基本情報

所属

• 北方生物圏フィールド科学センター　水圏ステーション　臼尻水産実験所

職名

• 教授

学位

• 博士（水産学）（北海道大学）

J-Global ID

• 200901084285406207

研究キーワード

• 分子生態学   行動生態学   海洋生態学   魚類生態学   

研究分野

• ライフサイエンス / 水圏生産科学

担当教育組織

•  学士課程　水産学部
•  修士課程　環境科学院
•  博士課程　環境科学院

研究活動情報

論文

• Fertilization modes and the evolution of sperm characteristics in marine fishes: Paired comparisons of externally and internally fertilizing species

  Takeshi Ito, Masaya Morita, Seiya Okuno, Kazuo Inaba, Kogiku Shiba, Hiroyuki Munehara, Yasunori Koya, Mitsuo Homma, Satoshi Awata

  Ecology and Evolution 12 12 2022年12月
• Rhamphocottus nagaakii (Cottoidea: Rhamphocottidae), a new species of grunt sculpin from the northwestern Pacific, with notes on the phylogeography of the genus Rhamphocottus

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Kouji Togashi, Sayuri Yamada, Takushi Higashimura, Aya Yamazaki, Shota Suzuki, Takuzo Abe, Satoshi Awata, Yasunori Koya, Osamu Tsuruoka

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022年08月 

  A new species of grunt sculpin, Rhamphocottus nagaakii inhabiting the northwestern Pacific, previously identified as Rhamphocottus richardsonii Gunther 1874, is described based on genetic evidence and morphological differences. The new species can be distinguished based on morphometric characters related to the head, including head length [45.3-54.6% of standard length (SL)], postorbital head length (18.8-25.5% SL) and the length of pectoral-fin base (15.8-20.7% SL), which are smaller than in R. richardsonii (53.6-60.5% SL, 26.2-31.7% SL, and 19.5-25.2% SL, respectively). Genetic differences between two species markedly exceed levels for intra-specific differences. Rhamphocottus nagaakii is considered to have arisen from a common ancestor of the two species, which probably inhabited somewhere the North Pacific Rim around the Aleutian Archipelago. During a period of cooling in the Pliocene or the Miocene, R. nagaakii and R. richardsonii became separated to the southern regions of the northwestern and northeastern Pacific, and subsequently underwent speciation.
• The first record of egg masses in tunicates deposited by the snubnose sculpin, Orthonopias triacis, from the Northeastern Pacific: evidence for convergent evolution of an unusual reproductive strategy.

  Satoshi Awata, Takeshi Ito, Karen D Crow, Yasunori Koya, Hiroyuki Munehara

  Journal of fish biology 100 1 82 - 91 2022年01月 

  In this study, the authors report the first record of egg masses deposited in solitary tunicates by the snubnose sculpin, Orthonopias triacis, from the Northeastern Pacific. Four egg masses were discovered in the tunicate Ascidia ceratodes that were genetically determined to be O. triacis. Female O. triacis had long ovipositors that allow deposition of their eggs inside the atrium of the tunicates. A comparison of host-tunicate size with ovipositor length of sculpins from the Northwestern Pacific, including the genera Furcina and Pseudoblennius, revealed that O. triacis had shorter ovipositors and spawned in the atrium of smaller species of tunicates. Ancestral state reconstruction of egg deposition in solitary tunicates using 1.86Mbp RNAseq data of 20 sculpin species from Northeastern and Northwestern Pacific revealed that this unusual spawning behaviour may have evolved convergently in different species occurring in the Northeastern vs. the Northwestern Pacific.
• Dispersion and settlement of two sympatrically distributed sculpins of the genus Gymnocanthus

  Yamazaki A., Ogino A., Munehara H.

  Journal of Fish Biology 96 4 1004 - 1013 2020年02月14日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Larval dispersion rather than adult migration generally leads to the worldwide expansion of fishes. Species of the genus Gymnocanthus have expanded geographically while undergoing allopatric speciation. Of this genus, while Gymnocanthus tricuspis inhabits the Arctic Ocean and surrounding area, G. herzensteini and G. intermedius occur around northern Japan. Larval early life histories of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius from northern Japan and G. tricuspis from Unalaska Island were investigated to estimate their dispersal potential during larval stages. The larval and juvenile abundances of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius were highest in May in shallow sandy bottoms below 7 m in depth, and the body sizes were 9.7-34.6 mm notochord length (NL) and/or standard length (SL) in G. herzensteini and 8.4-46.7 mm NL and/or SL in G. intermedius. Two egg masses of G. tricuspis (1.92 +/- 0.08 mm in diameter) and hatched larvae (6.20 +/- 0.19 mm NL) were collected in March. Compared with other sculpins in previous studies, the body sizes of G. herzensteini and G. intermedius at hatch are large and at settlement are small, while both hatch and settlement sizes of G. tricuspis are much larger. Counting micro-increments between the hatch check and settlement marks in G. herzensteini and G. intermedius demonstrated that the pelagic larval durations for 2 weeks with an immature body suggests that these species cannot disperse widely during the pelagic phase, while pelagic larvae of Arctic species such as G. tricuspis with long pelagic larval durations could disperse.
• Unisexual hybrids break through an evolutionary dead end by two‐way backcrossing

  Shota Suzuki, Shota Miyake, Katsutoshi Arai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  Evolution 74 2 392 - 403 2020年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Unisexual vertebrates (i.e., those produced through clonal or hemiclonal reproduction) are typically incapable of purging deleterious mutations, and, as a result, are considered short-lived in evolutionary terms. In hemiclonal reproduction (hybridogenesis), one parental genome is eliminated during oogenesis, producing haploid eggs containing the genome of a single parent. Hemiclonal hybrids are usually produced by backcrossing hemiclonal hybrids with males of the paternal species. When hemiclonal hybrids from a genus of greenlings (Hexagrammos) are crossed with males of the maternal species, the progeny are phenotypically similar to the maternal species and produce recombinant gametes by regular meiosis. The present study was conducted to determine if the hemiclonal genome is returned to the gene pool of the maternal species in the wild. Using a specific cytogenetic marker to discriminate between such progeny and the maternal species, we observed that Hexagrammos hybrids mated with maternal and paternal ancestors at the same frequency. This two-way backcrossing in which clonal genomes are returned to the gene pool where they can undergo recombination plays an important role in increasing the genetic variability of the hemiclonal genome and reducing the extinction risk. In this way, hybrid lineages may have survived longer than predicted through occasional recombinant generation.
• Host selection and ovipositor length in eight sympatric species of sculpins that deposit their eggs into tunicates or sponges

  Satoshi Awata, Haruka Sasaki, Tomohito Goto, Yasunori Koya, Hirohiko Takeshima, Aya Yamazaki, Hiroyuki Munehara

  Marine Biology 166 5 2019年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Freeze tolerance in sculpins (Pisces; Cottoidea) inhabiting North Pacific and Arctic Oceans: antifreeze activity and genetic structure of the antifreeze protein.

  宗原 弘幸

  Biomolecules 9 4 127 - 139 2019年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Many marine species inhabiting icy seawater produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to prevent their body fluids from freezing. The sculpin species of the superfamily Cottoidea are widely found from the Arctic to southern hemisphere, some of which are known to express AFP. Here we clarified DNA sequence encoding type I AFP for 3 species of 2 families (Cottidae and Agonidae) belonging to Cottoidea. We also examined antifreeze activity for 3 families and 32 species of Cottoidea (Cottidae, Agonidae, and Rhamphocottidae). These fishes were collected in 2013-2015 from the Arctic Ocean, Alaska, Japan. We could identify 8 distinct DNA sequences exhibiting a high similarity to those reported for Myoxocephalus species, suggesting that Cottidae and Agonidae share the same DNA sequence encoding type I AFP. Among the 3 families, Rhamphocottidae that experience a warm current did not show antifreeze activity. The species inhabiting the Arctic Ocean and Northern Japan that often covered with ice floe showed high activity, while those inhabiting Alaska, Southern Japan with a warm current showed low/no activity. These results suggest that Cottoidea acquires type I AFP gene before dividing into Cottidae and Agonidae, and have adapted to each location with optimal antifreeze activity level.
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• Erratum to: Structure of the seminal receptacle and sperm storage in the Japanese pygmy squid: Structure of the seminal receptacle of pygmy squids (Journal of Zoology, (2010), 282, 3, (151-156), 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00733.x)

  N. Sato, T. Kasugai, Y. Ikeda, H. Munehara

  Journal of Zoology 282 3 151 - 156 2018年02月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  To examine the mechanism of sperm storage in Idiosepius paradoxus, here we describe aspects of the mating behavior of I. paradoxus and the morphology of the spermatozoa and the seminal receptacle after copulation. The seminal receptacle is located in the ventral portion of the buccal membrane surrounding the buccal mass, and opens inside the buccal membrane. It branches into approximately six sacs, similar in appearance to a bunch of bananas, and its wall consists of cuboidal ciliated epithelial cells (with oval nuclei) surrounded by a connective tissue. Multiple vacuoles are distributed in the bottom region of each sac. These histological and morphological characteristics differ from previous reports for loliginid squids and cuttlefish. In all except one receptacle observed in this study, sperm were stored near the bottom of each sac, and each sperm was facing the sac bottom. We observed spermatozoa in the entrance of the seminal receptacle in only one squid. These results suggest that spermatozoa were actively moving, and that sperm actively swam to the seminal receptacle. The volume of sperm in the seminal receptacles of the squid that had copulated eight times was the same as that in the squid that had copulated 29 times, which suggests that the seminal receptacle was filled after approximately eight copulation events. A squid that had copulated nine times retained a significant number of sperm in the seminal receptacle after spawning, suggesting that all of the sperm in the receptacle was not depleted after one spawning event. © 2010 The Authors. Journal of Zoology © 2010 The Zoological Society of London.
• Gene expression of antifreeze protein in relation to historical distributions of Myoxocephalus fish species

  宗原 弘幸

  Marine Biology 2018 165 170 - 181 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
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• キツネメバル(Sebastes vulpes)の鳴音の音響特性と威嚇行動に伴う変化.

  松原直人, 松田裕太, 赤松友成, 高橋竜三, 宗原弘幸, 安間洋樹

  海洋音響 4-5 2 37 - 46 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Karyological evidence of hybridogenesis in Greenlings (Teleostei: Hexagrammidae)

  Shota Suzuki, Katsutoshi Arai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  PLOS ONE 12 7 e0180626  2017年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Two types of natural hybrids were discovered in populations of three Hexagrammos species (Teleostei: Hexagrammidae) distributed off the southern coast of Hokkaido in the North Pacific Ocean. Both hybrids reproduce by hybridogenesis, in which the maternal haploid genome is transmitted to offspring without recombination and the paternal haploid genome is eliminated during gametogenesis. While natural hybrids are unisexual and reproduce hemiclonally by backcrossing with the paternal species (BC-P), artificial F-1-hybrids between the pure species produce recombinant gametes. Thus, despite having the same genome composition, the natural hybrids and the F-1-hybrids are not genetically identical. Here, to clarify the differences between both hybrids, we examined the karyotypes of the three Hexagrammos species, their natural hybrids, the artificial F-1-hybrids, and several backcrosses. Artificial F-1-hybrids have karyotypes and chromosome numbers that are intermediate between those of the parental species. Conversely, the natural hybrids differed from F-1-hybrids by having several large metacentric chromosomes and microchromosomes. Since the entire maternal haploid genome is inherited by the natural hybrids, maternal backcrosses (BC-M) between natural hybrids and males of the maternal species (H. octogrammus; Hoc) have a hemiclonal Hoc genome with large chromosomes from the mother and a normal Hoc genome from the father. However, the large chromosomes disappear in offspring of BC-M, probably due to fissuring during gametogenesis. Similarly, microsatellite DNA analysis revealed that chromosomes of BC-M undergo recombination. These findings suggest that genetic factors associated with hemiclonal reproduction may be located on the large metacentric chromosomes of natural hybrids.
• 北海道函館市臼尻からSCUBA潜水によって採集された北限記録6種を含む初記録9種の魚類

  百田和幸, 宗原弘幸

  北大水産科学研究紀要 59 1-2 1 - 18 2017年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We conducted SCUBA-based surveys of the larval and juvenile fish fauna in reef and seaweed areas in the inshore region of Usujiri, Hakodate, along the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan, from 2011 to 2015. A total of 97 species in 9 orders and 33 families were identified based on morphological observations and DNA barcoding analyses of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene. Of these species, three specimens of the syngnathid, Urocampus nanus Gunther, 1870, three specimens of the pomacentrid, Chromis notata(Temminck and Schlegel, 1843), one specimen of the pomacentrid, Abudefduf notatus(Day, 1870), one specimen of the pomacentrid, Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, 1901, one specimen of the tetrarogid, Hypodytes rubripinnis(Temminck and Schlegel, 1845), 20 specimens of the labrid, Halichoeres tenuispinis(Gunther, 1862), 20 specimens of the labrid, Parajulis poecileptera(Temmminck and Schlegel, 1843), one specimen of the cottid, Pseudoblennius sp. 2 and one specimen of the ostraciid Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758, represent the first records of these nine species in the study area. Of these nine species, the records for U.nanus, A.nonatus, H.rubripinnis, H.tenuispinis, P.sp.2 and O.cubicus represent the northernmost records of these six species in the Pacific Ocean.
• トクビレ科ヤギウオPallasina barbata (Steindacher, 1876)の繁殖生態と形態発育

  百田和幸, 宗原弘幸

  北大水産科学彙報 67 1 7 - 12 北海道大学大学院水産科学研究院 2017年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Aspects of the reproductive ecology and early life history of the tubenose poacher Pallasina barbata(Steindachner,1876) were clarified based on observations on the development of eggs without artificial insemination and on morphological changes of larvae and juveniles. The reproductive mode was identified as internal gametic association, which has been reported in several cottoids. The inferred spawning periods and hatching periods were May and March, respectively, suggesting the embryonic period lasted 10 months, which is near the longest known among the Agonids. The eggs were found in the sponge Mycale adhaerens. Newly-hatched larvae were in the flexion stage, and the notochord length(NL) was 7.3mm. In the flexion larvae stage, two white spots occurred in the dorsal finfold, which have not been reported in larvae of other Agonids. Extension of the snout and protrusion of the lower jaw barbel began from 11.7mm NL at post-flexion. At 20.2mm standard length(SL), the finfold had disappeared, and all the fin ray number attained the fixed number. The scale number of bony plates reached the same number as in the adult at 28.7mm SL.
• Acoustic property of sound production by fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) in spawning season

  Naoto Matsubara, Hiroyuki Munehara, Ryuzo Takahashi, Tomonari Akamatsu, Kazuki Yamato, Ikuo Matsuo, Nobuo Kimura, Kazuyoshi Maekawa, Hiroki Yasuma

  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140 4 3065 - 3065 2016年10月
• Origins of two hemiclonal hybrids among three Hexagrammos species (Teleostei: Hexagrammidae): genetic diversification through host switching

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Miho Horita, Motoko R. Kimura-Kawaguchi, Aya Yamazaki

  ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 6 19 7126 - 7140 2016年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Two natural, hemiclonal hybrid strains were discovered in three Hexagrammos species. The natural hybrids, all of which were females that produced haploid eggs containing only the Hexagrammos octogrammus genome (maternal ancestor; hereafter Hoc), generated F-1 hybrid-type offspring by fertilization with haploid sperm of Hexagrammos agrammus or Hexagrammos otakii (paternal species; Hag and Hot, respectively). This study was performed to clarify the extent of diversification between the two hybrids and the maternal ancestor. Genealogical analysis using mtDNA revealed that all 38 Hoc/Hot hybrids formed a branch (Branch I) with 18 of the 33 Hoc/Hag hybrids. No haplotype sharing was observed with the maternal ancestor. Further, microsatellite DNA analysis suggested that the members of Branch I shared the same hemiclonal genome set. The results suggested that Hoc/Hot hybrids originated by anomalous hybridization, or "host switching," between Hoc/Hag and Hot, and not from interspecific hybridization between Hoc and Hot. The remaining 9 of 11 Hoc/Hag haplotypes and all of the 27 Hoc haplotypes were mixed within the genealogical tree, as if they had originated from multiple mutations. However, Hoc/Hag could also mate with Hoc. Although offspring from this host switch (Backcross-Hoc) have the same genome as normal Hoc, a part of their genome retains genetic factors capable of producing hemiclones. Consequently, when a descendant of a BC-Hoc hybrid mates with Hag males, a new hemiclone lineage will arise. Multiple haplotype revival through host switching from a single mutation in hybrids is another possible hypothesis for the observed mixing of Hoc/Hag haplotypes within the mtDNA genealogical tree.
• Complete mitochondrial genome of the Antlered sculpin Enophrys diceraus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae)

  Ang Li, Hiroyuki Munehara

  MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 26 1 125 - 126 2015年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Enophrys diceraus (Cottidae) was determined for the first time by primer walking methods. It was 16,976 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region (CR). Within the CR, the extended termination-associated sequence, the central conserved sequence block (CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D, CSB-C, CSB-B, CSB-A) and the conserved sequence block (CSB-1, CSB-2, CSB-3) were identified. This first mitogenome information among marine sculpins is expected to enrich the knowledge on phylogenetic studies of this taxon.
• 潜水調査による下北半島沿岸域の魚類相調査報告

  山崎 彩, 永野優季, 菊地優, 百田和幸, 鈴木将太, 五十嵐健志, 宗原弘幸

  北大水産科学研究紀要 57 1 1 - 24 Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  From 2012 to 2014 intertidal and coastal fishes were collected while SCUBA diving at Ohata, Kawauchi, Asizaki and Wakinosawa in the Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan. During these surveys, 21 families, 43 genera and 51 species were collected and 7 families 7 genera and 7 species were photographed. Eleven species(Halichoeres tenuispinis, Porocottus allisi, Furcina osimae, Furcina ishikawae, Pseudoblennius cottoides, Lethotremus awae, Aptocyclus ventricosus, Chirolophis saitone, Neoclinus briyope, Parablennius yatabei, and Sagamia geneionema) were newly recorded from Ohata, 3 from kawauchi(Omobranchus elegans, Repomucenus valenciennei, and Acentrogobius virgatulus), and 1 from Ashizaki(Acentrogobius virgatulus), although they have been previously recorded from other areas of Aomori Prefecture.
• カジカ科スイ Vellitor centropomus における雌雄の生殖腺組織と体内配偶子会合の確認

  古屋康則, 三橋直哉, 安房田智司, 伊藤岳, 宗原弘幸

  魚類学雑誌 62 2 21 - 131 2015年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus

  Noriyosi Sato, Takashi Kasugai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ZOOLOGY 117 3 192 - 199 2014年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In cephalopods, sperm discharge is an important event not only for sperm transfer but also influencing sperm storage capacity of attached spermatangia (everted spermatophores). To investigate sperm discharge from spermatangia and the condition of naturally attached spermatangia in Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) we (i) investigated the morphology of spermatophores and spermatangia, and the process of spermatophore evagination and sperm discharge from spermatangia obtained in vitro; (ii) observed spermatangia that were naturally attached to female squids at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h after copulation to investigate alterations in naturally attached spermatangia with time. The spermatophore of I. paradoxus is slender and cylindrical and consists of a sperm mass, a cement body and an ejaculatory apparatus, which is similar to those of loliginid squids. The spermatangium is fishhook-shaped, its distal end being open and narrow. After the spermatangium is formed, the sperm mass gradually moves to the open end of the spermatangium, from where sperm are released. Sperm discharge is a rapid process immediately after the beginning of sperm release, but within 5 min changes to an intermittent release of sperm. Although the volume of residual spermatozoa differed among spermatangia that were naturally attached to a single individual, the probability that spermatangia would be empty increased with time. Most naturally attached spermatangia discharged almost all of their spermatozoa within 24 h after copulation, and no spermatangia were attached to females 48 h after copulation. These results suggest that sperm transfer from the spermatangium to the seminal receptacle must occur within 24 h, and that the spermatangium functions as a transient sperm storage organ in pygmy squids. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
• Female Pygmy Squid Cryptically Favour Small Males and Fast Copulation as Observed by Removal of Spermatangia

  Noriyosi Sato, Takashi Kasugai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 41 2 221 - 228 2014年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Females can express mate (or fertilisation) preferences after copulation. In the Japanese pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus, in which males do not show any conspicuous pre-copulatory displays, the females remove the spermatangia attached to their bodies after copulation. In this study, we observed pre- and post-copulatory behaviours and analysed which variables associated with copulation were correlated with spermatangia removal. When females mated with larger males or copulation lasted longer female squid elongated their buccal mass after copulation and removed more spermatangia. We also investigated the effects of spermatangia removal on the retained spermatangia to predict whether cryptic female choice (CFC) influenced fertilisation success. Spermatangia removal by females had a stronger effect on the number of spermatangia retained than did the number of spermatangia ejaculated by males. These results suggest that spermatangia removal after copulation by buccal mass elongation works as a CFC in Japanese pygmy squid, and females cryptically favoured small males and fast copulation.
• Accumulation of organotins in wharf roach (Ligia exotica Roux) and its ability to serve as a biomonitoring species for coastal pollution

