. Kohyama, Takuya Akiyama, Chizuko Nishida, Kazutoshi Takami, Manabu Onuma, Kunikazu Momose, Ryuichi Masuda
    IMMUNOGENETICS 67 11-12 705 - 710 2015年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In this study, we isolated and characterized the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II B genes in cranes. Genomic sequences spanning exons 1 to 4 were amplified and determined in 13 crane species and three other species closely related to cranes. In all, 55 unique sequences were identified, and at least two polymorphic MHC class II B loci were found in most species. An analysis of sequence polymorphisms showed the signature of positive selection and recombination. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on exon 2 sequences indicated that trans-species polymorphism has persisted for at least 10 million years, whereas phylogenetic analyses of the sequences flanking exon 2 revealed a pattern of concerted evolution. These results suggest that both balancing selection and recombination play important roles in the crane MHC evolution.
  • Wenwen Chen, Chris Newman, Zhijin Liu, Yayoi Kaneko, Keita Omote, Ryuichi Masuda, Christina D. Buesching, David W. Macdonald, Zongqiang Xie, Youbing Zhou
    CONSERVATION GENETICS RESOURCES 7 3 697 - 704 2015年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Although the impacts of the legal and illegal wildlife trade are broadly recognised for flagship species (e.g., elephant, rhino and tiger), less is known about how exploitation affects more common, and less charismatic species. This is of especial concern in Asia in general, and particularly in China, where demands for wild game species, and derived products are increasing, but a lack of data on illegal bushmeat hunting limits the development of effective species and ecosystem conservation measures. Genetic monitoring provides an informative tool to assess the pressures on regional populations, particularly for species that are difficult to monitor, for example, using arboreal or subterranean refugia. Here, using microsatellite markers, we investigated the effect of hunting on the genetic diversity of a regional population of the hog badger. Samples were collected from hog badgers confiscated from illegal traffickers and local hunters by forest authorities in the market towns of Wufeng and Yuguan, which lie 40 km apart in Hubei Province, China. To isolate novel hog badger microsatellite loci, we constructed a biotin-enriched microsatellite DNA library. Furthermore, we also tested the suitability of microsatellite loci designed for the European badger in the hog badger. Using these microsatellite markers, we found that these seized hog badgers exhibited a high level of genetic diversity-mean alleles per locus (A) were 8.33 and mean expected heterozygosities (H (E)) were 0.77. Despite 40 km separation between sample sites, spatial segregation was not apparent from genetics. This suggests that our confiscated hog badgers belong to the same meta-population. Although limited by a lack of geographical data on the source of these hog badgers, preventing the analysis of isolation by distance effects, hunting likely eroded hog badger population social structure, promoting gene flow among demes. We conclude that the exploitation of this wild source population seems unsustainable.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Takao Sato
    ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 123 2 95 - 98 2015年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the genetic variation of Jomon dogs (Canis familiaris) in Japan, partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were determined from dog bone remains, which were excavated from two Jomon-period archaeological sites, the Kamikuroiwa Rock Shelter site in Ehime Prefecture (Shikoku Island) and the Higashimyo site in Saga Prefecture (Kyushu Island), Japan. Of seven individuals from the Kamikuroiwa Rock Shelter site, the mtDNA sequences from two individuals were successfully determined. Comparison of the resultant 215 base pair sequences with previously reported sequences showed that one of these two individuals had a new haplotype, named KRA1, and that the other had the previously reported M1 haplotype. For the Higashimyo site, three of 11 individuals yielded successful sequences. Two of these three individuals shared M1 and the other one had M20, both of which are haplotypes previously reported in modem Japanese dogs, but had not been found in any Jomon dogs. The success rate in the present study was 27.8% (5/18 samples). It is noticed that the three mtDNA haplotypes (M1, M20 and KRA1) were found in Jomon dogs for the first time. In addition, sequence data were obtained from Jomon dogs in Shikoku for the first time. The results suggest that the genetic lineages in the Jomon dog populations were more polymorphic than previously reported, and that at least some maternal lineages shared in the Jomon period descended to modern dogs on the Japanese islands.
  • D. Hirata, V. D. Doichev, E. G. Raichev, N. A. Palova, J. L. Nakev, Y. M. Yordanov, Y. Kaneko, R. Masuda
    ANIMAL GENETICS 46 2 209 - 212 2015年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    East Balkan Swine (EBS) Sus scrofa is the only aboriginal domesticated pig breed in Bulgaria and is distributed on the western coast of the Black Sea in Bulgaria. To reveal the breed's genetic characteristics, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosomal DNA sequences of EBS in Bulgaria. Nucleotide diversity ((n)) of the mtDNA control region, including two newly found haplotypes, in 54 EBS was higher (0.014 +/- 0.007) compared with that of European (0.005 +/- 0.003) and Asian (0.006 +/- 0.003) domestic pigs and wild boar. The median-joining network based on the mtDNA control region showed that the EBS and wild boar in Bulgaria comprised mainly two major mtDNA clades, European clade E1 (61.3%) and Asian clade A (38.7%). The coexistence of two mtDNA clades in EBS in Bulgaria may be the relict of historical pig translocation. Among the Bulgarian EBS colonies, the geographical differences in distribution of two mtDNA clades (E1 and A) could be attributed to the source pig populations and/or historical crossbreeding with imported pigs. In addition, analysis of the Y chromosomal DNA sequences for the EBS revealed that all of the EBS had haplotype HY1, which is dominant in European domestic pigs.
  • Omote, K, Nishida, C, Takenaka, T, Saito, K, Shimura, R, Fujimoto, S, Sato, T, Masuda, R
    Zoological Letters 1 16  2015年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Kohyama, T.I, Omote, K, Nishida, C, Takenaka, T, Saito, K, Fujimoto, S, Masuda, R
    Zoological Letters 1 13  2015年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Tomoko Nagai, Takahiro Murakami, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 39 2 99 - 104 2014年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to assess importance of isolated forests as the wintering habitat of the sable (Martes zibellina) in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, we performed DNA analyses on 59 samples noninvasively collected in field (54 fecal, 3 urine and 2 hair samples). Consequently, 46 (41 fecal, 3 urine and 2 hair samples) of the 59 samples were recognized to have dropped from the sable. In addition, we successfully identified the individuality on 36 (35 fecal and 1 urine samples) of the 46 samples, and they consisted of at least 23 individuals. Our new method using sex chromosomal DNA markers showed that the 23 individuals comprised 12 males, 9 females and 2 with unknown sex. In 2010 and 2011, the minimum number of individuals in the study area was 21 (11 males, 8 females and 2 with unknown sex) and 5 (1 male and 4 females), respectively. In addition, we found the sexual difference in fidelity to their home range. Thus, our noninvasive DNA technique provided promising information on estimating and monitoring ecological features about the regional sable population.
  • Yayoi Kaneko, Em Kanda, Sara Tashima, Ryuich Masuda, Christopher Newman, David W. Macdonald
    JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY 95 2 290 - 300 2014年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We investigated the social interactions and spatial organization of the Japanese badger (Meles anakuma) using radiotelemetry. Fifty-two individuals (29 males and 23 females) were trapped and marked (tattooed) between 1990 and 1997 from a population with a density of 4 individuals/km(2). Twenty-one of these individuals were subsequently radiotracked. The average home-range size of males expanded from an average of X= 33.0 ha +/- 18.1 SD in the nonmating season to 62.6 +/- 48.2 ha in the mating season, and was significantly larger than the home-range size of females (15.2 +/- 6.3 ha in the mating season; with a lack of data on individual female home-range-size change between seasons). We posit that this range expansion by males occurred to encompass the key resource of estrous females during the breeding season; thus, males exhibited a flexible home-range strategy. Females with cubs had home ranges exclusive of other adult females, configured around areas rich in food resources, indicative of intrasex territoriality. This obstinate strategy, under the constant territory size hypothesis, likely serves to ensure a reliable supply of food resources (as determined by resource dispersion) for cub rearing. Eleven of 36 cubs born during the study remained in their natal range until the next spring and we observed 1 of 5 instances of matriarchal territory inheritance. Microsatellite DNA analysis indicated that the basic social unit was composed of the mother and cub(s), with less-related males providing gene flow. This mother-cub unit, with the retention of nonbreeding juveniles or young adults, or both, along with the loose affiliation of breeding males, informs understanding of the development of group-living, subject to ecological circumstances, in the genus Meles and broadens understanding of the evolution of carnivore sociality.
  • Wei Ou, Satomi Takekawa, Toshiya Yamada, Chisato Terada, Hiroyuki Uno, Junco Nagata, Ryuichi Masuda, Koichi Kaji, Takashi Saitoh
    POPULATION ECOLOGY 56 2 311 - 325 2014年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Since the 1980s, the sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838) population of Hokkaido, Japan, has grown, resulting in range expansion. To assess the effects of this range expansion on the spatial genetic structure of the population, we compared subpopulation structures during 2 different periods (168 samples for 1991-1996, and 169 samples for 2008-2010), using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; D-loop) and microsatellites (9 loci). The number of gene-based subpopulations decreased across the 15-year period; specifically from four to three subpopulations based on mtDNA, and from two to one subpopulation based on microsatellite DNA. The fusion of the two northern subpopulations caused the change to the mtDNA-based structure, which might be explained by the dispersal of females from higher to lower density subpopulations. In comparison, the reason for the change in the microsatellite DNA-based structure was unclear, because no significant genetic differentiation was observed between the two study periods. A stable mtDNA-based structure was maintained in the north and central population separated by a west-to-east boundary, while a north-to-south boundary in eastern Hokkaido maintained stability in the eastern subpopulation versus all other subpopulations. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of understanding gene flow within a structured population to implement effective management efforts; for instance, the culling of one subpopulation might not affect an adjacent subpopulation, because deer movement is limited between the subpopulations.
  • Daisuke Hirata, Alexei V. Abramov, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Ryuichi Masuda
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 111 3 627 - 635 2014年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Sequence analyses of the complete brown bear, Ursus arctos, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome have detected scattered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that define distinct mtDNA haplogroups in phylogeographical studies. The degraded DNA in historical samples, such as stuffed or excavated specimens, however, is often not suitable for sequence analyses. To address this problem, we developed an amplified product length polymorphism (APLP) analysis for mtDNA-haplogrouping U. arctos specimens by detecting haplogroup-specific SNPs. We verified the validity and utility of this method by analysing up to 170-year-old skin samples from U. arctos specimens collected widely across continental Eurasia. We detected some of the same haplogroups as those occurring in eastern Hokkaido (Japan) and eastern Alaska in continental Eurasia (the Altai and the Caucasus). Our results show that U. arctos in eastern Hokkaido and eastern Alaska descended from a common ancestor in continental Eurasia, and suggest that U. arctos occupied several refugia in southern Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum. (c) 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111, 627-635.
  • Notes on autumn-winter stomach contents of the stone marten (Martes foina) in the Balkan Mountains, Central Bulgaria
    Hisano, M, Raichev, E, Peeva, S, Georgiev, D, Tsunoda, H, Masuda, R, Kaneko, Y
    Zoo Notes 56 1 - 6 2014年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Shouko Kamada, Takahiro Murakami, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 38 4 261 - 267 2013年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The Japanese marten Martes melampus occurring on Hokkaido Island, Japan, is a domestic alien species, artificially introduced from their native distributional range. To reveal the genetic variation within the Hokkaido marten population and their relationships with native populations, we genotyped 14 individuals from Hokkaido using 10 microsatellite loci, and compared the genotype data with those of native populations reported previously. The Hokkaido population showed the highest number of private alleles and loci with private alleles. Relatively high levels of observed (Ho = 0.514) and expected (He = 0.724) heterozygosities and allelic richness (R = 5.290) suggested that the Hokkaido population maintains polymorphisms in microsatellites. These genetic characteristics in the Hokkaido population could have resulted from random mating in fur farms and/or multiple releases from them. Genetic distances among populations showed that the Hokkaido population is closely related to the Chubu and Kitakyushu populations. Bayesian clustering and assignment tests indicated that the Hokkaido population consists of two genetically distinct lineages. These results suggest that the founders were introduced to Hokkaido from multiple locations in the native distributional range in Japan, and that the descendants still maintain genetic polymorphisms.
  • Hisano Masumi, Raichev Evgeniy G, Tsunoda Hiroshi, Masuda Ryuichi, Kaneko Yayoi
    MAMMAL STUDY 38 4 293 - 298 2013年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Daisuke Hirata, Tsutomu Mano, Alexei V. Abramov, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Alexandr A. Vorobiev, Evgeny G. Raichev, Hiroshi Tsunoda, Yayoi Kaneko, Koichi Murata, Daisuke Fukui, Ryuichi Masuda
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 30 7 1644 - 1652 2013年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To further elucidate the migration history of the brown bears (Ursus arctos) on Hokkaido Island, Japan, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of 35 brown bears from Hokkaido, the southern Kuril Islands (Etorofu and Kunashiri), Sakhalin Island, and the Eurasian Continent (continental Russia, Bulgaria, and Tibet), and those of four polar bears. Based on these sequences, we reconstructed the maternal phylogeny of the brown bear and estimated divergence times to investigate the timing of brown bear migrations, especially in northeastern Eurasia. Our gene tree showed the mtDNA haplotypes of all 73 brown and polar bears to be divided into eight divergent lineages. The brown bear on Hokkaido was divided into three lineages (central, eastern, and southern). The Sakhalin brown bear grouped with eastern European and western Alaskan brown bears. Etorofu and Kunashiri brown bears were closely related to eastern Hokkaido brown bears and could have diverged from the eastern Hokkaido lineage after formation of the channel between Hokkaido and the southern Kuril Islands. Tibetan brown bears diverged early in the eastern lineage. Southern Hokkaido brown bears were closely related to North American brown bears.
  • Evgeniy G. Raichev, Hiroshi Tsunoda, Chris Newman, Ryuichi Masuda, Dian M. Georgiev, Yayoi Kaneko
    Mammal Study 38 1 19 - 27 2013年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Abstract. Wild canid foraging behaviour and regional abundance are often affected by the availability of anthropogenic food, supplementing natural diet. The feeding habitats of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) were compared between two populations in central Bulgaria, for which food availability and the extent of anthropogenic-modified habitat differed. Stomach contents were collected from hunting bags during winters from 1997 to 2009 and compared between an agriculturalhilly region (Region 1) and a forested-mountainous region (Region 2). Although mammalian prey predominated in the jackal's diet in the two regions, diets differed significantly between the regions: in Region 1 the main foods were domestic animals (30.2%), while in Region 2 wild ungulates proved to be the dominant food type (47.9%). We propose that although regional differences in jackal foraging habits were apparent between the two regions, foods originating from human activities were important in both regions. In Bulgaria, the golden jackal is regarded as a nuisance pest, requiring population control. Managing the availability of anthropogenic food sources to jackals, e.g., carcasses of wild and domestic animals, may implicitly reduce jackal abundance and/or discourage jackals from foraging around sites occupied by people. © The Mammal Society of Japan.
  • Keita Omote, Chizuko Nishida, Matthew H. Dick, Ryuichi Masuda
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66 3 889 - 897 2013年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the phylogenetic position of Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni), we sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region and cytochrome b (cyt b) for nine Bubo species. Maximum-likelihood analyses of combined control region and cyt b sequences, and cyt b sequences alone, showed that species formerly placed in genus Ketupa comprise a monophyletic group. Unexpectedly, we discovered a long cluster of 20-25 tandem repeat units 77 or 78. bp long in the third control region domain in four of the nine Bubo species for which the control region was sequenced (B. blakistoni, B. flavipes, and B. ketupu in the Ketupa clade B. lacteus), leading to overall control region lengths of 3.0-3.8. kpb estimated from agarose gel electrophoresis. The control region in B. lacteus is the longest (3.8. kbp) reported to date in vertebrates. Sequencing of eight repeat units at each end of the cluster in 20 B. blakistoni individuals detected several types of repeat units 77 or 78. bp long, and six patterns in the order of unit types. The occurrence of a repeat cluster in all three species examined in the Ketupa clade suggests their common ancestor also had a cluster, whereas a maximum parsimony tree showed repeat-unit types grouping by species, rather than by paralog groups, suggesting independent origins of the clusters. We reconcile these results with a turnover model, in which the range in cluster-length variation and unit types at the 5' end are hypothetically functionally constrained by the protein-binding function of the control region, but otherwise there is a continual turnover of units in evolutionary time, with new unit types arising through mutations, proliferating by duplication of single and double repeat blocks, and being lost through deletion. Estimated free energies for reconstructed secondary structures of single and especially pairs of repeat units were higher than for homologous single-unit blocks in species lacking a repeat cluster, supporting slipped-strand mispairing as the mechanism of cluster turnover. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
  • Tomoko Nagai, Evgeniy G. Raichev, Hiroshi Tsunoda, Yayoi Kaneko, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 37 4 353 - 358 2012年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Tomoko Nagai, Takahiro Murakami, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 37 4 323 - 330 2012年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To assess the genetic variation and population structure of the sable Martes zibellina on eastern Hokkaido, Japan, we analyzed genotypes of 12 microsatellite loci on 48 individuals. Genotypes for all individuals examined were found to be different from each other. Mean observed and expected heterozygosites and allelic richness were calculated to be 0.52 (0.02-0.80), 0.58 (0.02-0.79) and 5.49, respectively. The genetic diversity of the eastern Hokkaido population was similar to those of farm-bred sables in Russia and other mustelids. STRUCTURE analysis showed that the sables of eastern Hokkaido were grouped into two genetic clusters. Eighty-nine percent (24/27) of individuals assigned to cluster 1 were distributed around Shiretoko Peninsula, whereas 81% (17/21) assigned to cluster 2 were distributed in the inner side of Hokkaido (Tokachi District). The two subpopulations could have been genetically differentiated due to geographic barriers such as higher mountains, lakes, rivers and solfatara areas, although the geographic isolation did not seem to be complete.
  • Shouko Kamada, Shusaku Moteki, Minoru Baba, Keiji Ochiai, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 29 12 827 - 833 2012年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    A carnivoran mammal endemic to Japan, the Japanese marten (Martes melampus) is native in forested regions on Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (main islands of Japan), and the Tsushima Islands. The Tsushima population is classified as a different subspecies (M. m. tsuensis) from populations on the main islands (M. m. melampus). To elucidate the genetic structure of the Tsushima population, we genotyped 101 individuals from the Tsushima Islands and 43 individuals from Honshu and Kyushu using 10 microsatellite loci, and performed population genetic analyses on the genotype data. Genetic diversity was lower in the Tsushima population than in three geographic populations on the main islands: heterozygosity was 0.189-0.364 in the former, compared to 0.457-0.747 in the latter. In addition, high pairwise Fst values (0.485-0.682) and Nei's standard distance (0.550-1.183) between the Tsushima and main-island populations indicated a high degree of genetic differentiation. Finally, a Bayesian clustering analysis showed that the Tsushima population is apparently differentiated from the main-island populations and comprises two genetic clusters. A factorial correspondence analysis corroborated these results. Our results suggest that restricted gene flow or inbreeding may have reduced genetic diversity in the Tsushima population, which has been geographically isolated from the main-island populations since the formation of Tsushima Strait.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Naoko Kurose, Shigeki Watanabe, Alexei V. Abramov, Sang-Hoon Han, Liang-Kong Lin, Tatsuo Oshida
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 107 2 307 - 321 2012年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the process of the population divergence of mammalian species endemic to continental islands, we studied the phylogeography of the Japanese weasel, Mustela itatsi, compared with its closely related continental species, the Siberian weasel M.?sibirica, using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Mustela itatsi is endemic to the main Japanese islands (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Islands), except Hokkaido Island, whereas M.?sibirica is widespread in eastern Asia, southern Siberia, Taiwan and Tsushima Island. Fifty individuals of M.?itatsi collected from 19 localities in Japan were examined. For M.?sibirica, 27 individuals were analysed: 12 specimens from five localities within native habitats and 15 individuals (from the population introduced to Japan) from eight localities in western Japan. We identified 32 haplotypes for M.?itatsi, which were clustered into two main clades (Honshu and KyushuShikoku clades), whereas there were 11 haplotypes for M.?sibirica, all of which were clustered into one clade. The grade of genetic differentiation within each clade of M.?itatsi was similar to each other and to that of M.?sibirica from samples distributed widely across northern Eurasia. The two clades in M.?itatsi could have been established as a result of alternative zoogeographical events: geographical isolation of Honshu and KyushuShikoku Islands or independent migration of the two lineages from the continent to Japan at different times. The molecular phylogeographical and demographic analyses indicated that the population of M.?itatsi of Honshu Island expanded more recently than those of Kyushu and Shikoku Islands, which could have been refugia in the middle Pleistocene. In addition, the genetic differentiation and population expansion of M.?itatsi on the Japanese islands could have occurred earlier than for other mammalian species endemic to Japan. However, the phylogeographical results for M.?sibirica showed much less genetic variation through Eurasia, and that the introduced population in western Japan originated from a small founder population from the Korean Peninsula. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, , .
  • Fumiya Kobayashi, Dai Fukui, Eisuke Kojima, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 37 3 227 - 235 2012年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Rivers are habitats favored by insectivorous bats. The Japanese large-footed bat (Myotis macrodactylus) is one of such species strongly associated with rivers. To clarify the population structure and migration pattern of M. macrodactylus, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeography was investigated in 15 subpopulations along three rivers (Tokachi, Ishikari and Teshio Rivers) on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Of 267 bats examined, nine mtDNA cytochrome b haplotypes were identified and separated into two major genetic clades, which did not reflect geographic distributions within and among the river regions. Principal component analysis of mtDNA haplotypes showed that most subpopulations in Ishikari and Teshio of the three river regions were grouped into one genetically related group, whereas those in the Tokachi river region were remotely related to those of the other two river regions. The results could be ascribed to no geographic barriers preventing bats' migration between the former two river regions. By contrast, it is possible that the Daisetsuzan and Hidaka mountain ranges play a role as effective geographic barriers against migrations of this species between the Tokachi and Ishikari/Teshio river regions.
  • Tomo Inoue, Yayoi Kaneko, Koji Yamazaki, Tomoko Anezaki, Shuuji Yachimori, Keiji Ochiai, Liang-Kong Lin, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei, Yen-Jean Chen, Shih-Wei Chang, Ryuichi Masuda
    CONSERVATION GENETICS 13 4 1095 - 1107 2012年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Carnivora: Viverridae) in Japan has been phylogeographically considered an introduced species from Taiwan. To reveal the population structures and relationships among the P. larvata populations in Japan, seven compound microsatellite loci were isolated from the genome and genotyped for 287 individuals collected from the field. STRUCTURE analysis and factorial correspondence analysis of genotyping data revealed that animals from Japan were divided into four genetic clusters. Geographic distribution of the genetic clusters partly referred to sampling areas, indicating multiple introductions into distinct areas of Japan or independent founding events leading to the generation of different genetic clusters within introduced populations in Japan. The large genetic differentiation of populations in the Shikoku District from those in other areas within Japan suggests that there were at least two introduction routes into Japan, and a possibility that some founders from areas other than Taiwan were also involved in the introduction into Japan. The genetic variation within Japanese populations were not markedly reduced compared with that of Taiwan. The results indicated that the Japanese populations of P. larvata could have retained moderate genetic diversity during founding events, because of multiple introductions, or a large number or high genetic diversity of founders. Although some individuals in Japan showed a sign of admixture between different clusters, there is no evidence that such an admixture markedly increased the genetic diversity within Japanese populations.
  • Keita Omote, Chizuko Nishida, Takeshi Takenaka, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 29 5 299 - 304 2012年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) population on Hokkaido Island, Japan, decreased to less than one hundred individuals over the last century due to habitat disruption by human activity. Although the ongoing conservation management has slightly restored the population, it remains endangered. In order to assess the genetic variation and population structure of the Blakiston's fish owl in Hokkaido, we genotyped eight microsatellite loci on 120 individuals sampled over the past three decades. The genotype data set showed low levels of genetic variation and gene flow among the geographically isolated five subpopulations. Comparative analysis of past and current populations indicated that some alleles shared by past individuals had been lost, and that genetic variation had declined over the last three decades. The result suggests that the genetic decline may have resulted from inbreeding and/or genetic drift due to bottlenecks in the Hokkaido population. The present study provides invaluable genetic information for the conservation and management of the endangered Blakiston's fish owl in Hokkaido.
  • Ayako Tsubouchi, Daisuke Fukui, Miya Ueda, Kazumi Tada, Shouji Toyoshima, Kazutoshi Takami, Tsunenori Tsujimoto, Kohji Uraguchi, Evgeniy Raichev, Yayoi Kaneko, Hiroshi Tsunoda, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 29 3 151 - 161 2012年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the molecular phylogeny and evolution of the family Canidae, nucleotide sequences of the zinc-finger-protein gene on the Y chromosome (ZFY, 924-1146 bp) and its homologous gene on the X chromosome (ZFX, 834-839 bp) for twelve canid species were determined. The phylogenetic relationships among species reconstructed by the paternal ZFY sequences closely agreed with those by mtDNA and autosomal DNA trees in previous reports, and strongly supported the phylogenetic affinity between the wolf-like canids clade and the South American canids clade. However, the branching order of some species differed between phylogenies of ZFY and ZFX genes: Cuon alpinus and Canis mesomelas were included in the wolf-like canid clades in the ZFY tree, whereas both species were clustered in a group of Chrysocyon brachyurus and Speothos venaticus in the ZFX tree. The topology difference between ZFY and ZFX trees may have resulted from the two-times higher substitution rate of the former than the latter, which was clarified in the present study. In addition, two types of transposable element sequence (SINE-I and SINE-II) were found to occur in the ZFY final intron of the twelve canid species examined. Because the SINE-I sequences were shared by all the species, they may have been inserted into the ZFY of the common ancestor before species radiation in Canidae. By contract, SINE-II found in only Canis aureus could have been inserted into ZFY independently after the speciation. The molecular diversity of SINE sequences of Canidae reflects evolutionary history of the species radiation.
  • Itsuro Koizumi, Nisikawa Usio, Tadashi Kawai, Noriko Azuma, Ryuichi Masuda
    PLOS ONE 7 3 2012年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Intra-specific genetic diversity is important not only because it influences population persistence and evolutionary potential, but also because it contains past geological, climatic and environmental information. In this paper, we show unusually clear genetic structure of the endangered Japanese crayfish that, as a sedentary species, provides many insights into lesser-known past environments in northern Japan. Over the native range, most populations consisted of unique 16S mtDNA haplotypes, resulting in significant genetic divergence (overall F-ST = 0.96). Owing to the simple and clear structure, a new graphic approach unraveled a detailed evolutionary history; regional crayfish populations were comprised of two distinct lineages that had experienced contrasting demographic processes (i.e. rapid expansion vs. slow stepwise range expansion) following differential drainage topologies and past climate events. Nuclear DNA sequences also showed deep separation between the lineages. Current ocean barriers to dispersal did not significantly affect the genetic structure of the freshwater crayfish, indicating the formation of relatively recent land bridges. This study provides one of the best examples of how phylogeographic analysis can unravel a detailed evolutionary history of a species and how this history contributes to the understanding of the past environment in the region. Ongoing local extinctions of the crayfish lead not only to loss of biodiversity but also to the loss of a significant information regarding past geological and climatic events.
  • Katerina Tsytsulina, Matthew H. Dick, Kishio Maeda, Ryuichi Masuda