  Suzanne Lydia Undap, Satoshi Matsunaga, Masato Honda, Toshio Sekiguchi, Nobuo Suzuki, Fatma Khalil, Xuchun Qiu, Yohei Shimasaki, Hironori Ando, Waka Sato-Okoshi, Tomoki Sunobe, Satoshi Takeda, Hiroyuki Munehara, Yuji Oshima

  ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 96 75 - 79 2013年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In this study, we measured the accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) in wharf roach (Ligia exotica Roux) and examined the species' ability to be used for TBT biomonitoring in coastal environments. In an exposure test, wharf roach were exposed to TBT via diet for 2 d. TBT was accumulated in wharf roach, and its metabolite dibutyltin was detected. The concentrations of these compounds gradually decreased during the deputation period, but they were still detected 12 d after exposure ceased (TBT 290 +/- 140 ng/g; dibutyltin 1280 +/- 430 ng/g). The biological half-life of TBT in wharf roach was estimated to be about 4 d. In a field study conducted in 2011-2012, wharf roach were collected from 15 coastal sites in Japan and 3 sites in Manado, Indonesia. TBT was detected in both Japanese and Indonesian samples. The highest concentration of TBT was found in wharf roach collected at Bitung ferry port, Manado (57.9 +/- 16.5 ng/g), which is close to a shipyard, and the highest concentration at a Japanese site was 12.3 +/- 6.2 ng/g. Thus, we were able to detect organotins in the coastal environments by testing wharf roach, suggesting that L. exotica might serve as a good bioindicator for monitoring organotin pollution. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Molecular phylogeny and zoogeography of marine sculpins in the genus Gymnocanthus (Teleostei; Cottidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

  Aya Yamazaki, Alexander Markevich, Hiroyuki Munehara

  MARINE BIOLOGY 160 10 2581 - 2589 2013年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Gymnocanthus is the most widely distributed genus in the family Cottidae, with six species distributed in the high-latitude area of northern hemisphere. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the divergence times of species in the genus, 2,548 bp of the partial sequences of the 12-16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b gene were analyzed. Our results suggest the monophyletic genus, which arose in the Aleutian Archipelago, divided into a shallow-water group and a deep-water group 8.1 million years ago (Ma). G. tricuspis of the shallow-water group firstly migrated from the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean 5.0 Ma when the Bering Strait first opened. A second migration occurred in the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene after which G. pistilliger and G. intermedius diverged 3.9 Ma. Our findings are discussed within an evolutionary and zoogeographic context.
• Health risk of methylmercury intake and health benefit of fish consumption

  Nobuya Shirai, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Michiaki Yamashita, Yoshihiro Yokoyama, Yumiko Yamashita, Michiaki Yamashita, Genta Yasunaga, Shintaro Imamura, Michiaki Yamashita, Miyuki Iwai-Shimada, Kunihiko Nakai, Hiroshi Satoh, Gi-wook Hwang, Akira Naganuma, Nobuya Shirai, Testuo Ando, Junji Wakamiya, Junji Wakamiya, Kenichirou Miyamoto, Hiroshi Satoh, Katsutoshi Arai, Akira Komaru, Hiroyuki Munehara, Kyosuke Niwa, Atsushi Hagiwara, Akira Komaru, Katsutoshi Arai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 79 5 890 - 905 2013年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal: postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid

  Noriyosi Sato, Takashi Kasugai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  MARINE BIOLOGY 160 3 553 - 561 2013年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus, females often pick up the spermatangium using their mouth (buccal mass) after copulation. To examine whether the female I. paradoxus directly transfers sperm into the seminal receptacle via this picking behaviour, or removes the spermatangium, we conducted detailed observations of picking behaviour in both virgin and copulated females and compared the sperm storage conditions in the seminal receptacle between females with and without spermatangia picking after copulation in virgin females. In all observations, elongation of the buccal mass occurred within 5 min after copulation. However, sperm volume in the seminal receptacle was not related to spermatangia picking. Observations using slow-motion video revealed that females removed the spermatangia by blowing or eating after picking. These results suggest that picking behaviour is used for sperm removal but not for sperm transfer. Moreover, the frequency of buccal mass elongation was higher in copulated females than in virgin females, consistent with the sequential mate choice theory whereby virgin females secure sperm for fertilisation, while previously copulated females are more selective about their mate. Female I. paradoxus may choose its mate cryptically through postcopulatory picking behaviour.
• Two Patterns of Parasitic Male Mating Behaviors and Their Reproductive Success in Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes

  Yasunori Koya, Yukari Koike, Rie Onchi, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 30 2 76 - 82 2013年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We found two patterns of parasitic mating behaviors by male in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, in the spawning by one female and two males in the aquarium condition. In the first type of parasitic mating behavior, the unpaired male would rush toward the closely adhering female and paired male, and simultaneously perform emission behavior with close adhesion to the female (simultaneous emission). The second type of parasitic mating behavior was that the unpaired male would rush toward the female with spawned eggs hanging down from the genital pore several seconds after pair-spawning, perform emission behavior with close adhesion to the female without any pre-spawning behavior (post-spawn emission). The frequencies of "simultaneous emission" and "post-spawn emission" were 20 (19.6%) and 18 cases (17.7%), respectively, in 102 trials, and the average reproductive successes about 41% and 20%, respectively. The reproductive success of simultaneous emission was not correlated with the timing and duration of spawning behaviors of the paired/unpaired male, while the reproductive success of post-spawn emission significantly decreased as the length of time during which the paired male adhered to female increased. Observations of two consecutive spawning behaviors using same combination of two males revealed that paired males always tend to become paired males. However, the role of both males was occasionally reversed, indicating flexibility in mating tactics.
• The possibility of overwintering by Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) at the northern limits of its distribution

  Noriyosi Sato, Noriyosi Sato, Hiroyuki Munehara

  American Malacological Bulletin 31 1 101 - 104 2013年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Idiosepius paradoxus (Ortmann, 1881) has been previously collected only in the four months from September to December at Usujiri, in northern Japan, which is considered its northern limit. Previous reports indicate that I. paradoxus is not able to overwinter at this distribution boundary. In winter 2006-2007, seawater temperatures were higher than in previous years. To investigate whether I. paradoxus overwinters in Usujiri, we collected specimens monthly and compared their occurrence pattern with seawater temperature data. In 2007, samples were collected between April and August, months in which they had not been previously collected in Usujiri. Winter seawater temperatures in 2007 were higher than in any other year. These results suggested that I. paradoxus successfully overwintered in Usujiri. However, winter water temperatures in 2008 returned to their usual lows, and specimens were not found in April. Therefore, overwintering success appeared to be temporary, and range expansion toward higher latitudes does not appear to have yet occurred.
• Isolation and characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellites for the Hokkai Shrimp, Pandalus latirostris

  Noriko Azuma, Yuta Seki, Yoshiaki Kikkawa, Tomoyuki Nakagawa, Yoko Iwata, Taku Sato, Hiroyuki Munehara, Susumu Chiba

  CONSERVATION GENETICS RESOURCES 3 3 529 - 531 2011年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We have developed and characterized 13 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Hokkai Shrimp, Pandalus latirostris, to provide an effective tool for conducting genetic studies on this species. No linkage disequilibria and no deviation from HWE were detected in these markers. In 32 individuals from Lake Notoro in Hokkaido, Japan, the number of alleles and expected heterozygosities ranged from 7 to 22 and from 0.84 to 0.95, respectively, suggesting the availability of these markers for ecological studies and conservation genetics in this species.
• Comparative studies of testicular structure and sperm morphology among copulatory and non-copulatory sculpins (Cottidae: Scorpaeniformes: Teleostei)

  Yasunori Koya, Youichi Hayakawa, Alexander Markevich, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 58 2 109 - 125 2011年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Testicular structure of 9 species and sperm head morphology of 19 species of Cottidae were observed in order to clarify relationships between morphological characteristics of the male reproductive organ and reproductive mode (copulation or non-copulation). Morphological structure of the testis was divided into the following five types based on the sperm transfer and reservoir system: (1) a non-duct type in which the sperm duct is not a distinct exterior structure, but the tube for sperm transport traverses along the testis as an interior structure; (2) an anterior duct type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the testis; (3) a posterior duct type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the dorsal hilus of testis and posterior sperm ducts extending to the rear of the testis; (4) an anterior duct posterior vesicle type with distinct anterior sperm ducts traversing along the testis, and the right and left sperm ducts fusing in the rear of testis, forming the seminal vesicle; (5) a non-duct posterior vesicle type in which sperm ducts do not accompany the testis, and the testis and seminal vesicle are connected directly or through posterior sperm ducts. It is thought that in Cottidae the non-duct type of reproductive organ is primitive, and the anterior duct type is common to all non-copulating species. The testes and accompanying seminal vesicle were seen only in copulating species. Sperm head morphology was divided into three types according to the length/width ratio: oval type a parts per thousand currency sign2, intermediate type > 2 and a parts per thousand currency sign3, and slender type > 3. The type of sperm head corresponded closely to the reproductive mode; non-copulating species had oval sperm head, and copulating species had intermediate or slender ones. These results suggest that the structure of the testis and the morphology of the sperm head evolved from testes with anterior sperm ducts and oval sperm heads to testes with an associated seminal vesicle and slender sperm heads in association with the evolution from non-copulatory to copulatory reproduction in Cottidae.
• Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the nudibranch, Chromodoris tinctoria.

  Sato, N, A. Sekizawa, S. Awata, H. Munehara, Y. Nakashima

  Venus 69 3/4 214 - 217 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Spawning substrata are important for breeding habitat selection but do not determine premating reproductive isolation in three sympatric Hexagrammos species

  M. R. Kimura, H. Munehara

  JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 78 1 112 - 126 2011年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Habitat use and spawning substrata were surveyed to characterize the contribution of habitat divergence to reproductive isolation in greenling Hexagrammos species. The spawning substrata and microhabitat in breeding territories differed amongst the three Hexagrammos species studied: H. octogrammus, H. agrammus and H. otakii used small red algae, surfgrass and bryozoans, respectively, as spawning substrata, and breeding territories were established in areas where those substrata were abundant. In contrast, non-territorial individuals were observed in a comparatively wider range of habitats than conspecific territories. Consequently, the distributions of non-territorial individuals of the three species partially overlapped. Since hybrids have been frequently collected, the difference in spawning substrata and the subsequent microhabitat divergence in breeding territories do not prevent females from encountering males of other species. Thus, in addition to habitat divergence, other factors such as behavioural differentiation may be needed to complete premating reproductive isolation amongst these three Hexagrammos species. (C) 2010 The Authors
• Structure of the seminal receptacle and sperm storage in the Japanese pygmy squid

  N. Sato, T. Kasugai, Y. Ikeda, H. Munehara

  JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 282 3 151 - 156 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  To examine the mechanism of sperm storage in Idiosepius paradoxus, here we describe aspects of the mating behavior of I. paradoxus and the morphology of the spermatozoa and the seminal receptacle after copulation. The seminal receptacle is located in the ventral portion of the buccal membrane surrounding the buccal mass, and opens inside the buccal membrane. It branches into approximately six sacs, similar in appearance to a bunch of bananas, and its wall consists of cuboidal ciliated epithelial cells (with oval nuclei) surrounded by a connective tissue. Multiple vacuoles are distributed in the bottom region of each sac. These histological and morphological characteristics differ from previous reports for loliginid squids and cuttlefish. In all except one receptacle observed in this study, sperm were stored near the bottom of each sac, and each sperm was facing the sac bottom. We observed spermatozoa in the entrance of the seminal receptacle in only one squid. These results suggest that spermatozoa were actively moving, and that sperm actively swam to the seminal receptacle. The volume of sperm in the seminal receptacles of the squid that had copulated eight times was the same as that in the squid that had copulated 29 times, which suggests that the seminal receptacle was filled after approximately eight copulation events. A squid that had copulated nine times retained a significant number of sperm in the seminal receptacle after spawning, suggesting that all of the sperm in the receptacle was not depleted after one spawning event.
• Sympatric speciation in a genus of marine reef fishes

  Karen D. Crow, Hiroyuki Munehara, Giacomo Bernardi

  MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 19 10 2089 - 2105 2010年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Sympatric speciation has been contentious since its inception, yet is increasingly recognized as important based on accumulating theoretical and empirical support. Here, we present a compelling case of sympatric speciation in a taxon of marine reef fishes using a comparative and mechanistic approach. Hexagrammos otakii and H. agrammus occur in sympatry throughout their ranges. Molecular sequence data from six loci, with complete sampling of the genus, support monophyly of these sister species. Although hybridization occurrs frequently with an allopatric congener in an area of slight distributional overlap, we found no F(1) hybrids between the focal sympatric taxa throughout their coextensive ranges. We present genetic evidence for complete reproductive isolation based on SNP analysis of 382 individuals indicating fixed polymorphisms, with no shared haplotypes or genotypes, between sympatric species. To address questions of speciation, we take a mechanistic approach and directly compare aspects of reproductive isolation between allopatric and sympatric taxa both in nature and in the laboratory. We conclude that the buildup of reproductive isolation is strikingly different in sympatric vs. allopatric taxa, consistent with theoretical predictions. Lab reared hybrids from allopatric species crosses exhibit severe fitness effects in the F(1) or backcross generation. No intrinsic fitness effects are observed in F(1) hybrids from sympatric species pairs, however these treatments exhibited reduced fertilization success and complete pre-mating isolation is implied in nature because F(1) hybrid adults do not occur. Our study addresses limitations of previous studies and supports new criteria for inferring sympatric speciation.
• Sperm allocation pattern during a reproductive season in the copulating marine cottoid species, Alcichthys alcicornis.

  Munehara, H, H. Murahana

  Environ. Biol. Fish. 83 371 - 377 2010年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• The disruption of habitat isolation among three Hexagrammos species by artificial habitat alterations that create mosaic-habitat

  Motoko R. Kimura, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 25 1 41 - 50 2010年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In the coastal areas of Japan, three species of greenling (Hexagrammos spp.) can hybridize. In a natural reef setting we showed that Hexagrammos agrammus and H. octogrammus established their breeding territories in a shallow area where seaweed was abundant, whereas H. otakii established breeding territories in a deep area that was sparsely covered with seaweed. This difference in habitat use resulted in H. otakii being distributed separately from the other two species, thereby reducing the potential for hybridization. However, all the three species co-occurred in an artificial area near a breakwater. This area is characterized by steep slopes and complex stacked concrete structures, which create a mosaic-habitat consisting of a shallow environment with seaweed and a deep environment with sparse seaweed, allowing the three species to breed within a single area. Our results suggest that man-made structures can create an artificial mosaic-habitat that can disrupt habitat isolation and promote hybridization between species.
• Breeding season, spawning time, and description of spawning behaviour in the Japanese ornate dragonet, Callionymus ornatipinnis: a preliminary field study at the northern limit of its range

  Satoshi Awata, Motoko R. Kimura, Noriyosi Sato, Keita Sakai, Takuzo Abe, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 57 1 16 - 23 2010年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The reproductive behaviour of the Japanese ornate dragonet (Callionymus ornatipinnis) was studied at the northernmost limit of its distribution at Usujiri in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Field observations confirmed that C. ornatipinnis reproduced at Usujiri, and this is the first detailed description of the reproductive behaviour of C. ornatipinnis. Males were observed to swim continuously in a sandy area where females were abundant, persistently approaching females and performing courtship displays. Courtship behaviour consisted of males spreading their fins in front of females. If a female accepted a male for spawning, the pair would then ascend upward 0.7-1.2 m from the sandy bottom and release their pelagic eggs. Spawning, which occurred daily at dusk for approximately 1 h and ceased when it became dark, was related to water temperature and was only observed when water temperature exceeded 19A degrees C. The breeding season of this species at Usujiri spanned only the month of September, which is considerably shorter than that of other dragonet species inhabiting temperate waters. The short breeding season was probably attributed to the fact that the water temperature at Usujiri only exceeds 19A degrees C in the month of September.
• 北海道南部臼尻周辺に出現する頭足類

  佐藤成祥, 宗原弘幸

  ちりぼたん 40 3 138 - 144 日本貝類学会 2010年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Living on the wedge: female control of paternity in a cooperatively polyandrous cichlid

  Masanori Kohda, Dik Heg, Yoshimi Makino, Tomohiro Takeyama, Jun-ya Shibata, Katsutoshi Watanabe, Hiroyuki Munehara, Michio Hori, Satoshi Awata

  PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 276 1676 4207 - 4214 2009年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Theories suggest that, in cooperatively breeding species, female control over paternity and reproductive output may affect male reproductive skew and group stability. Female paternity control may come about through cryptic female choice or female reproductive behaviour, but experimental studies are scarce. Here, we show a new form of female paternity control in a cooperatively polyandrous cichlid fish (Julidochromis transcriptus), in which females prefer wedge-shaped nesting sites. Wedge-shaped sites allowed females to manipulate the siring success of the group member males by spawning the clutch at the spot where the large males were just able to enter and fertilize the outer part of the clutch. Small males fertilized the inner part of the clutch, protected from the large aggressive males, leading to low male reproductive skew. Small males provided more brood care than large males. Multiple paternity induced both males to provide brood care and reduced female brood care accordingly. This is, to our knowledge, the first documented case in a species with external fertilization showing female mating behaviour leading to multiple male paternity and increased male brood care as a result.
• Evidence for divergent natural selection of a Lake Tanganyika cichlid inferred from repeated radiations in body size

  T. Takahashi, K. Watanabe, H. Munehara, L. Rueber, M. Hori

  MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 18 14 3110 - 3119 2009年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Divergent natural selection is thought to play a vital role in speciation, but clear, measurable examples from nature are still few. Among the many possible sources of divergent natural selection, predation pressure may be important because predators are ubiquitous in food webs. Here, we show evidence for divergent natural selection in a Lake Tanganyika cichlid, Telmatochromis temporalis, which uses burrows under stones or empty snail shells as shelters. This species contains normal and dwarf morphs at several localities. The normal morph inhabits rocky shorelines, whereas the dwarf morph invariably inhabits shell beds, where empty snail shells densely cover the lake bottom. Genetic evidence suggested that the dwarf morph evolved independently from the normal morph at two areas, and morphological analysis and evaluation of habitat structure revealed that the body sizes of morphs closely matched the available shelter sizes in their habitats. These findings suggest that the two morphs repeatedly evolved through divergent natural selection associated with the strategy for sheltering from predators.
• Novel sledge net system employing propulsion vehicles for sampling demersal organisms on sandy bottoms

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Yoshiki Tanaka, Tomoyuki Futamura

  ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE 83 3 371 - 377 2009年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  A new sledge net system using propulsion vehicles has been developed to sample more efficiently the demersal juveniles of marine organisms. A net attached to a sledge maneuvered by a SCUBA diver who uses operating switches on a steering handle to adjust the altitude of the sledge and the position of the tickler chains to ensure that the footcloth of the mouth of the net remains in constant contact with the bottom surface. Video camera, flow meter, compass, and dive computers are positioned on the sledge net in the view of the diver. Given that the system can attain speeds of 70 cm s(-1), the net can be employed to capture highly mobile fish. Unlike most boat-based net sampling methods, the use of propulsion vehicles means that there are no sound or vibration disturbances due to the boat and tow ropes typically used to maneuver these types of sampling nets. Marine fauna was collected at monthly intervals over a two-year period in a sampling area along the southern coast of Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 2641 specimens comprising 61 species and including five species which were the first records for the region were collected. These findings suggest that the new sledge net system employing propulsion vehicles was effective for sampling demersal juveniles, particularly in situations where sledge nets towed by boats or push nets cannot be deployed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Seasonal occurrence and sexual maturation of Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) at the northern limits of their distribution

  Noriyosi Sato, Satoshi Awata, Hiroyuki Munehara

  ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE 66 5 811 - 815 2009年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The distribution of aquatic animals is limited by water temperature. However, little is known about migration patterns, overwintering, and reproduction at the extremities of their distribution. To investigate the sexual maturation of Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) and their ability to survive during winter at the northern limits of their distribution, we collected samples monthly at Usujiri in northern Japan and carried out experiments on low-temperature tolerance. Squid were collected during 4 months in autumn and early winter. In autumn, all squid were large and sexually mature, and many egg masses were found on the surface of seagrass, whereas in early winter, only small immature squid were collected. A warm north-flowing current reached the Usujiri area during autumn, so the squid were likely transported by the current and some of the small squid were recruits that hatched there. Field data and the results of experiments on tolerance of the species to low temperatures showed that it cannot survive at the low temperatures around Usujiri in winter. The migration pattern of I. paradoxus may differ from the traditional pattern for marine resources, where young fish are transported passively and do not reproduce at the extremities of their distribution.
• 北海道南部太平洋岸臼尻沿岸からソリネットで採集された５種の魚類