    Russian Journal of Theriology 11 1 1 - 20 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Phylogenetic relationships were examined among specimens identified as Myotis aurascens Kuzyakin, 1935 from across their distribution (Europe to the Korean Peninsula), and also among M. aurascens and other Myotis species. Phylogenetic reconstructions were based upon sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and ND1 genes. In the cytochrome b analysis, the specimens identified as M. aurascens on the basis of morphology emerged as a polyphyletic group (referred to as clades A, B and C). Genetic data supported the status of clade A, which comprised most of the sequences, as a species distinct from M. mystacinus and the other species analysed. A paratype specimen of the form sogdianus Kuzyakin, 1934 appeared in the clade A of Myotis aurascens, which suggested clearly that they belong to the same species. However, despite that sogdianus Kuzyakin, 1934 should be considered a senior synonym of aurascens Kuzyakin, 1935, taking into consideration that a paratype does not have a name-baring function, we do not suggest to make any changes in the species name Myotis aurascens till further studies. In the morphometric analysis, M. aurascens showed a clinal pattern of variation in cranial length and most correlated measurements, which appears to be mostly independent from the mitochondrial gene patterns. Myotis nipalensis przewalskii appeared separately, with large genetic distances from M. mystacinus and the main M. aurascens clade. Our analysis suggests that because of the morphological similarity between M. aurascens, M. nipalensis, and the light coloured M. mystacinus throughout most of their distribution, identification of M. aurascens should be made on the basis of morphological characters, while in Europe and the Tien Shan Mountains region identifications should be made based on genetic data. © Russian Journal of Theriology, 2012.
  • Takehiro Sato, Dmitry Razhev, Tetsuya Amano, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 56 8 602 - 608 2011年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to investigate the genetic features of ancient West Siberian people of the Middle Ages, we studied ancient DNA from bone remains excavated from two archeological sites in West Siberia: Saigatinsky 6 (eighth to eleventh centuries) and Zeleny Yar (thirteenth century). Polymerase chain reaction amplification and nucleotide sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) succeeded for 9 of 67 specimens examined, and the sequences were assigned to mtDNA haplogroups B4, C4, G2, H and U. This distribution pattern of mtDNA haplogroups in medieval West Siberian people was similar to those previously reported in modern populations living in West Siberia, such as the Mansi, Ket and Nganasan. Exact tests of population differentiation showed no significant differences between the medieval people and modern populations in West Siberia. The findings suggest that some medieval West Siberian people analyzed in the present study are included in direct ancestral lineages of modern populations native to West Siberia. Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 56, 602-608; doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.68; published online 14 July 2011
  • Hoshino Buho, Z. Jiang, C. Liu, T. Yoshida, Halik Mahamut, M. Kaneko, M. Asakawa, M. Motokawa, K. Kaji, X. Wu, N. Otaishi, Sumiya Ganzorig, R. Masuda
    ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 48 1 43 - 48 2011年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The spatial and temporal patterns of the endangered Tibetan antelope or chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) have been studied using satellite-based ARGOS platform transmitter terminal (PTT) tracking data. The data was obtained from the satellite tracking of two female Tibetan antelopes that were collared with satellite transmitters and have been tracked from August 2007 to April 2009. Analysis of the locality data (LC) obtained, shows that both antelopes were migrant individuals, they shared the same calving ground surrounding lake Huiten (or Zhuonai lake), but different wintering pastures. Each antelope covered 250-300 km from the wintering to summer pastures. Annual range consisted of a core area that was used for at least 9 months; a calving ground used for a short time (from 820 days); and temporal pastures used during migration to and from the calving ground. Seasonal migration cycle was about 3 months, 27-30 days to reach the calving ground; 8-20 days staying there; and 36-40 days returning to the core area. Examination of the spatial distribution during migration showed that both chiru crossed the Qinghai-Tibetan railway (QTR) and the Golmud-Lhasa highway (GLH) at least two times, and reached calving ground (118-120 km from there) in 8 days, maintaining an average speed of 15 km per day. However, the return migration took twice as long (from 14 to 16 days). Each time, after reaching the QTR and GLH, the antelopes spent 20-40 days in that area, probably looking for passages and waiting. So far, we suppose that the QTR and the GLH have become a hindrance to the migration of the Tibetan antelopes and seriously delay their movement to and from the calving area. Extended aggregation of the herds of Tibetan antelopes along the QTR and the GLH may impact negatively with increased mortality among offspring, the spread of various diseases and overgrazing of pastures. (C) 2011 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Sara Tashima, Yayoi Kaneko, Tomoko Anezaki, Minoru Baba, Shuuji Yachimori, Alexei V. Abramov, Alexander P. Saveljev, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 28 4 293 - 303 2011年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In the present study, to further understand the phylogenetic relationships among the Eurasian badgers (Meles, Mustelidae, Carnivora), which are distributed widely in the Palearctic, partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (539-545 base-pairs) as a maternal genetic marker, and the sex-determining region on the Y-chromosome gene (SRY: 1052-1058 base-pairs), as a paternal genetic marker, were examined. The present study revealed ten SRY haplotypes from 47 males of 112 individuals of the Eurasian Continent and Japan. In addition, 39 mtDNA haplotypes were identified from those animals. From the phylogeography of both the uniparentally inherited genes, four lineages were recognized as Japanese, eastern Eurasian, Caucasian, and western Eurasian. The distribution patterns of the mtDNA lineages showed the existence of a sympatric zone between the eastern and western Eurasian lineages around the Volga River in western Russia. Furthermore, the present study suggested that in the Japanese badgers, the larger genetic differentiation of the Shikoku population was attributable to geographic history in the Japanese islands.
  • Hisako Kazuta, Takehiro Sato, Yukio Dodo, Hirofumi Matsumura, Tetsuya Amano, Hajime Ishida, Ryuichi Masuda
    ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 119 1 81 - 86 2011年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to investigate further the allele frequencies of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sub-family C11 (ABCC11) gene, which determines earwax phenotypes, among ancient populations in Hokkaido, Japan, the single-nucleotide polymorphism and the 27 bp deletion in the ABCC11 gene were analyzed in ancient DNA extracted from 38 Epi-Jomon, 24 Jomon, and one Satsumon specimens excavated from various archaeological sites in Hokkaido. Of the specimens analyzed, 10 Epi-Jomon and three Jomon specimens were successfully genotyped. One homozygote for the 27 bp deletion was found first in one Epi-Jomon specimen. Including previously reported data on the Okhotsk people and modern Ainu, exact tests of population differentiation showed that allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene between the Jomon people and Ainu were statistically significantly different, whereas those between the Jomon and Epi-Jomon people and those between the Epi-Jomon people and Ainu were not significantly different. This result indicates that the Ainu, direct descendants of the Jomon people, were genetically affected by populations who possessed high frequencies of allele A (recessive dry allele) of the ABCC11 locus after the Jomon period.
  • Sara Tashima, Yayoi Kaneko, Tomoko Anezaki, Minoru Baba, Shuuji Yachimori, Alexei V. Abramov, Alexander P. Saveljev, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 36 1 41 - 48 2011年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINEs) are specific to the taxa and thought to be one of powerful phylogenetic gene markers. Especially, the SINE sequences, which exist uniquely in genome of order Carnivora, are named CAN-SINEs. Among the Eurasian badgers (genus Aides), a member of the family Mustelidae in order Carnivora, the Japanese badger (M anakuma) was previously reported to have an insertion of CAN-SINE in the final intron of the zinc finger protein gene on Y chromosome (ZFY). In the present study, we examined occurrence of the CAN-SINE of the ZFY final intron in the Eurasian badgers, and three continental and four Japanese haplotypes were identified from a total of 40 male badgers. Among the Eurasian badger CAN-SINEs, a 12-bp deletion specific to the Japanese haplotypes was found, whereas the 12-bp region (non-deletion) in the continental haplotypes consisted of one 6-bp direct repeat and 6-bp microsatellite-like sequences. Moreover, the continental haplotypes were phylogenetically divided into three lineages: eastern Eurasia, Caucasus and western Eurasia. These genetic differentiations supported the classification recently proposing that genus Aides are grouped into the European badger (M. meles), the Southwest Asian badger (M canescens), the Northwest & Central Asian badger (M. leucurus) and the Japanese badger (M. anakuna). In addition, the number of adenines in the poly A/T rich tails was polymorphic among all lineages of Eurasian badgers, and geographically variable within the Japanese badgers.
  • Takuya Oishi, Kohji Uraguchi, Kenichi Takahashi, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF HEREDITY 102 1 38 - 46 2011年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to examine the population structures of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) on the Hokkaido Island in Japan, we conducted analysis on 250 foxes from all over the island for 12 microsatellite loci. Assignment tests using the genotype data set showed that they were divided into 6 subpopulations. Of the 6, one was geographically isolated in the southern region and considered definitive subpopulation, whereas the other 5 were not. The slight differences among the latter 5 subpopulations were explained by the high adaptability and long dispersal of the red fox on the Hokkaido Island. Although there are few ecological data to explain the genetic differentiation of the southern population, we have proposed some hypotheses from the present ecological and geohistorical viewpoints. One convincing reason from the ecological viewpoint is the restriction of gene flow to southern Hokkaido from other areas due to geographical isolation resulting from the land shape. The other explanation is the geohistorical division of southern Hokkaido from other regions on the island during the last interglacial age, resulting in the isolation of the fox population.
  • Takuya Oishi, Kohji Uraguchi, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 27 12 939 - 945 2010年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to clarify the morphological differences between two subspecies of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) on the Japanese Islands and test the validity of Bergmann's rule, we examined geographical variations in 25 cranial and 24 dental characters in V. v. schrencki from Hokkaido and V. v. japonica from the other main islands of Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu). Many skull measurements, including the male greatest length, condylobasal length, and the length of upper and lower tooth rows, were significantly larger for V. v. japonica than for V. v. schrencki, whereas most tooth measurements, especially the length of molars and premolars, in V. v. schrencki were larger than those in V. v. japonica. Although the two subspecies were morphologically well-differentiated from each other, the results did not support that they have evolved following Bergmann's rule of adaptation to cold climates. Based on consideration of the relatively large differences of their tooth sizes, which are not easily influenced by food abundance, and previous genetic research on the different migration histories of the two subspecies, the morphological differences detected in the present study may have resulted not only from the present ecological differences between the two subspecies, but also from the difference of migration history and evolutionary constraints.
  • Sara Tashima, Yayoi Kaneko, Tomoko Anezaki, Minoru Baba, Shuuji Yachimori, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 35 4 221 - 226 2010年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To further understand the population structures of the Japanese badgers (Meles anakuma) on the Japanese islands, we analyzed their bi-parentally inherited microsatellites. Based on genotypes of nine microsatellite loci, the badgers were divided into five discrete clusters: three clusters from the Honshu Island, one from Kyushu and one from Shikoku. We propose that this genetic differentiation among badgers from the Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu Islands is as a consequence of geographical isolation caused by the Seto Inland Sea. Furthermore, the cluster containing individuals from Shikoku was more differentiated from the other clusters, plausibly attributable to the earlier geological separation of the Shikoku Island from the Honshu and Kyushu Islands. The three clusters in Honshu, however, did not correspond precisely with geographical locations. As indicated in previous studies, based on mitochondrial DNA analysis, the genetic relationships within the Japanese badgers might reflect recent population expansion, occurring over a relatively short evolutionary time-scale. The findings preliminarily indicate that the Japanese badgers do not possess the high levels of philopatry seen in the European badger (Meles meles), a closely related species, although further analyses using balanced sample sizes from a wider range is required.
  • N. Goda, T. Mano, P. Kosintsev, A. Vorobiev, R. Masuda
    TISSUE ANTIGENS 76 5 404 - 410 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The allelic diversity of the DRB locus in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes was analyzed in the brown bear (Ursus arctos) from the Hokkaido Island of Japan, Siberia, and Kodiak of Alaska. Nineteen alleles of the DRB exon 2 were identified from a total of 38 individuals of U. arctos and were highly polymorphic. Comparisons of non-synonymous and synonymous substitutions in the antigen-binding sites of deduced amino acid sequences indicated evidence for balancing selection on the bear DRB locus. The phylogenetic analysis of the DRB alleles among three genera (Ursus, Tremarctos, and Ailuropoda) in the family Ursidae revealed that DRB allelic lineages were not separated according to species. This strongly shows trans-species persistence of DRB alleles within the Ursidae.
  • Takehiro Sato, Hisako Kazuta, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono, Hajime Ishida, Haruto Kodera, Hirofumi Matsumura, Minoru Yoneda, Yukio Dodo, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 55 10 691 - 696 2010年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the genetic characteristics of the ancient populations of Hokkaido, northern Japan, polymorphisms of the ABO blood group gene were analyzed for 17 Jomon/Epi-Jomon specimens and 15 Okhotsk specimens using amplified product-length polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Five ABO alleles were identified from the Jomon/Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk people. Allele frequencies of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk people were compared with those of the modern Asian, European and Oceanic populations. The genetic relationships inferred from principal component analyses indicated that both Jomon/Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk people are included in the same group as modern Asian populations. However, the genetic characteristics of these ancient populations in Hokkaido were significantly different from each other, which is in agreement with the conclusions from mitochondrial DNA and ABCC11 gene analyses that were previously reported. Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 55, 691-696; doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.90; published online 12 August 2010
  • Tomo Inoue, Takahiro Murakami, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuiehi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 35 3 145 - 155 2010年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To reveal phylogeographical features of the sable Martes zibellina on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, we analyzed the 5'-portion sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region (535 537 base pairs), and compared their sequence variations with those in Russia. Genetic differences between the Hokkaido and Russian individuals, revealed by the present study, indicated that the Hokkaido population has not been well-differentiated after the immigration into Hokkaido from the Eurasian Continent The intraspecific variations of M zibellina showed interpopulation-differentiations due to 'isolation by distance' within Hokkaido, and they were smaller than those of the Japanese marten M melampus, endemic to Honshu, Kyushu and Sikoku Islands of Japan The genetic diversit, in melampus populations introduced to Hokkaido was lower than that of 114 melampus native on Honshu and Kyushu, and the two mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were distributed at restricted areas in southern Hokkaido These findings suggest founder effects in introduced populations of melampus on Hokkaido. In addition, the clear phylogenetic separation between M zibellma and M melampus indicates that no hybridization between them have occurred on Hokkaido so far, although further studies using paternally and biparentally inherited genetic markers are necessary.
  • Takuya Oishi, Kohji Uraguchi, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 35 3 201 - 207 2010年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to assess the genetic usefulness of feces that were obtained from field, we conducted genetic identification by microsatellite analysis on fecal samples of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) collected in the Shiretoko National Park, Hokkaido Consequently, 59 fecal samples resulted in 22 as the minimum number of individuals The cumulative P-(ID)sibs in the 22 samples was less than 0 01 Two pairs of fecal samples having the identical genotypes (P-(ID)sibs< 0 01) were considered to be dropped by the same foxes, and the distribution of these feces was almost overlapped with the home ranee of one fox, revealed by a previous study Although few reports had revealed the absolute number of red foxes in field, the present study showed that the genetic analysis of their feces is useful for estimating. a presumable number of individuals in the area However, the lower genotyping success rates (23 3-69 8%) and genotyping reproducibility (53 5-88 4%) indicate the difficulty of genetic analysis by using. these fecal samples. In order to improve the efficiency of the analysis, it may be effective to select and use a marker set which has smaller allele sizes, because the genotyping success rates and reproducibility increased when the average allele size decreased.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Liang-Kong Lin, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei, Yen-Jean Chen, Shih-Wei Chang, Yayoi Kaneko, Koji Yamazaki, Tomoko Anezaki, Shuuji Yachimori, Tatsuo Oshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 27 6 499 - 505 2010年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The source areas of the Japanese populations of the masked palm civet Paguma larvata (Viverridae, Carnivora), an alien species in Japan, have not been identified. In the present study, to reveal their origins and genetic features, we determined the full mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences (1,140 base-pairs) of a total of 206 individuals of P. larvata from the Honshu and Shikoku islands of Japan (186 animals) and Taiwan (20 animals), and investigated their molecular phylogeography and the genetic relationships between populations in these countries. We found that each animal from Japan exhibited one of four haplotypes (JA1, JA2, JA4, and JA5), and that JA1 and JA4 were more frequent in eastern Honshu and Shikoku-central Honshu, respectively. By contrast, six haplotypes consisting of four new types (TW1, TW2, TW3, and TW4) and the previously reported two types (JA1 and JA4) were identified from 20 animals from native populations in Taiwan. Within Taiwan, one haplotype set (JA1, TW1, and TW2) was distributed in the western region, while a second (JA4, TW3, and TW4) was found in the eastern region; these regions are separated by high mountain ranges. Our comparison of haplotype distributions strongly demonstrated that the eastern Japanese populations originated from animals of western Taiwan, and that the western Japanese populations originated from those of eastern Taiwan. In addition, the lower genetic variability and particular distribution patterns of haplotypes in Japan showed founder effects, which may have resulted from multiple introductions of P. larvata to Japan from Taiwan.
  • Chiemi Yamada, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 35 1 17 - 30 2010年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In the present study, we determined nucleotide sequences of three sex-chromosomal genes (SRY, ZFY and ZFX) for nine species of the family Mustelidae distributed around Japan, and constructed molecular phylogenetic trees, compared with previously reported phylogenies which were examined based on maternally and biparentally inherited genes. The tree topologies by combined sequence data (about 1,800 bp) of two genes (SRY and ZFY) on Y chromosome were almost the same as those by maternal and biparental genes: the mustelid species were basically divided into five genus lineages (Mustela group, Martes group, Neovison, Lutra and Metes). The branching order of Neovison vison and Mustela erminea was different between sex-chromosomal DNA trees. The higher substitution ratio of Y-chromosomal DNA (926-1143 bp of ZFY) than X-chromosomal DNA (848 869 bp of ZFX), revealed by the present study, could be responsible for the topological difference. Meanwhile, in the ZFY final introns of Mustela erminea and Metes anakuma, insertions of carnivore-specific SINEs (CAN-SINEs) were found. This indicates that the two homologous SINEs evolved in the mustelid genome and that they were inserted to the ZFY final introns lineage-independently after species radiation of Mustelidae.
  • Yukari Shimatani, Tsuyoshi Takeshita, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Tohru Ikeda, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 27 3 243 - 247 2010年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To determine the sex and identity of individual American minks (Neovison vsion), a species introduced into Japan, molecular genetic methods were employed on fecal samples collected from the Kushiro Wetland, eastern Hokkaido. We examined the sex chromosome-linked genes ZFX and ZFY and 11 microsatellite loci to identify individuals. From microsatellite genotypes, the probability of identity was calculated to distinguish between individuals with 99% certainty. To evaluate the accuracy of the genotyping results, we used two approaches for several randomly selected samples. In the first approach, we genotyped all samples from the results of a maximum of three independent polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). In the second approach, we genotyped 10% of the samples from the results of five independent PCRs. Samples subsequent genotypings disagreed with the first genotype were counted as one of three categories of error. The results indicated that genotyping more than 10 microsatellite loci was required to reduce the probability of error in identity to less than 0.01. Twenty of 72 fecal samples were genotyped at 10 or 11 microsatellite loci and sex-determined by ZFX/ZFY genes, resulting in identification of five males and nine females. In assessing the accuracy of the results, genotyping errors were found to have occurred in 20% of the first genotypes. The main type of error was 'missing data', which can be prevented by increasing the number of replicate PCRs.
  • Yukari Shimatani, Yuko Fukue, Ryosuke Kishimoto, Ryuichi Masuda
    MAMMAL STUDY 35 1 1 - 7 2010年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The American mink (Neovison vison) as invasive alien species has spread along the Chikuma River in Nagano Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan, through naturalization of animals escaped from fur farms in the past. To clarify genetic structures of the naturalized populations, we genotyped ten microsatellite loci on 126 wild-caught animals from this region. Consequently, the genetic variations of American minks in Nagano were relatively low, and no correlations between genetic distances and geographical distances were observed. Based on the genotype data, animals examined were divided to four genetically different clusters. The results suggest that the genetic characters of the American mink populations around the Chikuma River were not formed after naturalization, but during or before breeding in fur farms. In addition, the present study indicated their migration between localities which may bring gene flow and promote random mating, resulting in genetic structure change in the future populations.
  • Takehiro Sato, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono, Hajime Ishida, Haruto Kodera, Hirofumi Matsumura, Minoru Yoneda, Ryuichi Masuda
    ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 117 3 171 - 180 2009年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to further understand the genetic status of the Okhotsk people, who were distributed in southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea during the 5th-13th centuries, nucleotide variations in the hypervariable region (HVR) and the coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed. Targeting the coding regions provides reliable genetic information even from ancient DNAs that may have suffered post-mortem damage. MtDNA haplogroups of 38 individuals were classified according to mtDNA lineages known in northeastern Asian people. Comparisons of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between the Okhotsk people and other Asian populations revealed that the genetic structures of the Okhotsk people are very similar to those of populations currently living around lower regions of the Amur River and the Ainu of Hokkaido. The results support our previous Study on molecular phylogeny of mtDNA HVR I sequences, and strongly suggest that the Okhotsk people originated around the lower regions of the Amur River and became an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu.
  • Tatsuo Oshida, Ryuichi Masuda, Koichi Ikeda
    BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 98 1 47 - 60 2009年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To test the association between temperate forest dynamics and glacial refugia for arboreal small mammals, we studied the phylogeography of the Japanese giant flying squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys) using complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp). This squirrel is endemic to three of Japan's main islands: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. We examined 58 specimens of P. leucogenys collected from 40 localities in Japan. Additionally, two individuals with unknown sampling localities were included in phylogenetic analyses. There were 54 haplotypes of P. leucogenys. We found five major phylogroups (Northern, Central, South-eastern, South-western, and Southern). These phylogroups may have originated from glacial refugia during the Late Pleistocene. After the last glaciation, the Northern phylogroup, widely distributed in eastern Japan, could have extensively expanded northward from its refugia. By contrast, in western Japan, population expansion was restricted to western Japan. All members of four phylogroups existed in western Japan during glaciations. The complicated phylogeographical pattern of P. leucogenys populations originating from western Japan may have resulted from the long history. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 47-60.
  • Naoki Goda, Tsutomu Mano, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 26 8 530 - 535 2009年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate genetic diversity of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene in the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, we cloned and sequenced parts of exon 2 and intron 2 of the MHC class-II DQA gene from 32 brown bears. According to strict criteria for allele identification established by mammalian MHC nomenclature committees, four DQA types (Urar-DQA*01 to Urar-DQA*04) were identified. Of the four, however, Urar-DQA*04 had a 12-bp deletion not detected in a cDNA analysis, indicating that this is a pseudogene at a distinct locus generated by gene duplication. The nucleotide sequences of the other three DQA alleles, which were expressed (because detected from cDNA), were very similar, indicating lower DQA variation in the Hokkaido brown bear population than in other mammals. We attribute this low genetic diversity to (1) some limited effect of possible balancing selection; (2) bottlenecks and inbreeding after migration and isolation of the Hokkaido brown bear population from the Eurasian Continent; (3) a much slower evolutionary rate in DQA than in other MHC genes in the Hokkaido brown bear population.
  • Takehiro Sato, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono, Hajime Ishida, Haruto Kodera, Hirofumi Matsumura, Minoru Yoneda, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 54 7 409 - 413 2009年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Human earwax is classified into wet and dry types, which are determined by a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, sub-family C11 (ABCC11) gene locus. To investigate the allele frequencies of the ABCC11 locus within ancient populations on the Northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, amplified product-length polymorphisms were analyzed for 50 specimens of the Okhotsk people and 35 specimens of the Jomon and Epi-Jomon people excavated from various archaeological sites of Hokkaido. Of these specimens, 31 Okhotsk and 19 Jomon/Epi-Jomon samples were genotyped successfully. Frequencies of the wet-type allele in the Jomon/Epi-Jomon people, considered a major ancestor of the Ainu, were higher than those of other Northeastern Asian populations, including the modern Ainu. By contrast, in the Okhotsk people, believed to originate from East Siberia, frequencies of the dry-type allele were relatively higher than those in the Ainu and Jomon/Epi-Jomon people. These results suggest that gene flow from the Northeastern Asian Continent to descendants of the Jomon/Epi-Jomon people of Hokkaido through the Okhotsk people occurred, resulting in the establishment of the Ainu. Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 54, 409-413; doi: 10.1038/jhg.2009.56; published online 26 June 2009
  • Shigeki Nakagome, Jill Pecon-Slattery, Ryuichi Masuda
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 25 7 1344 - 1356 2008年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Evolution of the bear family Ursidae is well investigated in terms of morphological, paleontological, and genetic features. However, several phylogenetic ambiguities occur within the subfamily Ursinae (the family Ursidae excluding the giant panda and spectacled bear), which may correlate with behavioral traits of female philopatry and male-biased dispersal which form the basis of the observed matriarchal population structure in these species. In the process of bear evolution, we investigate the premise that such behavioral traits may be reflected in patterns of variation among genes with different modes of inheritance: matrilineal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), patrilineal Y chromosome, biparentally inherited autosomes, and the X chromosome. In the present study, we sequenced 3 Y-linked genes (3,453 bp) and 4 X-linked genes (4,960 bp) and reanalyzed previously published sequences from autosome genes (2,347 bp) in ursid species to investigate differences in evolutionary rates associated with patterns of inheritance. The results describe topological incongruence between sex-linked genes and autosome genes and between nuclear DNA and mtDNA. In more ancestral branches within the bear phylogeny, Y-linked genes evolved faster than autosome and X-linked genes, consistent with expectations based on male-driven evolution. However, this pattern changes among branches leading to each species within the lineage of Ursinae whereby the evolutionary rates of Y-linked genes have fewer than expected substitutions. This inconsistency between more recent nodes of the bear phylogeny with more ancestral nodes may reflect the influences of sex-biased dispersal as well as molecular evolutionary characteristics of the Y chromosome, and stochastic events in species natural history, and phylogeography unique to ursine bears.
  • Yukari Shimatani, Tsuyoshi Takeshita, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Tohru Ikeda, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 25 7 714 - 720 2008年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To identify mammalian carnivore species distributed in the Kushiro Wetland, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, we developed molecular-genetic methods for identification of the species from fecal samples collected from the field. Species-specific primers and PCR programs were established for five native and six alien species of carnivores: Martes zibellina, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, Vulpes vulpes, and Nyctereutes procyonoides as native species, and Neovison vison, Martes melampus, Mustela itatsi, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and Procyon lotor as alien species in Hokkaido. Touch-down PCR, in which the annealing temperature is decreased 1 degrees C every cycle, was more effective for some species from which fecal DNA was not amplified species-specifically with standard PCR programs. Of 405 fecal samples collected from the Kushiro Wetland, the species of origin of 246 samples were successfully identified: 88 samples for N. vison, 140 for M. zibellina, 13 for V vulpes, four for C. familiaris and one for E catus. The results show the particular applicability of this method to monitoring M. zibellina and N. vison. In addition, methods to PCR-amplify DNA from two crayfish species (Pacifastacus leniusculus and Cambaroides japonicus) were developed to determine whether the carnivore fecal samples contained detectable DNA from the prey crayfishes. DNA from P leniusculus was amplified from feces of N. vison identified in the present study, but no DNA from C. japonicus was detected. This indicates that N. vison preys on the alien species P leniusculus.