  田中善規, 鶴岡理, 二村智之, 宗原弘幸

  北大水産科学研究彙報 59 3 73 - 80 北海道大学大学院水産科学研究院 = Research Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  One specimen of syngnathid, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker, 1853), eight specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus curvicornis (Valenciennes, 1837), two specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus valenciennei (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843), 12 specimens of paralichthyid, Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858), and 17 specimens of monacanthid, Rudarius ercodes (Jordan and Fowler, 1902) were collected from inshore Usujiri, the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan. These specimens of H. mohnikei, R. valenciennei, T. oligolepis, and R. ercodes represent the northernmost records of these species in the Pacific Ocean, and these of R. curvicornis represent the first records of these species from the study area.
• 北海道南部函館市臼尻沿岸から得られた５種の魚類

  鶴岡理, 山中智之, 阿部拓三, 武藤文人, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衛, 仲谷一宏

  北大水産科学研究彙報 58 3 43 - 50 北海道大学大学院水産科学研究院 = Research Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A holocentrid Ostichthys japonicus (Cuvier, 1829), a platycephalid Platycephalus sp., a cottid Icelus sekii Tsuruoka, Munehara and Yabe, 2006, an agonid Bothragonus occidentalis Lindberg, 1935, and a stichaeid Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi Soldatov, 1916 were collected from off Usujiri, Hakodate, Hokkaido, northern Japan, the western North Pacific. Ostichthys japonicus was previously recorded from the south of Aomori Prefecture and further southern waters; thus present report represents the northern-most record of the species. Platycephalus sp. and B. occidentalis were known only by pelagic juveniles from off Usujiri. Hence, we report the first records of adults of these species from this waters. As I. sekii was previously known only from its type locality, off Rausu and Urakawa, Hokkaido, present report is the second and the southern-most records of this species. Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi has been collected from Peter the Great Bay, Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido and the waters around the Kamchatka Islands, thus present report represents southern-most record of this species in the Pacific Ocean.
• Estimated life span of the Japanese pygmy squid, Idiosepius paradoxus from statolith growth increments

  Noriyosi Sato, Takashi Kasugai, Hiroyuki Munehara

  JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 88 2 391 - 394 2008年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Growth increments in statoliths of Idiosepius paradoxus were observed for aging analysis. The rate of increment formation was examined by staining the statoliths with tetracycline at 5-14 d intervals. In 6 of 16 specimens, increments formed daily, but in the other specimens, increments formed less than one per day. The maximum number of increments observed in males and females were more than 150 and 140, respectively, suggesting a life span Of >= 150 and >= 140 d. During the cool season (from November to April), the dorsal mantle length (DML) and the number of increments gradually increased. Specimens collected in June showed bi-modal patterns in DML and the number of increments. Only small specimens were collected from August to October. These results suggest that two generations alternately occurred in the cool season and in the warm season.
• Partial formation of sperm dimorphism from spermatocytes of the cottoid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti in cell culture

  Y. Hayakawa, E. Takayama-Watanabe, A. Watanabe, M. Kobayashi, H. Munehara, K. Onitake

  ZYGOTE 15 4 285 - 293 2007年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Polymorphism of sperm is considered to be significant for the reproductive strategy in some animal species. The phenomenon is thought to occur in the species-specific stage of spermatogenesis, but how the identical germ cells are differentiated towards polymorphic sperm remains unknown. We here performed a germ cell culture in the cottoid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti, whose sperm exhibit dimorphism with fertilizable eusperm and unfertilizable parasperm. In the culture, germ cells, which were obtained with an identical morphology, a spherical shape of 5-7 mu m in diameter, differentiated into smaller spherical cells with a single nucleus, a moving flagellum and localized mitochondria. In addition, large retroflex-shaped cells with two elongated nuclei were also observed in the cell culture. Germ cells that had each morphological feature were histologically also observed in some cysts of the spermatogenetic testis, suggesting that the former type of cell corresponded to developing eusperm and the latter corresponded to developing parasperm. When BrdU was incorporated into germ cells in the culture, it was detected in both cells with eusperm-like and those with parasperm-like morphologies. These findings suggest that DNA-duplicating spermatocytes are potent to autonomously progress a part of spermatogenesis to form dimorphic sperm.
• Characteristics of broods fertilized with fresh or stored sperm in the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus

  Jiro Nagao, Hiroyuki Munehara

  JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY 27 4 565 - 569 2007年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The effects of preventing female helmet crabs, Telmessus cheiragonus from mating during one breeding season on egg production and egg viability were assessed by investigating the egg clutches of the females isolated from males. A total of 38 females and 18 males were collected in April before the mating peak in 1996 and 1997 in the sublittoral zones of Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan. Eighteen females were held together with 18 males (mating group) and 20 females were isolated from males (non-mating group) during about 7 months of captivity. Subsequently, 11 females of the mating group molted, copulated and produced an egg clutch. and 10 females of the non-mating group melted and spawned without mating. Egg clutch weight and egg diameter did not differ significantly between these two groups. There was also no significant difference in the percentage of viable eggs in an egg Clutch between the groups. These results show that preventing female T. cheiragonous from mating during one breeding season has no effect on either clutch size or % viable eggs in a clutch. Sperm storage over one mating season in this species may be advantageous because it allows inultiparous females, especially larger ones which Could molt and copulate less frequently, to ensure their eggs will be fertilized.
• Maintenance of species boundaries despite rampant hybridization between three species of reef fishes (Hexagrammidae): implications for the role of selection

  Karen D. Crow, Hiroyuki Munehara, Ziyusei Kanamoto, Andrey Balanov, Dmitriy Antonenko, Giacomo Bernardi

  BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 91 1 135 - 147 2007年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Hybridization and introgression are antagonistic to the process of speciation. If hybrids are viable and backcross, introgression will slow or prevent the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations. If species hybridize upon secondary contact, introgression will ultimately erode species boundaries. If hybridization is rampant and gene flow is high, the proportion of hybrids will approach values expected with random mating, and introgression will overcome species boundaries, homogenizing populations. Alternatively, if species are genetically distinct, the proportion of hybrids would be significantly less than expected with random mating, gene flow would be interrupted by selection against hybrids, and inviability or sterility of F-1 hybrids or backcrosses would be expected. Here, we investigate a system with characteristics expected by both of these opposing scenarios. Hybridization occurs between three species of reef fishes in the genus Hexagrammos at unexpected high frequencies in a zone of distributional overlap. Backcrossed individuals are detected, indicating F-1 hybrids are viable and capable of reproducing. Yet, these species are genetically distinct at multiple loci. To study this apparent paradox, we estimate the relative proportions of hybrids, patterns of symmetry, inviability, and cytonuclear disequilibria using one mitochondrial and two nuclear markers. We invoke selection against hybrids, at various life history stages, in the maintenance of species boundaries in this system. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London.
• Histological structure of the male reproductive organs and spermatogenesis in a copulating sculpin, Radulinopsis taranetzi (Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae)

  Takuzo Abe, Hiroyuki Munehara

  Ichthyological Research 54 2 137 - 144 2007年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Characteristics of the structure and function of male reproductive organs in the copulating sculpin Radulinopsis taranetzi were investigated based on histological observations. The male reproductive organs comprised three parts: a pair of testes, a seminal vesicle, and a penis. Germinal cells matured in cysts located in the small seminal lobules. Asynchronous spermatogenesis advanced rapidly from the posterior to the anterior region of the testes. After sperm matured in the posterior part of the testes, the seminiferous epithelium of the seminal lobules synthesized and secreted eosinophilic fluid that showed a positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction into the seminal lobules. Spermatozoa excreted from the posterior part of the testes were stored together with the secretion in the seminal vesicle and showed no activity in the seminal fluid. Histological observations throughout the year suggest that the fluid is secreted and spermatozoa are stored in the seminal vesicles during February to July, which is presumably when mating occurs. The importance of testicular maturation and the secretion of eosinophilic fluid during this long reproductive period is also discussed. © The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2007.
• Maternal identification of hybrid eggs in Hexagrammos spp. by means of multiplex amplified product length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA

  Motoko R. Kimura, Takashi Yanagimoto, Hiroyuki Munehara

  AQUATIC BIOLOGY 1 2 187 - 194 2007年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Hybridization has been frequently observed among 3 species of greenlings (genus Hexagrammos) common in waters off Japan. In order to estimate the frequency of hybridization events from egg masses collected from male territories, efficient maternal identification of numerous egg masses is required. A novel streamlined approach for maternal identification of 3 Hexagrammos spp. was developed using multiplex amplified product length polymorphism (APLP) analysis of the mitochondrial. cytochrome b (Cytb) and the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (12-16S rRNA) regions. Concurrent use of species-specific primer sets permits the amplification of different-sized PCR products, diagnosing each species through one procedure of PCR in a single reaction tube. The APLP method produced more rapid, reliable, and cost-efficient species identifications compared to those from an established restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) protocol.
• Spermatogenesis involving parasperm production in the marine cottoid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti

  Youichi Hayakawa, Makito Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Munehara, Akihiko Watanabe, Kazuo Onitake

  RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY supplement 14 29 - 35 2007年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The production of non-fertile parasperm along with fertile eusperm during spermatogenesis occurs widely in animals. The parasperm of some invertebrates are known to promote eusperm fertilization. Parasperm are also produced in some species of colloid fish. This study showed that the production of parasperm without eusperm and vice versa does not occur during spermatogenesis in Gilbert's Irish lord, Hemilepidotus gilberti. Gonadosomatic indices (gonad weight / body weight with gonads x 100), which represent the gonad investment of each male, increased approximately four months prior to the spawning season, corresponding to a spur in the development of eusperm and parasperm. Both sperms may have differentiated from the same spermatocytes and electron microscopy has proven that the spermatids that become eusperm and parasperm were connected by intercellular bridges in a cyst. In the present study, the development of parasperm of H. gilberti in relation to its functions on sperm competition is also discussed.
• Testis size depends on social status and the presence of male helpers in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Julidochromis ornatus

  S Awata, D Heg, H Munehara, M Kohda

  BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY 17 3 372 - 379 2006年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Cooperatively breeding animals, in which helpers may participate in reproduction with dominant breeders, are ideal species for examining intraspecific variation in testis size because they often exhibit both monogamous breeding (low risk of sperm competition) and polyandrous breeding (high risk) within a population. However, little is known about testis investment as a result of sperm competition in these animals. The substrate-brooding cichlid fish Julidochromis ornatus has a cooperatively breeding system, in which some males mate monogamously and other males reproduce as dominant breeders or helpers within cooperatively breeding groups, in which male helpers frequently sire young. We examined the relationship between testis investment and male social status in relation to the risk of sperm competition. As predicted from sperm competition models, in groups with male helpers, both the male breeders and the male helpers invested more in testes mass, compared to breeding males without male helpers. We also found a positive relationship between the testes mass of male breeders and their male helpers, suggesting that males increase their investment in reproductive capability under the risk of sperm competition. Sperm competition models also predict that larger testes are associated with increased siring success. Our paternity analysis supported this prediction; we found a positive relationship between testis investment by male helpers and the number of offspring they sired.
• A new cottid species, Icelus sekii (Perciformes : Cottoidei), from Hokkaido, Japan

  O Tsuruoka, H Munehara, M Yabe

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 53 1 47 - 51 2006年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  A new cottid species, Icelus sekii, is described on the basis of six specimens collected from off Rausu and Urakawa, Hokkaido Island, Japan. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: supraocular and parietal spines absent; nuchal spine obscure; uppermost preopercular spine unbranched; no scales between dorsal scale row and lateral line scale row, and no scales below lateral line scale row; supraocular, parietal, and nuchal cirri present; five dark brown saddles dorsolaterally; anal fin rays 13; pectoral fin rays 15; vertebrae 12 + 24-25 = 36-37. Icelus sekii can be mature at the smallest size among the species of Icelus. As a secondary sexual character, the male holotype has unique ensiform flaps on the distal tips of the first dorsal fin.
• ミトコンドリアDNAの塩基配列分析によるヤリイカの遺伝的集団構造.

  伊藤欣吾, 柳本卓, 岩田容子, 宗原弘幸, 桜井泰憲

  日本水産学会誌 72 5 905 - 10 2006年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 北海道および宮城県から記録されたカジカ科魚類ヒメフタスジカジカIcelinus pietschi.

  鶴岡理, 阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衛

  魚類学雑誌 53 1 89 - 93 2006年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Social system and reproduction of helpers in a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish (Julidochromis ornatus) in Lake Tanganyika: field observations and parentage analyses

  S Awata, H Munehara, M Kohda

  BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 58 5 506 - 516 2005年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  It is suggested that some fish of the genus Julidochromis, substrate-brooding Tanganyikan cichlids with biparental care, breed cooperatively with helpers. We studied the social system of J. ornatus in the wild and analysed genetic parentage using microsatellites. Within the studied population three patterns of social system were identified: monogamous pairs (61%, 44 of 72 groups), pairs with helpers (29%, 21), and polygamous harems with helpers (controlled by either a large female or large male owner; 10%, 7). In cooperatively breeding groups, the number of helpers at each nest ranged from 1 to 6 (median 1), and male helpers were more numerous than female helpers. In both sexes, the body size was different among individuals of different social status (harem owner > breeder > helper). Helpers and harem owners of both sexes exhibited brood defence although its frequency was low. The molecular analysis revealed that (1) the helpers were mostly unrelated to dominant breeders, (2) many helpers of both sexes contributed genetically to the next generations, (3) male helpers had high siring success (41 % of young in total), and (4) large young unrelated to group members were detected at 30% of observed nests, which may be due to breeder (or helper) replacements and immigration of young. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding the complex social system of this species, especially the low reproductive skew in comparison with other cooperatively breeding cichlids.
• Spawning and maternal-care behaviours of a copulating sculpin, Radulinopsis taranetzi

  T. Abe, H. Munehara

  Journal of Fish Biology 67 1 201 - 212 2005年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The fertilization mode, and spawning and egg-care behaviours of the sculpin Radulinopsis taranetzi were investigated in the laboratory. Embryonic development began only after the eggs came into contact with sea water. Females spawned c. 1000 eggs and covered them with sand using their pectoral and caudal fins. Unlike other cottids, the females guarded the egg masses after spawning. During the parental period, the supramaxillary lamina and mandibular lamina of females extended to form a disc-like structure, which was used to 'suck' water from near the surface of the egg mass. The frequency and duration of this 'sucking' behaviour increased gradually until hatching, which occurred after 23-26 days at 8°C. The oxygen consumption of the embryos was positively related to the 'sucking' activity. All females in this study spawned only once during the spawning season, in contrast with the paternal-care copulating cottids, which are multiple spawners. © 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
• Alternative male mating tactics of the substrate brooding cichlid Telmatochromis temporalis in Lake Tanganyika

  R Katoh, H Munehara, M Kohda

  ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 22 5 555 - 561 2005年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Telmatochromis temporalis is a bi-parental substrate brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Paired males were always larger than their mates and had territories around nests against conspecific males. However, males smaller than the paired females were found in 18% of the nests. Here we report a reproductive tactic of these small males. The small males had as heavy gonads as paired males, and the gonad somatic index (GSI) of the small males was much higher than that of the latter. The examinations of the paternity and maternity using microsatellite-DNA as a genetic marker revealed that the small males were not genetically related to the pair members, and sired some young in 3 of 5 nests. These small males did not guard the broods, suggesting that they are likely to perform reproductive parasitism as sneakers. Paired males could not enter their spawning nests due to their large size, which made it difficult to chase out sneakers once they entered the nest. Some males as small as the sneakers were found outside the territories of paired males, and their gonads were quite small. Circumstantial evidence suggests that small males have two alternative investment patterns: investing in gonad to be sneakers, and investing in growth to probably be territorial males.
• Dependence of paternity rates on alternative reproductive behaviors in the squid Loligo bleekeri

  Y Iwata, H Munehara, Y Sakurai

  MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 298 219 - 228 2005年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The mating behavior of captive Loligo bleekeri and the paternity of the resulting progeny were examined based on behavioral observations and genetic analyses. In this species, there are 3 mating behaviors (male-parallel, head-to-head, and extra-pair), and 2 sperm storage sites in females (seminal receptacle and the opening of the oviduct), which suggest that sperm competition occurs. All 3 mating behaviors were observed, and females mated often with different males, resulting in multiple paternity within 3 of the 4 broods examined. In each brood, the male to mate last and frequently before the female spawned fertilized the most eggs (87 to 100%). A sneaker male that mated by extra-pair copulation sired 8.5% of the eggs in a brood. Some eggs were fertilized by sperm received before the start of the study, indicating that sperm can be stored for at least several days before a spawning. In the broods with multiple paternity, the paternity patterns differed among egg capsules. Male competition was more intense between similar-sized males than between different-sized males, but body size did not affect the copulative success in the male-parallel position. We found multiple mating and multiple paternity in L. bleekeri. Paternity rates differed depending on the complex of factors, mating position, timing, frequency and duration. Alternative reproductive behaviors would change these factors and lead to different paternity rates.
• Ultrastructural observations of euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa in a copulatory cottoid fish Blepsias cirrhosus

  Y. Hayakawa, H. Munehara

  Journal of Fish Biology 64 6 1530 - 1539 2004年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa of a copulatory (internal insemination with external sperm transfer) cottoid fish Blepsias cirrhosus were observed ultrastructurally. Euspermatozoa of B. cirrhosus consisted of an acrosome-less, thin, disk-like sperm head (1.6-2.0 μm in length and 1.3-1.6 μm in width), a long middle picee, and a long flagellum (c. 30 μm). Aberrant spermatids, which were rich in cytoplasm and possessed two nuclei, occurred in testicular lobules. They were also observed in semen and were round (5.0-5.3 μm in diameter) and biflagellate, suggesting that they are released along with euspermatozoa at ejaculation. The nuclei of aberrant spermatids developed into masses of highly electron-dense globules. Judging from their form, nuclear condition, and connection with normal spermatids by intercellular bridges during spermiogenesis, aberrant spermatids of B. cirrhosus are considered hyperpyrenic paraspermatozoa formed by incomplete cytokinesis at the second meiotic division. © 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
• ヨコスジカジカHemilepidotus gilberti の異型精子による卵塊への正型精子輸送機能に関するモデル的検証

  早川洋一, 秋山良, 宗原弘幸

  魚類学雑誌 51 1 33 - 42 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Annual cycle of testicular maturation in the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus

  J Nagao, H Munehara

  FISHERIES SCIENCE 69 6 1200 - 1208 2003年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To clarify the annual testicular maturation cycle in the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus, seasonal histological changes of the testis and occurrence of grasping pairs and recently copulated females with fresh sperm plugs were investigated. The testis was composed of seminiferous ducts with many testicular lobules. Development of the lobules was divided into six stages (spermatogonia proliferation, first spermatocyte, reduction division, spermatid, spermiogenesis and free sperm stage) based on the spermatogenic phase of the germ cells in each lobule. The mean percentage of the lobules during each stage was calculated every 1-3 months. Developed lobules occurred with a high percentage throughout the year except in June when developing lobules predominated. Grasping pairs and females with fresh sperm plugs were collected during April-July with a peak in May-June. These results suggest that the males have testis with many developing lobules in June when they are active for mating. Newly formed spermatozoa may be stored in the testis and the vas deferens until the next mating season after June, as the spermatozoa may not have an opportunity to fertilize eggs until the next season and there is no sign of spermatozoa absorption in the testis.
• Comparison of ovarian functions for keeping embryos by measurement of dissolved oxygen concentrations in ovaries of copulatory and non-copulatory oviparous fishes and viviparous fishes

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 295 2 245 - 255 2003年11月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To investigate causes of anomalous development of embryos facultatively fertilized in the ovary of a non-copulatory oviparous fish Hemilepidotus gilberti (Scorpaeniformes: Cottdae), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured in ovaries of copulatory oviparous (Alcichthys alcicornis, Bero elegans), non-copulatory oviparous (H. gilberti, Hexagrammus otakii), and viviparous (Sebastes taczanowskii, Zoarces elongatus) fishes. DO concentrations changed during vitellogenesis and ovulation cycles, and also before and after ovulation. DO concentrations in the ovary of H. gilberti and H. otakii at ovulation were 0.27 +/- 0.03 and 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg O-2 1(-1), respectively, whereas in A. alcicornis and B. elegans, the concentrations were 0.47 +/- 0.08 and 0.20 +/- 0.06 mg O-2 1(-1), respectively. In the ovaries of intralumenal gestation viviparous fishes, S. taczanowskii and Z. elongatus, DO concentration was from 0.01 to 0.11 mg O-2 1(-1). The average DO concentration during the artificial pregnancy of A. alcicornis was 0.97 +/- 0.19 mg O-2 1(-1), but all embryos showed deformity. DO concentrations recorded in oviparous fishes in this study were lower than the oxygen level at which most oviparous fish embryos exhibit retardation or death, and it probably caused the anomalous embryonic development. In contrast, the normal development of viviparous fish embryos at low oxygen level was attributed to the specialized structure of ovary, e.g. the dual arterial system to supply the developing embryos with the respiratory demands in Sebastes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Characterization of microsatellite markers in the squid, Loligo bleekeri (Cephalopoda : Loliginidae)

  Y Iwata, H Munehara, Y Sakurai

  MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES 3 3 392 - 393 2003年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Loligo bleekeri has a long spawning season and the size of mature males changes during the season: dimorphic (large/small) early in the spawning season and monomorphic (small) later in the spawning season. To understand how copulatory behaviours relate to the dimorphism, we developed five polymorphic microsatellite loci in L. bleekeri. The level of polymorphism ranged from 10 to 22 alleles with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.79 to 0.93, suggesting that the novel polymorphic loci should be useful for parentage analysis of L. bleekeri.
• Spawning behavior of Japan Sea greenling, Pleurogrammus azonus, off the Bol’shoi Pelis Island, Peter the Great bay, Russia.

  Munehara, H, A.I. Markevich

  Bull. Fish. Sci. Hokkaido Univ 54 3 67 - 72 北海道大学 2003年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Mating system and kin relationship between adults and young in the shell-brooding cichlid fish Neolamprologus meeli in Lake Tanganika

  Sunobe, T, Munehara, H

  J Ethol. 21 2 87 - 92 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Mating system and parental behavior of ten monogamous pairs and two polygynous groups of the Tanganyikan cichlid Neolamprologus meeli were observed in their natural habitat. The home ranges of males and females overlapped with each other. Most groups included one to six young. Paternal and maternal relationships were determined for 22 young from DNA microsatellite markers. Three types of kinship were found: (I) kinship to both the male and female; (II) kinship to females only; and (III) nonkinship to both sexes. In the groups with type II young, step-fathering or sneaking may have occurred. Type III young were larger than type I, suggesting that the former were of sufficient size to leave their birth nest and settle in the territories of foster parents. Both males and females drove out potential predators of young (including three species of Lepidiolamprologus) as a parental behavior. Adults with type III young attacked approaching predators with as much frequency as those with type I young only, indicating that they provided alloparental care. Adults and young swam together, but, a significant difference existed in the frequencies of interactions between adults versus kin young and adults versus non-kin young. The results suggest that both adults and young recognized kin.
• Dimorphic sperm influence semen distribution in a non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti

  Y Hayakawa, R Akiyama, H Munehara, A Komaru

  ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 65 3 311 - 317 2002年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We used an artificial semen emission test to examine the semen transporting role of parasperm (unflagellated sperm), which are produced along with eusperm ( normal sperm) by an incomplete meiosis in the marine sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti. After separation of contents of semen ( eusperm, parasperm, and seminal plasma) by centrifugation, the distance traveled by semen discharged vertically from a syringe into seawater was compared among various test semen; eusperm semen ( eusperm re-mixed with seminal plasma), parasperm semen ( parasperm re-mixed with seminal plasma), normal semen ( eusperm and parasperm re-mixed with seminal plasma), and natural semen (unmodified semen). Parasperm semen traveled more than 1.5 times as far as the eusperm semen. The lateral dispersion width of normal semen after emission was significantly narrower than that of eusperm semen. These findings indicate that parasperm can reduce the lateral dispersion and prolong the distance semen travels. The eusperm ratio in the lower portion of the emitted semen did not differ from that in the upper portion, indicating that eusperm evenly distribute within the ejaculate and reach the lower portion of semen. Since males cannot closely approach eggs that are deposited in the narrow space between the female's belly and the spawning substrate, restraint of lateral dispersion and prolongation of the distance semen traveled would increase the number of eusperm arriving at eggs, despite reduction of eusperm in the ejaculate.
• Ultrastructural observations of Eu- and paraspermiogenesis in the cottid fish Hemilepidotus gilberti (Teleostei : Scorpaeniformes : Cottidae)

  Y Hayakawa, A Komaru, H Munehara

  JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 253 3 243 - 254 2002年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The developmental process of eu- and paraspermatozoa in the cottid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti, was observed by electron microscopy. Euspermatozoa of H. gilberti consist of a thin disk-like sperm head (about 3 mum in length), a short middle piece, and a long flagellum, but lack an acrosome. On the other hand, during spermiogenesis, aberrant spermatids, rich in cytoplasm and possessing binuclei, develop into cysts containing spermatids. The developing aberrant spermatids connect with normal spermatids and euspermatozoa by intercellular bridges. The early phase of chromatin condensation in aberrant spermatids is almost identical to that in normal spermatids, but the nuclei in the later phase develop into a mass of highly electron-dense globules. Since the aberrant spermatids complete karyokinesis but not cytokinesis at telophase of the second meiotic division, they are considered to develop into hyperpyrenic cells due to incomplete cytokinesis of the second meiotic division. These spermatids are oval in shape (5-7 mum in diameter) and lack a flagellum. The aberrant spermatids of H. gilberti are shed along with euspermatozoa and amount to about 50% of semen in volume. Judging from their form and developmental process, aberrant spermatids produced in H. gilberti are considered hyperpyrenic paraspermatozoa. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• Initiation of sperm motility depending on a change in external osmotic pressure in the noncopulatory marine cottid fish Gymnocanthus herzensteini

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 49 3 291 - 293 2002年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The initiation of sperm motility in a noncopulatory marine cottid fish, Gymnocanthus herzensteini, was examined. The spermatozoa, which were immotile in seminal plasma, initiated motility at osmolalities of more than 500 mOsm kg(-1) in NaCl solution and 400 mOsm kg(-1) in KCl and mannitol solutions, indicating that the initiation of sperm motility depends on changes in external osmolality, in contrast with that of the sperm of other marine cottid fish, which are motile in seminal plasma. This study revealed that there are plural manner of initiation of sperm motility in marine cottid fish, which are oviparous but include both copulatory and noncopulatory modes.
• Obstructive role of the dimorphic sperm in a non-copulatory marine sculpin, Hemilepidotus gilberti, to prevent other males' eusperm from fertilization

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara, A Komaru

  ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 64 4 419 - 427 2002年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Synopsis In many species of animals, males normally produce parasperm (dimorphic sperm) along with eusperm (normal sperm) during spermatogenesis. In the present study, to clarify the role of parasperm of the non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti, whose reproduction is characterized by polyandrous oviposition involving sneaking by neighboring territorial males, we observed the movements of parasperm. Parasperm could not move by themselves, but they were transported in solutions by passive movement due to collisions with actively swimming eusperm. In the viscous ovarian fluid (OF), which isolates eggs from seawater by covering them during spawning, parasperm did not exhibit any movement. However, they could be transported by eusperm movement in solutions with dissolved OF, partly because the viscosity of the fluid become lower. And then, in some solutions parasperm formed lumps. Lump formation of parasperm was also observed at the boundary surface of an egg mass where OF contacted seawater. Eusperm added experimentally to a solution in which parasperm were forming lumps were engulfed in the lumps and never escaped. Thus, Jump formation of parasperm would be obstacles for the later arriving eusperm. Although lumps formed against both kin and non-kin eusperm, parasperm are thought to be available to overcome sperm competition which would occur during spawning that involves sneaking being almost concurrent with lump formation. The territorial male eusperm reach the eggs while his parasperm hinder other males' eusperm from reaching the eggs. Thus, we concluded that parasperm of H. gilberti play a role on protection of paternity by blocking rival eusperm physically from approaching eggs.
• Mixed-species brooding between two Baikal sculpins: field evidence for intra- and interspecific competition for reproductive resources

  H Munehara, VG Sideleva, A Goto

  JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 60 4 981 - 988 2002年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In an examination of the distribution of nesting spaces of two Baikal sculpins, Paracottus kneri and Cottus kessleri, along two transects offshore at Bolshye Koty, a total of 43 P. kneri nests, 32 C kessleri nests and one Batrachocottus baicalensis nest was found. Males of these species established breeding nests under overhanging stones in the same manner as most freshwater sculpins, but nests of each species were clearly partitioned in separate zones. Cottus kessleri nests were found where the lake floor was mostly covered with overhanging stones. Paracottus kneri nests, however, were found where the lake floor was moderately covered with overhanging stones. Two mixed-species brooding nests with a C kessleri guarding male were found in an area bounded by the two zones. Each of these nests comprised one P. kneri egg mass and several C kessleri egg masses, guarded by a C kessleri male. The nest distribution of these fishes appears to reflect intra- and interspecific competition for overhanging stones as a reproductive resource rather than interspecific difference of nest selection. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the Hypoptychus dybowskii (Pisces, Gasterosteiformes)

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Noriko Nagai, Yoji Narimatsu, Yoji Narimatsu

  Molecular Ecology Notes 2 1 70 - 71 2002年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes) exhibits allopaternal care frequently caused by various types of male reproductive tactics (sneaking, egg desertion and taking over). In order to understand this interesting reproductive system, we isolated microsatellites loci from H. dybowskii. Five microsatellites showed 2-10 alleles and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.15 to 0.84. These were not significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. These results suggest that these novel polymorphic loci should be useful for parentage analysis of H. dybowskii.
• Sperm storage and motility in the ovary of the marine sculpin Alcichthys alcilcornis (Teleostei : Scorpaeniformes), with internal gametic association

  Y Koya, H Munehara, K Takano

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 292 2 145 - 155 2002年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys, alcicornis, is a marine teleost with a unique reproductive mode called "internal gametic association," in which sperm introduced into the ovary by copulation enter the micropylar canal of ovulated eggs in the ovarian cavity, but actual sperm-egg fusion does not occur until the eggs have been released into sea water. It is also known that this fish is a multiple spawner, which spawns at intervals of a few days for one month, and the sperm introduced into the ovary at the beginning of the spawning season retain their fertilizability for the entire period. To clarify how the fertilizability of sperm is maintained internally, the ultrastructure of sperm, the morphological characteristics related to sperm storage in the ovary, and the characteristics of sperm motility were investigated. Mature sperm generally have the normal form of teleost sperm, devoid of acrosomal structures. However, it was found that the midpiece is comparatively elongated and has a compact aggregation of many small-size mitochondria. The intraovarian sperm remained floating in the ovarian fluid throughout the spawning season. The sperm showed high motility in isotonic and weak alkaline solution, containing sodium ions, which was similar to the ovarian fluid of this fish. Sperm continued to move in artificial ovarian fluid for 7-14 days. Considering these results together, it is thought that the intraovarian sperm move throughout the spawning season due to the plentiful energy generated by the many mitochondria. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• Reproductive cycle of the helmet crab (Telmessus cheiragonus)

  J Nagao, H Munehara

  CRABS IN COLD WATER REGIONS: BIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT, AND ECONOMICS 19 323 - 337 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To clarify the annual reproductive cycle of the helmet crab, Telmessus cheiragonus, in the coastal regions of Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan, the gonads of a total of 266 adult crabs (148 males and 118 females) were examined histologically. Ovarian maturity was divided into five stages (stages 1-5). The ovaries were immature (stage 1 or stage 2) during October-March and maturing during April-September. The females became ovigerous during October-January. In males, the developmental stage of the testicular lobules was divided into six stages (stages I-VI). All stages were observed throughout the year but immature lobules (stages I-IV) occurred most frequently in May-June. The mating season was estimated to between March and July with a peak of mating activity in May. This information was based on the occurrence of soft-shell females. From a result of these observations, the annual reproductive cycle of this species is estimated to require a year and was divided into the ovarian maturation phase (April-September) and the incubation phase (October-March). During the ovarian maturation phase, the molting of the females and subsequent mating seemed to occur frequently. During the incubation phase, most females maintained immature ovaries. Inhibition of ovarian maturing during the incubation phase may be a characteristic of the reproductive cycle of this species.
• Composition, biomass, and photosynthetic activity of the benthic algal communities in a littoral zone of Lake Baikal in summer

  Kentaro Nozaki, Hiroshi Morino, Hiroyuki Munehara, Valentina G. Sideleva, Katsuki Nakai, Mitsugu Yamauchi, Olga M. Kozhova, Masami Nakanishi

  Limnology 3 3 175 - 180 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The composition, biomass, and photosynthetic activity of benthic algal communities were investigated in a littoral zone of the south basin of Lake Baikal in July 1998. A transect survey revealed a vertical transition of the dominant taxonomic groups: Ulothrix and diatoms dominated in the shallowest station (depth, 0.5m), whereas only diatoms were found in a station with a depth of 1 m. In deeper stations (depth, 2-3m), an endemic filamentous green alga, Draparnaldioides baicalensis, was the predominant form, but in addition to this species, Tetraspora and diatoms were also abundant in algal communities collected in the deepest stations (depth, 5-6m). Biomass expressed as chlorophyll a (Chl a) varied in the range of 8 mg Chl a·m-2 (at a depth of 1m) and 300 mg Chl a·m-2 (at a depth of 3m). The maximum photosynthetic rate (of carbon, C) of the community dominated by Ulothrix was 0.24 mg C·mg Ch1 a 1·h 1, whereas the corresponding rate of the community dominated by Draparnaldioides was 1.51 mg C· Ch1 a 1·h1.
• Primer sequences and cross-species amplification for parentage discrimination of Tanganyikan cichlid fishes

  Munehara, H, S. Awata, R. Katoh, M. Kohda, T. Sunobe

  Bull. Fish. Sci. Hokkaido Univ 52 3 131 - 133 北海道大学 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Facultatively internal fertilization and anomalous embryonic development of a non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti Jordan and Starks (Scorpaeniformes : Cottidae)

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 256 1 51 - 58 2001年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Fertilized residual eggs were observed in the ovaries of spent females of a non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti Jordan and Starks. Fertilized eggs were present in 23 of 35 females, and approximately 38% of the total residual eggs (n = 227) were fertilized. These eggs were thought to be fertilized facultatively with spermatozoa that entered the ovary through ovarian fluid during spawning. The high calcium concentration (1.42+/-0.21 mM kg(-1)) in ovarian fluid, which is beyond the threshold concentration required for fertilization, may anew internal fertilization to occur. Embryos at various developmental stages were observed, but all were deformed and surrounded by unhardened chorions. Since no larvae were observed, all the fertilized residual eggs would have degenerated in the ovary in accordance with other unfertilized residual eggs. These observations suggest that the ovary of the oviparous fish H. gilberti is an unsuitable environment for embryos to develop, possibly because it may be unable to supply developing embryos with needed elements, such as oxygen. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
• Territoriality egg desertion and mating success of a paternal care fish, Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Y Narimatsu, H Munehara

  BEHAVIOUR 138 85 - 96 2001年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The territoriality of parental males and the hatching late of egg masses in their territories were examined in Hypoptychus dybowskii, a species in which territorial males care for egg masses only just after mating, and sneaker males are known to occur. Most males deserted the territories with egg masses, but the hatching rates of abandoned and attended egg masses were similar. A large percentage of the deserted territories with egg masses were taken over by non-territorial males. Comparison of the mating success between males that deserted territories and those that attended territories showed that territory desertion occurred when males experienced fewer chances to mate. These results indicate that territorial males contributed little to embryonic survivorship after egg mass hardening, and deserted their territories depending on the mating rate. Such an unique reproductive strategy may be adaptive when there are no parental costs after arrangement of egg masses, high hatching rates of abandoned egg masses, and a high chance of sneaking.
• 臼尻沿岸に出現するワレカラ類

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸

  北大水産科学研究彙報 52 1 11 - 37 北海道大学 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  ハイマツの冬胞子葉さび病菌Coleosporium pini-pumilaeは，ハイマツの針葉に形成される冬胞子世代のみを有する短世代種と考えられていたが，その証明はなく，さらに精子器形成の有無，感染後の潜伏期間などは不明であった．岩手山の網張国有林で採取した冬胞子から形成された担子胞子によるストローブマツおよびアカマツ新葉への接種試験の結果，10カ月後にストローブマツのみ冬胞子が形成された．以上の結果，本種には精子器は存在せず，冬胞子世代のみをもつ短世代種であることが実験的に証明された．本実験では，被接種植物を平地の苗畑(盛岡市)に置いたため潜伏期間は10カ月であったが，自然発生地での観察から，潜伏期間は2年にわたる場合も多いと考察した．
• Spawning behavior and interspecific breeding in three Japanese greenlings (Hexagrammidae)

  H Munehara, Z Kanamoto, T Miura

  ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 47 3 287 - 292 2000年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The spawning behavior of Hexagrammos otakii, H. octogrammus and H. agrammus was observed in two different regions of northern Japan using underwater video cameras placed near nests guarded by males. The spawning behavior of the three species consisted of similar patterns, although body size and nuptial coloration and nest location of territorial male H. otakii differed from those of the other two Hexagrammos species. The courtship display of territorial males in each species involved rushing, butting and undulation of the trunk. When a female entered the nest, the male leaned his head on the future spawning bed in the nest and spasmodically undulated his trunk. The female that responded to the courtship laid her eggs within the seaweed bed. The territorial male then passed over the eggs, touching his genital pore to the egg mass, and released sperm. Sneaking by other males was frequently observed following the sperm emission. In both regions, females of H. octogrammus and H. agrammus commonly responded to courtship of male H. otakii and mated with them, but not vice versa. Possible reasons for the natural occurrence of such unidirectional hybridization are discussed.
• Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in a paternal care fish, Hexagrammos otakii

  H Munehara, O Takenaka

  JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 18 2 101 - 104 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The fertilization success of sneaking behavior in a paternal care fish, Hexagrammos otakii, was estimated using microsatellites as genetic markers. Sneaking behavior was observed using a video camera placed near the nest of a breeding territorial male. Two egg masses fertilized by different patterns of sperm Emission by the territorial male and sneaker males were examined for paternity discrimination. When a sneaker emitted a large amount of sperm after sperm emission by the territorial male, the sneaker fertilized more eggs than the territorial male. When the territorial male and a sneaker alternately emitted semen, the territorial male fertilized the most eggs. These results suggest that both the amount of emitted sperm and the timing of sperm emission are important factors in sperm competition.
• Spawn date dependent survival and growth in the early life stages of Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Y Narimatsu, H Munehara

  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 56 10 1849 - 1855 1999年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The effects of spawn date on survival and growth during the embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages of a coastal fish, Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes), were examined. Monitoring of embryos using SCUBA showed that the embryonic period decreased as the season progressed and the hatching rate was lowest for the early-spawn cohort (EC). Analysis of otolith daily growth increments indicated that EC larvae had much lower survival and growth rates than larvae of middle-spawn (MC) and late-spawn cohorts (LC), but there were no large differences in either rate among juveniles of the three cohorts. EC suffered the highest mortality rates in the embryonic and larval stages; these high rates were linked with slow development and growth, probably caused by below-optimum water temperatures. EC fish grew over a longer period and reached larger body size than MC and LC fish. These results suggest that intraannual variations in growth pattern and survival rate in the embryonic and larval stages were caused by spawn date differences, which favored the LC in the study year, but the EC might have a size-dependent advantage in survivorship and reproductive success during the postjuvenile stages.
• Embryonic development of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii

  J Nagao, H Munehara, K Shimazaki

  JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY 19 1 77 - 83 1999年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  External morphological changes in embryos of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt) reared in the laboratory were observed. Embryonic development was divided into 9 stages based on morphological changes: precleavage stage, cleavage and blastula stage, gastrula stage, naupliar stage, metanaupliar stage, pigmented-eye stage, heartbeat-initiation stage, prezoea stage, and prehatching stage. Embryos spawned by a female in January developed to the gastrula stage by March. Embryos from another female developed from the gastrula stage to the prehatching stage from March to December, and hatched in January. These results suggest that the incubation period under laboratory conditions was about 12 months. Since one female collected in February still carried prezoea-stage embryos, the embryonic growth rate in the laboratory was expected to be higher than in the field. It is thought that the length of the incubation period is affected by many environmental factors, but the embryonic growth rate is mainly controlled by water temperature. Thus, around Hukkaido, where specimens studied were collected, incubating females may be distributed in temperatures cooler than in the laboratory.
• クチバシカジカの繁殖生態

  宗原弘幸, 佐藤長明, 渡辺信次

  伊豆海洋通信 10 2 - 3 1999年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Fertilization environment of the non-copulating marine sculpin, Hemilepidotus gilberti