  • Tsutomu Tamada, Boripat Siriaroonrat, Vellayan Subramaniam, Masaharu Hamachi, Liang-Kong Lin, Tatsuo Oshida, Worawut Rerkamnuaychoke, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 25 2 154 - 163 2008年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate genetic diversity and phylogeography of the Asian leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences were determined for 39 individuals from various areas. Sequences combining the complete cytochrome b gene (1,140 bp) with the partial control region (646-810 bp) were classified into 24 haplotypes: 21 types from 21 animals, one from eight animals from Tsushima Islands, one from eight animals from Iriomote Island, and one from two animals from Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic trees of the 24 haplotypes clearly showed three clades: a Northern Lineage and Southern Lineages. 1 and 2. The Northern Lineage consisted of animals from Tsushima Islands, the Korean Peninsula, the continental Far East, Taiwan, and Iriomote Island. Within the Northern Lineage, genetic contacts could have occurred between geographically neighboring populations before isolation by straits. Southern Lineage 1, comprising Southeast Asian animals, showed higher genetic diversity. Southern Lineage 2 had large genetic distances from other lineages. Within the control region, the Asian leopard cats shared two to four repetitive motifs, and the number of motifs and their constitution were highly variable among individuals. The motifs were polymorphic even within individuals and could be classified into 31 types. Finally, males of mtDNA Southern Lineage 1 had either of two types of the Y-chromosomal gene ZFY, whereas all males of Northern Lineage shared only one type. Our results indicate that the diversity of southern populations is higher and that genetic differentiation among northern local populations reflects past geographical isolation.
  • Naoko Kurose, Alexei V. Abramov, Ryuichi Masuda
    Mammal Study 33 1 25 - 33 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To further understand the phylogenetic relationships among the mustelid genus Mustela, we newly determined nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene from 11 Eurasian species of Mustela, including the domestic ferret and the American mink. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from the 12S rRNA sequences were similar to those based on previously reported mitochondrial cytochrome b data. Combined analyses of the two genes demonstrated that species of Mustela were divided into two primary clades, named "the small weasel group" and "the large weasel group", and others. The Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi) formerly classified as a subspecies of the Siberian weasel (M. sibirica), was genetically well-differentiated from M. sibirica, and the two species clustered with each other. The European mink (M. lutreola) was closely related to "the ferret group" (M. furo, M. putorius, and M. eversmanii). Both the American mink of North America and the back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa) of Southeast Asia were more closely related to each other than to other species of Mustela, indicating that M. strigidorsa originated from an independent lineage that differs from other Eurasian weasels. Based on biochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular differences as well as morphological evidence, it is proposed that the American mink be elevated to a distinct mustelid genus, Neovison. © the Mammalogical Society of Japan.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Yayoi Kaneko, Boripat Siriaroonrat, Vellayan Subramaniam, Masaharu Hamachi
    Mammal Study 33 1 19 - 24 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    It is still unclear whether the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) is native to the Japanese islands or introduced from the outside via human activities. In the present study, we sequenced the whole region (1,140 base-pairs) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for 29 masked palm civets from Japan and Southeast Asia, and investigated their molecular phylogeography. Nine haplotypes were identified from the animals. Five halpotypes identified from 24 animals of Japan were clustered and separated from four haplotypes from five animals of Southeast Asia, showing clear differentiation between Japanese and Southeast Asian lineages. Sequence differences within Japanese haplotypes were smaller than those within Southeast Asian haplotypes and those between Japanese and Southeast Asian haplotypes. Within Japanese animals, all haplotypes found in eastern Honshu (Kanto district) were different from those of central Honshu (Chubu district). The present study highlighted the problem whether the Japanese Paguma larvata is an introduced species showing multiple original routes, or whether it is a native species genetically differentiated from Southeast Asian populations and even within Japan. © the Mammalogical Society of Japan.
  • Takehiro Sato, Tetsuya Amano, Hiroko Ono, Hajime Ishida, Haruto Kodera, Hirofumi Matsumura, Minoru Yoneda, Ryuichi Masuda
    JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 52 7 618 - 627 2007年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to investigate the phylogenetic status of the Okhotsk people that were distributed in northern and eastern Hokkaido as well as southern Sakhalin during the fifth to the thirteenth centuries, DNA was carefully extracted from human bone and tooth remains excavated from archaeological sites. The hypervariable region 1 sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were successfully amplified and 16 mtDNA haplotypes were identified from 37 individuals of the Okhotsk people. Of the 16 haplotypes found, 6 were unique to the Okhotsk people, whereas the other 10 were shared by northeastern Asian people that are currently distributed around Sakhalin and downstream of the Amur River. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from mtDNA sequences showed that the Okhotsk people were more closely related to the Nivkhi and Ulchi people among populations of northeastern Asia. In addition, the Okhotsk people had a relatively closer genetic affinity with the Ainu people of Hokkaido, and were likely intermediates of gene flow from the northeastern Asian people to the Ainu people. These findings support the hypothesis that the Okhotsk culture joined the Satsumon culture (direct descendants of the Jomon people) resulting in the Ainu culture, as suggested by previous archaeological and anthropological studies.
  • Nabata, D, Kaji, K, Nagata, J, Masuda, R
    Mammal Study 32 17 - 22 2007年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Toshiyuki Tamura, Osamu Takahashi
    ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 114 3 211 - 215 2006年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Ancient DNA, sampled from ten brown bear (Ursus arctos) skulls excavated from a rock shelter site of the Ainu culture at Bihue, central Hokkaido, Japan, was analyzed. This ritual site (iwaya or siratcise), located in a mountainous area near the western coast of Lake Shikotsu, is considered to have been used for bear-sending ceremonies by the Ainu people at least until about 70 years ago. We identified four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes at Bilme, all of which were shared by the modem brown bears of Hokkaido. A previous study showed that three mtDNA lineages (groups A, B, and C) of modem brown bears are allopatrically distributed: group A in north-central Hokkaido, group B in eastern Hokkaido, and group C in southern Hokkaido. The ritual site of Bihue is located in the group C area. While one haplotype of group C was recovered from four of the Bihue skulls, three haplotypes of group A were recovered from six skulls. No haplotype of group B was found. The distribution of the four identified haplotypes at Bilme overlaps extensively with the area of the Ainu community called Shumukuru. These results indicate that, at the Bihue ritual site, the Ainu people probably performed bear-sending ceremonies that included skulls of bears that lived far from the Bihue area. This suggests that, earlier in the Ainu culture period (after the 17th century), the Bihue ritual site could have been used by multiple villages within an Ainu community, such as the Shumukuru, and/or that bear-hunting areas may have expanded from Bihue. This might have led to the promotion of cultural communication and unity among local villages via bear-sending ceremonies.
  • N Kurose, R Masuda, M Tatara
    JOURNAL OF HEREDITY 96 6 688 - 697 2005年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Fecal analysis is a useful tool for the investigation of food habits and species identity in mammals. However, it is generally difficult to identify the species based on the morphological features and contents of feces deposited by mammals of similar body size. Therefore we developed noninvasive DNA analysis methods using fecal samples for identification of the species and sex of four small sympatric carnivores living on the Tsushima Islands of Japan: the leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), Japanese marten (Martes melampus), Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), and feral cat (Felis catus). Based on DNA sequence data from previous phylogenetic studies, we designed species-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (112-347 bp) to identify the species and primers for the partial SRY gene (135 bp) to determine the sex. Due to the adjustment of PCR conditions, those specific DNA fragments were successfully amplified and then applied for species and sex identification. Nucleotide sequences obtained from the PCR products corresponded with cytochrome b sequences of the carnivore species expected. The protocol developed could be a valuable tool in the management and conservation of the four carnivore species occurring on the Tsushima Islands.
  • N Kurose, AV Abramov, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 22 10 1069 - 1078 2005年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Phylogeography of the ermine Mustela erminea and the least weasel M. nivalis from Palaearctic and Nearctic regions were investigated based on mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Mustela erminea exhibited a very low level of genetic variation, and geographic structures among populations were unclear. This may indicate that M. erminea recently reoccupied a wide territory in Eurasia following the last glacial retreat. In comparison with M. erminea, genetic variations within and among populations of M. nivalis were much greater. Molecular phylogenetic relationships showed that two lineages of M. nivalis occurred in the Holarctic region: one spread from the Eurasian region to North America, and the other occurred in south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The results suggest either mitochondrial DNA introgression among populations of south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, or ancestral polymorphisms remaining in those populations. Contrastive phylogeographic patterns between the two mustelid species could reflect differences of their migration histories in Eurasia after the last glacial age.
  • Tsutomu Tamada, Naoko Kurosel, Ryuichi Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 22 6 627 - 633 2005年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 50 domestic cats (Felis catus) obtained from the Tsushima Islands were determined and the genetic diversity was analyzed. In the cats, six haplotypes of the complete cytochrome b sequences (1, 140 base-pairs, bp) and ten haplotypes of the partial control region sequences (350 bp) were identified. Haplotypes obtained from both genes showed existence of at least 11 maternal lineages of domestic cats in Tsushima. Mean values of polymorphic site numbers and sequences differences in the control region were 2.4 times and 1.8 times higher than those in the cytochrome b gene, respectively. Our results support the idea that the evolutionary rate of the control region was faster than that of the cytochrome b as reported in other mammals. Molecular phylogenetic trees showed the similar clustering of haplotypes for both genes. Meanwhile, no individual variations within the Tsushima leopard cat (Felis bengalensis euptilura), which is native to Tsushima, were observed, possibly as a result of genetic drift in the small ancestral population by geographical isolation. In contrast, the diversity of the domestic cat population was higher than that of the leopard cats, because the genetic variability of the former's founders, which were repeatedly brought to Tsushima in the past, still remains. In addition, no sequences of the leopard cat mtDNA were detected in any domestic cats. However, because the possibility that the domestic cat would crossbreed with the leopard cat cannot be denied, genetic monitoring of two species is necessary to biological conservation in Tsushima.
  • T Oshida, A Abramov, H Yanagawa, R Masuda
    MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 14 4 1191 - 1196 2005年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    A phylogeographical study of the Russian (Siberian) flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) was carried out using the complete mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene sequences with special reference to the refugia theory for the arboreal traits of this species. We examined 31 specimens from 24 localities, resulting in 28 haplotypes. One breeding specimen with a unique haplotype from Hokkaido, Japan was included in the phylogenetic analysis. There were three mtDNA lineages: Hokkaido, Far Eastern, and northern Eurasia. Divergence data among lineages demonstrated that the Hokkaido group separated from the other groups during the Holsteinian interglacial. The phylogeographical pattern of P. volans is different from that previously reported for terrestrial rodents associated with treeless habitats. Unlike grasslands, forests decreased during glaciation and moved southward because of the cold and arid environmental conditions. The glacial refugia of P. volans would have been associated with forest dynamics in the Pleistocene.
  • O Tatsuo, S Ohdachi, SH Han, R Masuda
    CARYOLOGIA 58 1 52 - 55 2005年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Karyotypes of Sorex caecutiens from Cheju Island of Korea were examined with conventional staining and G-banding by trypsin treatment stained with Giemsa (GTG). The diploid and fundamental autosomal arm numbers were 42 and 66, respectively. The autosomal complement in the karyotype comprised six pairs of metacentrics, seven pairs of submetacentrics or subtelocentrics, and seven pairs of acrocentrics. The X was a largest acrocentric chromosome, and the Y was a small subtelocentric chromosome. Chromosomal constitutions and G-banding partern of S. caecutiens from Cheju Island were essentially identical to those reported for S. shinto from Honshu Island, Japan. This similarity may indicate the ancestral character of the monophyletic S. caecutiens/shinto group.
  • T Oshida, CM Shafique, S Barkati, M Yasuda, NA Hussein, H Endo, H Yanagawa, R Masuda
    CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE 82 8 1336 - 1342 2004年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The phylogenetic relationships of flying squirrels (Pteromyinae) were studied by obtaining complete sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of eight Old World and two New World flying squirrel species, with special reference to the systematic and phylogenetic status among Hylopetes fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) (= Eoglaucomys fimbriatus (Gray, 1837)) from Pakistan, two Glaucomys Thomas, 1908 species from North America, and two Hylopetes Thomas, 1908 species from Southeast Asia. Phylogenctic trees supported clustering of (i) Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842), (ii) H. fimbriatus, the Glaucomys species, Hylopetes lepidus (Horsfield, 1823), and Hylopetes phayrei (Blyth, 1859), (iii) species of Pteromys G. Cuvier, 1800, and (iv) species of Petaurista Link, 1795. Early polytomic divergence among the flying squirrel genera could have taken place in the northern part of the Eurasian continent. The unclear divergence between the Old and New World flying squirrels shows that divergence among flying squirrel genera could have occurred before the formation of the Bering Strait. Hylopetes fimbriatus was more closely related to the two Glaucomys species than to H. lepidus or H. phayrei, supporting placement of the species fimbriatus in the monotypic genus Eoglaucomys Howell, 1915.
  • SD Ohdachi, MA Iwasa, VA Nesterenko, H Abe, R Masuda, W Haberl
    JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY 85 3 396 - 403 2004年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Phylogenetic relationships among 8 species of white-toothed shrews (Crocidurinae, Mammalia) in East and Central Asia were evaluated based on mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene sequences. The taxon formerly regarded as Crocidura suaveolens in East Asia phylogenetically is distinct from that of true C. suaveolens in Europe, suggesting that specimens in East Asia should be considered a distinct species, C. shantungensis. All shrews from Central Asia were regarded as C. sibirica, although phylogenetic comparison with the unsampled C. gmelini is needed to confirm its taxonomic status. C. shantungensis, C. suaveolens, and C. sibirica formed a well-supported monophyletic group. C. dsinezumi, C. lasiura, C. kurodai, and C. watasei also formed a well-supported monophyletic group. Within C. dsinezumi, there were 2 clusters, referable to western and eastern Japan. Based on low genetic divergence, C. dsinezumi on Cheju and Hokkaido islands appear to be the result of a recent introduction from western Japan and northern-eastern Honshu, respectively.
  • D Nabata, R Masuda, O Takahashi, J Nagata
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 21 4 473 - 481 2004年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The population size of the sika deer Cervus nippon on Hokkaido Island of Japan had been remarkably reduced because of heavy hunting pressure since the beginning of Meiji Period and effects of heavy snow in 1879 and 1881. After that, the number of sika deer in Hokkaido has increased gradually due to the protection by the Hokkaido government. In the present study, in order to investigate the bottleneck effects, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on sika deer bones excavated from archaeological sites just before Meiji Period. On 86 of 113 bones from 13 archaeological sites of Ainu Culture Period (17-19th centuries), 602 base-pair fragments of the mtDNA control region were successfully sequenced. Consequently, we found three new haplotypes (g-, h- and i-types) which had not been identified in modern sika deer. In addition, four haplotypes (a-, b-, c- and d-types) identified from modern sika deer were also found in the archaeological deer. The new haplotypes and previously reported hapoltypes from sika deer of Hokkaido were phylogenetically much closer to each other, compared with those of modern sika deer from Honshu, Kyushu and the Chinese continent. Geographical distribution patterns of haplotypes of the ancient population were different from those of the modern population in Hokkaido. Our findings indicated that their genetic diversity was reduced through the bottleneck and that population structures of sika deer were changed widely in Hokkaido due to genetic drift.
  • Baryshnikov, G.F, Mano, T, Masuda, R
    Russian Journal of Theriology 3 77 - 88 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Oshida, T, Shafique, C.M, Barkati, S, Fujita, Y, Lin, L.-K, Masuda R
    Russian Journal of Theriology 3 15 - 24 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Oshida, T, Shafique, C.M, Barkati, S, Masuda R
    Mammal Study 29 1 21 - 26 日本哺乳類学会 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We undertook a preliminary investigation on the population genetics of two flying squirrel species (Hylopetes fimbriatus and Petaurista petaurista albiventer) that are endemic to the northwestern Himalayan range. These species are distributed sympatrically, share similar ecological characteristics, and are confined to the Himalayan moist temperate forests ranging from 1350 to 3050 m elevation. To elucidate the genetic variability of small populations of these species, we determined the complete mitochondrial DNA control region sequence of H. fimbriatus (1109 bp) and P. petaurista albiventer (1051–1052 bp), collected at the Ayubia National Park of northern Pakistan. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities and average number of nucleotide differences among haplotypes of H. fimbriatus were similar to those of P. petaurista albiventer. However, transversional substitutions among haplotypes of H. fimbriatus were significantly greater than that of P. petaurista albiventer. This latter difference may have arisen from climatic changes during recent Pleistocene glaciations that differentially affected the distribution patterns of these two species. For instance, H. fimbriatus, which is more adaptive to colder and drier habitats, may have maintained a larger population base in the northwestern Himalayan range than P. petaurista albiventer. Alternatively, H. fimbriatus might have colonized the northwestern parts of the Himalayas earlier than P. petaurista albiventer, and may have had a longer evolutionary period to adapt to the cool mesic climate of this region.
  • T Oshida, SD Ohdachi, R Masuda
    CARYOLOGIA 56 4 447 - 451 2003年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Chromosomes of the short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda, which display the numerical polymorphism arisen from Robertsonian rearrangements, were analyzed with conventional and silver staining and G- and C-banding techniques. With respect to all specimens examined in the present study, the diploid chromosome number (2n) and fundamental autosomal arm number (FN) were 50 and 48, respectively. The karyotype consisted of 24 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a large-sized metacentric X chromosome, and a small-sized submetacentric Y chromosome. The comparison with previous findings suggested the geographic polymorphism of Y chromosome in this species. All autosomes and the X chromosome carried slight centromeric constitutive heterochromatin, whereas the Y chromosome was entirely heterochromatic. On the satellites of short arms of two autosomal pairs, the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were recognized. The G- and C-banded and Ag-NOR-stained karyotypes presented in the present study could be useful cytogenetic characteristics for specification of chromosomes participating in Robertsonian rearrangements within this species and for karyo-systematic study of genus Blarina.
  • M Li, HB Tamate, FW Wei, XM Wang, R Masuda, HL Sheng, N Ohtaishi
    ACTA THERIOLOGICA 48 2 207 - 219 2003年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The phylogenetic relationships of Cervidae and Moschidae were examined using partial sequence data of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b. Ten new sequences were obtained for six species of Cervidae and Moschidae, and aligned with those previously reported for other deer species. Our results demonstrated that the phylogenetic status of the taxa inferred from molecular data was congruent with taxonomy based on morphological studies. Cervidae formed a monophyletic group that consists of four subfamilies: Cervinae, Muntiacinae, Hydropotinae, and Odocoileinae. Moschidae occurred at the base of the Cervidae clade. On the basis of molecular clocks for genetic distance, the divergence time of mtDNA haplotypes within the subfamily Cervinae, among subfamilies in Cervidae, and between Moschidae and Cervidae was estimated to date 2-7 MYA, 6-10 MYA and 8-13 MYA, respectively.The phylogenetic relationships of Cervidae and Moschidae were examined using partial sequence data of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b. Ten new sequences were obtained for six species of Cervidae and Moschidae, and aligned with those previously reported for other deer species. Our results demonstrated that the phylogenetic status of the taxa inferred from molecular data was congruent with taxonomy based on morphological studies. Cervidae formed a monophyletic group that consists of four subfamilies: Cervinae, Muntiacinae, Hydropotinae, and Odocoileinae. Moschidae occurred at the base of the Cervidae clade. On the basis of molecular clocks for genetic distance, the divergence time of mtDNA haplotypes within the subfamily Cervinae, among subfamilies in Cervidae, and between Moschidae and Cervidae was estimated to date 2-7 MYA, 6-10 MYA and 8-13 MYA, respectively.
  • Y Satoh, T Mano, H Tsuruga, R Masuda, T Matsuhashi, M Onuma, M Suzuki, N Ohtaishi
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 50 4 195 - 199 2003年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To develop an easy method of typing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis), the PCR-RFLP technique was improved using four restriction enzymes : Mbo 1, Cfr 13 I, TspE 1, and Fok 1. This approach identified seven groups of mtDNA haplotypes, HB1/2/5-7, HB 3, HB4, HB8/9, HB10/11, HB12 and HB13 from 102 brown bears of northern, central and eastern Hokkaido.
  • H Mahmut, R Masuda, M Onuma, M Takahashi, J Nagata, M Suzuki, N Ohtaishi
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 19 4 485 - 495 2002年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To illustrate phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations of Xinjiang, we determined their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and then investigated geographic variations and phylogenetic relationships between Xinjiang populations and other populations from Asia, Europe, and North America. The C. elaphus mtDNA control region shared different copy numbers of tandem repeats of 38 to 43-bp motifs which clearly distinguished the Western lineage from the Eastern lineage of this species in Eurasia. The western lineage comprised the Tarim populations from southern Xinjiang and the European populations, all of which had four copies of the motifs. By contrast, the Eastern lineage consisted of populations from northern Xinjiang (Tianshan and Altai Mountains), other Asian areas (Alashan, Gansu, Tibet, Mongolia, and northeastern China), and North America, all of which shared six copies of the motifs. MtDNA phylogenetic trees showed that there are two major clusters of haplotypes which referred to the Western and Eastern lineages, and that subgroupings of haplotypes in each cluster were congruent with their geographic distributions. The present study revealed that a boundary separating the Western lineage from the Eastern lineage occurs between Tarim Basin and Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Meanwhile, North American populations were genetically closer to those of northern Xinjiang, northeastern China, and Mongolia, supporting that C. elaphus immigrated from northeastern Eurasia to North America through the glacier-induced land-bridge (Beringia) which had formed between the two continents after Late Pleistocene.
  • Masuda, R, Noro, M, Nishida-Umehara, C, Yamazaki, T
    Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 7 75 - 80 2002年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • N Kurose, Y Kaneko, AV Abramov, B Siriaroonrat, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 18 8 1145 - 1151 2001年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To assess the level of genetic variations of the Eurasian badger Meles metes in Japan, the entire sequences (1,140 base pairs) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were phylogenetically examined. Most of substitutions between haplotypes were transitions resulting in synonymous mutations. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by sequence differences clearly showed that Japanese populations of Metes meles were differentiated from continental populations (from the Baikal area and eastern Europe) of M. meles. By contrast, genetic distances among Japanese populations were much smaller, and their geographic structures did not reflect geographic distances between sampling localities. The results indicate that polymorphisms of the ancestral populations still remain via loss of haplotypes by population size changes. In addition, M. metes could have occupied the present habitats in Japanese main islands (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) in a short period, possibly after the last glacial age.
  • T Matsuhashi, R Masuda, T Mano, K Murata, A Aiurzaniin
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 18 8 1137 - 1143 2001年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Previous phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial DNA sequences of the brown bear Ursus arctos have separately defined two major lineages in Europe, three in Alaska, and three in Hokkaido Island of Japan. To reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among worldwide populations of the species, nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b were determined for some additional subpopulations of Asia (Gobi and Tibetan), and then all the data including previously reported sequences were compared. The resultant phylogenetic trees showed that the worldwide populations could be grouped into at least five lineages. One of the five lineages had a wide distributional range covering Eurasia, Alaska, and central Hokkaido. Moreover, it is likely that populations from eastern Hokkaido and eastern Alaska are the direct derivatives of a single lineage. These results suggest that brown bears may have widely colonized Eurasia and North America from their original areas somewhere in Eurasia more than once.
  • H Mahmut, S Ganzorig, M Onuma, R Masuda, M Suzuki, N Ohtaishi
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 49 3 231 - 237 2001年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To evaluate the genetic diversity of the Xinjiang Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) population, we analyzed the frequencies of microsatellite alleles. Samples were collected from 3 isolated populations in Xaya, Lopnur and Qarqan of Xinjiang. Although 10 microsatellite loci were examined, alleles of 133 to 190 base-pairs were detected for only 3 loci: BM5004, BM4208 and BM888. The average observed multilocus heterozygosity was 0.08 +/-0.04 for the Xaya, 0 for the Lopnur, and 0.17 +/-0.08 for the Qarqan population. The average beterozygosity of all populations was 0.08 +/-0.02. The observed heterozygosities were significantly lower than the expected values. The present results suggest that the bottleneck effect has occurred in the populations of the Xinjiang Tarim red deer.
  • S Ohdachi, NE Dokuchaev, M Hasegawa, R Masuda
    MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 10 9 2199 - 2213 2001年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Intraspecific phylogeny and genetic variation were investigated based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in six soricine shrew species, Sorex unguiculatus, S. caecutiens, S. shinto, S. gracillimus, S. minutissimus and S. hosonoi, collected primarily from northeastern Asia. Maximum likelihood trees and a phylogenetic network were generated to estimate intraspecific phylogenies. S. minutissimus showed high congruence between phylogenetic position and geographical origin and S. gracillimus showed low congruence. In contrast, there was no congruence between phylogeny and geography in S. unguiculatus and the S. caecutiens from Sakhalin-Eurasia. Positive correlation between genetic and geographical distances was found in S. minutissimus and S. gracillimus, but not in the other species (or regional populations). The results of the phylogenetic and genetic analyses suggest that S. minutissimus and S. gracillimus have occupied their present ranges for a longer time than the other species if we assume a stepping-stone model of population structure. In addition, there was no contradiction between the present investigations and the hypotheses of multiple immigration by S. gracillimus and a single immigration by S. unguiculatus into Hokkaido Island. It is proposed that these six northeastern Asian species experienced different historical processes of range expansion and dispersal despite the fact that some of them currently show similar patterns of distribution.
  • R Masuda, T Amano, H Ono
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 18 5 741 - 751 2001年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Ancient DNA was analyzed from skull remains of 12 brown bears (Ursus arctos) excavated from the archeological site of the Okhotsk Culture on Rebun Island of Hokkaido, where no natural populations of brown bears currently occur, in order to trace their original habitats. The Okhotsk Culture developed around southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea (southern Sakhalin, Rebun and Rishiri Islands, northern and eastern Hokkaido, and southern Kuril Islands) during 6-11 th centuries, A.D. The ancient people of those days are considered to have involved brown bears for traditional ceremonies and rituals. From the skull remains, partial fragments (approximately 250-360 base pairs) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were successfully sequenced. Compared with sequence data of modern brown bears of the Hokkaido main land, ancient mtDNAs of Rebun Island were phylogenetically classified into either of two lineages of modern mtDNA: the north-central Hokkaido lineage and southern Hokkaido lineage. The southern Hokkaido lineage was identified from three juvenile (less than one year old) ancient bears, while the north-central Hokkaido lineage was mainly from adults (more than three years old). Our findings demonstrated that juvenile ancient bears of Rebun Island were originated from southern Hokkaido, which was an outside area of the Okhotsk Culture and belonged to the Epi-Jomon Culture with a close relation to a northern part of the Tohoku district. The molecular phylogeographic study on ancient and modern brown bears provides an insight to further understanding zooarcheology and ancient people's cultures around Hokkaido.