  Youichi Hayakawa, Hiroyuki Munehara

  Environmental Biology of Fishes 52 1-3 181 - 186 1998年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  To clarify the extracellular environment for external fertilization in the non-copulating marine sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti, sperm motility was measured in NaCl, KCl, mannitol Solutions, seawater, and ovarian fluid. Spermatozoa of H. gilberti actively moved in seminal plasma the moment they were removed from the genital papilla. Spermatozoa showed higher motility in NaCl solution at osmolalities between 300-400 mOsmol kg-1. In KCl and in mannitol solutions, spermatozoa actively moved at osmolalities between 500 and 800 mOsmol kg-1, and at osmolality 300 mOsmol kg-1, respectively. The ovarian fluid was a transparent and viscous gelatinous material, rich in sodium with an osmolality of 340 mOsmol kg-1. Sperm motility in the ovarian fluid lasted more than 90 min, which was six times longer than in seawater. This sperm motility under conditions isotonic to body fluid is similar to that of copulating marine sculpins rather than to other non-copulating marine fishes. In addition, eggs of H. gilberti could be fertilized in the ovarian fluid. This suggests that external fertilization takes place under physiological conditions similar to the internal conditions of the ovary provided by the ovarian fluid, which isolates the eggs from sea water for several hours after spawning. This manner of fertilization is thought to be one of the evolutionary pre-adaptations allowing copulation among marine sculpins.
• Diel Rhythms of Oxygen Consumption and Activity Level of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

  Haijin Liu, Yasunori Sakurai, Hiroyuki Munehara, Kenji Shimazaki

  Fisheries Science 63 5 655 - 658 1997年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The diel rhythms of oxygen consumption and activity level were measured over a 24-hr period in three size groups of starved juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by continuous-flow respiratory and video-observation analysis, respectively. In the small group (mean body weight±SD, MBW: 3.3±0.9 g), two peaks of oxygen consumption were observed at 03:00 and 17:00 hours, and the hourly metabolic rates were not significantly different between dark and light periods. In the medium group (MBW: 20.3±3.7 g) and the large group (MBW: 58.5±7.1 g), only a single peak was observed at 04:00 or 06:00 hours, and the hourly consumption rates were significantly higher in the dark than in the light. For all groups, the highest oxygen consumption rates occurred under conditions of weak light or darkness. The routine metabolic rate is described by the equation logM=0.643 log W -0.387, where M is the oxygen consumption rate (mgO2/kg/hr) and W is body weight (kg) at 20°C. The diel pattern in activity rate (duration of swimming per hour in minutes) was similar to the pattern of oxygen consumption; fishes were more active during the night (mean activity rate=5.0 min/hr) than during the day (mean activity rate=2.2 min/hr). The relation between rate of oxygen consumption and activity rate is discussed.
• Influence of Haemobaphes cyclopterina and H-intermedius (Copepoda) on Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus), respectively

  RA Khan, H Munehara, K Ryan, JW Lawson

  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE 75 8 1280 - 1284 1997年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and effects of two species of blood-feeding copepods on their definitive fish hosts, viz. Haemobaphes cyclopterina parasitizing Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and H. intermedius infecting tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus). Infected and uninfected Arctic cod and tidepool sculpins were captured by SCUBA and dip net in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, respectively. Biological variables such as condition factor, hepatic somatic index, gonadal somatic index, and haematocrit were compared between the two groups of Arctic cod of both sexes, whereas only condition factor was compared in the two groups of sculpins of both sexes. Prevalence of H. cyclopterina (8%) was considerably lower than that of H. intermedius (46%). This difference is probably associated with the hosts' behaviour, as the Arctic cod is pelagic whereas the tidepool sculpin is restricted to the littoral zone, where infections are probably acquired. Infected Arctic cod of both sexes had significantly lower condition factor, hepatic and gonadal somatic indices, and haematocrit than non-parasitized fish. Only females harboured Large numbers of the parasite and showed even more dramatic changes than the corresponding groups. The growth period of H. cyclopterina on Arctic cod from the time of infection to the fully developed egg sac stage is probably about 6 months. In tidepool sculpins, condition factor was significantly lower in infected than in uninfected fish. These results, especially for the Arctic cod, parallel those reported for gadoid fish following infection with haematophagous species of Lernaeocera that impair growth and reproduction.
• Age determination and growth from otolith daily growth increments of Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Y Narimatsu, H Munehara

  FISHERIES SCIENCE 63 4 503 - 508 1997年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Age and daily growth of Hypoptychus dybowskii collected periodically off Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, June 1993 to June 1994, were investigated using otolith-increment counts. Daily increment formation was verified by comparing the number of increments formed after alizarin complexone marking with the number of days after treatment. Most growth occurs during the first 6 months from hatching. The relationship between standard length and the number of daily growth increments was best fitted to a Logistic curve for male, and a Gompertz curve for females: (males) Lt=56.25/(1+exp(-0.034(t-68.00))) and (females) Lt=63.16exp(-exp-0.018(t-54.98)) No specimen had more than 365 increments in its sagittae, suggesting this species has a life span of one year.
• Sperm storage and degradation in the ovary of a marine copulating sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): Role of intercellular junctions between inner ovarian epithelial cells

  Y Koya, H Munehara, K Takano

  JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 233 2 153 - 163 1997年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The morphology of female sperm storage during the spawning period and the morphology of sperm degradation after the spawning period were investigated by electron microscopy in a copulating teleost, Alcichthys alcicornis. The spermatozoa were maintained in the ovarian cavity, floating in the ovarian fluid during the spawning period. The spermatozoa then degenerated and were phagocytized by macrophages invading the ovarian cavity after the spawning period. In the ovary during the spawning period, horseradish peroxidase used as a tracer revealed tight junctional complexes connecting adjacent cells of the inner ovarian epithelia (ovarian wall epithelium and ovigerous lamella epithelium). This indicates that a compartmentalization of the ovarian cavity occurs during the spawning period. The junctional complexes were breached after the spawning period, as shown by the fact that horseradish peroxidase penetrated the ovarian cavity via the intercellular space between the adjoining ovigerous lamella epithelia. These results suggest that the spermatozoa in the ovarian cavity are isolated from the maternal immune system by the tight junctional complexes between the adjoining inner ovarian epithelia during the spawning period, and then are eliminated by immune cells following the breakdown of the junctional complexes after the spawning period. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• Extracellular environments for the initiation of external fertilization and micropylar plug formation in a cottid species, Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas) (Scorpaeniformes) with internal insemination

  H Munehara, Y Koya, Y Hayakawa, K Takano

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 211 2 279 - 289 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Conditions for the initiation of fertilization and the initial fertilization process were investigated using histological observations of eggs of Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas), an oviparous fish that undergoes internal insemination. Eggs obtained from ovaries of inseminated females already had spermatozoa present inside the micropylar canal, but showed no signs of fertilization. The contents of the cortical alveolae were discharged after the eggs were immersed in seawater, suggesting that fertilization is initiated after spawning. These observations indicate that the spawning mode of H. villosus is one of internal gametic association with external fertilization, as previously reported in Alcichthys alcicornis and Blepsias cirrhosus. Fertilization occurred in an isotonic media rich in calcium ions. Calcium ion concentration of the ovarian fluid of H. villosus was lower than that of the media in which fertilization occurred. These results suggest the failure to initiate fertilization internally was caused by a deficiency of calcium ions in the ovarian fluid. The plug-like structure in the outer opening of the micropylar canal appeared 10 min after the eggs' immersion in seawater. The plug-like structure appears to originate from irregular particles dispersed on the vestibule. Another plug-like structure appeared in the inner opening of the micropylar canal 2 h after the eggs' immersion in seawater. Rather than blocking polyspermy, the two plug-like structure probably prevent foreign micro-organisms from invading the ooplasm during the long embryonic period (4 months). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
• The reproductive biology and early life stages of Podothecus sachi (Pisces: Agonidae)

  Munehara, H

  Fish. Bull 95 612 - 619 1997年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメにおけるマイクロサテライトＤＮＡ多型を利用した父子判定

  宗原弘幸

  ＤＮＡ多型 5 218 - 222 1997年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Sperm transfer during copulation in the marine sculpin Hemitripterus villosus (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes) by means of a retractable genital duct and ovarian secretion in females

  H Munehara

  COPEIA 1996 2 452 - 454 1996年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Development of artificial reefs for the hoursehair crab.

  Munehara, H, J. Nagao, T. Maruyama

  The 13th Int. Symp. Biol. Crabs, Alaska Sea Grant College Program 613 - 625 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Spawning cycle of the horsehair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt) in Funka Bay, southern Hokkaido, Japan

  Nagao, J, H. Munehara, K. Shimazaki

  The 13th Int. Symp. Biol. Crabs, Alaska Sea Grant College Program 315 - 331 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The reproductive behavior of Gilbert's Irish lord Hemilepidotus gilberti: the first recognition of the non-copulating marine sculpin.

  Hayakawa, Y, Munehara, H

  Icthyol. Res 43 1 73 - 78 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Non-intentional filial egg cannibalism by the guarding male of Hexagrammos otakii (Pisces: Hexagramidae)

  H Munehara, T Miura

  JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 13 2 191 - 193 1995年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• CONDITIONS FOR INITIATION OF FERTILIZATION OF EGGS IN THE COPULATING ELKHORN SCULPIN

  H MUNEHARA, Y KOYA, K TAKANO

  JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 45 6 1105 - 1111 1994年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The reason for failure to initiate fertilization internally was examined in a cottid fish, the elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis which has internal gametic association and external fertilization. While eggs could be activated in calcium free hypertonic media but not be Fertilized, fertilization occurred in isotonic media rich in calcium ions. The rate of fertilization was dependent on calcium concentration, and eggs were not fertilized in solutions with a calcium ion concentration of less than 0.57 mmol kg(-1). Calcium ions could be replaced to some extent by magnesium ions, but the former were the more effective in fertilization. Since calcium ion concentration of ovarian fluid of A. alcicornis was 0.41 mmol kg(-1), it was inferred that low calcium concentration in the ovarian fluid was the cause of the failure of A. alcicornis eggs to fertilize internally.
• ALLOPARENTAL CARE IN THE MARINE SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS (PISCES, COTTIDAE) - COPULATING IN CONJUNCTION WITH PATERNAL CARE

  H MUNEHARA, A TAKENAKA, O TAKENAKA

  JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 12 2 115 - 120 1994年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The elkhorn sculpin Alcichthys alcicornis spawns and subsequently copulates, and the eggs are then cared for by the male. DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the paternity of males for the clutches guarded by them. When a female was mated with 4 males in succession in aquaria, males did not fertilize the eggs spawned just before copulation unless the female was unimpregnated but fathered the eggs spawned by the female later. In the field, near the end of the breeding season, males were genetically unrelated to the clutches in their territories. We concluded that males guard non-kin eggs for the opportunity to copulate and to fertilize the future clutches of their mates.
• EFFECTS OF EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENTS ON THE MOTILITY OF SPERMATOZOA IN SEVERAL MARINE SCULPINS WITH INTERNAL GAMETIC ASSOCIATION

  Y KOYA, H MUNEHARA, K TAKANO, H TAKAHASHI

  COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY 106 1 25 - 29 1993年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  1. The motility of spermatozoa in several marine sculpins, which exhibit a special reproductive manner of the internal gametic association, was measured in various artificial solutions, ovarian fluid and seminal plasma. 2. In the elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis, spermatozoa showed high motility in solutions of 300 to 400 mOsm/kg, containing sodium ion, with pH higher than 7.5, which coincided with the nature of ovarian fluid of the fish. 3. Spermatozoa of sunrise sculpin, Pseudoblennius cottoides, and elegant sculpin, Bero elegans, were motile at osmolalities isotonic to the ovarian fluid but not at osmolalities higher than 500 and 800 mOsm/kg, respectively, indicating that the gametic association in these fish is carried out exclusively in their ovaries. 4. Spermatozoa of littledragon sculpin, Blepsias cirrhosus, were motile at osmolalities higher than 300 mOsm/kg, but not in sea water, suggesting an internal gametic association to occur in this species of sculpins. 5. The results indicate that spermatozoa of the marine sculpins with the internal gametic association show their motility in environmental conditions appropriate to respective reproductive modes.
• UTILIZATION OF POLYCHAETE TUBES AS SPAWNING SUBSTRATE BY THE SEA RAVEN HEMITRIPTERUS-VILLOSUS (SCORPAENIFORMES)

  H MUNEHARA

  ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 33 4 395 - 398 1992年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The sea raven, Hemitripterus villosus, deposits its eggs on polychaete tubes (Salmacina sp.) in the coastal waters of Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan. This is contradictory to investigations in the Bay of Peter the Great, Soviet Union, where eggs are deposited in narrow clefts. The egg masses are found among the bunchy worm tubes or between the base of the colony and the substrate. The spawning habit of H. villosus is distinct from 'spawner in live invertebrates' such as the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus, which specifically associates with a sponge. That of H. villosus is classified as a 'cavity spawner'.
• UTILIZATION AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF A SPONGE AS A SPAWNING BED BY THE LITTLE DRAGON SCULPIN BLEPSIAS-CIRRHOSUS

  H MUNEHARA

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 38 2 179 - 184 1991年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  It was established that the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus uses the sponge species Mycale adhaerens as a spawning bed. The eggs were completely concealed in the sponge tissues, and caused the sponge skeleton to be partly damaged. It is conceivable that the exclusive utilization of M. adhaerens by B. cirrhosus is a consequence of the advantageous softness and thickness of the sponge which allows the fish to inject the eggs. The eggs deposited in the sponge seemed to take advantage of predator avoidance, a constant supply of oxygen, and little interference by bacteria.
• EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT AND NEWLY HATCHED LARVAE OF THE LITTLE DRAGON SCULPIN BLEPSIAS-CIRRHOSUS

  H MUNEHARA, K SHIMAZAKI

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 38 1 31 - 34 1991年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  This paper describes both embryonic development and newly hatched larval morphology of the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus. The eggs of B. cirrhosus are almost spherical, 3.0-3.2 mm in diameter, and have a yolk color of burnt orange. Development is very slow, being especially sluggish once the embryo appears. The embryo begins forming from the 10th day. In size, the early embryo is less than 1/6 of the yolk's circumference. Incubation at 10-degrees-C takes about 200 days, 50 days shorter than the incubation period in a natural environment, with a mean water temperature of 11-degrees-C. The notochord length of newly-hatched larvae averages 11.1 mm. The larvae are developed so fully that the notochord is already flexing and the caudal and pectoral rays are forming.
• THE LITTLE DRAGON SCULPIN BLEPSIAS-CIRRHOSUS, ANOTHER CASE OF INTERNAL GAMETIC ASSOCIATION AND EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  H MUNEHARA, K TAKANO, Y KOYA

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 37 4 391 - 394 1991年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In the copulating cottid species, Blepsias cirrhosus, the point at which fertilization occurred was determined experimentally. Ovulated eggs were obtained directly from the ovary of impregnated females. Eggs maintained in ovarian fluid did not show any signs of development, whereas most of the eggs which had been placed in seawater had developed to the 4-cell stage after 24 hrs. The eggs kept in ovarian fluid initiated segmentation when later transferred into seawater. Histological examination showed that a number of spermatozoa had entered the micropyle, but that penetration did not occur in eggs that were not immersed in seawater. In these eggs, the metaphase spindle of the second meiotic division was observed in the ooplasm, at the animal pole. These results indicate that, in impregnated females, the spermatozoa associate with the eggs in the ovarian cavity, but that fertilization occurs externally when the eggs are spawned.
• PATERNITY ESTIMATED BY ISOZYME VARIATION IN THE MARINE SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS (PISCES, COTTIDAE) EXHIBITING COPULATION AND PATERNAL CARE

  H MUNEHARA, H OKAMOTO, K SHIMAZAKI

  JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 8 1 21 - 24 1990年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• INTERNAL GAMETIC ASSOCIATION AND EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION IN THE ELKHORN SCULPIN, ALCICHTYS-ALCICORNIS

  H MUNEHARA, K TAKANO, Y KOYA

  COPEIA 1989 3 673 - 678 1989年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ANNUAL MATURATION CHANGES IN THE OVARIES OF MASKED GREENLING HEXAGRAMMOS-OCTOGRAMMUS

  H MUNEHARA, K SHIMAZAKI

  NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 55 3 423 - 429 1989年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• SPAWNING AND SUBSEQUENT COPULATING BEHAVIOR OF THE ELKHORN SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS IN AN AQUARIUM

  H MUNEHARA

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 35 3 358 - 364 1988年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The process of oogenesis in masked greenling, Hexagrammos octogrammus.

  Munehara, H, Shimazaki, K, Mishima, S

  Bull. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ 38 1 27 - 33 1987年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカの胚発生と稚仔魚の形態変化

  宗原弘幸, 三島清吉

  魚類学雑誌 33 1 46 - 50 日本魚類学会 1986年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  

書籍

• 北の磯魚生態図鑑

  佐藤, 長明, 関, 勝則, 宗原, 弘幸 (担当:共著)
  北海道大学出版会 2022年08月 (ISBN: 9784832914117) xix, 351p
• 北海道の磯魚たちのグレートジャーニー

  宗原, 弘幸, 佐藤, 長明 
  海文堂出版 2020年04月 (ISBN: 9784303800048) 127p
• 不凍タンパク質の機能と応用

  津田, 栄 
  シーエムシー出版 2018年08月 (ISBN: 9784781313399) viii, 289p
• 日本産稚魚図鑑 = An atlas of early stage fishes in Japan

  沖山, 宗雄 
  東海大学出版会 2014年03月 (ISBN: 9784486017752) 4冊
• カジカ類の多様性 : 適応と進化 = Diversity of cottoid fishes : adaptation and evolution

  宗原, 弘幸, 後藤, 晃, 矢部, 衞 
  東海大学出版会 2011年12月 (ISBN: 9784486019190) xix, 276p
• カジカ類の多様性―適応と進化

  宗原 弘幸, 矢部 衞, 後藤 晃 (担当:共著)
  東海大学出版会 2011年12月 (ISBN: 4486019199) 276

  
• Reproductive biology and phylogeny of fishes (agnathans and bony fishes)

  Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (Barrie Gillean Molyneux) 
  Science Publishers 2009年 (ISBN: 9781578085804) 2 v.
• 精子競争

  エヌ・ティー・エス 2006年05月 (ISBN: 486043112X) 88p
• 遺伝子の窓から見た動物たち : フィールドと実験室をつないで

  村山, 美穂, 渡邊, 邦夫, 竹中, 晃子, 竹中, 修 
  京都大学学術出版会 2006年04月 (ISBN: 4876986827) xix, 450p
• 水産動物の性と行動生態

  中園, 明信, 日本水産学会 
  恒星社厚生閣 2003年04月 (ISBN: 4769909810) 137p, 図版 [2] p
• 魚のエピソード : 魚類の多様性生物学

  尼岡, 邦夫 
  東海大学出版会 2001年06月 (ISBN: 4486015509) viii, 275p
• 魚類の社会行動

  桑村, 哲生, 狩野, 賢司, 中嶋, 康裕, 幸田, 正典 
  海游舎 2001年 (ISBN: 4905930774) 3冊
• 魚の自然史 : 水中の進化学

  松浦, 啓一, 宮, 正樹, 白井, 滋, 佐藤, 陽一, 渡辺, 勝敏, 遠藤, 広光, 西田, 睦, 井口, 恵一朗, 向井, 貴彦, 宗原, 弘幸, 川瀬, 裕司, 赤川, 泉 
  北海道大学図書刊行会 1999年09月 (ISBN: 4832997912) ix, 234p
• 自然観察フィールドガイド : みなみ北海道の森・川・海

  自然史研究ネットワーク2000みなみ北海道 
  北海道新聞社 1997年06月 (ISBN: 4893638459) XII, 310p
• 魚類の繁殖戦略

  桑村, 哲生, 中嶋, 康裕 
  海游舎 1996年 (ISBN: 4905930715) 2冊
• みなみ北海道の自然誌

  自然誌研究ネットワーク2000みなみ北海道, 後藤, 晃, 鴈沢, 好博, 沢井, 哲滋, 田中, 伊織, 田中, 邦明, 五嶋, 聖治, 野田, 隆史, 矢部, 衞, 宗原, 弘幸, 紀藤, 典夫, 寺澤, 和彦, 夏目, 俊二, 八坂, 通泰, 小松, 利民, 国兼, 信之, 佐藤, 理夫, 伴, 修平, 柳井, 清治, 稗田, 一俊, 石本, 省三 
  幻洋社 1994年12月 (ISBN: 4906320260) 182p, 図版[4]p

その他活動・業績

• 北海道函館市臼尻からSCUBA潜水によって採集された初記録4種を含む稚魚

  東大聖, 宗原弘幸 北大水産科学研究彙報 71 (2) 51 -67 2021年09月 [査読無し]
   

  We conducted SCUBA-based surveys of the larval and juvenile fish fauna in reef and seaweed areas in the inshore region of Usujiri, Hakodate, along the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan, from 2019 to 2020. A total of 100 species in 10 orders and 44 families were identified based on morphological observations and DNA barcoding analyses of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Of these species, two specimens of the labrid, Pseudolabrus sieboldi Mabuchi and Nakabo, 1997, one specimen of the cottid, Cottus hangiongensis Mori, 1930, two specimens of the blennid, Petroscirtes breviceps (Valenciennes, 1836), and one specimen of the gobiid, Pterogobius zacalles Jordan and Snyder, 1901, represent the first records of these four species in the study area. In addition, three specimens of the Stichaeid, Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi Soldatov, 1916, represent the first records captured during juvenile stages of this species, and one specimen of the pleuronectid, Lepidopsetta mochigarei (Snyder, 1911) represent the first juvenile captured in Usujiri of these species. The fish list is also added in this report.
• 北海道大学北方生物圏フィールド科学センター 臼尻水産実験所

  宗原 弘幸 日本水産学会誌 87 (1) 57 -57 2021年01月15日 [査読無し]
  
• 海産の卵寄託魚では宿主の種類やサイズの違いが産卵管形態の種内変異を生み出す

  安房田智司, 五十嵐直, 瓜生知史, 古屋康則, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 66th 2019年
• キツネメバル（Sebastes vulpes）の鳴音の音響特性と威嚇行動に伴う変化

  松原 直人, 松田 裕太, 赤松 友成, 高橋 竜三, 宗原 弘幸, 安間 洋樹 海洋音響学会誌 45 (2) 37 -46 2018年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  <p>We observed the sound production and properties of fox jacopever (<i>Sebastes vulpes</i>) in a water tank experiment to obtain basic information for the Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM). Six pairs of experiments including mature and immature fishes were conducted, and sound properties with and without agonistic behavior were compared. Fox jacopever produced low frequency pulses under 2,000 Hz. Pulse number ranged between 1–77, pulse duration was 0.005–0.220 s, pulse period was 0.001–0.989 s, and peak frequency was 258–490 Hz. These properties were changed by the presence or absence of agonistic behavior. Higher peak frequency over 400 Hz was observed only when a pair included an immature fish. Our results showed the potential use of fish sounds for estimating size and status of territorial behavior in this species by PAM.</p>
• 多様な繁殖様式を持つカジカ科魚類における交尾行動と精子競争に関係した精子の平行進化

  伊藤岳, 守田昌哉, 柴小菊, 稲葉一男, 宗原弘幸, 山崎彩, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 安房田智司 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 65th ROMBUNNO.P2‐128 (WEB ONLY) 2018年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道函館市臼尻からSCUBA潜水によって採集された北限記録6種を含む初記録9種の魚類

  百田 和幸, 宗原 弘幸 Memoires of the Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 59 (1) 1 -17 2017年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We conducted SCUBA-based surveys of the larval and juvenile fish fauna in reef and seaweed areas in the inshore region of Usujiri, Hakodate, along the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan, from 2011 to 2015. A total of 97 species in 9 orders and 33 families were identified based on morphological observations and DNA barcoding analyses of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) gene. Of these species, three specimens of the syngnathid, Urocampus nanus Gunther, 1870, three specimens of the pomacentrid, Chromis notata(Temminck and Schlegel, 1843), one specimen of the pomacentrid, Abudefduf notatus(Day, 1870), one specimen of the pomacentrid, Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, 1901, one specimen of the tetrarogid, Hypodytes rubripinnis(Temminck and Schlegel, 1845), 20 specimens of the labrid, Halichoeres tenuispinis(Gunther, 1862), 20 specimens of the labrid, Parajulis poecileptera(Temmminck and Schlegel, 1843), one specimen of the cottid, Pseudoblennius sp. 2 and one specimen of the ostraciid Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758, represent the first records of these nine species in the study area. Of these nine species, the records for U.nanus, A.nonatus, H.rubripinnis, H.tenuispinis, P.sp.2 and O.cubicus represent the northernmost records of these six species in the Pacific Ocean.
• クチバシカジカの分類学的再検討

  東村拓志, 矢部衞, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 47 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ科魚類の寒冷適応

  山崎彩, 津田栄, 河田雅圭, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 148 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ上科魚類の分子系統

  富樫孝司, 山崎彩, 安房田智司, 古屋康則, 阿部拓三, 鶴岡理, 武島弘彦, MALKEVICH Alexander, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 143 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種における組み換え世代からの半クローン系統の再現

  吉田隼佑, 鈴木将太, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 59 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 人為的環境改変を利用するアイナメの繁殖生態

  宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 142 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 半クローンの細胞遺伝学

  鈴木将太, 三宅翔太, 荒井克俊, 藤本貴史, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 141 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 3Dデジタルカメラを用いたアイナメなわばり雄の非捕獲的全長測定

  橋爪伸崇, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 31 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 夏季カムチャッカ浅海域に出現するカジカ亜目仔稚魚相

  荻野瑛乃, 鈴木将太, 大友洋平, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2017 10 2017年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属における半クローンの再生

  鈴木将太, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2017 73 2017年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• トクビレ科ヤギウオPallasina barbata(Steindachner,1876)の繁殖生態と形態発育

  百田和幸, 百田和幸, 百田和幸, 宗原弘幸 北海道大学水産科学研究い報 67 (1) 7‐12 -12 2017年03月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Aspects of the reproductive ecology and early life history of the tubenose poacher Pallasina barbata(Steindachner,1876) were clarified based on observations on the development of eggs without artificial insemination and on morphological changes of larvae and juveniles. The reproductive mode was identified as internal gametic association, which has been reported in several cottoids. The inferred spawning periods and hatching periods were May and March, respectively, suggesting the embryonic period lasted 10 months, which is near the longest known among the Agonids. The eggs were found in the sponge Mycale adhaerens. Newly-hatched larvae were in the flexion stage, and the notochord length(NL) was 7.3mm. In the flexion larvae stage, two white spots occurred in the dorsal finfold, which have not been reported in larvae of other Agonids. Extension of the snout and protrusion of the lower jaw barbel began from 11.7mm NL at post-flexion. At 20.2mm standard length(SL), the finfold had disappeared, and all the fin ray number attained the fixed number. The scale number of bony plates reached the same number as in the adult at 28.7mm SL.
• 築港工事根固め材(網袋)で出来るアイナメの繁殖コロニー(ホッケ資源回復へのヒント)

  宗原弘幸, 鈴木将太, 橋爪伸崇, 加藤大棋, 吉田隼祐, 大河内裕典, 東村拓志 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2017 13 2017年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Pollution of radiocesium and radiosilver in wharf roach (Ligia sp.) by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

  Xuchun Qiu, Suzanne Lydia Undap, Masato Honda, Toshio Sekiguchi, Nobuo Suzuki, Yohei Shimasaki, Hironori Ando, Waka Sato-Okoshi, Toshihiro Wada, Tomoki Sunobe, Satoshi Takeda, Hiroyuki Munehara, Hisashi Yokoyama, Noriyuki Momoshima, Yuji Oshima Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 311 (1) 121 -126 2017年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  © 2016, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary. Radionuclide concentrations in wharf roaches inhabiting coastal areas of Honshu, Japan, were investigated in October 2011 and June 2012. Relative high concentrations of 110mAg (2.1–127 Bq kg-wet−1), 134Cs (2.6–61 Bq kg-wet−1), and 137Cs (3.5–92 Bq kg-wet−1) were detected in specimens from the eastern Honshu areas. Significantly lower 137Cs concentrations (0.7–1.6 Bq kg-wet−1) were detected in specimens from western and northern Honshu. The decay-corrected 137Cs concentration was significantly inversely correlated with the distance from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. Thus, wharf roach may serve as a good bioindicator for monitoring radioactive contamination of its habitats.
• ホヤやカイメンに卵寄託を行う海産カジカでは宿主の違いが産卵管形態の種内変異を生み出す

  五十嵐直, 瓜生知史, 古屋康則, 宗原弘幸, 安房田智司 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 49th 97 2016年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 臼尻で採集されたナメダンゴとみられる地域集団―遺伝的分化よりも形態的分化が先行―

  大友洋平, 阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 49th 47 2016年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 同所的に生息する卵寄託カジカ9種の宿主選択と産卵管の進化

  安房田智司, 佐々木晴香, 後藤智仁, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 山崎彩, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 49th 33 2016年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種,半クローン雑種2系統と母種の集団構造解明,これまでの成果と課題

  宗原弘幸, 鈴木将太, 三宅翔太, 堀田海帆, 川口幹子 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 49th 99 2016年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ科魚類における精子の形態と運動性の進化:交尾行動と精子競争に注目して

  伊藤岳, 守田昌哉, 柴小菊, 稲葉一男, 宗原弘幸, 山崎彩, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 安房田智司 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 49th 96 2016年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• キツネメバル(Sebastes vulpes)の行動に伴う鳴音の特性

  松原直人, 松田裕太, 高橋竜三, 赤松友成, 宗原弘幸, 木村暢夫, 前川和義, 安間洋樹 日本水産工学会学術講演会講演論文集 2016 133‐134 -134 2016年04月29日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ上科魚類6科47属92種の分子系統と適応放散

  富樫孝司, 山崎彩, 安房田智司, 古屋康則, 阿部拓三, 鶴岡理, 武島弘彦, マルケビッチ アレックス, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2016 47 2016年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• DNAバーコーディングを用いた臼尻周辺海域に出現する仔稚魚の分類学的研究

  百田和幸, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2016 47 2016年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道沿岸における2015年のチョウザメ科魚類の異常漁獲および生殖腺の特徴

  萩原聖士, 須山喜市, 東典子, 堤尚信, 西尾朋高, 市村政樹, 三坂尚行, 鈴木渉太, 宮城大助, 古市明文, 市川卓, 松原創, 川崎琢真, 宗原弘幸, 高橋英祐, 山羽悦郎, 井尻成保, 足立伸次 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2016 16 2016年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 半クローン発生するクジメ系雑種のホストの識別

  三宅翔太, 鈴木将太, 荒井克俊, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2016 78 2016年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 潜水調査による下北半島沿岸域の魚類相調査報告

  山崎 彩, 永野 優季, 菊地 優, 百田 和幸, 鈴木 将太, 五十嵐 健志, 宗原 弘幸 Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 57 (1) 1 -24 2015年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  From 2012 to 2014 intertidal and coastal fishes were collected while SCUBA diving at Ohata, Kawauchi, Asizaki and Wakinosawa in the Shimokita Peninsula, Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan. During these surveys, 21 families, 43 genera and 51 species were collected and 7 families 7 genera and 7 species were photographed. Eleven species(Halichoeres tenuispinis, Porocottus allisi, Furcina osimae, Furcina ishikawae, Pseudoblennius cottoides, Lethotremus awae, Aptocyclus ventricosus, Chirolophis saitone, Neoclinus briyope, Parablennius yatabei, and Sagamia geneionema) were newly recorded from Ohata, 3 from kawauchi(Omobranchus elegans, Repomucenus valenciennei, and Acentrogobius virgatulus), and 1 from Ashizaki(Acentrogobius virgatulus), although they have been previously recorded from other areas of Aomori Prefecture.
• カジカ科スイVellitor centropomusにおける雌雄の生殖腺組織と体内配偶子会合の確認

  古屋康則, 三橋直哉, 安房田智司, 伊藤岳, 伊藤岳, 宗原弘幸 魚類学雑誌 62 (2) 121 -131 2015年11月05日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Abstract Artificial fertilization experiments were performed and male and female gonads observed histologically to confirm the oldest known description (published 1934) of the reproductive mode for internal gamete association (IGA) in Vellitor centropomus (Cottidae). Stripped eggs from mature females were unfertilized such commencing after their immersion in seawater, indicating that V. centropomus is an IGA species. Many spermatozoa were stored in the immature ovary with non-vitellogenic oocytes, evidence that males of the species mature before females and that copulation occurs when females are still immature. The male reproductive organ consisted of paired testes, a specialized seminal vesicle and a functional urogenital papilla. A sperm duct in the testicular hilus was absent. Spermatogenesis occurred sequentially, posterior most first, suggesting that it occurs over an extended period of time. A ventral luminal ampulla, central expanded main sperm duct and dorsal saccular ampulla were observed in the seminal vesicle, all parts being involved in sperm storage. The saccular ampulla had an exocrine function, secreting a periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive substance. Sperm heads stored in the posterior part of the testis or lumen of the seminal vesicle were also PAS-positive. Sperm heads were slender, a typical morphology in IGA species.
• アイナメの産卵期における鳴音の特性

  松原直人, 宗原弘幸, 高橋竜三, 木村暢夫, 前川和義, 安間洋樹 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2015 4 2015年09月22日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 日本近海の浅海性魚類の比較系統地理―沿岸性カジカ科魚類を例に―

  野原健司, 佐久間啓, 安房田智司, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衛, 坂井恵一, 作田純輝, 岩田陽介, 佐久間恵介, 松野太亮, 峯岸岳弘 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 48th 58 2015年08月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ギスカジカ属4種の不凍タンパク質アイソフォーム多型と不凍活性

  山崎彩, 津田栄, 西宮佳志, 宗原弘幸 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 17th ROMBUNNO.P‐73 (WEB ONLY) 2015年08月20日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Ontogenetic metamorphosis and extreme sexual dimorphism in lumpsuckers: Eumicrotremus asperrimus, Cyclopteropsis bergi and Cyclopteropsis lindbergi, may be synonymous

  M. Hatano, T. Abe, T. Wada, H. Munehara JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 86 (3) 1121 -1128 2015年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Cyclopterids were hatched from egg batches that were laid in two empty buccinid snail shells collected from a depth of 340 m in the Sea of Japan. Larvae were reared to identify species and to describe the morphological changes associated with metamorphosis. The fin rays of all fins were mostly complete and the pelvic fins were modified to form suckers, or adhesive discs, at the time of hatching. Juveniles immediately attached themselves to the bottom and there was no planktonic stage. The body surface was smooth with no spines or bony tubercles. At 4 months after hatching, the fine spines present on the head and trunk of juveniles transformed into bony tubercles. At 7 months after hatching, fishes became sexually dimorphic including the position and development patterns of bony tubercles. Importantly, these sexually dimorphic changes in morphology corresponded closely with descriptions of different species. Specifically, females could be classified as Eumicrotremus asperrimus, and young and fully developed males as Cyclopteropsis bergi and Cyclopteropsis lindbergi, respectively. These observations resolved a previously ambiguous hypothesis regarding the taxonomy of these cyclopterid taxa. Cyclopteropsis bergi and C. lindbergi may be synonyms of E. asperrimus. (C) 2015 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
• フナムシLigia spp.におけるperfluorooctane sulfonateの蓄積

  松永啓志, UNDAP Suzanne Lydia, 本田匡人, 関口俊男, 鈴木信雄, 安東宏徳, 大越和加, 須之部友基, 武田哲, 宗原弘幸, 島崎洋平, 大嶋雄治 九州大学大学院農学研究院学芸雑誌 70 (1) 21 -25 2015年02月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  本研究ではPFOSをフナムシへ曝露してその蓄積性を検討した. その結果, フナムシへPFOSが蓄積し, 生物学的半減期は11.9日と推定された. さらに日本沿岸の14地点から採取したフナムシへのPFOSの体内濃度の測定を行った結果, 港湾２地点の各１個体からのみPFOSが検出された. よって渚域におけるPFOSの汚染の程度は低いと推測された. 今後, PFOSが検出された地点での分析個体数を増やし, 渚域におけるPFOSの環境汚染をより明確にする必要がある.In an exposure test, wharf roach (Ligia exotica Roux) was exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS )via diet (0.1 mg/g-diet) for 2 days. 1 day after cessation of exposure, concentration of PFOS was increased to 1019 ± 144 ng/g-wet and still detected to 377 ± 321 ng/g-wet at 12 days after the exposure. Biological half-life of PFOS in wharf roach was estimated to be 11.9 days. In a field study, wharf roach were collected from 14 coastal sites in Japan. PFOS were detected from each one individual in Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka Pref. (215 ng/g-dry) and Taira, Nagasaki Pref. (601 ng/g-dry). These results suggested that wharf roach could be a promised biomonitoring species for PFOS in coastal area.
• カジカ科スイVellitor centropomus における雌雄の生殖腺組織と体内配偶子会合の確認

  古屋 康則, 三橋 直哉, 安房田 智司, 伊藤 岳, 宗原 弘幸 魚雑 62 (2) 121 -131 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  <p><b>Abstract </b>Artificial fertilization experiments were performed and male and female gonads observed histologically to confirm the oldest known description (published 1934) of the reproductive mode for internal gamete association (IGA) in <i>Vellitor centropomus</i> (Cottidae). Stripped eggs from mature females were unfertilized such commencing after their immersion in seawater, indicating that <i>V. centropomus</i> is an IGA species. Many spermatozoa were stored in the immature ovary with non-vitellogenic oocytes, evidence that males of the species mature before females and that copulation occurs when females are still immature. The male reproductive organ consisted of paired testes, a specialized seminal vesicle and a functional urogenital papilla. A sperm duct in the testicular hilus was absent. Spermatogenesis occurred sequentially, posterior most first, suggesting that it occurs over an extended period of time. A ventral luminal ampulla, central expanded main sperm duct and dorsal saccular ampulla were observed in the seminal vesicle, all parts being involved in sperm storage. The saccular ampulla had an exocrine function, secreting a periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive substance. Sperm heads stored in the posterior part of the testis or lumen of the seminal vesicle were also PAS-positive. Sperm heads were slender, a typical morphology in IGA species.</p>
• 半クローン発生するクジメ系雑種の起源と維持―ホストスイッチとゲノムシャッフル―

  宗原弘幸, 堀田海帆, 三宅翔太, 鈴木将太 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2015 24 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 臼尻で採集されたダンゴウオ科魚類1種の分類学的研究

  大友洋平, 阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2015 23 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ホヤやカイメンに卵を預ける魚の産卵場所選択と産卵管の進化

  安房田智司, 佐々木晴香, 後藤智仁, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 山崎彩, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2015 22 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ベーリング海およびチャクチ海におけるカジカ科魚類の分布と気候変動に対する応答について

  山崎彩, 中野翼, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2015 21 2015年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Identification of larvae of two Gymnocanthus (Cottidae) species based on melanophore patterns

  Aya Yamazaki, Hiroyuki Munehara ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 62 (2) 240 -243 2015年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Gymnocanthus herzensteini and Gymnocanthus intermedius (Cottidae) larvae are common in northern Japan, but can be difficult to distinguish. In this study, morphological observations and mitochondrial DNA analyses were conducted to determine if melanophore patterns could be used to distinguish the two species. The morphological observations identified two groups with distinct melanophore patterns. Subsequent molecular analyses determined with high bootstrap values that the group with numerous body melanophores was G. intermedius, and the group with fewer melanophores was G. herzensteini. These results indicate that melanophore distribution patterns in larvae are useful for identifying G. intermedius and G. herzensteini.
• カジカ科スイVellitor centropomusにおける体内配偶子会合型の生殖様式の再確認

  古屋康則, 三橋直哉, 安房田智司, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 20 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカグループの分子系統と生殖関連形質の多様性

  河相吉紀, 古屋康則, 安房田智司, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 20 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 佐渡島産海産カジカ9種の産卵場所としてのホヤ種・カイメン種選択

  安房田智司, 後藤智仁, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 山崎彩, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 21 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種の形態的特徴

  荒谷美咲, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 74 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北太平洋および北極海に生息するカジカ科魚類の不凍タンパク質活性

  山崎彩, 花田祐一, 津田栄, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 74 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Identification of hemiclonal reproduction in three species of Hexagrammos marine reef fishes

  M. R. Kimura-Kawaguchi, M. Horita, S. Abe, K. Arai, M. Kawata, H. Munehara JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 85 (2) 189 -209 2014年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  a Natural hybrids between the boreal species Hexagrammos octogrammus and two temperate species Hexagrammos agrammus and Hexagrammos otakii were observed frequently in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Previous studies revealed that H. octogrammus is a maternal ancestor of both hybrids; the hybrids are all fertile females and they frequently breed with paternal species. Although such rampant hybridization occurs, species boundaries have been maintained in the hybrid zone. Possible explanations for the absence of introgressions, despite the frequent backcrossing, might include clonal reproduction: parthenogenesis, gynogenesis and hybridogenesis. The natural hybrids produced haploid eggs that contained only the H. octogrammus genome (maternal ancestor) with discarded paternal genome and generated F-1-hybrid type offspring by fertilization with the haploid sperm of H. agrammus or H. otakii (paternal ancestor). This reproductive mode was found in an artificial backcross hybrid between the natural hybrid and a male of the paternal ancestor. These findings indicate that the natural hybrids adopt hybridogenesis with high possibility and produce successive generations through hybridogenesis by backcrossing with the paternal ancestor. These hybrids of Hexagrammos represent the first hybridogenetic system found from marine fishes that widely inhabit the North Pacific Ocean. In contrast with other hybridogenetic systems, these Hexagrammos hybrids coexist with all three ancestral species in the hybrid zone. The coexistence mechanism is also discussed. (C) 2014 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
• アイナメ属半クローン系統における核型とその遺伝様式