  • T Oshida, M Yasuda, H Endo, NA Hussein, R Masuda
    MAMMALIA 65 4 473 - 482 2001年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Phylogeographic relationship among five Callosciurus species (C. caniceps, C. erythraeus, C. finlaysonii and C. nigrovittatus, and C. prevostii) from Southeast Asia were inferred from partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1,080 bases-pairs). Maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), and maximum likelihood (ML) trees showed very similar branching patterns, although the phylogenetic position of C. caniceps in NJ tree was different from those in MP and ML trees. The five Callosciurus species were clustered in two lineages : one cluster consisting of C. caniceps, C. erythraeus, and C. finlaysonii (79 % bootstrap value in MP tree and 57 % support value in ML tree) and the other cluster consisting of C. nigrovittatus and C. prevostii (100 % bootstrap values in MP and NJ trees and 100 % support value). Based on morphological and zoogeographical data, Callosciurus was previously categorized into two groups : the mainland unit and the Sundaland unit. The present work seems to support this hypothesis. Phylogenetic relationship and divergence times estimated from molecular data suggested that early divergences between the two lineages might have occurred during the Miocene, and that subsequent divergence in each lineage might have taken place during the Pliocene.
  • Oshida, T, Fujita, Y, Lin, L.K, Masuda, R
    Mammal Study 26 2 149 - 152 日本哺乳類学会 2001年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • T Oshida, K Ikeda, K Yamada, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 18 1 107 - 114 2001年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate genetic diversity among populations of the Japanese giant flying squirrel Petaurista leucogenys, the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (1,052-1,054 bases) were determined in 37 specimens from 17 localities on the Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu Islands of Japan. Of the 37 animals examined, 24 haplotypes were identified. All haplotypes from Kyushu consisted of 1,052 bases, whereas those from Honshu and Shikoku consisted of 1,054 bases including two insertions, except for three haplotypes (which had 1,052 or 1,053 bases). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods indicated that P. leucogenys is essentially separated into three major lineages: Group A consisting of a single haplotype from Kyushu, Group B consisting of some haplotypes from Kyushu and one haplotype from Honshu, and Group C consisting mostly of haplotypes from Honshu and Shikoku. Animals with the Kyushu haplotypes were split into two lineages (Groups A and B), suggesting that Group A diverged at an earlier point from the other groups. Genetic distances in Group C were not related to geographic distances between sampling localities, indicating that ancestral populations of this group recently expanded their distribution in a short time, possibly after the last glacial stage.
  • N Kurose, R Masuda, T Aoi, S Watanabe
    CARYOLOGIA 53 3-4 269 - 275 2000年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Chromosomes of the Japanese weasel Mustela itatsi endemic to Japanese main islands except Hokkaido were examined by conventional, G-, and C-stainings, and compared with those of the Siberian weasel M. sibirica which is widespread in eastern Asia and Siberia. The two species shared the same diploid chromosome number (2n=38). However, their fundamental numbers and G- and C-banding patterns were largely differentiated from each other. Judging from the karyological features as well as mitochondrial DNA data and morphological characters previously reported, M. itatsi should be regarded as an independent species from M. sibirica, in agreement with the first description.
  • N Kurose, AV Abramov, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17 5 673 - 679 2000年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To illuminate molecular phylogenetic relationships among Eurasian species of the genus Mustela (Mustelidae, Carnivora), we determined nucleotide sequences of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region (1,140 base pairs). Molecular phylogenetic trees, constructed using the neighbor-joining and the maximum likelihood methods, showed the common topology of species relationships to each other. The American mink M. vison first branched off and was positioned very remotely from the other species of Mustela. Excluding M. vison, the ermine M. erminea first split from the rest of the species. Two small body-sized weasels, the least weasel M. nivalis and the mountain weasel M, altaica, comprised one cluster (named "the small weasel group"). The other species formed another cluster, where the remarkably close relationships among the domestic ferret M. furo, the European polecat M. putorius, and the steppe polecat nn. eversmanni were noticed with 87-94% bootstrap values (named "the ferret group"), supporting the history that the ferret was domesticated from IM. putorius and/or M. eversmanni The European mink M. lutreola was the closest to the ferret group. The genetic distance between the Siberian weasel M. sibirica and the Japanese weasel M. itatsi corresponded to differences of interspecific level, while the two species were relatively close to M. lutreola and the ferret group. These results provide invaluable insight for understanding the evolution of Mustela as well as for investigating the hybridization status between native and introduced species for conservation.
  • T Oshida, LK Lin, H Yanagawa, H Endo, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17 4 485 - 489 2000年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Petauristinae (flying squirrels) consists of 44 extant species in 14 recent genera, and their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy are unsettled questions. We analyzed partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1,068 base pairs) to investigate the phylogenetic relationships among six flying squirrel genera (Belomys, Hylopetes, Petaurista, Petinomys, and Pteromys from Asia and Glaucomys from North America). Molecular phylogenetic trees, constructed by neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods, strongly indicated the closer relationship between Hylopetes and Petinomys with 100% bootstrap values. Belomys early split from other flying squirrels. Petaurista was closely related to Pteromys, and Glaucomys was most closely related to the cluster consisting of Hylopetes and Petinomys. The bootstrap values supporting branching at the deeper nodes were not always so high, suggesting the early radiation in the evolution of flying squirrels.
  • T Oshida, R Masuda
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17 3 405 - 409 2000年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the phylogenetic relationships between the New World Sciurus and the Old World Sciurus and their biogeographic history, the partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1,040 base pairs) were analyzed on six Sciurus species: S. aberti, S. carolinensis, S. lis, S. niger, S. stramineus, and S. vulgaris. Phylogenetic trees (maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood methods) commonly showed two groups with high bootstrap values (73-100%): one consisting of the New World Sciurus and the other consisting of the Old World Sciurus. Genetic distances among the New World Sciurus species were remarkably larger than that between two Sciurus species of the Old World, suggesting the earlier radiation of the New World Sciurus than the Old World Sciurus.
  • T Oshida, LK Lin, R Masuda, MC Yoshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 17 1 123 - 128 2000年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among four species belonging to the genus Petaurista (P. alborufus castaneus, P. alborufus lena, P. leucogenys leucogenys, P. leucogenys nikkonis, P. petaurista melanotus, and P. philippensis grandis), we investigated the partial sequences (1,068 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for these giant flying squirrels. Phylogenetic trees (NJ, MP, and ML trees) constructed from cytochrome b sequences indicated that P. leucogenys was grouped independently with other species, and that P. philippensis was most closely related to P, petaurista with 99-100% bootstrap values. In addition, two subspecies of P. alborufus did not form a single clade: P. alborufus castaneus from China was most distantly related to the other species, whereas P. alborufus lena from Taiwan was closely related to P. petaurista and P. philippensis with 82-90% bootstrap values. This result suggests that it is reasonable to regard P. alborufus lena as a distinct species from P. alborufus castaneus.
  • N Kurose, R Masuda, MC Yoshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 16 6 971 - 977 1999年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The least weasel Mustela nivalis and the ermine M. erminea of Japan are considered relicts of the last glacial period. To study phylogeographic variation in these mustelines, fragments of the mitochondrial DNA control region were sequenced. In both species, the control region included tandem repeats of 10-base motifs at the 3' portion specific to the genus Mustela. Phylogenetic trees of the 5' portion (581-584 bases) of M. nivalis indicated that haplotypes in the Hokkaido population clearly diverged from those in the Honshu population. Geographic pattern of intraspecific variations illustrated by this result is concordant with that by the result of a previous cytogenetic study, which revealed the karyotypic differentiation between the two populations. These findings might suggest that the Hokkaido and Honshu populations of M. nivalis were geographically isolated in advance of the formation of the Tsugaru strait between Hokkaido and Honshu. Distribution pattern of the mitochondrial DNA haplotypes within Hokkaido suggests that M. nivalis experienced the repeated changes of environments during glacial and inter-glacial periods of the Quaternary, or that this species immigrated from Sakhalin/Siberia into Hokkaido so recently. On the other hand, M. erminea exhibited a smaller sequence divergence between the Hokkaido and Honshu populations, suggesting a shorter geographic isolation than in M. nivalis.
  • J Nagata, R Masuda, HB Tamate, S Hamasaki, K Ochiai, M Asada, S Tatsuzawa, K Suda, H Tado, MC Yoshida
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION 13 3 511 - 519 1999年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate genetic diversity among populations of the sika deer, Cervus nippon, nucleotide sequences (705-824 bases) of the mitochondrial D-loop regions were determined in animals from 13 localities in the Japanese islands. Phylogenetic trees constructed by the sequences indicated that the Japanese sika deer is separated into two distinct lineages: the northern Japan group (the Hokkaido island and most of the Honshu mainland) and the southern Japan group (a part of the southern Honshu mainland, the Kyushu island, and small islands around the Kyushu island). All sika deer examined in this study shared four to seven units of repetitive sequences (37 to 40 bases each) within the D-loop sequences. The number of tandem repeats was different among the populations, and it was specific to each population. Six or seven repeats occurred in populations of the northern Japan group, while four or five repeats occurred in populations of the southern Japan group. Each repeat unit included several nucleotide substitutions, compared with others, and 26 types were identified from 31 animals. Sequences of the first, second, and third units in arrays were clearly different between the northern and the southern groups. Based on these D-loop data, colonization and separation of the sika deer populations in the Japanese islands were estimated to have occurred less than 0.5 million years before present. Our results provide an invaluable insight into better understanding the evolutionary history, phylogeny, taxonomy, and population genetics of the sika deer. (C) 1999 Academic Press.
  • N Kurose, R Masuda, B Siriaroonrat, MC Yoshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 16 4 693 - 700 1999年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To assess genetic variations of two Japanese species of the genus Martes, the Japanese marten M. melampus and the sable M. zibellina, the whole regions (1,140 base pairs) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were sequenced. Intraspecific variable sites were different between these two species, and most substitutions were transitions resulting in synonymous mutations. Molecular phylogenetic trees exhibited genetic differentiation between the two species. Genetic variations among M. melampus from Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu were larger than those among M. zibellina from Hokkaido. Genetic distance between cytochrome b haplotypes did not correlate to geographic distance between sampling localities. This result suggests the introgression of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between local populations, probably resulting from incomplete geographic isolation, and/or their recent expansion on each island during a short period.
  • T Matsuhashi, R Masuda, T Mano, MC Yoshida
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 16 5 676 - 684 1999年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    We investigated nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region to describe natural genetic variations and to assess the relationships between subpopulations of the brown bear Ursus arctos on Hokkaido Island, Japan. Using the polymerase chain reaction product-direct sequencing technique, partial sequences (about 930 bases) of the control region were determined for 56 brown bears sampled throughout Hokkaido Island. A sequence alignment revealed that the brown bear control region included a variable sequence on the 5' side and a repetitive region on the 3' side. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the 5' variable region (696-702 bases) exhibited 17 haplotypes, which were clustered into three groups (Clusters A, B, and C). The distribution of each group did not overlap with those of the others, and the three different areas were located in separate mountainous forests of Hokkaido Island. Furthermore, most of the phylogenetically close haplotypes within each group were distributed geographically close to each other. In addition, the 3' repetitive region (arrays of 10 bases) exhibited a much faster mutation rate than the 5' variable region, resulting in heteroplasmy. Such mitochondrial DNA divergence in each group could have occurred after the brown bears migrated from the continent to Hokkaido and became fixed in the different areas.
  • Lungka, G, Siriaroonrat, B, Kangwanpong, D, Masuda, R
    Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4 39 - 43 1999年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Siriaroonrat, B, Angkawanish, T, Kangwanpong, D, Masuda, R
    Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4 65 - 71 1999年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • J Nagata, R Masuda, K Kaji, M Kaneko, MC Yoshida
    MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 7 7 871 - 877 1998年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region sequences (602 bp) from 141 samples of the sika deer Cervus nippon collected from Hokkaido Island of Japan were investigated to elucidate population genetic structure. All animals possessed seven repeat units (38 or 39 by each) in the sequences. Comparison of the 602-bp sequences showed four sites of transitional mutations (A <----> G or C <----> T). Based on combination of the substitutions, six D-loop haplotypes (a-f types) were identified in the Hokkaido population, suggesting the occurrence of at least six maternal lineages. Distribution maps of the haplotypes constructed using the Geographic Information System showed that the distribution patterns differed from haplotype to haplotype. In particular, distribution of the major three types (a-, b-, and c-types) almost overlapped with three main areas of coniferous forests in Hokkaido. These results suggest that expansion of the sika deer population could have occurred through the habitat of coniferous forests after the historical bottleneck in Hokkaido.
  • M Takahashi, R Masuda, H Uno, M Yokoyama, M Suzuki, MC Yoshida, N Ohtaishi
    JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE 60 6 713 - 716 1998年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In Order to determine the sex of carcass remains of the Sika deer (Cervus nippon), we improved a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for amplification of the Sika deer Sry, a male-specific DNA region on the mammalian Y chromosome. From the nucleotide sequence of the Sry region obtained here, PCR primers, MT1 and MT2, capable of amplifying a shorter Sry region were newly designed, and a microsatellite locus was used as a positive control. Using these primers, 96 of 109 sex-unknown fawns (88%, 96/109) were successfully sexed (46 males and 50 females) regardless of the conditions of carcasses found in the field. The results and the methodology could greatly contribute to the study of the mortality pattern of the Sika deer population.
  • M Noro, R Masuda, IA Dubrovo, MC Yoshida, M Kato
    JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 46 3 314 - 326 1998年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Complete sequences of cytochrome b (1,137 bases) and 12S ribosomal RNA (961 bases) genes in mitochondrial DNA were successfully determined from the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). From these sequence data, phylogenetic relationships among three genera were examined. Molecular phylogenetic trees reconstructed by the neighbor-joining and the maximum parsimony methods provided an identical topology both for cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. These results support the "Mammuthus-Loxodonta" clade, which is contrary to some previous morphological reports that Mammuthus is more closely related to Elephas than to Loxodonta.
  • NAGATA J, MASUDA R, KAJI K, OCHIAI K, ASADA M, YOSHIDA M C
    Mammal Study 23 2 95 - 101 日本哺乳類学会 1998年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To study genetic diversity of populations of the sika deer, Cervus nippon, in Hokkaido, polymorphism of three microsatellite loci (OarFCB193, BOVIRBP and INRA040) were examined and compared with that of the population of Chiba Prefecture in the Japanese main island (Honshu). The microsatellite genotype frequency significantly well agreed with the Hardy-Weinberg expectation at each locus of each population except for INRA040 of the Chiba population. Average observed heterozygosity (Ho=0.21±0.11) of the Hokkaido population was relatively smaller than that of the Chiba population (Ho=0.23±0.09). Moreover, observed heterozygosities of OarFCB193 and BOVIRBP of the Hokkaido population were lower than that of the Chiba population, and the number of alleles observed at each locus was smaller in the Hokkaido population than in the Chiba population. These results indicate a lower genetic diversity in the Hokkaido population, resulting from their historical bottleneck(s) previously reported. The present study provides information of useful microsatellite markers and gives an insight for better understanding population genetics of the Japanese sika deer.
  • R Masuda, M Noro, N Kurose, C Nishida-Umehara, H Takechi, T Yamazaki, M Kosuge, MC Yoshida
    ZOO BIOLOGY 17 2 111 - 121 1998年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R Masuda, K Murata, A Aiurzaniin, MC Yoshida
    HEREDITAS 128 3 277 - 280 1998年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The brown bear Ursus arctos is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere including Eurasia and North America, its breeding range being the largest among seven bear species in the world. Recent phylogeographic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have revealed the evolutionary history of brown bear populations in Europe and North America (HANNI et al. 1994; RANDI et al. 1994; TABERLET and BOUVET 1994; TALBOT and SHIELDS 1996). In contrast, genetic characteristics of Asian brown bears are poorly known. Such information would be essential for a better understanding of the evolution of the brown bear. For instance, the evolutionary origin of the brown bear may either be in Asia or Europe or both, a question associated with some controversy (KURTEN 1976; MAZZA and RUSTIONI 1994). In addition, some Asian brown bear populations have experienced habitat fragmentation, environmental changes, and intense hunting by human, so there is a need for clarifying their genetics for conservation purposes. In this report, we present partial sequences of the mtDNA control region of some Asian brown bears. Based on these mtDNA data and a comparison with those of European brown bears, we discuss the phylogenetic status of the brown bears of Asia. Our results offer an important information on the genetics of Asian brown bears.
  • S Ohdachi, R Masuda, H Abe, NE Dokuchaev
    RESEARCHES ON POPULATION ECOLOGY 39 2 157 - 162 1997年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    A hypothetical biogeographical history of northeastern Asiatic soricine shrews in the late Quaternary was developed by integrating their present distributions, fossil records, a hypothetical phylogeny, and geological investigations. First, a biological area cladogram of the northeastern Asiatic region was constructed by applying the vicariance hypothesis to the phylogeny of the caecutiens/shinto group, a monophyletic group proposed by Ohdachi et al. (1997). Comparing the biological area cladogram with a geological hypothesis by Ohshima(1990, 1991, 1992), we hypothesized a geographical history of northeastern Asia. Species were then located on the dendrogram of the geographical history, referring to the present distributions, fossil records, and phylogeny of shrews. According to our hypothesis, higher species diversity of the northern region of northeastern Asia (Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Eastern Siberia) was achieved by several series of colonizations and habitat expansion. On the other hand, the shrew communities of the southern region (Honshu, Sado, Shikoku, and Kyushu) were created by extinction and isolation followed by speciation.
  • S Ohdachi, R Masuda, H Abe, J Adachi, NE Dokuchaev, Haukisalmi, V, MC Yoshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 14 3 527 - 532 1997年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Phylogenetic relationships among 31 operational taxonomic units of shrews (Soricidae, Mammalia), mainly from eastern Eurasia, were inferred from partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene by maximum likelihood !ML! and neighbor joining (NJ) methods, Eleven monophyletic groups were recognized among the soricine shrews examined in the ML tree. However, branching orders of the groups were obscure judging from the local bootstrap values, and two out of the 11 groups were not monophyletic in the NJ tree. The phylogenetic relationships among Sorer caecutiens, S. shinto, and S. sadonis in the Japanese and Sakhalin islands, whose taxonomy was controversial, were clarified. S. shinto in the Honshu and Shikoku Islands is genetically differentiated enough to be considered a separate species from S. caecutiens, while S. sadonis could be treated as a subspecies of S. shinto. Some other taxonomic problems are also discussed.
  • K Murata, R Masuda
    JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE 58 12 1157 - 1159 1996年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a partial fragment of the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene was used for sexing a young Linne's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), a species in which gender determination from the external genitalia is difficult. DNA was extracted from hairs of a 5-month-old sloth as well as the dam and sire as external controls. A SRY fragment (216 bases) was PCR-amplified both from the offspring and the sire, but not amplified from the dam. The DNA sequence (166 bases without primers) of the sloth PCR product was determined and compared with SRY sequences of other mammals previously reported. High homology of their nucleotide (74.1-86.8%) and deduced amino acid (63.6-85.5%) sequences indicates that the PCR product of the sloth was amplified from a region of the SRY gene, and that SRY sequences are conserved throughout mammalian orders. From the result the sex of the young sloth was determined as a male. The PCR method using hairs for sexing the sloth provides an advantageous tool for captive propagation plan in toes. To the authors' knowledge, no report regarding SRY sequences in the order Xenarthra (Edentata) has been published.
  • R Masuda, JV Lopez, JP Slattery, N Yuhki, SJ OBrien
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION 6 3 351 - 365 1996年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Molecular phylogeny of the cat family Felidae is derived using two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b and 12S rRNA. Phylogenetic methods of weighted maximum parsimony and minimum evolution estimated by neighbor-joining are employed to reconstruct topologies among 20 extant felid species. Sequence analyses of 363 bp of cytochrome b and 376 bp of the 12S rRNA genes yielded average pair-wise similarity values between felids ranging from 94 to 99% and from 85 to 99%, respectively. Phylogenetic reconstruction supports more recent, intralineage associations but fails to completely resolve interlineage relationships. Both genes produce a monophyletic group of Felis species but vary in the placement of the pallas cat. The ocelot lineage represents an early divergence within the Felidae, with strong associations between ocelot and margay, Geoffroy's cat and kodkod, and pampas cat and tigrina. Implications of the relative recency of felid evolution, presence of ancestral polymorphisms, and influence of outgroups in placement of the topological root are discussed. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
  • T Oshida, R Masuda, MC Yoshida
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 13 4 615 - 620 1996年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    In order to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the family Sciuridae living in Japan, we sequenced partial regions (379 bases) of mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes in six species of Japanese and other Asian squirrels. Phylogenetic trees constructed by sequence data indicated that two genera of flying squirrels (Petaurista and Pteromys) were clustered in a group distinct from non-flying squirrels, suggesting a possible monophyletic relationships of these flying squirrels. The evolutionary distance between the Japanese squirrel (Sciurus lis) from Honshu island and the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) from Hokkaido island was comparable to intraspecific distances of the remaining species examined.
  • Ryuichi Masuda, Michihiro C. Yoshida
    Zoological Science 12 5 655 - 659 1995年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Nagata, J, Masuda, R, Yoshida, M
    Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 20 1 1 - 8 一般社団法人 日本哺乳類学会 1995年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Partial sequences for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (367 bases) and 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (301 bases) of the Japanese sika deer Cervus nippon from three localities (Shiretoko in Hokkaido, Mt. Goyo in Iwate Prefecture, and Tsushima Island in Nagasaki Prefecture) were determined by using direct sequencing of single-stranded DNAs amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular phylogenetic trees, based on nucleotide sequences of both genes, showed that the sika deer was clearly separated from the pronghorn and the cow. Among the sika deer sampled, individuals from Shiretoko and Mt. Goyo shared identical sequences for each gene, indicating the close relationship between these two sika deer. Our results also indicated that the sika deer on Tsushima Island are distantly related to those of Shiretoko and Mt. Goyo. This is the first report of the mitochondrial DNA sequences of the sika deer.
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 11 4 605 - 612 1994年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To study the phylogenetic relationships between the species of the family Mustelidae, by using the improved polymerase chain reaction-product direct sequencing technique, nucleotide sequences (375 bases) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were determined on ten species from five genera of the Mustelidae and three species of other carnivore families, all of which are distributed in or around Japan. The molecular phylogenetic tree indicated a clear separation of five genera: Mustela and Martes from the subfamily Mustelinae, Lutra and Enhydra from the subfamily Lutrinae, and Meles from the subfamily Melinae. This clustering agreed with the previously reported morphological and karyological taxonomy. Furthermore, the relationships between the intrageneric species were discussed in more detail. This is the first report on the molecular phylogeny throughout the Japanese species of the Mustelidae, inferred from the mitochondrial DNA sequences.
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, F SHINYASHIKI, G BANDO
    ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 11 4 597 - 604 1994年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    To investigate the molecular phylogenetic status of the Iriomote cat Felis iriomotensis, partial sequences of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene (373 bases) and the cytochrome b gene (402 bases) were determined by using the polymerase chain reaction-product direct sequencing technique and then compared with those of seven other feline species. Six Iriomote cats examined in this study showed no intraspecific variation for both genes. The sequence comparisons and the molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that the Iriomote cat is very closely related to the leopard cat Felis bengalensis, which is a widespread species throughout southern and eastern Asia, and that it is reasonable for these two felines to be classified to the same genus. Based on sequence data, the Iriomote cat was estimated to have diverged from the leopard cat arround or less than 0.2 million years ago, and this concurs with the previously reported geological isolation date of the Ryukyu Arc from the Chinese continent. Our results suggest that the geographic barrier has led the fixation of some unique morphological characters into the Iriomote cat population while both the Iriomote cat and the leopard cat still retain very close genetic characters.
  • JV LOPEZ, N YUHKI, R MASUDA, W MODI, SJ OBRIEN
    JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 39 2 174 - 190 1994年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    The mitochondrial DNA of plant and animal cells is a transcriptionally active genome that traces its origins to a symbiotic infection of eucaryotic cells by bacterial progenitors. As prescribed by the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory, symbiotic organelles have gradually transferred their genes to the eucaryotic genome, producing a functional interaction of nuclear and mitochondrial chondrial genes in organelle function. We report there a recent remarkable transposition of 7.9 kb of a typically 17.0-kb mitochondrial genome to a specific nuclear chromosomal position in the domestic cat. The integrated segment has subsequently become amplified 38-76 times and now occurs as a tandem repeat macrosatellite with multiple-length alleles resolved by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) segregating in cat populations. Sequence determination of the nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment, Numt, revealed a d(CA)-rich 8-bp motif [ACACACGT] repeated imperfectly five times at the deletion junction that is a likely target for recombination. The extent and pattern of sequence divergence of Numt genes from the cytoplasmic mtDNA homologues plus the occurrence of Numt in other species of the family Felidae allowed an estimate for the origins of Numt at 1.8-2.0 million years ago in an ancestor of four modern species in the genus Felis. Numt genes do not function in cats; rather, the locus combines properties of nuclear minisatellites and pseudogenes. These observations provide an empirical glimpse of historic genomic events that may parallel the accommodation of organelles in eucaryotes.
  • Masuda, R, Yoshida, M
    Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 19 1 33 - 43 1994年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, N YUHKI, SJ OBRIEN
    GENOMICS 11 4 1007 - 1013 1991年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, S ABE, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI, T SUGIYAMA, N TANIGUCHI
    MUTATION RESEARCH 244 4 309 - 316 1990年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 80 11 1024 - 1027 1989年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • H TAKAHASHI, M OYAMADA, Y FUJIMOTO, MI SATOH, A HATTORI, K DEMPO, M MORI, T TANAKA, H WATABE, R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 79 7 821 - 827 1988年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI, K DEMPO, M MORI
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 79 7 828 - 835 1988年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI, K DEMPO, M MORI
    LABORATORY ANIMALS 22 2 166 - 169 1988年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI, K DEMPO, M MORI
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 79 2 250 - 254 1988年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • M OYAMADA, K DEMPO, Y FUJIMOTO, H TAKAHASHI, MI SATOH, M MORI, R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, K SATOH, K SATO
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 79 1 5 - 8 1988年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • Masuda, R, Sugiyama, T, Taniguchi, N, Yoshida, M.C, Sasaki, M
    International Journal of Biochemistry 20 10 1171 - & 1988年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • MC YOSHIDA, R MASUDA, M SASAKI, N TAKEICHI, H KOBAYASHI, K DEMPO, M MORI
    JOURNAL OF HEREDITY 78 6 361 - 365 1987年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • R MASUDA, MC YOSHIDA, M SASAKI, A OKUDA, M SAKAI, M MURAMATSU
    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH 77 11 1055 - 1058 1986年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]