  鈴木将太, 荒井克俊, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 67 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 臼尻漁港堤防におけるアイナメの繁殖生態

  入江雄一朗, 鈴木将太, 三宅翔太, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 159 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメの繁殖生態―なわばり雄の回帰―

  宗原弘幸, 入江雄一朗, 鈴木将太, 三宅翔太 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 75 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• コンペイトウはコブフウセンウオとナメフウセンウオのメス?:ダンゴウ科魚類に見られた顕著な性的二型

  羽多野桃子, 阿部拓三, 和田年史, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 99 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• フナムシを用いた渚域のダイオキシン類および多環芳香族炭化水素の汚染調査

  大嶋雄治, 本田匡人, 松永啓志, 島崎洋平, 小山次朗, 伊藤一輝, 堀就英, 宗原弘幸, 武田哲, 大越和加, 安東宏徳, 鈴木信雄, 関口俊男, 須之部友基 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 145 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 人為交雑によるアイナメ属雑種発生の再現と遺伝様式

  風間香澄, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 203 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 生物地理および分岐年代より推定するカジカ科魚類の太平洋から北極海への進出過程

  山崎彩, 李昂, MARKEVICH A, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2014 99 2014年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 魚とホヤの切っても切れない関係

  安房田智司, 後藤智仁, 古屋康則, 武島弘彦, 山崎彩, 宗原弘幸 日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集 33rd 73 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• キマダラヤセカジカの卵巣内精子競争における交尾のタイミングが卵の父性決定に与える影響

  大吉徹, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2014 32 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属半クローン系統における三倍体の出現

  鈴木将太, 荒井克俊, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2014 33 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 半クローン生殖するアイナメ系雑種の起源と維持―人為的環境改変との関わり?―

  宗原弘幸, 堀田海帆, 三宅翔太, 鈴木将太 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2014 34 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤギウオPallasina barbataの産卵生態と初期形態変化

  百田和幸, 大島由貴, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2014 31 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメの産卵期における鳴音特性

  松原直人, 宗原弘幸, 赤松友成, 木村暢夫, 前川和義, 安間洋樹 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2014 21 2014年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメは水温降下で産卵が誘発される

  入江雄一朗, 鈴木将太, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2013 73 2013年09月19日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海産魚で初めて見つかったハイブリッドジェネシス (半クローン) とその集団構造

  宗原 弘幸 日本水産學會誌 = Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 79 (5) 905 -905 2013年09月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 水圏におけるハイブリッドとクローン : 生態系における役割と応用可能性

  荒井 克俊, 古丸 明, 宗原 弘幸 日本水産學會誌 = Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 79 (5) 900 2013年09月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属3種及びこれら雑種の染色体

  鈴木将太, 荒井克俊, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2013 202 2013年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海産魚で初めて見つかったハイブリッドジェネシス(半クローン)とその集団構造

  宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2013 288 2013年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• フナムシを用いた渚域の有機スズ汚染調査

  大嶋雄治, UNDAP Suzanne, 本田匡人, 松永啓志, 島崎洋平, 宗原弘幸, 武田哲, 大越和加, 安東宏徳, 鈴木信雄, 関口俊男, 須之部友基 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2013 165 2013年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 同所的に分布するツマグロカジカ属の着底期における初期生活史の生態学的解明

  YAMAZAKI Aya, MUNEHARA Hiroyuki 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 60th 197 2013年03月05日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• はじめに

  荒井 克俊, 古丸 明, 宗原 弘幸 日本水産学会誌 79 (5) 900 -900 2013年 [査読無し]
  
• Hybrid and clone in hydrosphere-Their roles in eco-system and applications

  Katsutoshi Arai, Akira Komaru, Hiroyuki Munehara Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 79 (5) 900 2013年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Identification of hybridogenesis (hemiclone) and its genetic structure in three species of Hexagrammos marine reef fishes

  Hiroyuki Munehara Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 79 (5) 905 2013年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種生殖(hybridogenesis)集団の起源と維持に関する研究―人工授精F1の妊性について―

  宗原弘幸, 堀田海帆, 鈴木将太, 入江雄一朗 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2012 147 2012年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 浅水性バイカルカジカ類の生態

  宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 45th 95 2012年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ツマグロカジカとアイカジカの稚魚期における分類形質としての色素胞出現パターンの有効性

  山崎彩, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 45th 55 2012年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ここまでわかった雑種生殖

  堀田海帆, 鈴木将太, 風間香澄, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 45th 67 2012年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Isolation and characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellites for the Hokkai Shrimp, Pandalus latirostris

  Noriko Azuma, Yuta Seki, Yoshiaki Kikkawa, Tomoyuki Nakagawa, Yoko Iwata, Taku Sato, Hiroyuki Munehara, Susumu Chiba CONSERVATION GENETICS RESOURCES 3 (3) 529 -531 2011年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We have developed and characterized 13 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Hokkai Shrimp, Pandalus latirostris, to provide an effective tool for conducting genetic studies on this species. No linkage disequilibria and no deviation from HWE were detected in these markers. In 32 individuals from Lake Notoro in Hokkaido, Japan, the number of alleles and expected heterozygosities ranged from 7 to 22 and from 0.84 to 0.95, respectively, suggesting the availability of these markers for ecological studies and conservation genetics in this species.
• 築港工事で敷設された網袋に蝟集するアイナメの繁殖生態

  宗原弘幸, 五十嵐理人, 植松孝昌, 堀田海帆 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2011 67 2011年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 遺伝様式の違いによるアイナメ巣で見つかる雑種卵塊の母種推定―戻し交配かF1雑種か―

  五十嵐理人, 植松孝昌, 堀田海帆, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2011 67 2011年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ類における異型精子の分化機構と機能

  早川洋一, 中内祐二, 小林牧人, 宗原弘幸, 鬼武一夫, 渡辺明彦 カジカ類の世界 ～適応と進化～ 133 -143 2011年 [査読有り][招待有り]
  
• シワイカナゴではどんな雄が縄張り形成するか―異なる体長グループに分けた場合―

  成田英毅, 赤川泉, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 44th 47 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ系雑種の正体は,雑種生殖集団による戻し交配でした

  五十嵐理人, 堀田海帆, 植松孝昌, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 44th 27 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種2系統の起源と形成過程

  堀田海帆, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 44th 28 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ツマグロカジカ属の分子系統関係と生物地理

  山崎彩, MARKEVICH Alexander, 山村織生, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 44th 70 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 戻し交配で元通り?アイナメ属雑種生殖系統の母種との交配実験

  堀田海帆, 入江雄一郎, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2011 25 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ラサウミウシのマイクロサテライトマーカーの開発

  佐藤 成祥, 関澤 彩眞, 安房田 智司, 宗原 弘幸, 中嶋 康裕 Venus (Journal of the Malacological Society of Japan) 69 (3) 214 -217 2011年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  同時的雌雄同体であるサラサウミウシにおいて8遺伝子座のマイクロサテライトマーカーを開発した。これらのマーカーでは，一遺伝子座あたりの対立遺伝子数は1から30，平均が15と高い多型性が認められた。多型性を示す7遺伝子座のマーカーヘテロ接合度の実測値と予測値は，それぞれ0.409から0.905，0.518から0.960の範囲であった。以上，サラサウミウシの親子判定に使用可能と考えられる多様性の高いマイクロサテライトマーカーを特定した。
• 北海道南部臼尻周辺に出現する頭足類

  佐藤成祥, 宗原弘幸 ちりぼたん 40 (3/4) 138 -144 2010年10月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• クリガニとトゲクリガニにおける種間交雑の可能性

  永尾次郎, 宗原弘幸 日本ベントス学会・日本プランクトン学会合同大会講演要旨集 2010(CD-ROM) ROMBUNNO.131 2010年10月08日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Sperm allocation pattern during a reproductive season in the copulating marine cottoid species, Alcichthys alcicornis

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Hiroshi Murahana ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES 88 (4) 323 -331 2010年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The sperm allocation pattern of a copulating marine cottid fish, Alcichthys alcicornis, was investigated. A total of 86 mating events using six males were conducted in aquarium tanks over 10 days, and in 36 of them, spermatozoa were collected using a false copulation method. Males released 3-8 x 10(8) spermatozoa in early events, with the number decreasing gradually during subsequent mating events. This sperm allocation was represented as an "early investment and tapering" pattern. It was discussed why males have significantly higher sperm release in early spawning events. The reproductive behavior consists of spawning and subsequent copulation. Spermatozoa have the ability to fertilize eggs from multiple clutches, and in earlier produced clutches the level of sperm competition should be relatively low. In addition, if early spawn happens to be the first spawn with a female, spermatozoa that are released into the water column after spawning are responsible for fertilizing the female's first clutch. The probability of this occurring should decrease dramatically as the season progresses, due to the highly synchronous seasonal spawning of females. All of these factors should select for high sperm numbers in early ejaculates. Based on such reproductive ecology of A. alcicornis we hypothesize that this sperm allocation pattern is an adaptive reproductive strategy in response to egg availability and sperm competition occurring within the ovarian cavity.
• 日本産海産魚アイナメ属3種間で見られる交雑と生殖隔離機構 (総特集 日本在来魚における適応的分化)

  木村 幹子, 宗原 弘幸 海洋 42 (6) 337 -345 2010年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 日本在来魚における適応的分化 日本産海産魚アイナメ属3種間で見られる交雑と生殖隔離機構

  木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 月刊海洋 42 (6) 337 -345 2010年06月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属雑種集団の遺伝生態学‐全雌の雑種集団(半クローン)と両親種との共存機構‐:戻し交雑のフィットネスロス

  木村幹子, CROW‐SANCHEZ Karen, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2010 77 2010年03月26日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 最小イカ:ヒメイカの世界では小さいオスが”密かに”もてる~精子排除によるCryptic Female Choice~

  佐藤成祥, 春日井隆, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 57th 396 2010年03月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 戻し交配しても遺伝子が浸透しない:アイナメ属3種で発見された半クローン生殖

  木村幹子, 河田雅圭, 阿部周一, 荒井克俊, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 57th 249 2010年03月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ科魚類における雄の生殖形質と生殖様式の関係

  古屋康則, 早川洋一, 阿部拓三, MARKEVICH Alexander, 矢部衞, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 43rd 39 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• バイカルカジカ類の水深に応じた適応放散:Procottus属4種の分子系統

  横山良太, SIDELEVA Valentina G, 高橋洋, 宗原弘幸, 木下泉, 後藤晃 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 43rd 24 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属魚類における野外採集雑種と人工交配雑種に見られた遺伝様式の違い

  堀田海帆, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 43rd 63 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属魚類の野外雑種集団に新規加入はあるのか?

  堀田海帆, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2010 31 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 臼尻漁港かもめドームにおけるアイナメの繁殖生態

  宗原弘幸, 五十嵐理人, 植松孝昌, 堀田海帆 日本水産学会北海道支部大会講演要旨集 2010 30 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道南部太平洋岸臼尻沿岸からソリネットで採集された5種の魚類

  田中善規, 鶴岡理, 二村智之, 宗原弘幸 北海道大学水産科学研究い報 59 (3) 73 -80 2009年12月08日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  One specimen of syngnathid, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker, 1853), eight specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus curvicornis (Valenciennes, 1837), two specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus valenciennei (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843), 12 specimens of paralichthyid, Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858), and 17 specimens of monacanthid, Rudarius ercodes (Jordan and Fowler, 1902) were collected from inshore Usujiri, the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan. These specimens of H. mohnikei, R. valenciennei, T. oligolepis, and R. ercodes represent the northernmost records of these species in the Pacific Ocean, and these of R. curvicornis represent the first records of these species from the study area.
• 北海道南部太平洋岸臼尻沿岸からソリネットで採集された5種の魚類

  田中 善規, 鶴岡 理, 二村 智之, 宗原 弘幸 北海道大学水産科学研究彙報 59 (3) 73 -80 2009年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  One specimen of syngnathid, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker, 1853), eight specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus curvicornis (Valenciennes, 1837), two specimens of callionymid, Repomucenus valenciennei (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843), 12 specimens of paralichthyid, Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker, 1858), and 17 specimens of monacanthid, Rudarius ercodes (Jordan and Fowler, 1902) were collected from inshore Usujiri, the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan. These specimens of H. mohnikei, R. valenciennei, T. oligolepis, and R. ercodes represent the northernmost records of these species in the Pacific Ocean, and these of R. curvicornis represent the first records of these species from the study area.
• 底生性小型魚類の定量採集を目的とした水中スクーターを動力としたソリネット開発

  宗原弘幸 海洋水産エンジニアリング 9 (88) 69 -73 2009年11月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 機器関連 底生性小型魚類の定量採集を目的とした水中スクーターを動力としたソリネット開発

  宗原 弘幸 海洋水産エンジニアリング 9 (88) 69 -73 2009年11月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海産カジカ類の一種,ケムシカジカの異型精子における性ステロイド合成

  谷川友里, 田原大輔, 宗原弘幸, 早川洋一, 古屋康則 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2009 41 2009年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 分布北限域におけるセトヌメリの繁殖期,産卵時刻と野外での産卵行動

  安房田智司, 木村幹子, 佐藤成祥, 坂井慶太, 宗原弘幸, 阿部拓三 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2009 235 2009年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属魚類の交雑個体にみられる性の偏り

  宗原弘幸, 木村幹子 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2009 226 2009年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道南部函館市臼尻沿岸から得られた5種の魚類

  鶴岡理, 山中智之, 阿部拓三, 武藤文人, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衞, 仲谷一宏 北海道大学水産科学研究い報 58 (3) 43 -50 2009年02月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A holocentrid Ostichthys japonicus (Cuvier, 1829), a platycephalid Platycephalus sp., a cottid Icelus sekii Tsuruoka, Munehara and Yabe, 2006, an agonid Bothragonus occidentalis Lindberg, 1935, and a stichaeid Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi Soldatov, 1916 were collected from off Usujiri, Hakodate, Hokkaido, northern Japan, the western North Pacific. Ostichthys japonicus was previously recorded from the south of Aomori Prefecture and further southern waters; thus present report represents the northern-most record of the species. Platycephalus sp. and B. occidentalis were known only by pelagic juveniles from off Usujiri. Hence, we report the first records of adults of these species from this waters. As I. sekii was previously known only from its type locality, off Rausu and Urakawa, Hokkaido, present report is the second and the southern-most records of this species. Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi has been collected from Peter the Great Bay, Okhotsk coast of Hokkaido and the waters around the Kamchatka Islands, thus present report represents southern-most record of this species in the Pacific Ocean.
• カジカ科魚類の精巣の比較形態

  古屋康則, 早川洋一, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 69 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 50年ぶり2例目:アイナメ属3種の雑種で見られた半クローン生殖

  木村幹子, 阿部周一, 荒井克俊, 河田雅圭, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 68 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ゲンゲ亜目魚類の繁殖生態:卵保護習性と交尾の証拠

  阿部拓三, 山中智之, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 33 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 協同的一妻多夫で繁殖するシクリッドのメスの巧妙な繁殖戦略:メスによる複数オスの受精操作

  幸田正典, 牧野良美, HEG Dik, 武山智博, 柴田淳也, 渡辺勝敏, 堀道雄, 宗原弘幸, 安房田智司 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 38 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 亜寒帯性種と温帯性種の分布境界域に形成された交雑帯での雑種の適応戦略:アイナメ属魚類の事例

  木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 139 -140 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ科魚類の同属内から見つかった交尾種と非交尾種

  宗原弘幸, 阿部拓三, 古屋康則, 鶴岡理 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 42nd 29 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヒメイカのメスによる精子排除行動と精子摂食行動

  佐藤成祥, 春日井隆, 宗原弘幸 日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集 28th 28 2009年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• メダカにおけるスニーカーの繁殖成功率と放精数の関係

  古屋康則, 小池友香理, 宗原弘幸 日本動物学会大会予稿集 79th 90 2008年08月20日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヨコスジカジカにおける二型精子の核凝縮に関わる精子特異的塩基性核タンパク質の同定

  早川洋一, 中内祐二, 山村織生, 宗原弘幸, 小林牧人, 渡辺明彦 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2008 221 2008年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属魚類の雑種に見られる特異的な形質

  中村透, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2008 35 2008年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 何がニジカジカAlcichthys elongatusの父性に影響を与えているのか?精子数および交尾順番の実験的検証

  八幡知基, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 55th 192 2008年03月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属3種およびその雑種の耳石を用いた成長速度の比較

  木村幹子, 高津哲也, 河田雅圭, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 55th 360 2008年03月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• タンガニイカ湖産カワスズメ科魚類の精子の多様性とその進化

  安房田智司, 太田和孝, 松本一範, 宗原弘幸, 幸田正典, 守田昌哉 日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集 27th 48 2008年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 水中スクーターを動力としたソリネットと臼尻で採集された初記録5種

  宗原弘幸, 田中善規, 二村智之 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 41st 123 2008年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アミコケムシから見つかったサイトクビレの卵塊と仔稚魚,および仔稚魚飼育用水槽

  宗原弘幸, 鶴岡理, 阿部拓三 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 160 2007年09月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道南部臼尻沿岸に出現するセトヌメリの生活史特性

  田中善規, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 66 2007年03月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 水中スクーターを利用した新型ソリネット開発

  宗原弘幸, 田中善規, 二村智之, 阿部真之 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 277 2007年03月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道臼尻浅海砂底域における幼稚魚相の季節的変動

  二村智之, 田中善規, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 279 2007年03月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属3種間の雑種における著しい性比の偏り

  安河内澄子, 木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 67 2007年03月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 出現パターンと水温耐性から見た分布北限域におけるヒメイカの生態

  佐藤成祥, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2007 173 2007年03月28日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 交雑は分布の拡大に一役買っている!?~アイナメ属3種とその雑種の卵発生における水温耐性の比較~

  木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 54th 334 2007年03月19日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• クチバシカジカの繁殖行動:交尾種?それとも...