MISC

  • 本の執筆と読書のはざまにて
    増田隆一 東京大学出版会 UP 53 (618) 44 -48 2024年04月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 動物地理学の世界へようこそ！
    増田隆一 子どもの本棚 (658) 38 -39 2023年08月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 石狩低地帯と北海道の動物地理的特徴
    増田 隆一 北海道の自然（北海道自然保護協会会誌） (60) 11 -18 2022年02月 [査読有り][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 60 (2) 377 -384 2020年08月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 生物科学 70 (1) 25‐30 2019年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一 野鳥 83 (7) 6‐9 2018年08月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 遺伝子が解き明かす北海道の生物地理
    増田隆一 ビオヒストリー 30 12 -15 2018年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 東京大学出版会 UP 46 (539) 25 -30 2017年09月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • ヒグマの遺伝的多様性と移動の歴史
    増田隆一 北海道自然保護協会誌 NC Hokkaido (173) 12 -13 2017年08月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 斎藤昌幸, 斎藤昌幸, 金子弥生, 増田隆一, 園田陽一, 保坂哲朗 哺乳類科学 57 (1) 157‐158(J‐STAGE) 2017年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • Kaneko, Y, Masuda, R, Abramov, A. V The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016-2 - (-) 2016年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • ミトコンドリアDNAからみた縄文犬
    増田隆一 東名遺跡群IV – 東名遺跡群総括報告 第1分冊【堆積層・遺構編】（佐賀市教育委員会） 167 -168 2016年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 夏期講演会DNAからみたヒグマの系譜—世界に発信！考古学と分子系統学のコラボレーション
    増田隆一 北海道立埋蔵文化財センター年報 17 38 -45 2016年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 動物の進化をひもとく 〜 都会でくらす動物たちの遺伝的多様性
    増田隆一 どうぶつと動物園 Autumn 32-33 -(Vol.68: 194-195) 2016年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Abramov, A. V, Kaneko, Y, Masuda, R The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016-2 - (-) 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • DNAから見たヒグマの進化と歴史
    増田隆一 モーリー (Hokkaido Nature Magazine MALLY) 35 8 -11 2014年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 6 103 -108 2013年 [査読無し][通常論文]
     
    Previous studies by our group have been summarized in this paper. To understand the genetic status of the Okhotsk people who lived in the southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea between the fifth and twelfth centuries, nucleotide polymorphisms in hypervariable regions I and II (HVR I and HVR II) and the coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were investigated. MtDNA haplogroups of the Okhotsk people examined were classified according to mtDNA lineages previously reported in northeastern Asians. The comparison of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between the Okhotsk people and other Asian populations revealed that the genetic structures of the Okhotsk people are similar to those of populations currently living around the lower regions of the Amur River and the Ainu in Hokkaido. These results support our previous study on molecular phylogeny of only HVR I sequences in mtDNA (Sato et al. 2007), and strongly show that the Okhotsk people could have originated around lower regions of the Amur River and played the role of intermediate for gene flow from the continental-Sakhalin people to the Ainu (Sato et al. 2009a). To study further the genetic characteristics of the ancient people around Hokkaido, allele frequencies of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sub-family C11 (ABCC11) gene, which determines the earwax phenotypes (dry or wet type), were analyzed. Interestingly, one homozygote for the 27-bp deletion in the ABCC11 gene was found first in the Epi-Jomon. Exact tests of people differentiation (including the previously reported data on modern people) showed that allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene between the Jomon people and Ainu were significantly different statistically, whereas those between the Jomon and Epi- Jomon and those between the Epi-Jomon and Ainu were not significantly different. These results suggest that the Epi-Jomon people in Hokkaido were genetically affected by the Okhotsk people who possessed high frequency of allele A (recessive dry allele) of the ABCC11 locus (Sato et al. 2009b; Kazuta et al. 2011). On temporal genetic changes in ancient people of Hokkaido, the result of the ABCC11 analysis supports mtDNA haplogrouping.
  • アイヌ民族とオホーツク文化人集団
    石田肇, 増田隆一 季刊考古学 118 85 -87 2012年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 遺伝子の流れから見たオホーツク文化人と北海道への影響
    増田隆一 新しいアイヌ史の構築 プロジェクト報告書2012：新しいアイヌ史の構築 先史編 古代編 中世編（北海道大学アイヌ・先住民研究センター） 32 -36 2012年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • トコロチャシ跡遺跡オホーツク地点出土ヒグマ骨のミトコンドリアDNA分析
    増田隆一, 坂絵利 トコロチャシ跡遺跡 オホーツク地点，東京大学大学院人文社会系研究科考古学研究室・常呂実習施設編 360 -366 2012年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 どうぶつと動物園 63 26 -29 2011年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 51 (1) 205 -205 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 阿部豪, 平川浩文, 増田隆一, 佐鹿万里子, 中井真理子, 島田健一郎 哺乳類科学 51 (2) 321-325 (J-STAGE) -325 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    北海道の野幌森林公園で実施したテン類の生息状況調査において，2006年5月と2007年7月，2008年5月の計3回にわたってテン属Martesを確認した．このうち，2007年7月の捕獲個体に関しては，画像やDNAの試料がなかったため種判定ができなかったが，それ以外の2個体については，それぞれ画像判定とミトコンドリアDNAによる種判定の結果からクロテンMartes zibellinaであることが確認された．また，体サイズから2008年5月に回収した死体は約1ヶ月齢の幼獣と推定された．野幌森林公園においてクロテンの生息が確認された公式な記録は2004年11月の自動撮影記録のみであり，実際にDNA分析によりその生息が確認されたのは今回が初めてのことである．また，クロテンの幼獣個体が確認されたことにより，同公園内においてクロテンが自然繁殖している可能性が示唆された．
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 51 (1) 188-191 (J-STAGE) -191 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 分子系統地理から見た日本と台湾の食肉類（日本台湾共同国際シンポジウム記録）
    増田隆一 哺乳類科学 50 217 -219 2010年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Abdukadir, A, Khan B, Masuda, R, Ohdachi, S Pakistan Journal of Wildlife 1 (2) 57 -63 2010年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Asiatic wild cat, Felis silvestris ornata, once regarded as least concern is declining rapidly in its natural habitat in the Xinjiang desert region of China mainly because of excessive hunting for pelt trade followed by shrinkage of its habitat due to cultivation, oil and gas exploration and excessive use of pesticides. Prior to 1950, it was the most abundant felid in Xingjian dwelling along all major river basin systems and Taklimakan desert but later it got confined to three regions of southern Xinjiang only viz., Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Oblast, Aksu and Hotan. Despite several expeditions, correct distribution and status of this illusive cat was unknown. This review article is an update on current status, distribution, ecological behavior, conservationand habitat characteristics of Asiatic wild cat in Xinjiang arid region of China. Specimen collected from various parts of Xinjiang exhibit varied phenotypic characters. It has protruding morphological features like many other desert animals. It has dense and soft hairs on the forelimb pads like other felids but rarely behaves nocturnally, adjusting its movement with seasonal variation and food availability. Tarim hare, Lepus yarkandensis, is the primary source of food followed by gerbil, jerboa, birds, fish and lizards. Literature and the statistics both reveal that it's remnant population is declining fast limiting it to only a few fragmented habitats in the lower reaches of Hotan, Yarkand, Tarim, Qarqan, Niya and Keriya river basins, rendering it no more a least concern species at least in China. Therefore, adequate policy decisions and concrete conservation actions are required to halt and eventually reverse the declining population of the cat and its deteriorating habitat in Xinjiang.
  • 増田隆一, 福江佑子, 谷地森秀二, 浦口宏二 哺乳類科学 49 (1) 137 -141 2009年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一 どうぶつと動物園 61 22 -25 2009年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 49 (1) 157 -157 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一, 嶋谷ゆかり, 大石琢也, 合田直樹, 田島沙羅, 佐藤丈寛 哺乳類科学 49 (2) 283-302 (J-STAGE) -302 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • Bird and mammal specimens in the Swedish Museum of Natural History originating from Hokkaido University: Bergman’s collection and a specimen gifted from Professor Saburo Hatta
    Masuda, R, Sato, T, Grönwall, O, Kato, M Bulletin of Botanic Garden Hokkaido University 8 1 -8 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • エゾヒグマの自然史とヒトの文化の変遷
    増田隆一 Bears Japan (日本クマネットワークニュースレター) 7 93 -95 2007年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • ヒグマとエゾシカ
    増田隆一 沙流川歴史館年報 7 19 -35 2006年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Genetics: The Status of Brown Bears in Japan, Biology
    Masuda, R Understanding Asian Bears to Secure Their Future (compiled by Japan Bear Network) 114 2006年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • クマのDNAが語るオホーツク人の交流
    増田隆一 日本文化財科学会会報 49 16 -21 2005年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 歴史読本 49 (12) 233 -235 2004年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Molecular phylogeny of whiskered bats (Myotis, Vespretilionidae, Chiroptera) in Palaearctic region
    Tsytsulina, K, Masuda, R Proceedings of International Symposium on “Dawn of a New Natural History – Integration of Geoscience and Biodiversity Studies" 85 -89 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • マハムト・ハリク, 増田隆一, アブリミト・アブダカディル, 大泰司紀之 哺乳類科学 43 (1) 1 -17 2003年 [査読無し][通常論文]
     
    中国西部のチベット高原から新疆ウイグル自治区（以後，新疆とよぶ）にかけての一帯は，旧北区産哺乳類の進化の舞台であり，現代の哺乳類群集の形成や進化の要因を解明する際の鍵となる地域である．新疆の動物群集は，チベット高原の隆起に伴う古テチス海の退行，中央アジアの乾燥化，氷河期の気候の影響などにより南北および東西の地域に地理的に隔離された．新生代（第三紀後期から特に第四紀初頭）における激しい自然環境の変化により，徐々に現在のような動物小区画の構成および生態地理的分布様式が形成された．多様な自然環境を有す新疆には7目23科136種程の哺乳類が分布している．新疆では，1980年から自然保護区制度が導入され，現在20ヶ所の自然保護区が作られている．従来の哺乳類研究には，牧畜業ならびに病原体に関係のある齧歯類に関して比較的多くの蓄積がある．しかし，近年人為的な活動が哺乳類の生息環境に影響を及ぼし，その生息域の減少と分断化が進行しているため，希少哺乳類の保護が緊急の課題となっている．特に，その起源，系統進化的歴史，形態的·生態的特徴ならびに種内の遺伝的多様性などを明らかにし，その生物学的情報に基づいた保護管理と生息地保全を施策することが必要である．
  • 青苗砂丘遺跡から発掘されたヒグマ遺存体のDNA分析
    増田隆一 奥尻町青苗砂丘遺跡２（北海道立埋蔵文化財センター） 74 -77 2003年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 東北学 7 (7) 170 -182 2002年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Ancient DNA analysis of brown bear remains from the Kafukai site on Rebun Island, Hokkaido: On the origin of "bear-sending ceremony" from the Okhotsk Culture
    Masuda, R, Amano, T, Ono, H Report of the 5th Open Symposium of the Hokkaido University Museum: Okhotsk Culture -- Formation, Metamorphosis and Ending 154 -159 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 動物学と古代DNA分析 – マンモスとヒグマ考古遺物の遺伝子解析 --
    増田隆一 歴博 115 9 -13 2002年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一, 天野哲也, 小野裕子 動物考古学 19 (19) 1 -14 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一 生物の科学 遺伝 56 (2) 47 -52 2002年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 環オホーツク海地域におけるヒグマの遺伝的多様性、古環境の変遷およびクマ送り文化の考察
    増田隆一, 天野哲也 日本人と日本文化・その起源をさぐる (15) 8 2001年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 遥かなる新彊シルクロードと動物調査談
    増田隆一 Arctic Circle (北海道立北方民族博物館友の会・季刊誌) 38 12 -14 2001年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • エゾヒグマの渡来史を探る：遺伝子からのアプローチ
    増田隆一 Bears Japan (日本クマネットワークニュースレター) 2 55 -56 2001年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Molecular phylogeographic patterns and migration history of brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations around Okhotsk Sea
    Masuda, R Proceeding of the 16th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea & Sea Ice 255 -261 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一 月刊海洋 32 (4) 214 -218 2000年04月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Genetic diversity and biogeographic history of the Japanese population of the brown bear (Ursus arctos)
    Masuda, R Report of IIAS International Symposium on Biodiversity (International Institute for Advanced Studies) 33 -41 2000年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • The taxonomic status of Moschus moschiferus anhuiensis
    Li, M, Li, Y, Sheng, H, Tamate, H, Masuda, R, Nagata, J, Ohtaishi, N Chinese Science Bulletin 44 719 -723 1999年 [査読無し]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 39 (2) 351 -358 1999年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一, ABDUKADIR A, HALIK M, 大舘智志, 高橋学察 哺乳類科学 39 (2) 307 -321 1999年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • ツシマヤマネコの過去・現在・未来
    増田隆一 とらやまの森(環境省対馬野生生物保護センター発行誌) (4) 4 -5 1999年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 北海道の自然 37 17 -20 1999年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 39 323 -328 1999年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • イエネコ・ヤマネコの過去・未来
    増田隆一 Biohistory 生命誌 21 12 -13 1998年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • Molecular genetic study on diversity and evolution of mammals in Asia
    Masuda, R Environmental Conservation and Land Use Management of Wetland Ecosystem in Southeast Asia: Annual Report and Proceedings for International Workshop, Core University Program between Hokkaido University, Japan and R & D Center of Biology, LIPI 64 -66 1998年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 増田隆一, 茂原信生 哺乳類科学 37 (1) 87 -93 1997年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  • 動物園でのDNA利用--できること、できないこと--
    増田隆一, 村田浩一 どうぶつと動物園 49 182 -187 1997年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 地学雑誌 105 (3) 354 -363 1996年06月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 生物の科学 遺伝 50 (3) 11 -12 1996年03月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 化学 51 (2) 74 -76 1996年02月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 遺伝子からみたネコ類の近縁関係
    増田隆一 どうぶつと動物園 48 112 -115 1996年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 村田浩一, 滝導博, 増田隆一 動物園水族館雑誌 38 (2) 48 -51 1996年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • 遺伝子から見た動物の進化 --イタチ科の分子系統--
    増田隆一 山と博物館 40 (11) 2 -3 1995年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 哺乳類科学 34 (1) 81 -89 1994年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • 肝炎ラットＬＥＣの遺伝子の探索
    吉田廸弘, 小野教夫, 増田隆一 アニテックス 6 128 -130 1994年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 米国留学記
    増田隆一 北海道分子生物学研究会会報 25 4 -6 1992年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 米国NCI留学記
    増田隆一 SHINKA 2 (2) 37 -38 1992年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 増田隆一 Biomedica 6 (7) 734 -738 1991年06月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  • 幸田弘信, 上出利光, 伝法公磨, 森道夫, 菊地浩吉, 増田隆一, 吉田廸弘, 関谷千尋 医学のあゆみ 144 (6) 569 -570 1988年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  • 伝法公麿, 小山田正人, 藤本佳範, 高橋秀俊, 佐藤睦, 服部淳夫, 森道夫, 増田隆一, 吉田廸弘 Journal of Toxicologic Pathology 1 (1) 53 -60 1988年 [査読有り][通常論文]
     
    Recently a new mutant causing hereditary hepatitis was established from non-inbred Long-Evans rats. Hepatitis with severe jaundice appears spontaneously in rats 4 months after birth. Some affected rats die of submassive hepatic necrosis, while others survive for a long life. Liver cancers appear in these long survived rats. The hereditary hepatitis rats thus provide an animal model useful for the basic and clinical studies of hepatitis and liver cancer.
  • 藤本佳範, 小山田正人, 服部淳夫, 高橋秀俊, 佐藤昌明, 伝法公磨, 森道夫, 増田隆一 肝臓 29 (7) 967 -968 1988年 [査読有り][通常論文]

書籍等出版物

  • うんこの世界 ーー 細菌とわたしたちのの深い関係
    (担当:監修)
    晶文社 2024年10月 (ISBN: 9784794974426)
  • Phylogeography of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and bear-human relationships in the Far East, including Hokkaido Island, Japan
    Ryuichi Masuda (担当:分担執筆範囲:Phylogeographic History of Plants and Animals Coexisting with Humans in Asia, pp. 27-41)
    Springer 2024年
  • ハクビシンの不思議 〜 どこから来て、どこへ行くのか
    増田隆一 (担当:単著)
    東京大学出版会 2024年01月 (ISBN: 9784130639583)
  • はじめての動物地理学 〜 なぜ北海道にヒグマで、本州はツキノワグマなの？（岩波ジュニアスタートブックス）
    増田隆一 (担当:単著)
    岩波書店 2022年10月 (ISBN: 9784000272476)
  • 知られざる食肉目動物の多様な世界 〜東欧と日本〜
    増田隆一, 金子弥生 (担当:共編者(共編著者))
    中西出版 2022年09月 (ISBN: 9784891154165)
  • 日本野鳥の会のとっておきの野鳥の授業（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    山と溪谷社 2021年12月 (ISBN: 9784635063098) 215 196-203
  • うんち学入門 〜 生き物にとって「排泄物」とは何か
    増田隆一 (担当:単著)
    講談社ブルーバックス 2021年10月 (ISBN: 9784065170144) 240
  • ヒグマ学への招待 〜 自然と文化で考える
    増田隆一 (担当:編者(編著者))
    北海道大学出版会 2020年03月 (ISBN: 9784832974159)
  • ユーラシア動物紀行
    増田 隆一 (担当:単著)
    岩波新書 2019年01月 (ISBN: 9784004317579)
  • 日本の食肉類 〜 生態系の頂点に立つ哺乳類
    増田 隆一 (担当:編者(編著者))
    東京大学出版会 2018年08月 (ISBN: 9784130602372)
  • 動物学の百科事典（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    丸善 2018年 (ISBN: 9784621303092)
  • Biodiversity Conservation Using Umbrella Species: Blakiston's Fish Owl and the Red-crowned Crane (Ecological Research Monographs)（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    Springer-Verlag 2018年 (ISBN: 9811072027)
  • 増田 隆一 (担当:単著)
    東京大学出版会 2017年06月 (ISBN: 9784130602525)
  • 高畑 雅一, 増田 隆一, 北田 一博 (担当:共著)
    医学書院 2013年02月 (ISBN: 9784260031882)
  • The Wild Mammals of Japan（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    Shoukadoh 2009年 (ISBN: 4879746266)
  • (担当:分担執筆)
    北海道大学出版会 2008年 (ISBN: 4832981838) 272
  • (担当:分担執筆)
    同成社 2007年 (ISBN: 9784886213907)
  • 天野 哲也, 増田 隆一, 間野 勉 (担当:共編者(共編著者))
    北海道大学出版会 2006年10月 (ISBN: 4832973916)
  • (担当:分担執筆)
    六一書房 2006年 (ISBN: 4947743379)
  • 増田 隆一, 阿部 永 (担当:共編者(共編著者))
    北海道大学出版会 2005年05月 (ISBN: 4832981013) 288
  • 保全遺伝学（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    東京大学出版会 2003年 (ISBN: 9784130602136)
  • 琉球弧の成立と生物の渡来（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    沖縄タイムス社 2002年 (ISBN: 487127151X)
  • 希少猛禽類保護の現状と新しい調査法（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    技術情報協会 2001年 (ISBN: 4906317375)
  • 地球・人間・環境シリーズ 環境保全・創出のための生態工学（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    丸善 1999年 (ISBN: 462104639X)
  • 動物の自然史（分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    北海道大学図書刊行会 1995年 (ISBN: 9784832996014)
  • The LEC Rat （分担執筆）
    (担当:分担執筆)
    Springer-Verlag 1991年 (ISBN: 9784431681557)

講演・口頭発表等

  • DNAから見たヒグマの進化と歴史  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    UHB大学一般教養講座 2024年05月 口頭発表（招待・特別）
  • うんち学入門 ー 生き物にとって「排泄物」とは何か  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    公益財団法人日本下水道新技術機構・設立30周年記念式典記念講演 2023年03月 口頭発表（招待・特別） 東京
  • ヒグマ学とうんち学 〜 動物の進化と多様性を探る 〜  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    第46回湧別町民大学（湧別町民大学実行委員会主催） 2022年11月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • うんち学入門 生き物にとって「排泄物」とは何か  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    第20回消化管先進画像診断研究会（GAIA）特別講演（オンライン） 2022年09月 口頭発表（招待・特別） オンライン（三重大学） 消化管先進画像診断研究会
  • ブルガリアの哺乳類、自然、文化  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    自由集会 ワークショップ『知られざる食肉目動物の世界 〜 東欧と日本』、日本哺乳類学会2022年度大会（オンライン） 2022年08月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（公募） オンライン（三重大学） 日本哺乳類学会
  • うんち学への招待  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    北海道 to the future プロジェクト presents 北海道大学・HBC（北海道放送）子どもSDGs大学 2022年08月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等 札幌 北海道大学、北海道放送（HBC）
  • フィンランドと「ユーラシア動物紀行」  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    第5回フィンランドディ（北海道大学欧州ヘルシンキオフィス主催） 2021年12月 口頭発表（招待・特別）
  • 石狩低地帯とヒグマ・キタキツネの集団遺伝的特徴  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    自然保護大学：石狩低地帯の成り立ちとその生物学的意義 2021年11月 口頭発表（招待・特別）
  • 全道と札幌都市部におけるキツネの集団遺伝構造  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    特別講演：北海道のキツネ，日本寄生虫学会・日本衛生動物学会第67回北日本支部合同大会 2021年10月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等 旭川 日本寄生虫学会北日本支部
  • Phylogeography of brown bears in the northern hemisphere  [招待講演]
    Ryuichi Masuda
    ILCAA Joint Research Project--Studies in Asian and African Geolinguistics--The 3rd Meeting 2021年09月 口頭発表（招待・特別） ILCAA Joint Research Project
  • 動物地理学研究と自然史博物館  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    「シンポジウム：国立沖縄自然史博物館の設立は万人のため」，第92回日本動物学会米子大会 2021年09月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（公募） 米子（オンライン） 日本動物学会
  • はじめに 日本のネコ研究  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    自由集会“ワークショップ「日本のネコ研究最前線」”．日本哺乳類学会2021年度大会 2021年08月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（公募） 厚木（オンライン） 日本哺乳類学会
  • 哺乳類の生物地理学研究から学んできたこと  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    日本哺乳類学会2019年度学会賞受賞記念講演 日本哺乳類学会2021年度大会 2021年08月 口頭発表（招待・特別） 厚木（オンライン） 日本哺乳類学会
  • ひぐま学への招待  [招待講演]
    増田隆一
    第29回先端科学移動大学（道民カレッジ） 2020年11月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • 哺乳類食肉目の種多様性と生物地理的歴史  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    第65回日本生態学会・シンポジウム「系統地理学と地質学からせまる日本列島の生物多様性形成史」 2018年03月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（指名）
  • Molecular phylogeography of mustelid species endemic to the Japanese islands and closely related species  [招待講演]
    MASUDA Ryuichi
    Symposium “Diversity among Mustelidae: evolution, genetics, socio-ecology inform conservation in Asia and Far East”: 12th International Mammalogical Congress (IMC12) 2017年07月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（指名）
  • ヒグマの遺伝的多様性と移動の歴史  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    北海道自然保護協会講演会 2017年05月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • ヒグマの多様性と北海道への渡来の歴史  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    第23回氷海の民シンポジウム（第32回北方圏国際シンポジウム市民公開講座）（道民カレッジ連携講座） 2017年02月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • 動物の進化をひもとく〜都会に暮らす動物たちの遺伝的多様性〜  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    井の頭自然文化園開園記念日講演会 2016年05月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • Collaborations of biogeographic studies between Japan and Finland  [招待講演]
    MASUDA Ryuichi
    The Annual ACF (Alumni Club of Finland) General Assembly and the All Alumni Meeting “Academic Links between Finland and Japan” 2015年10月 口頭発表（招待・特別）
  • Founder effects on the Japanese populations of the masked palm civet Paguma larvata, revealed by molecular phylogeny and population genetics  [招待講演]
    MASUDA Ryuichi
    Symposium “Genetics on Isolated Populations”, 5th International Wildlife Management Congress 2015 2015年07月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（指名）
  • Historical changes of genetic diversity in the Blakiston's fish owl and red crowned crane populations on Hokkaido  [招待講演]
    MASUDA Ryuichi
    Symposium “Biodiversity conservation using Blakiston's fish owl and red crowned crane as umbrella species”, 5th International Wildlife Management Congress 2015 2015年07月 シンポジウム・ワークショップパネル（指名）
  • DNAからみたヒグマの系譜：世界へ発信 考古学と分子系統学のコラボレーション  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    北海道立埋蔵文化財センター・夏期講演会 2015年06月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等
  • シマフクロウとタンチョウにおける遺伝的多様性の歴史と将来  [招待講演]
    増田 隆一
    市民向けシンポジウム「シマフクロウ・タンチョウを指標とした生物多様性保全 北海道の過去・現在・未来」 2015年02月 公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等

担当経験のある科目（授業）

  • 生物科学・生命科学藤女子大学（非常勤講師）
  • 集中講義岐阜大学 応用生物科学部（非常勤講師）
  • 集中講義名古屋大学 大学院理学研究科（非常勤講師）
  • 特別講義静岡県立大学 大学院生活健康科学研究科（非常勤講師）
  • 新自然史科学特別講義〜地球と生命の自然史北海道大学 大学院共通科目
  • 多様性生物学概論北海道大学 大学院理学院自然史科学専攻
  • 多様性生物学研究法北海道大学 大学院理学院自然史科学専攻
  • 動物系統分類学実習北海道大学 理学部生物科学科
  • 多様性生物学 II北海道大学 理学部生物科学科
  • 多様性生物学 I北海道大学 理学部生物科学科
  • 環境と人間 ヒグマ学入門北海道大学 全学教育
  • 生物学 II北海道大学 全学教育
  • 多様性生物学特論 I北海道大学 大学院理学院自然史科学専攻
  • 系統進化学北海道大学 理学部生物科学科

所属学協会

  • 日本哺乳類学会   日本動物学会   

Works（作品等）

  • 哺乳類を主な対象とした分子系統進化学および生物地理学

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2021年04月 -2025年03月 
    代表者 : 佐藤 孝雄, 澤田 純明, 澤浦 亮平, 米田 穣, 河村 愛, 鈴木 敏彦, 増田 隆一
     
    2021年度の研究実績は以下の通りとなる。(1) 茨城県つくば市上境旭台貝塚、千葉県印西市馬場遺跡第5地点、神奈川県横須賀市吉井第一貝塚、鹿児島県いちき串木野市市来貝塚から出土したオオヤマネコ遺体群を所蔵機関より借用、肉眼による観察と計測、高精細撮影を実施し、マイクロCTによる三次元データを取得。それぞれ精巧なキャストを製作した。(2) うち上境旭台貝塚出の右大腿骨、馬場遺跡第5地点の左右側頭骨鼓室部、市来貝塚の左橈骨1点からは、所蔵機関の許諾を得て、必要な試料を採取し、放射性炭素年代測定、安定同位体比による食性解析、aDNAによる系統地理解析も進めた。既に得られた14C年代の測定結果から、上境旭台の遺体は縄文時代後期、馬場遺跡第 5地点、市来貝塚の遺体は縄文時代晩期の資料であることが確認された。数値年代を踏まえ、縄文時代晩期までオオヤマネコが本州から九州に至る広範囲な地域に生息していたことを明らかにし得た意義は大きい。(3) 新型コロナウイルスの感染拡大を受け、新たに同種遺体を得るべく夏季に予定していた青森県下北郡東通村尻労地区での発掘調査は中止せざるを得なかったが、次年度の実施を目指すべく、関係機関との交渉を進めた。(4) 8月にはオンラインで開催された日本哺乳類学会2021年度大会で、「絶滅した日本オオヤマネコの学際的調査・研究」という題目で口頭発表を行い、本研究プロジェクトで計画されている調査・研究の計画とその意義を説明した。(5)本研究プロジェクトの成果を海外発信すべく、 ICAZ(International Council for Archaeozoology)の大会に参加、発表を行うための準備も進めた。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2021年04月 -2024年03月 
    代表者 : 天池 庸介, 増田 隆一, 佐々木 瑞希, 中尾 稔
     
    今年度は、北海道旭川市を主な調査地とし、①キタキツネ（以下、キツネ）の糞便調査、②キツネの生体調査、③野ネズミ調査を実施した。当該地域におけるキツネとエキノコックスに関する基本的情報が不足していることから、まずは分布情報や感染状況の把握に努めた。キツネ糞便調査（①）では、都市公園、河川敷および郊外の山林等にて、キツネの標本採集調査を実施し、各地点から糞を採集した。また、冬期の積雪時には、糞と同じく非侵襲的遺伝サンプルである尿や毛のサンプルも採取し、同様に遺伝子型決定が可能であることを確認した。今年度採集したサンプルは、309個（尿や毛も含む）である。昨年度の予備調査時に採集したサンプル86個（尿や毛も含む）とあわせると、合計395個となり、その個数は集団遺伝解析を行う上で十分な数と考えられる。糞の種判定の結果、高頻度でキツネに特異的なDNAが検出され、札幌市の都市ギツネと同様に、中心部を含む市街地の広範囲にキツネが分布していることが確認された。さらに、集団遺伝構造解析の結果、旭川集団は複数の遺伝集団に分けられ、それらは混在していることが明らかとなった。また、糞由来DNAを用いたエキノコックス検査を行ったところ、一部のサンプルでエキノコックスのDNAが検出され、市内におけるキツネのエキノコックス感染も確認された。キツネの生体調査（②）では、自動撮影カメラを用いてキツネの出没状況を調査したところ、予備調査時と同様に市内の都市公園においてキツネの定着を確認した。野ネズミ調査（③）では、市内の都市公園において、春から晩秋まで捕獲調査を行い、野ネズミのエキノコックス感染を検査したところ、春には感染は確認されなかったが、初夏に感染が確認され、その後秋にかけて感染率が増加するといった感染率の季節性が見られた。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2018年06月 -2023年03月 
    代表者 : 鈴木 仁, 遠藤 俊徳, 坂井 寛章, 増田 隆一, 伊藤 剛
     
    本年度は以下の6つの研究を遂行した。研究1:野生ハツカネズミ98個体の全核ゲノムデータを活用し、毛色関連遺伝子Asip (180 kb)およびMc1r (250 kb)に対する系譜学的解析を行った。先史時代、適応的な毛色変異が新規に移入した地域においてそれぞれ定着したことが示された。研究2: マダガスカルのハツカネズミ集団の全核ゲノム解析はアジア南部に展開する亜種M. m. castaneusの寄与、さらには先史時代の航海術を有したオーストロネシア語を繰る農耕民の関与を示唆した。研究3:クマネズミのmtDNA遺伝子変異の解析は、約5千年前に海洋域を含んだ南中国と東南アジアで急激な多様化が生じたことを示唆した。研究4：核ゲノムSNPを用いた集団解析および、15の代表的な栽培化遺伝子の系統解析から、ヤポネシアの栽培イネの集団構造を明らかにした。古い品種であると示唆された古代米（赤米）１系統のゲノム構成は、古いジャポニカ型アリルおよびインディカ由来のアリルからなることが明らかとなった。また、葉緑体ゲノムを用いた解析から、日本のジャポニカ品種は2500年前以降に有効集団サイズの増大が始まったことが示唆された。研究5：岡山県南方(済生会)および滋賀県粟津湖底の遺跡由来のヒョウタン標本(弥生時代中期頃)に関し、在来種を加えて核ゲノムのSNP解析に基づき、日本列島へのヒョウタンの移入経緯を推察した。研究6:解析した北海道のヒグマの全ゲノム情報と既報の海外ヒグマの全ゲノム情報を比較解析することにより，北海道ヒグマでは遺伝的多様性は低いが絶滅が危惧されているヨーロッパの個体群よりは多様性が高いこと、北米やヨーロッパのヒグマ集団とは明瞭に異なること、最終間氷期以前より大陸集団と異なる集団動態を経験していること、北海道ヒグマのミトコンドリアDNAの3系統集団間で交流があることが明らかとなった。
  • 遺伝学と形態学的アプローチによる北ユーラシアにおける食肉類の多様性と進化の解明
    日本学術振興会：二国間交流事業・共同研究ロシア
    研究期間 : 2019年04月 -2021年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2015年04月 -2020年03月 
    代表者 : 高瀬 克範, 内山 幸子, 手塚 薫, 江田 真毅, 増田 隆一
     
    千島列島の先住民である千島アイヌの起源地は，南サハリンもしくは南千島である可能性が高いことを考古学的な検討を通して明らかにした。また，千島アイヌは，15世紀に成立した当初，千島列島ではなく南カムチャツカを本拠地としていたが，18世紀初頭にカムチャツカの利用をほぼ停止し，千島列島に本拠地を移したことも明らかにした。千島列島ではもともとカムチャツカ起源の陸獣を多量に利用していたわけではなく海洋資源に大きく依存していたため，カムチャツカ撤退以後も千島列島内の経済に大きな変化は生じていなかったことが，動物骨の検討から予測された。
  • ブルガリアの生物地理とトラキア文化の起源に関する分子系統・動物考古学的研究
    日本学術振興会：二国間交流事業・オープンパートナーシップ共同研究（ブルガリア）
    研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2019年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • ユーラシア中央部・南部でのヒグマ多様性変遷の探求と北海道ヒグマ三系統の起源解明
    日本学術振興会：基盤研究(B)（一般）
    研究期間 : 2015年04月 -2019年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2018年03月 
    代表者 : 金子 弥生, 増田 隆一, 角田 裕志, 西田 義憲, 上遠 岳彦, 聶 海松, 斎藤 昌幸, 久野 真純, 神田 剛, 谷地森 秀二, 小菅 園子, 細川 睦
     
    アジアの野生動物の保全達成には、科学的根拠と動物と人間の関わりの具体的な情報蓄積が必要である。本研究では、環境選好性や人間との関わりの程度の異なる中型食肉目5種（ユーラシアアナグマMeles spp.など）を、食肉目群集の生息地保護のための指標種とした。遺伝子分析より、ロシアのアナグマ2種の分布境界における交雑や、イタチ属の平衡進化が明らかになった。また行動生態面では、匂い成分分析の有用性、人為活動とイヌ科動物の影響によるイタチ科2種の活動の変化が明らかになった。イタチ科動物の地域個体群保全のためには、開発等による生息環境改変の直接的影響の評価と共に、競合種との種間相互作用も考慮すべきである。
  • 北方ユーラシアにおける食肉類の遺伝的多様性および形態的多様性の比較研究
    日本学術振興会：二国間交流事業・共同研究ロシア
    研究期間 : 2016年04月 -2018年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2013年04月 -2017年03月 
    代表者 : 吉田 邦夫, 國木田 大, 佐藤 孝雄, 加藤 博文, 増田 隆一
     
    バイカル・シベリアのマリタ遺跡は、マンモスの牙から作られたヴィーナスや鳥などの彫像が出土した著名な遺跡である。1928年以来、たびたび発掘されてきたが、出土物の層位が明確になっていない場合が多い。2013年、2014年に日ロ共同発掘調査を行い、層準が明確な資料を得た。また。ロシア国立歴史博物館・エルミタージュ国立美術館・イルクーツク国立大学に収蔵されている資料から年代測定用試料を採取した。これら、小児骨、ヴィーナス像を含む70試料を超える、主として骨試料について、年代値・炭素窒素安定同位体比を得た。同遺跡における複数の地質学的層序と文化層、自然環境とその年代についての重要な知見を得た。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2012年10月 -2016年03月 
    代表者 : 加藤 博文, 石田 肇, 吉田 邦夫, 佐藤 孝雄, 米延 仁志, ハドソン マーク, 米田 穰, 安達 登, 増田 隆一, 木山 克彦, 江田 真毅, 岡田 真弓, 長沼 正樹, 長沼 正樹, 深瀬 均, 木山 克彦, 江田 真毅, 岡田 真弓
     
    本研究では、アイヌの集団的・文化的形成過程において海洋狩猟民文化の強い影響が社会文化伝統にも、集団的にも、存在したことを示唆する豊富な資料を提供することができた。浜中２遺跡の調査では、海獣儀礼の伝統が先行する先史文化から連続して継承、発展されアイヌ文化の中へ取り込まれていくことが考古学的に提示された。 集団的な系統性については、先行研究で示唆されていたオホーツク文化の関与を補強する資料を得ることができた。提示されたアイヌ民族の集団形成性の複雑さは、集団のアイデンティティの形成過程や変遷についても、社会・経済・政治的文脈での検討の必要性を示唆している。今後も得られた資料の調査研究を進めていく。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2012年04月 -2016年03月 
    代表者 : 大泰司 紀之, 増田 隆一, 中郡 翔太郎, 須藤 健二, 太子 夕佳
     
    本研究の目的である琉球列島ジュゴン復元対策として得た結論は；（１）沖縄島に常住する3～4頭について、詳しく調査を行ない、その保全対策を充実させる。（２）フィリピンルソン島北部の沿岸と島嶼についてフィリピンと共同調査・共同保全を行い、増加個体が八重山諸島に分散してくるのを待つ。しかしそれらによる個体群回復や分布復元の可能性は乏しいと言わざるをえない。（３）マレーシアなどのジュゴンが数百頭レベルで常住している地域において、捕獲個体による人工繁殖を行う。その成功を待って、西表島に佐渡のトキの場合のようにジュゴン保護センターを設置し、増やした個体を適地を選んで放す。
  • ウラル地方と北海道での古代から現代へのヒグマの系統地理、形態、文化変遷の比較研究
    日本学術振興会：二国間交流事業・共同研究ロシア
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2016年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 絶滅危惧種シマフクロウの遺伝的多様性評価と遺伝子資源保存の基盤形成
    日本学術振興会：基盤研究(B)（一般）
    研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2015年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 北海道および北方域の希少種・固有集団の進化起源と多様性に関する保全遺伝学的研究
    秋山記念生命科学振興財団：2015年度研究助成（一般助成）
    研究期間 : 2015年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2010年04月 -2014年03月 
    代表者 : 金子 弥生, 増田 隆一
     
    近年、中国南部をとりまく問題点は山積している。特記すべき内容として、人間活動による食肉目個体群の密猟による衰退が生じている。アジア東部の文化的独自性、特に食肉目動物の食料や伝統薬として利用は他地域にはみられない。本研究では、生態調査と並行して人間による野生動物の利用状況を調査した。その結果、広州の大規模野生動物市場へ国内外から密輸された動物が集積され、また自然保護区などの各野生動物の生態や分布などの生態的基礎情報が古いことが、密輸取り締まりの強化実行の大きな障害となっていた。今後、定期的にフィールドワークとデータ更新を行うとともに取り組みも必要である。
  • ツシマヤマネコをモデルとした糞からの生物多様性情報の抽出と種保全への展開
    日本学術振興会：挑戦的萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2013年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2010年 -2012年 
    代表者 : 石田 肇, 弦本 敏行, 分部 哲秋, 増田 隆一, 米田 穣, 太田 博樹, 深瀬 均
     
    オホーツク文化人集団は 55 歳以上で亡くなる個体がかなり多い。オホーツク文化集団は、船上の活動などが腰椎の関節症性変化発症に関与した。久米島近世集団は、男女とも腰椎の関節症の頻度が高い。四肢では、オホーツク文化人骨では肘関節、膝関節で高い傾向を示した。沖縄縄文時代人は、目と目の間が平たいという特徴がある。成人男性の平均身長が約 153cm と、南低北高の傾向がみえる。北東アジア人の大腿骨骨体上部の形状が扁平形状であることを示した。四肢骨 Fst は頭蓋や歯の値より 2-3 倍大きい。SNP の解析により、アイヌ人と琉球人は一つのクラスターをなし、アイヌ・琉球同系説を支持した。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2009年 -2012年 
    代表者 : 天野 哲也, 小嶋 芳孝, 関口 明, 浪川 健治, 菊池 俊彦, 石田 肇, 佐々木 史郎, 増田 隆一, 中村 和之, 小野 裕子, 三宅 俊彦, 松枝 大治, 赤沼 英男, 中村 和之
     
    古代中世に環オホーツク海の諸集団は,交易を梃子にして,技術の改良や領域の明確化など生産体制を強化し,民族的な形成を進行させ,近代国家の政治的支配が及ぶに至って,国家に包摂・分断され変容を遂げた。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2008年 -2012年 
    代表者 : 佐藤 孝雄, 加藤 博文, 吉田 邦夫, 増田 隆一, 石田 肇, 鈴木 建治, 國木田 大, 阿部 祥人
     
    最終氷期最寒冷期(LGM)に先立つ東シベリアの古環境と更新世人類集団の適応行動を解明すべく、イルクーツクの北北西約 150km に位置する Bol'shoj Naryn 遺跡で発掘調査を重ねた。その結果、凡そ 30,000 年前から 25,000 年前にかけてバイカル湖以北に展開した更新世人類集団は、概して森林ステップが広がる LGM より温暖・湿潤な環境下で、ウマやバイソンを主要な狩猟対象としていたことが明らかとなった。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2010年 -2011年 
    代表者 : 小倉 剛, 大泰司 紀之, 増田 隆一
     
    現在,我が国のジュゴンは沖縄島北部の東海岸を中心に目視情報が報告されているが,その生息数は非常に限られておりその保全が求められている.しかしながら,琉球列島のジュゴンに関する知見は少なくより効果的な保全対策を検討するための科学的知見はほとんど存在しない.本種のように広い生息範囲を有する海生哺乳類の個体群構造・動態および個体群間の関係を推察する上で,形態学的変異や遺伝情報を利用した解析は有効な方法のひとつである.しかし,琉球列島のジュゴンに関しては,これまで個体群解析は行われておらず,その個体群構成,遺伝的多様度などに関する知見は非常に乏しい.そこで本研究では,琉球列島内の新城島において保存されているジュゴンの頭骨を用い形態学および分子系統学的検討を行い琉球列島および周辺のジュゴン個体群間の関係性と遺伝学的特性を明らかにするとすることを目的とした. 本年度は初年度で実行した琉球列島個体群のmtDNA分析および頭骨形態における地理的変異の解析のための形態学的調査を継続し行った. mtDNA分析では,コントロール領域の多様性が比較的高い領域において330塩基対の塩基配列を決定し,54個体から5つのハプロタイプを得た.これまで琉球列島のジュゴン個体群からこれほどまとまった標本数を用いての塩基配列決定の報告はなく,本研究にて得られた大きな成果である. また,頭骨における形態学的研究では,本年度はオーストラリアにおいて117個体の頭骨の計測を行った.本年度と昨年度の調査結果を照らし合わせジュゴンの頭骨形態における地理的変異の解析した結果,アジアとオーストラリアの個体群間の吻部に関して地理的な変異が検出された. 今後これらのデータのさらなる解析および調査の継続により琉球列島内外を含めた個体群間の交流の一端を明らかとすることができると考えられる.
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2007年 -2010年 
    代表者 : 星野 仏方, 本川 雅治, 鈴木 正嗣, 大泰司 紀之, 増田 隆一, 梶 光一, 金子 正美, 武田 雅哉, 浅川 満彦, 亀山 哲, 吉田 剛司, 伊吾田 宏正, 姜 兆文, 呉 暁民, 劉 楚光, 崔 慶虎
     
    本研究は2006年7月に開通した中国・青海省のゴルムト市とチベットのラサを結ぶ青海-チベット横断鉄道によるチベット高原に生息する大型哺乳類のチルー(Tibetan antelope or Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii))、及び小型の哺乳類野生動物への影響を4年間に亘って調査と研究を行った。この研究により明らかにしたことは:(A)鉄道の影響に関して、(1)本研究では世界で初めてチルー9頭にARGOSシステムを装着し、追跡を始めた。メスチルーは季節移動時に鉄道に設置したアンダー・オーバーパス合計33箇所の中で最も使われているのはチュマル河(楚瑪爾河)のアンダーパスより南、五道梁駅より北に位置する全長200mの比較的小さなアンダーパスであるWu-Bei(五北:N35°15';E93°09';標高4597m)であり、その他に良く使われているのはチュマル河橋のアンダーパスである;(2)メスチルーは越冬地?繁殖地に向かう途中、約1カ月半"徘徊"して鉄道を渡る;繁殖から越冬地に戻る途中約1カ月"徘徊"していることが分かった。(B)生息地利用に関して、(3)チルーのメイン繁殖地は4,900m～5,100mに位置するホフシル(可可西里)中央部のHuiten Nur(中国名はZhuonai Hu)周辺の平坦地である;(4)越冬地はチベット、新疆、青海省に分散されている;(5)越冬地より中継地、また中継地より繁殖地の方が一年中を通して餌資源が豊富(衛星植生指数値が3倍以上高い)であるため、チルーは長距離を渡り、ホフシルを目指していた。これは今までチルーの繁殖に関する数々の"ナゾ"の一つになっている「チルーは何故環境条件が厳しいホフシル(Huiten Nur)を選んで子育てをしている」ことが解けたことになる。(C)鉄道沿線に生息する小型哺乳類動物と鳥類の一部の種の構成、分布、形態、食性、寄生虫、行動に関する情報が得られ、鉄道との関係を明らかにした。
  • 氷河期から現代にいたるシベリア・日本哺乳類相の系統地理と移動史の比較研究
    日本学術振興会：二国間交流事業・共同研究ロシア
    研究期間 : 2007年04月 -2009年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 更新世の動物遺存体の古代ゲノム解析法の開発と系統地理学研究の新しい展開
    日本学術振興会：科研費・萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2007年04月 -2009年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 古代DNA分析を導入したシベリア・マンモス動物群から現代動物相の多様性変遷の解明
    日本学術振興会：科研費・基盤研究(B) (海外学術調査)
    研究期間 : 2005年04月 -2009年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 古代ＤＮＡ分析を導入したエゾシカ集団の系統地理の変遷と多様性成立機構の解明
    日本学術振興会：科研費・基盤研究(B) (一般)
    研究期間 : 2003年04月 -2007年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2007年 -2007年 
    代表者 : 天野 哲也, 増田 隆一, 深澤 百合子, 右代 啓視
     
    列島北部-サハリン-アムール下流域における中世社会・民族形成の過程を、東アジア的枠組みの中で解明することを試みた。とくに古代[オホーツク文化・擦文文化]と中世[アイヌ文化]をつなぐ試み(そのプロセスの把握と動因の解明)を中心的な課題とした。 自家製品である木器木製品については、品目・比率ともに擦文文化期からアイヌ文化期に連続的な変化を遂げること、またアイヌ文化の指標となる鉄鍋については14世紀半ば以降、能登半島の産地(中居など)からもたらされた可能性が大きいことを推定できた。 これに加えて、このような「物質の内地化」を可能にした生産体制(集落・領域の構造と形態)と集団の交流の解明にもとりくみ、アイヌ文化形成の最初期、津軽地方では、北海道アイヌに特徴的な世帯毎の分散的領域形成が展開しなかったこと、さらに道北地方の擦文文化期に防御性施設がすでに建設されたことを確認できた。そしてアイヌ民族に6%前後みとめられるY1ハプロタイプは、北海道に進出したオホーツク集団が続縄文集団と接触する過程でもたらされた可能性が高いことを推定できた。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2006年 -2007年 
    代表者 : 石田 肇, 百々 幸雄, 天野 哲也, 埴原 恒彦, 松村 博文, 増田 隆一, 米田 穣
     
    オホーツク文化人骨の形態解析とDNA分析の結果、北東アジア、とくにアムール川流域を起源としていること、mtDNAのハプログループYは、アムール川下流域集団の祖先からオホーツク文化人を経由してアイヌへともたらされたことが示唆された。また、食生活では栄養段階の高い大型魚類や海生ほ乳類を主要なタンパク質として多く利用していたことが示された。変形性関節症の頻度分布からも、生業との関連性が示唆された。アイヌ民族のイオマンテ型儀礼は続縄文文化・オホーツク文化にまでさかのぼる可能性が大きいことを示した。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2003年 -2007年 
    代表者 : 天野 哲也, 増田 隆一, 深沢 百合子, 右代 啓視, 浪川 健治
     
    今年度は,(1)アイヌ文化・社会の定義の再検討と(2)オホーツク文化の担い手・集団の解明を中心に取り組んだ。 前者では,鉄鍋や鉄鋼製品,木製品,ガラス玉について収集・分析を進めた。鉄鍋については14世紀半ば以降の製作地として能登仲居が推定できた。厚真町モイ遺跡のアイヌ期住居の年代査定では13世紀以降の中世と近世の2時期を抽出できた。ガラス玉では,北海道への4つの流入ルートが押さえられた。木製品では4367点の資料を206種の分類体系にまとめ分析した結果,中世と近世の間に大きな飛躍が捉えられた。 一方,鉄器の普及に関しては,北海道と東北では擦文期後半に格差があることが判明した。地域間関係では,交易活動の活発化に伴って成立した擦文地域集団が中世アイヌに引き継がれ,日本海北部集団はサハリンアイヌの母体となったとの見方が出された。道北のチャシは古代に遡る可能性が指摘され,サハリンと北海道をつなぐ機能が想定されている。土器の中間的属性分析の結果から,道央と道南が擦文土器成立当初から比較的疎遠な関係であったことが捉えられた。他方,浜大樹2遺跡の竪穴住居祉の14C年代では10C後半〜11C前半となり,道東部太平洋側への擦文文化の波及という点で注目される。 オホーツク文化の担い手・集団の解明については,7月に「国際シンポジウム骨から探るオホーツク人の生活とルーツ」を実施した。特に,形態小変異の解析からオホーツク人の道北・道東2グループの地域的・集団的違いが指摘され,古代DNA分析から,オホーツク人がニヴフやウリチに近縁であることが示された。考古学では,道東部と道北部のオホーツク集団が,成立当初からの文化的違いを背景にした複数集団により成立した可能性が指摘された。 クマ送り儀礼に関する研究では,動物学,植物学,昆虫学,民族学,考古学,日本史学,文学,自然保護の専門家からなる『ヒグマ学入門』を上梓した。
  • 中央アジアおよびザバイカルにおけるヒグマ集団の分子系統地理と進化起源の探索
    日本学術振興会：科研費・基盤研究(B) (海外学術調査)
    研究期間 : 2002年04月 -2005年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 北海道・環オホーツク海地域におけるヒグマ集団の遺伝的多様性の起源と成立機構の解明
    日本学術振興会：科研費・基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2001年04月 -2003年03月 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2003年 -2003年 
    代表者 : 大泰司 紀之, 齊藤 隆, 増田 隆一, 鈴木 正嗣, 金子 正美, 大舘 智志
     
    本年度はSARSの伝染のために中国・東南アジアへの入国が7月まで制限された。7月になってこれらの地域に入域解禁となってから出張計画を立案せねばならなくなったため、目的とする各国に行って資料を集め、専門家と打ち合わせることが困難となった。このため現地での打合せを実施したのは、これまで十分な連絡を取ることのできなかったモンゴル及び、広大な面積を占める中国のみとなった。 それを補うために、ロシア共和国については哺乳類学会に参加のため来日した専門家や日本滞在中のロシア人研究者と打合せた。また中国ではこれまで調査の乏しいタリム盆地と海南島について、他の目的で調査を行った折に哺乳類相についても調べた。 現地で十分な打合せが行えなかったために、東アジア地域の哺乳類相に関する文献を集め、全哺乳類についてリストにするとともに、最終目標としている種毎の分布域や保全の目標などについてメモを作成した。 このリストとメモに基づいて、主としてe-メイルにより各国の各分類群の専門家と打ち合わせ、それぞれにレポート作成を依頼し、2005年のIMC-9においてとりまとめを行う。 環境変化については、中国の専門機関を訪ね、衛生画像の解析方法について検討を行った。その結果、とりわけ砂漠化などによる近年の植生の変化が著しいことが明らかとなり、対象とする全域について植生の変遷を明らかにすることが可能となった。 以上により、対照地域の環境変化とあわせて、哺乳類の分布域の変化と保全対策を提示する予定である。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 
    代表者 : 石黒 直隆, 神崎 伸夫, 増田 隆一, 牧野 壮一, 上原 静
     
    本研究の目的は、古くから日本で食されているイノシシ、シカ、クマの動物肉の微生物汚染を調査すると共に、こうした動物肉の産地を特定できる遺伝的な手法を開発することであった。平成13年〜15年の3年間の間に以下の成果を得ることができ、7報の学術論文として公表した。以下に得られた成果を記述する。 1)食される動物肉の微生物汚染:本州で最も広く食されているイノシシ肉について一般細菌数、大腸菌数、サルモネラ、O157等を調査した。今回調査した46サンプルではサルモネラおよびO157は検出されなかったが、一般大腸菌数は1.4x10^3〜1.1x10^6で、大腸菌数は10〜10^3であり、市販のブタ肉より一般的に少なかった。 2)産地を特定する遺伝的なモニタリング手法の開発:日本各地で生息するイノシシ、シカ、クマの地方集団についてミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)多型情報が集まるにつれ、mtDNAの遺伝子マップが検討されつつある。本研究でも西日本で多く食されるイノシシについて、かなり詳しいmtDNA遺伝子マップを完成した。ニホンイノシシは全体的にはJ1〜J18の18型に型別されるが、J10,J12,J15は九州から近畿・中国地方に広く生息する集団であるのに比べ、J1やJ5などは中部地方から関東地方にかけて分布する集団であることが明らかになった。また、家畜ブタのmtDNAや核DNAの情報も蓄積されつつあり、市販肉がイノブタ肉か?イノシシ肉か?を遺伝的に分類することが可能となった。これによりイノシシ肉を遺伝的に同定し、表示の信頼性をチェックする手法が開発できた。 3)シカのプリオン病(曼性消耗疾患:CWD)のプリオン検査:シカ肉が食されているが、シカのCWDについての情報が不足し、シカ肉に関して不安が広まったことから、平成14年度と平成15年度の2年間で130頭のシカについてウエスタンブロット解析を行った。検査の結果は全て陰性であった。CWDに関しては今後とも検査を持続する必要があろう。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 2000年 -2000年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一, 天野 哲也
     
    北方民族の文化として知られるクマ送り儀礼の起源は、北海道およびサハリン南部を中心としたオホーツク文化期(紀元後6〜12世紀)の遺跡から発掘されるヒグマ遺存体にさかのぼることができる。本研究では、北海道礼文島におけるオホーツク文化期の香深井遺跡から発掘されたヒグマ考古資料(主に頭骨)の産地を同定することを目的として、ミトコンドリアDNAを指標とした古代DNAの分子系統分析を行った。現在、ヒグマは礼文島に自然分布していないので、香深井遺跡のヒグマは礼文島以外の地域から文化の交流とともに持ちこまれたものと思われる。これまでに解読することができた礼文島古代ヒグマの遺伝情報を北海道本島における現生ヒグマ集団のDNAデータと照らし合わせた結果、礼文島古代ヒグマのDNAには北海道の道央-道北型および道南型の2系列が存在することが明らかになった。これは、礼文島古代ヒグマが少なくとも道北地方および道南地域から持ち込まれたことを示している。さらに、形態的データと比較すると、道南型DNAをもつ礼文島古代ヒグマはすべて秋に死亡した1歳未満の仔グマであった。それに対して、道央-道北型の礼文島古代ヒグマの多くは春に死亡した3歳以上の成獣であった。道南型DNAをもつ仔グマはおそらく春グマ猟で捕獲され、当時の道南地方の続縄文人、または、道北地方のオホーツク人によって半年余り飼育されたと考えられる。礼文島古代ヒグマにおける道南型DNAの発見は、仔グマ・ギフトを伴うクマ送り儀礼が、従来強調されてきた集団内だけでなく、異集団間の絆を強める機能をも果たしたことを示唆している。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1998年 -2000年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一, 梅原 千鶴子, 押田 龍夫, 大舘 智志
     
    3年間の本研究により以下の成果が得られた。 (1)絶滅危惧種ニホンイヌワシの捕獲個体および動物園飼育個体について、ミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)コントロール領域の分子系統解析を行った結果、日本における地域変異は小さいことが明らかとなった。さらに、日本産、韓国産および中国産との間でも遺伝的相違が低く、広い行動範囲をもつイヌワシの日本列島と大陸間での遺伝的交流を示唆している。この成果は、動物園におけるニホンイヌワシの繁殖計画の基礎データとなっている。また、コントロール領域内にイヌワシ特異的な繰返配列を見い出し、その比較は個体識別に有用であった。 (2)北海道ヒグマ集団において3つのmtDNA系列を見出し、その地理的分布は道南、道央-道北、道東に明瞭に分かれた。分子系統学的には、道南集団はチベット集団と近縁で、道央-道北集団は環オホーツク海周辺の集団と極めて近縁であった。北海道における3系列は異なるルートまたは時期を経て渡来した可能性がある。さらに、コントロール領域内にヒグマ特異的な繰返配列を見出し、個体間で変異が高いこと、ヘテロプラズミーの状態で存在することを明らかにした。このデータは、世界レベルでのヒグマの種・遺伝子資源の保全を考えるうえで重要な情報となる。 (3)北海道のエゾシカ集団において見い出した3系列の分布パターンはヒグマのように明瞭ではなかった。一方、明治時代の大雪によって絶滅の危機に瀕したエゾシカは、冬の避難所である針葉樹林帯に沿って個体数を増加させたことが示唆された。さらに、マイクロサテライト分析により、集団の遺伝的多様性が低下していることを明らかにした。 (4)日本固有種ニホンイタチ、ムササビ、モモンガなどについての分子系統データに基づき、日本列島の生物地理と系統進化を考察した。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1998年 -2000年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一, 大泰司 紀之, 大舘 智志, 陳 化鵬, 胡 綿矗, 王 小明, ABDUKADIR Ab
     
    本研究では多様な自然環境を有する中国新彊ウイグル自治区においてヤマネコ類およびそれらが捕食する小型哺乳類の生息・分布調査を行った。3回にわたるフィールド調査を行い、新彊のほぼ全域を踏査した。タリム盆地(新彊南部)では、シルクロード周辺域(天山南路、西域南道)およびタクラマカン砂漠において、ステップヤマネコが生息する自然環境を調査し、この種がおかれている現状を把握した。特に、シルクロード周辺域ではヤマネコが好んで捕食するヤルカンドノウサギの分布密度が高く、ヤマネコの個体数も多いことが推定された。ジュンガル盆地(新彊北部)では、マヌルネコの糞および足跡を発見した。その生息地において小型哺乳類の捕獲調査を行い、オオスナネズミならびにトビネズミ類など乾燥地帯に適応したげっ歯類を捕獲することができた。さらに、標高2千メートルを超える天山山脈において調査を行い、オオヤマネコやユキヒョウなど大型ネコ科の生息地の自然環境を調査した。また、高山地帯に生息するげっ歯類の捕獲調査を行い、盆地内の砂漠とは異なる哺乳類相を確認した。中国側共同研究者を北海道大学へ招聘し、調査成果の議論を行うとともに、日本側研究者が開発したDNA分析技術を伝授した。日本側研究者は、アジア大陸に生息するネコ科のミトコンドリアDNAの遺伝子増幅法の分析技術を確立し、塩基配列の解読および分子系統進化学的解析を進めた。新彊の生態系においてヤマネコ類と競合する食肉目イタチ科についても遺伝子分析を開始し、分子系統学的成果を挙げた。以上の研究成果は、中央アジアの乾燥気候・高地に生息する哺乳類相の進化学的研究をさらに発展させていく基礎データおよび調査経験となった。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1999年 -1999年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一, 天野 哲也
     
    日本産固有種を含む哺乳類の遺伝的な地域変異を分析し、日本列島と大陸における陸橋・海峡の形成史および古環境の変動と比較検討することにより、日本列島における生物地理的歴史を考察することが目的である。本年度は、エゾヒグマ、ニホンジカ、イイズナ、オコジョ、ホンドテン、クロテンを分析対象とした。その結果、動物種毎に独自の渡来の歴史をもっていることが明らかとなった。特に、北海道のエゾヒグマ集団において、ミトコンドリアDNA(mtDNA)のコントロール領域およびチトクロームb遺伝子の塩基配列の分子系統解析により、北海道には3つの遺伝的集団が存在し、それらは道南地方、道北―道央地方、道東地方に分かれて分布することを突き止めた。分子時計により、これら3集団の分岐年代は約30万年以上前と推定され、各々がユーラシア大陸で分岐した後、異なるルートまたは異なる時代に陸橋を経て北海道へ渡来したものと考えられた。大陸産ヒグマ集団と比較することにより、北海道集団の遺伝的特徴は世界のヒグマの分布拡散の歴史を解明する上で重要なポイントになることが示唆された。また、ニホンジカ集団について、mtDNAコントロール領域の分子系統解析を行った結果、北海道―本州集団および九州(その周辺島嶼を含む)集団という大きな2つのグループに分類することができた。その境界は中国地方にあると推定されるが、詳細は現在調査中である。津軽海峡(ブラキストン線)をはさんだ東北地方と北海道との間の遺伝距離は小さく、日本列島全域の個体群を比較した場合、両者は北海道―本州集団に含まれた。今後は他の動物種についても分析を進め、日本列島における哺乳類の生物地理的歴史と日本列島周辺の陸橋・海峡形成史や古環境の変動との関係を明らかにして行く予定である。さらに、上記の現生種のDNA情報をもとに、考古試料の分析も進めていく。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1997年 -1998年 
    代表者 : 大泰司 紀之, 増田 隆一, 玉手 英利
     
    ニホンジカ(Cervus nippon)は、わが国の森林生態系における最も優勢な一次消費者として重要な地位を占めている。本種の系統進化について、分子系統学と形態学の両面から解明を試みた結果、次の点が明らかになった。 日本産ニホンジカはミトコンドリアDNA分析により、中国地方以南西の、四国・九州・対馬・五島列島・屋久島の南西集団と、中国地方以北東の本州・北海道の北東集団に分けられる。中国地方のニホンジカは、広島県・山口県・島根県の個体群が南西集団、兵庫県以西が北東集団に属する。 北海道産亜種;エゾシカは、狩猟および1879年の大雪の影響により、主に3つの集団(阿寒集団・大雪集団・日高集団)を残して一時は絶滅寸前にまで激減した。エゾシカについてD-loop領域の塩基配列の多型を検出した結果、6つのハプロタイプに分けられ、上記3つの集団が針葉樹林帯を経由して分布域を全道に拡大したと考えられた。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1997年 -1998年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    本研究の目的は、ミトコンドリアDNAおよび高多型性DNAマーカーを用いて、イリオモテヤマネコ・ツシマヤマネコ集団がこれまでにたどってきた進化の過程と両者の集団内多様度を理解することであった。2年間の計画において、以下の成果が得られた。 (1) ミトコンドリアDNAのなかでも進化速度が速いといわれるD-loop領域を分析した。イリオモテヤマネコに適合するPCRプライマーをデザインし、PCRダイレクトシーケンス法により塩基配列を解読した結果、イリオモテヤマネコ集団内では個体変異が全くみられなかった。 (2) 高多型的マーカーであるマイクロサテライトDNA領域の多型分析により、イリオモテヤマネコ集団およびツシマヤマネコ集団の遺伝的多様性が極度に低下していることが示唆された。この多様性低下は、両集団が島に隔離されていた期間(各々、約20万年、10万年)に起こった遺伝的浮動または近親交配によりもたらされた可能性がある。 (3) 別の高多型的DNAマーカーである主要組織適合遺伝子複合体(MHC)ClassIIのDRB遺伝子について、遺伝子増幅法(PCR)によって対立遺伝子の検出を試みた。PCR産物をクローニングし、塩基配列を決定した結果、イリオモテヤマネコ、ツシマヤマネコ、ベンガルヤマネコから複数の対立遺伝子が得られた。現在、塩基配列の分子系統学的解析を継続している。 (4) 環境庁対馬野生生物保護センターとの研究協力体制を整えると共に、同センターの展示室においてヤマネコのDNA分析に関する展示を行い、研究成果を一般に公開した。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1997年 -1997年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    本研究の目的は、野生動物集団における遺伝的多様性の評価法を確立すること、ならびに、人間活動によって絶滅の危機に瀕するに至った動物集団や個体数が激増した動物集団の遺伝的特徴と進化的背景を理解することである。本年は、1.個体数が過度に増加したエゾシカの集団構造、2.人畜への被害をもたらすヒグマの集団構造、3.在来種ニホンイタチと移入種シベリアイタチの遺伝的関係、について分析した。 1.北海道全域におけるエゾシカ集団について、ミトコンドリアDNAの中でも進化速度の速いD-loop領域の塩基配列を分析したところ、6つのタイプを検出することができた。その中でも3つのタイプの頻度が高く、それらの分布は北海道における三大針葉樹林帯の分布とほぼ一致する傾向がみられた。これは、明治時代に絶滅の危機に瀕したエゾシカ集団が、個体数を激増させていったこと(ボトルネック)を反映している。 2.ヒグマについては北海道内において3つの遺伝子系列を把握することができ、それらの分布パターンは北海道の広大な森林分布に一致していたが、エゾシカとは異なり、明瞭な分布境界が認められた。これはヒグマの行動範囲が森林地帯に強く依存していることを反映している。 3.シベリアイタチは、昭和初期に人間によりアジア大陸から持ち込まれたといわれ、北九州・関西などの西日本を中心に野生化(帰化)し、在来種ニホンイタチの生息地を撹乱している。そこで、ミトコンドリアDNAに基づく地域変異を分析し、両イタチを分類する判別法を確立した。さらに、移入種シベリアイタチの多様性の低さからボトルネック効果が示唆された。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1997年 
    代表者 : 大泰司 紀之, 梶 光一, 増田 隆一, 玉手 英利, HALIK Mahmut, 顧 濱源, 李 明, 王 小明, 徐 宏発, 盛 和林
     
    本研究の目的は、中国産シカ類全種(約20種)について、分類および分布を明確にすること、および起源・進化・系統を解明することである。 分類について:これまで分布が不明確であったチベット自治区、新彊ウイグル自治区、および東北地方(大・小興安嶺山脈一帯)について、現地踏査により各種シカ類の分布を明確にした。とりわけアルタイ山脈と大興安嶺山脈のヘラジカ、および中国全域のアカシカ各亜種については、今回の調査によって初めてその分布の実際が明らかになった。 比較生態学的知見:アカシカのタリム亜種が砂漠に特殊化していることについて、形態および生態学的に明らかにした。 進化系統学的研究:シカ類各種・各亜種の地域個体群から得られた形態計測値およびDNA分析結果の検討を進めている。これまでに得られた結果は、種のレベルについては、古生物学および現生種の形態学的研究により得られた従来の分類とほぼ一致している。しかし原始的な種であるジャコウジカ、キョンおよびキバノロの分化が従来の説より早いこと、また亜種レベルの分類については再検討が必要であることなどが解ってきた。 調査結果のとりまとめ:クチロジカの新知見を含め、中国に分布するシカ類の概要については、1993年にDeer of Chinaとして本申請人らによりまとめられたが、今回得られた結果については、モノグラフDeer in China(仮題)としてシカ類の進化史を総合的にとりまとめる予定である。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1996年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    イリオモテヤマネコおよびツシマヤマネコについて,集団内の遺伝的多様性を評価することを試みた.9つのマイクロサテライト座位の対立遺伝子型を遺伝子増幅(PCR)法により検出・決定し,各対立遺伝子の頻度に基づいて集団の遺伝子多様度(ヘテロ接合度)を算出した.その結果,イリオモテヤマネコ集団およびツシマヤマネコ集団では対立遺伝子の種類数と頻度が少なく,特にイリオモテヤマネコ集団ではほとんど多型がみられなかった.それに対し,これらの日本産ヤマネコと遺伝的に近縁なアジア大陸産ベンガルヤマネコ集団内では遺伝子多様度が高かった.さらに,ミトコンドリアDNAの中でも進化速度の速いDループ領域について塩基配列を解析したところ,イリオモテヤマネコ集団内での個体差は検出されなかった.このようなイリオモテヤマネコ集団およびツシマヤマネコ集団における遺伝的多様性の低下は,彼らが西表島・対馬に地理的に隔離(分岐年代はそれぞれ今から約20万年,10万年前であることを昨年までに明らかにした)された後の近交化および遺伝的浮動によるものと考えられている.イリオモテヤマネコにおける極度の多様性の低下は,地理的隔離後の年月がより長いことによるものかもしれない.両島において今後起こり得る自然的・人為的環境変化および病原体の侵入に対して,集団が適応できるかどうかが懸念される.本研究の結果は,今後の両ヤマネコ集団の遺伝的多様性評価を継続すると共に,現在の島の自然環境を十分に保全していく重要性を示唆している.
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1996年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    本年は,3年間の研究計画の最終年度であり,以下の成果が得られた. (1)シベリア永久凍士から発掘された約2万5千年前のマンモス組織から,DNA抽出と遺伝子増幅(PCR)に成功した.そして,ミトコンドリアDNAのチトクロームb遺伝子および12SリボソームRNA遺伝子の全領域について,塩基配列を決定することができた.また,現生のアフリカゾウならびにアジアゾウについても同様に塩基配列を決定した.これらの塩基配列に基づき,塩基置換および分子系統樹を検討したところ,上記のゾウ亜科3種はお互いに近いが,マンモスはアジアゾウよりもアフリカゾウにより近縁であることが示唆された. (2)リス科齧歯類において,ムササビ・モモンガなど被膜をもったグループが単系統群であるかどうかを追及するため,ミトコンドリアDNAのチトクロームb遺伝子ならびに12SリボソームRNA遺伝子領域の分子系統学的解析を行った.その結果、両遺伝子の特徴は共に,被膜をもつムササビ・モモンガのグループが単系統であることを支持した. (3)ニホンジカについて,D-loop領域の全塩基配列を決定し、その地理的変異を検討した.その結果,偶蹄類の中でもニホンジカに特異的な繰り返し配列を検出した.その繰り返し数はそれぞれの地域に特異的であった.さらに,塩基配列全体の比較により,北日本(北海道,本州を含む)グループと南日本(九州および周辺の島々を含む)グループの間に遺伝的分化があることが明らかになった.また,北海道のニホンジカ集団(エゾシカ)には,少なくとも6つのD-loopタイプが存在し,その分布パターンが北海道における植生と深く関与していることが示唆された.
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1996年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    (1)絶滅危惧種イリオモテヤマネコおよびツシマヤマネコについて、マイクロサテライトDNAの遺伝子型を決定し、対立遺伝子の頻度から集団の遺伝子多様度(ヘテロ接合度)を算出した。その結果、調べた9種類のマイクロサテライトについて、イリオモテヤマネコ集団およびツシマヤマネコ集団では対立遺伝子の種類と頻度が小さく、特にイリオモテヤマネコ集団ではヘテロ接合度が0であった。それに対し、両ヤマネコと遺伝的に近縁な大陸産ベンガルヤマネコ集団内では遺伝的多様性が大きかった。日本の両ヤマネコ集団における遺伝的多様性の低下は、彼らが島に隔離された後の近交化と遺伝的浮動によるものと考えられるため、今後の環境変化(自然的、人為的)に対する適応力の低下が懸念される。よって本研究の結果は、今後も両ヤマネコ集団の多様性評価を継続すると共に、現在の島の自然環境を保全していく重要性を示唆している。(2)北海道において急増しているエゾシカ集団については、ミトコンドリアDNA D-loop領域の地域変異を検出した。さらに、マイクロサテライト分析により集団内の遺伝子多様度を評価した。マイクロサテライト分析の結果、本州ジカ集団に比べてエゾジカ集団の遺伝的多様性が低いことが明らかとなった。さらに6つのD-loopタイプを検出した。その中で、3つのタイプの頻度が高く、各々のタイプの分布は北海道における主な針葉樹林帯の分布とほぼ一致した。エゾジカは明治時代の大雪により絶滅寸前まで個体数が減少し、その後の保護対策により個体数が回復したことが報告されている。これと本研究結果を統合すると、少なくとも1度は激減した個体群が、冬期の避難所である針葉樹林帯に沿って個体数を回復しながら分布域を拡大し、保護対策(狩猟圧の低下)によって現在の個体数にまで激増したことが示唆された。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1995年 -1995年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    イリオモテヤマネコおよびツシマヤマネコのネコ科における系統進化上の位置ならびに進化起源を明らかにするため、ミトコンドリアDNAのチトクロームb遺伝子および12SrRNA遺伝子の塩基配列を決定し、他のヤマネコ類を含むネコ科動物種と分子系統学的に比較解析した。その結果、両ヤマネコはアジア大陸に分布するベンガルヤマネコと遺伝的に極めて近縁であることが明らかとなった。 得られたチトクロームb領域の塩基配列データに基づいて計算したところ、イリオモテヤマネコ‐ベンガルヤマネコ間の分岐年代は約20万年前、ツシマヤマネコ‐ベンガルヤマネコ間の分岐年代は約10万年前と推定された。これらの分岐年代は各々、西表島を含む南西諸島、対馬がアジア大陸から分離した地質年代とほぼ一致した。これらの結果は、イリオモテヤマネコならびにツシマヤマネコが西表島ならびに対馬の島形成時に大陸産ベンガルヤマネコから地理的に隔離された集団であることを強く裏付けている。地理的隔離後、遺伝的浮動により特徴的な形質が各々ヤマネコ集団に固定したものと考えられる。 現在、ミトコンドリアDNAについて集団変異を検索中であるが、これまでに各集団内の個体変異は検出されていない。今後、さらに核DNAも含めて遺伝的多様度を分析していく予定である。 以上の成果については、平成7年度の日本動物学会において口頭発表し、学術専門誌に投稿発表した。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1995年 -1995年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    (1)わが国に分布する2種のヤマネコの進化・起源を明らかにすることを目的とし、本年度はもう一方のヤマネコであるツシマヤマネコについて分子系統学的解析を行った。ミトコンドリアDNAの12SrRNA遺伝子およびチトクロームb遺伝子の部分領域について塩基配列を決定し、これまでに得られたイリオモテヤマネコならびに他のネコ科動物種のデータと比較解析した結果、ツシマヤマネコはイリオモテヤマネコおよびアジアに広く分布するベンガルヤマネコに極めて近縁であった。塩基置換から推定したツシマヤマネコとベンガルヤマネコの分岐年代は約10万年前と推定され、これは対馬がアジア大陸から分離した地質学的年代とほぼ一致した。以上の結果から、日本産ヤマネコ2者はベンガルヤマネコの地理的隔離集団であることが裏付けられた。 (2)ミトコンドリアDNA内のD-ループ領域の解析を行い、ニホンイタチとシベリアイタチの遺伝的分化が大きいことを確認した。また、屋久島、種子島などの島個体群を含め、ニホンイタチの地域変異を検出した。さらに、韓国から西日本に帰化したと考えられるシベリアイタチは、対馬在来のシベリアイタチよりもやはり韓国産に近縁であることが明らかとなった。 (3)リス科齧歯類において、特有の被膜構造をもつムササビおよびモモンガ類の進化が単系統かあるいは多系統であるかをミトコンドリアDNAの分子系統から検討している。アジアおよび北アメリカに分布する限られた種について、これまでに分析した限りでは、単系統が支持された。今後、さらに分析種数を追加し、ムササビ・モモンガ類の系統進化、ならびに飛躍行動を獲得するに至ったかれらの進化過程を考察する予定である。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1995年 -1995年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    本年度は本研究の第1ステップとして、イリオモテヤマネコ、ツシマヤマネコ、エゾシカの進化遺伝学的分析を中心に行い、保護管理しようとしている動物種が進化上どのような位置にあるのかを理解することに努めた。 (1)イリオモテヤマネコ、ツシマヤマネコについて、各々の集団内におけるミトコンドリアDNA遺伝子(チトクロームb,12SrRNA)の個体変異はみられなかった。ネコ科全体の中で、両ヤマネコは、アジア大陸に広く分布するベンガルヤマネコと極めて近縁であることが明らかとなった。遺伝距離から算出した分岐年代は、イリオモテ-ベンガルヤマネコ間が約20万年前、ツシマ-ベンガルヤマネコ間が約10万年前であり、これらの年代は各々、南西諸島、対馬がアジア大陸から分かれた地質学的年代とほぼ一致した。この結果は、日本産の両ヤマネコの祖先が大陸産ベンガルヤマネコから地理的に隔離された集団であり、各々、島内において独自の進化を遂げながらもいまだに遺伝的に近縁であることを示している。また、両ヤマネコの個体数は各々100頭前後に減少しており、遺伝的にも集団内多様性の低下が示唆された。今後は、個体識別のできるような遺伝子マーカーを開発し、ヤマネコ集団内の変異を詳細に把握していく計画である。 (2)ミトコンドリアDNAにおいて最も変異の大きいD-ループ領域を調べたところ、エゾシカ集団の各個体を4つのタイプに分けることができた。その中で、1つのタイプが北海道の広域に分布していた。このような遺伝子タイプの偏りは、エゾシカ集団が明治時代の大雪と乱獲により個体数が極端に減少し(ボトルネック現象)、ごく最近になって急増したという記録を反映していると思われる。今後、さらに調査個体数と調査地域を拡大し、北海道全域におけるエゾシカの遺伝的特性と個体群の移動経路を分析していく計画である。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1994年 -1994年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一
     
    本年度の研究成果は以下の通りである。 1.DNA抽出法およびPCR法を改良・簡略化し、PCRダイレクトシーケンス法の改善化をはかった結果、明瞭なシーケンスデータをより迅速に得ることができるようになった。 2.ネコ科におけるイリオモテヤマネコの進化遺伝学的位置を探究するため、mtDNAの12SrRNA遺伝子およびチトクロームb遺伝子の部分領域について塩基配列を決定し比較解析した結果、イリオモテヤマネコはアジアに広く分布するベンガルヤマネコに極めて近縁であることが明らかになった。塩基置換から推定した両ヤマネコの分岐年代は約20万年前と推定され、これは琉球列島がアジア大陸から分離した地質学的年代とほぼ一致した。 3.日本産を中心とするイタチ科11種においてチトクロームb遺伝子領域の塩基配列を決定し、その系統種間関係を考慮することができた。その中でも、従来、同種(亜種)または別種と議論されてきたニホンイタチとシベリアイタチの間の遺伝的分化が各々の種内変異よりも大きいことが明らかになった。 4.ニホンジカにおける12SrRNA遺伝子およびチトクロームb遺伝子の部分領域ならびにD-loop全塩基配列を決定し、日本列島におけるニホンジカの進化を詳細に考察した。 5.シベリア永久凍土層から発掘された絶滅種マンモス組織(^<14>C年代測定により約9600年前のものと推定)からのDNA抽出とPCR増幅に成功し、チトクロームb、12SrRNAおよび16SrRNAの各遺伝子領域について塩基配列を決定することができた。現在、他のマンモス標本の分析も行いながら現生アジアゾウおよびアフリカゾウと比較し、マンモスの系統進化学的位置の解析を進めている。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1992年 -1993年 
    代表者 : 吉田 廸弘, 山田 道雄, 梅原 千鶴子, 増田 隆一, 阿部 周一
     
    ゲノム解析において遺伝子マッピングは必須のものであり、その手法として蛍光in situハイブリダイゼーション(FISH)法が発展してきた。本研究課題はFISH法によるシグナル検出のための簡便法と染色体マッピングのためのシステム化を目的として下記の項目に重点をおき開発を進めた。 (1)FISH法によるマッピングのための画像処理システムの開発:FISH法によるハイブリッドシグナル検出をする上で、染色体上の微細な蛍光シグナル像を得るために高感度カメラによるシグナル取込とそれを解析するソフトの開発・改良を行った。 (2)複数遺伝子の同時マッピング法の開発:複数個の遺伝子をそれぞれ異なった蛍光色素で標識し、同一染色体標本に同時にin situハイブリダイゼーションを行うことにより、それらの遺伝子を同時に同一分裂中期像でマップすることが可能である。そのために蛍光フィルターの選択とそれぞれ色調の異なるシグナルの検出に要する画像解析のソフト開発に重点をおき実用性をめざした。 この申請課題を遂行中に微弱な蛍光シグナルの検出用の新たなCCDカメラが数社から販売されてきた。いずれも性能がよいが高価であり、操作が複雑なことで一般的ではない。ここではFISH法を広く普及させるという目的のために、従来使用している顕微鏡に比較的低価格の高感度カメラと市販のパーソナルコンピュータを組み合わせて染色体マッピング用の画像解析を行うシステムを開発したものであり一応の成功をみたものと思われる。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1991年 -1993年 
    代表者 : 吉田 廸弘, 梅原 千鶴子, 増田 隆一, 阿部 周一
     
    肝炎発症LECラットの種々の症状がウイルソン病でみられる肝炎の所見と極めて高い類似性を示すことから,LECラットはウイルソン病(WD)のモデルとして注目されている。LECラットの肝炎遺伝子htsがWD遺伝子と相同性があるのかなど、LECラットからhtsを単離しLECラットの肝炎発症機構を解明するとともにWDの解明を目指した。 1)肝炎遺伝子htsとの連鎖分析を各染色体のミニサテライトDNAマーカー、ESD、RB1を用いて分析したが、いずれもhtsとの明確な連鎖が得られなかった。 2)セルロプラスミン(CP)活性低下についてLECラットのCP遺伝子を単離しその遺伝子構造を調べたが、CP活性低下をもたらす遺伝子変化は認められなかった。 3)極く最近WD遺伝子が単離されたので、この塩基配列をもとにプローブをつくり、baskcrossラットにおける連鎖分析を行った。その結果、WDはLECの肝炎のみならず、銅蓄積、CP活性低下のいずれともと連鎖しており、htsと同一と考えられる。これをもとに、ラットWD遺伝子の構造や機能を分析中である。
  • 日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業
    研究期間 : 1992年 -1992年 
    代表者 : 増田 隆一

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