  阿部拓三, 佐藤長明, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 40th 52 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヒメイカはどのように精子を貯蔵していくか

  佐藤成祥, 春日井隆, 宗原弘幸 日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集 26th 40 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海産カジカ類の多様性と繁殖様式の進化

  宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 40th 126 -127 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• メダカの産卵における放精数がライバル雄から受ける影響

  小池友香理, 宗原弘幸, 古屋康則 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 40th 51 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 低水温耐性実験から見た北海道南部に出現するセトヌメリ個体群の脆弱さ

  田中善規, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 40th 45 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Maternal identification of hybrid eggs in Hexagrammos spp. by means of multiplex amplified product length polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA

  Motoko R. Kimura, Takashi Yanagimoto, Hiroyuki Munehara Aquatic Biology 1 (2) 187 -194 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Hybridization has been frequently observed among 3 species of greenlings (genus Hexagrammos) common in waters off Japan. In order to estimate the frequency of hybridization events from egg masses collected from male territories, efficient maternal identification of numerous egg masses is required. A novel streamlined approach for maternal identification of 3 Hexagrammos spp. was developed using multiplex amplified product length polymorphism (APLP) analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (12-16S rRNA) regions. Concurrent use of species-specific primer sets permits the amplification of different-sized PCR products, diagnosing each species through one procedure of PCR in a single reaction tube. The APLP method produced more rapid, reliable, and cost-efficient species identifications compared to those from an established restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) protocol. © Inter-Research 2007.
• ミトコンドリアDNAの塩基配列分析によるヤリイカの遺伝的集団構造

  伊藤 欣吾, 柳本 卓, 岩田 容子, 宗原 弘幸, 桜井 泰憲, KINGO ITO, TAKASHI YANAGIMOTO, YOKO IWATA, HIROYUKI MUNEHARA, YASUNORI SAKURAI, 青森県水産総合研究センター, 独, 水産総合研究センター北海道区水産研究所, 北海道大学大学院水産科学研究科, 北海道大学北方生物圏フィールド科学センター, 北海道大学大学院水産科学研究科, Aomori Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, Hokkaido National, Fisheries Research Institute Fisheries Research Agency, Graduate School, of, Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of, Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University 日本水産学会誌 72 (5) 905 -910 2006年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  ヤリイカ <i>Loligo bleekeri</i> の遺伝的集団構造を明らかにするため，日本周辺に存在するとされる 4 つの地方集団を代表する 6 ヵ所から採集した 545 個体のミトコンドリア DNA 非コード領域（mtDNA NC4）の塩基配列分析を行った。NC4 領域 506-528 bp の塩基配列を観察したところ，55 の部位で変異が確認され，48 種類のハプロタイプが出現した。平均ハプロタイプ多様度（0.670）と平均塩基多様度（0.003）から，ヤリイカの遺伝的多様性の低さが示された。ハプロタイプ頻度と <i>F</i>_ST には，標本間で有意差はなく，日本周辺のヤリイカに種内分化は認められなかった。<br>
• Genetic population structure of the spear squid Loligo bleekeri based on mitochondrial DNA

  Kingo Ito, Takashi Yanagimoto, Yoko Iwata, Hiroyuki Munehara, Yasunori Sakurai NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 72 (5) 905 -910 2006年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The sequence of the mitochondrial DNA noncoding region 4 (mtDNA NC4) was analyzed to investigate the genetic population structure of the spear squid Loligo bleekeri using 545 individiduals captured at six sites around Japan. MtDNA NC4 sequences of 506-528 bp were determined. A total of 55 variable nucleotide sites were detected, defining 48 haplotypes. The average haplotype diversity (0.670) and average nucleotide diversity (0.003) indicated a low level of genetic diversity in the spear squid. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) indicated that most of the genetic variation was distributed within populations. The analysis of haplotype frequency distribution and F-ST values showed no significant difference among the six sampling sites. These data indicate no genetic structuring of spear squid population around Japan.
• 北海道および宮城県から記録されたカジカ科魚類ヒメフタスジカジカIcelinus pietschi

  鶴岡理, 阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衞 魚類学雑誌 53 (1) 89 -93 2006年05月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 特集にあたって (特集 精子競争)

  宗原 弘幸 遺伝 60 (3) 15 -17 2006年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Record of a cottid fish, Icelinus pietschi, collected from Hokkaido and Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

  Osamu Tsuruoka, Takuzo Abe, Hiroyuki Munehara, Mamoru Yabe Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 53 (1) 89 -93 2006年05月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Seven specimens of cottid fish, Icelinus pietschi Yabe, Soma and Amaoka, 2001, were collected from the shallow waters off Oshoro Bay and Usujiri (western Hokkaido) and Onagawa (Miyagi Pref.), Japan. This species was previously known only from the Iturup Island of southern Kuril Archipelago. The present specimens were secondly recorded to be the southernmost record for this species. In addition, colorations of fresh specimens, reproductive ecology of this species, and the intraspecific variation of the dorsal scale rows were briefly commented. © The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2006.
• アイナメ属3種で見られた方向性のある交雑

  木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 53rd 185 2006年03月24日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• キマダラヤセカジカの念入りな交尾行動

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本動物行動学会大会発表要旨集 25th 35 2006年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Morphological study for eusperm and parasperm determination in the spermatogenetic testes of the cottid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti

  Youichi Hayakawa, Sonoe Furukawa, Akihiko Watanabe, Hiroyuki Munehara, Makito Kobayashi, Kazuo Onitake ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 22 (12) 1453 -1453 2005年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Spawning and maternal-care behaviours of a copulating sculpin, Radulinopsis taranetzi

  T Abe, H Munehara JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 67 (1) 201 -212 2005年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The fertilization mode, and spawning and egg-care behaviours of the sculpin Radulinopsis taranetzi. were investigated in the laboratory. Embryonic development began only after the eggs came into contact with sea water. Females spawned c. 1000 eggs and covered them with sand using their pectoral and caudal fins. Unlike other cottids, the females guarded the egg masses after spawning. During the parental period, the supramaxillary lamina and mandibular lamina of females extended to form a disc-like structure, which was used to 'suck' water from near the surface of the egg mass. The frequency and duration of this 'sucking' behaviour increased gradually until hatching, which occurred after 23-26 days at 8 degrees C. The oxygen consumption of the embryos was positively related to the 'sucking' activity. All females in this study spawned only once during the spawning season, in contrast with the paternal-care copulating cottids, which are multiple spawners. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
• アイナメ属魚類に見られる交雑と繁殖場所の分布について

  木村幹子, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2005 41 2005年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 細胞培養系におけるヨコスジカジカの異型精子の分化

  早川洋一, 高山(渡辺, 絵理子, 渡辺明彦, 小林牧人, 宗原弘幸, 鬼武一夫 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2005 50 2005年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 共同繁殖するカワスズメ科魚類Julidochromis transcriptusにおけるメスの父性操作

  牧野良美, 武山智博, 渡辺勝敏, 宗原弘幸, 幸田正典, 安房田智司 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 52nd 129 2005年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 共同繁殖するカワスズメ科魚類Julidochromis transcriptusにおけるメスの父性操作

  牧野 良美, 武山 智博, 渡辺 勝敏, 宗原 弘幸, 幸田 正典, 安房田 智司 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 52 (0) 111 -111 2005年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  近年，メスによる子の父性操作が，昆虫や鳥類などの体内受精を行う動物で報告されている．体外受精を行う魚類では，２オスと１メスが共同繁殖を行うカワスズメ科魚類において，メスによる子の父性操作の可能性が示唆されている．しかし，その詳細は全く分かっていない．本研究では，共同繁殖を行う基質産卵型のカワスズメ科魚類<i>Julidochromis transcriptus</i>を用いて，水槽実験により，メスによる子の父性操作を検証することを試みた．野外観察から，この魚はクサビ形の巣で繁殖し，協同的一妻多夫の小オスは巣幅の狭い奥で，大オスは巣幅の広い入り口付近で放精するようである．このことから，メスは産卵する位置，つまり産卵位置の巣幅を変化させることで，メスが父性操作をしている可能性が考えられる．そこで，まずクサビ形の巣を作成し，大オス・小オス・メス（トリオ）で飼育・繁殖させて，産卵位置とそれぞれのオスの受精割合について検討したところ，巣幅の狭い位置で産卵した場合は，小オスの受精させた子どもの数が多かった．これにより，メスは産卵位置を選ぶことで父性操作が可能であると考えられる．さらに，産卵位置の巣幅が狭い場合に，小オスの保護行動の頻度が増加したことから，メスは小オスに受精させることで，小オスから保護の手伝いをより多く受けていることが示唆された．また，ペアでも同様に飼育・繁殖させると，ペア飼育で得られた卵塊はコンパクトに産まれているのに対し，トリオ飼育の卵塊は幅広く産まれていた．このことから，トリオのメスは2オスが受精できるように産卵位置や分布を操作しているようである．以上のことから，<i>J. transcriptus</i>のメスは受精を操作している可能性が高いと考えられる．
• オコゼカジカの産卵基質とはい仔稚魚

  宗原弘幸, 阿部拓三, 木村幹子, 佐藤長明 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 38th 82 2005年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Dependence of paternity rates on alternative reproductive behaviors in the squid Loligo bleekeri

  Y Iwata, H Munehara, Y Sakurai MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 298 219 -228 2005年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The mating behavior of captive Loligo bleekeri and the paternity of the resulting progeny were examined based on behavioral observations and genetic analyses. In this species, there are 3 mating behaviors (male-parallel, head-to-head, and extra-pair), and 2 sperm storage sites in females (seminal receptacle and the opening of the oviduct), which suggest that sperm competition occurs. All 3 mating behaviors were observed, and females mated often with different males, resulting in multiple paternity within 3 of the 4 broods examined. In each brood, the male to mate last and frequently before the female spawned fertilized the most eggs (87 to 100%). A sneaker male that mated by extra-pair copulation sired 8.5% of the eggs in a brood. Some eggs were fertilized by sperm received before the start of the study, indicating that sperm can be stored for at least several days before a spawning. In the broods with multiple paternity, the paternity patterns differed among egg capsules. Male competition was more intense between similar-sized males than between different-sized males, but body size did not affect the copulative success in the male-parallel position. We found multiple mating and multiple paternity in L. bleekeri. Paternity rates differed depending on the complex of factors, mating position, timing, frequency and duration. Alternative reproductive behaviors would change these factors and lead to different paternity rates.
• Dimorphic sperm formation of the cottid fish, Hemilepidotus gilberti, in cell culture

  Youichi Hayakawa, Eriko Takayama-Watanabe, Akihiko Watanabe, Hiroyuki Munehara, Makito Kobayashi, Kazuo Onitake ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 21 (12) 1289 -1289 2004年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Ultrastructural observations of euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa in a copulatory cottoid fish Blepsias cirrhosus

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 64 (6) 1530 -1539 2004年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Euspermatozoa and paraspermatozoa of a copulatory (internal insemination with external sperm transfer) cottoid fish Blepsias cirrhosus were observed ultrastructurally. Euspermatozoa of B. cirrhosus consisted of an acrosome-less, thin, disk-like sperm head (1(.)6-2(.)0 mum in length and 1(.)3-1(.)6 mum in width), a long middle piece, and a long flagellum (c. 30 mum). Aberrant spermatids, which were rich in cytoplasm and possessed two nuclei, occurred in testicular lobules. They were also observed in semen and were round (5(.)0-5(.)3 mum in diameter) and biflagellate, suggesting that they are released along with euspermatozoa at ejaculation. The nuclei of aberrant spermatids developed into masses of highly electron-dense globules. Judging from their form, nuclear condition, and connection with normal spermatids by intercellular bridges during spermiogenesis, aberrant spermatids of B. cirrhosus are considered hyperpyrenic paraspermatozoa formed by incomplete cytokinesis at the second meiotic division. (C) 2004 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
• ヨコスジカジカHemilepidotus gilbertiの異型精子による卵塊への正型精子輸送機能に関するモデル的検証

  早川洋一, 秋山良, 宗原弘幸 魚類学雑誌 51 (1) 33 -42 2004年05月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Antidispersive effect induced by parasperm contained in semen of a cottid fish Hemilepidotus gilberti: Estimation by models and experiments

  Youichi Hayakawa, Ryo Akiyama, Hiroyuki Munehara Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 51 (1) 33 -42 2004年05月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The semen of Hemilepidotus gilberti, a non-copulatory marine cottid fish, includes two sperm types; eusperm for fertilization and parasperm, which cannot be employed in fertilization. A previous study having revealed the function of parasperm as antidispersive (reducing the lateral dispersion of semen) during semen transportation, the number of eusperm arriving at an egg mass was estimated so as to confirm the significance of parasperm function. Two simple models, one including and one excluding the size effect of the egg mass at ejaculation, were used. A considerable antidispersive effect was apparent when the egg mass was small, resulting in the latter being contained within the dispersion area of semen. When male H. gilberti emit semen, eggs that hang down from the genital opening do not extend beyond the semen dispersion area. Therefore, it was concluded that parasperm in this species ensures semen transportation and promotes fertilization success in males via an antidispersive effect related to egg mass size. © The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2004.
• 性的二型が対照的なヤセカジカ属2種の交尾戦略の比較

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2004 55 2004年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 陸上循環式エゾアワビ養殖について

  宗原弘幸, 永尾次郎, 今井洋一 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2004 251 2004年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ属3種の繁殖場所選択と交雑との関係

  木村 幹子, 宗原 弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 51 (0) 211 -211 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  北海道南部は、温帯性のクジメ<i>Hexagrammos agrammus</i>とアイナメ<i>H. otakii</i>、および亜寒帯性種のスジアイナメ<i>H. octogrammus</i>が同所的に生息する世界でも珍しい海域である。クジメとスジアイナメはともに浅場の藻場で繁殖するため、両種の分布が重なる海域ではしばしば雑種が報告されてきた。これに対してアイナメはクジメやスジアイナメよりも深場に生息するため、繁殖場所が隔離し交雑は回避されていると考えられてきた。しかし近年、北海道南部太平洋岸の臼尻沿岸でアイナメと他の2種との交雑が確認された。このことはこれまでアイナメと他の2種との間で働いていると考えられていた繁殖場所の違いによる交配前隔離機構が、この海域では十分に機能していないことを示している。そこで本研究では、同所的生息海域におけるアイナメ属3種の繁殖場所の分布に関する基礎的知見を得ることを目的として、臼尻沿岸における3種の繁殖場所の分布と産卵基質を調査した。<br> その結果、クジメとスジアイナメは丈が長く葉状部が枝状を呈し岩上に密生する小型藻類を、アイナメは丈が短く凹凸があり平面的に広がるコケムシ類や網などを産卵基質として利用していた。すなわちアイナメは他の2種と産卵基質の選好性が異なることが明らかとなった。3種のなわばり形成場所は産卵基質の分布に対応しており、クジメやスジアイナメは小型藻類が繁茂する浅場の岩棚部分で、アイナメはコケムシ類の付着する深場の魚礁のほか、漁港外縁にある消波ブロック帯の海底に沈む根固め用の石を入れた網袋の結び目などで見られた。また消波ブロック帯は急峻な斜面を形成するため上部には小型藻類が繁茂し、クジメやスジアイナメのなわばりも見られた。このように消波ブロック帯の複雑な地形が性質の異なる産卵基質が混在する環境を作り出し、アイナメ属の交配前隔離機構を撹乱している可能性が示唆された。<br>
• DIMORPHIC SPERM FORMATION OF THE COTTID FISH, HEMILEPIDOTUS GILBERTI, IN CELL CULTURE(Developmental Biology,Abstracts of papers presented at the 75^ Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan) :

  Hayakawa Youichi, Takayama-Watanabe Eriko, Watanabe Akihiko, Munehara Hiroyuki, Kobayashi Makito, Onitake Kazuo Zoological science 21 (12) 1289 -1289 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• メダカのスニーカーの繁殖成功率はなぜ高いのか?

  古屋康則, 福地浩太, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 37th 79 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• メダカの産卵後に見られるスニーキング行動とその繁殖成功の要因について

  古屋康則, 恩地理恵, 福地浩太, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会中部支部大会講演要旨集 2004 27 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 細胞培養によるヨコスジカジカの正型精子と異型精子の分化

  早川洋一, 高山(渡辺, 絵理子, 渡辺明彦, 小林牧人, 宗原弘幸, 鬼武一夫 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 37th 55 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• エクトディニ族の子の保護にみる雌雄のかけひき

  宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 37th 127 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Annual cycle of testicular maturation in the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus

  J Nagao, H Munehara FISHERIES SCIENCE 69 (6) 1200 -1208 2003年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To clarify the annual testicular maturation cycle in the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus, seasonal histological changes of the testis and occurrence of grasping pairs and recently copulated females with fresh sperm plugs were investigated. The testis was composed of seminiferous ducts with many testicular lobules. Development of the lobules was divided into six stages (spermatogonia proliferation, first spermatocyte, reduction division, spermatid, spermiogenesis and free sperm stage) based on the spermatogenic phase of the germ cells in each lobule. The mean percentage of the lobules during each stage was calculated every 1-3 months. Developed lobules occurred with a high percentage throughout the year except in June when developing lobules predominated. Grasping pairs and females with fresh sperm plugs were collected during April-July with a peak in May-June. These results suggest that the males have testis with many developing lobules in June when they are active for mating. Newly formed spermatozoa may be stored in the testis and the vas deferens until the next mating season after June, as the spermatozoa may not have an opportunity to fertilize eggs until the next season and there is no sign of spermatozoa absorption in the testis.
• Comparison of ovarian functions for keeping embryos by measurement of dissolved oxygen concentrations in ovaries of copulatory and non-copulatory oviparous fishes and viviparous fishes

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 295 (2) 245 -255 2003年11月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To investigate causes of anomalous development of embryos facultatively fertilized in the ovary of a non-copulatory oviparous fish Hemilepidotus gilberti (Scorpaeniformes: Cottdae), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured in ovaries of copulatory oviparous (Alcichthys alcicornis, Bero elegans), non-copulatory oviparous (H. gilberti, Hexagrammus otakii), and viviparous (Sebastes taczanowskii, Zoarces elongatus) fishes. DO concentrations changed during vitellogenesis and ovulation cycles, and also before and after ovulation. DO concentrations in the ovary of H. gilberti and H. otakii at ovulation were 0.27 +/- 0.03 and 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg O-2 1(-1), respectively, whereas in A. alcicornis and B. elegans, the concentrations were 0.47 +/- 0.08 and 0.20 +/- 0.06 mg O-2 1(-1), respectively. In the ovaries of intralumenal gestation viviparous fishes, S. taczanowskii and Z. elongatus, DO concentration was from 0.01 to 0.11 mg O-2 1(-1). The average DO concentration during the artificial pregnancy of A. alcicornis was 0.97 +/- 0.19 mg O-2 1(-1), but all embryos showed deformity. DO concentrations recorded in oviparous fishes in this study were lower than the oxygen level at which most oviparous fish embryos exhibit retardation or death, and it probably caused the anomalous embryonic development. In contrast, the normal development of viviparous fish embryos at low oxygen level was attributed to the specialized structure of ovary, e.g. the dual arterial system to supply the developing embryos with the respiratory demands in Sebastes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Characterization of microsatellite markers in the squid, Loligo bleekeri (Cephalopoda : Loliginidae)

  Y Iwata, H Munehara, Y Sakurai MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES 3 (3) 392 -393 2003年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Loligo bleekeri has a long spawning season and the size of mature males changes during the season: dimorphic (large/small) early in the spawning season and monomorphic (small) later in the spawning season. To understand how copulatory behaviours relate to the dimorphism, we developed five polymorphic microsatellite loci in L. bleekeri. The level of polymorphism ranged from 10 to 22 alleles with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.79 to 0.93, suggesting that the novel polymorphic loci should be useful for parentage analysis of L. bleekeri.
• カジカの揺りかごは,一挙三得

  宗原弘幸 生物工学会誌 81 (8) 363 -363 2003年08月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 脊椎動物の社会行動 魚類における子の保護行動の進化―保護者の性と非血縁個体による保護

  宗原弘幸 遺伝 別冊 (16) 100 -109 2003年04月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 魚類における子の保護行動の進化--保護者の性と非血縁個体による保護 (動物の社会行動) -- (脊椎動物の社会行動)

  宗原 弘幸 生物の科学「遺伝」 別冊 (16) 100 -109,図巻頭4p 2003年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤセカジカにみられた精子束の形成と解放機構

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2003 81 2003年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤセカジカの生殖周期 雄の早熟と長期化した交尾期間

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2003 81 2003年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• イバラワレカラの成長および繁殖速度におよぼす水温の影響

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2003 267 2003年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• マイクロサテライト多型を用いたシワイカナゴの父子判定

  永井徳子, 成松庸二, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2003 81 2003年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカの二次性徴の発現過程

  村花宏史, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2003 35 2003年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤセカジカ属の産卵生態―ヤセカジカの2つ目の卵群の行方は?―

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 36th 16 2003年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤセカジカ属の生殖周期

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2002 31 2002年03月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 性差と繁殖行動 3. 血縁と配偶システム

  宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2002 295 2002年03月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 表在性甲殻類イバラワレカラCaprella acanthogasterの移動タイミング

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2002 73 2002年03月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• イバラワレカラの移動タイミング

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸 日本生態学会大会講演要旨集 49th 299 2002年03月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• SPERM-EMISSION BEHAVIOR BY SNEAKER AND ITS REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN MEDAKA FISH(Behavior Biology and Ecology)(Proceedings of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan) :

  Onchi Rie, Munehara Hiroyuki, Koya Yasunori Zoological science 19 (12) 1501 -1501 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• カジカ科コオリカジカ属の1種Icelus sp.の産卵生態

  関勝則, 宗原弘幸, 矢部衛 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 35th 11 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• イソバテング卵のはい発生速度におよぼす水温の影響

  岸本雄作, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 35th 51 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• キマダラヤセカジカの産卵生態 2回目の産卵は保険?

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 35th 14 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• メダカにおけるスニーカーによる放精行動とその繁殖成功

  恩地理恵, 宗原弘幸, 古屋康則 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 35th 15 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Composition, biomass, and photosynthetic activity of the benthic algal communities in a littoral zone of Lake Baikal in summer

  Kentaro Nozaki, Hiroshi Morino, Hiroyuki Munehara, Valentina G. Sideleva, Katsuki Nakai, Mitsugu Yamauchi, Olga M. Kozhova, Masami Nakanishi Limnology 3 (3) 175 -180 2002年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The composition, biomass, and photosynthetic activity of benthic algal communities were investigated in a littoral zone of the south basin of Lake Baikal in July 1998. A transect survey revealed a vertical transition of the dominant taxonomic groups: Ulothrix and diatoms dominated in the shallowest station (depth, 0.5m), whereas only diatoms were found in a station with a depth of 1 m. In deeper stations (depth, 2-3m), an endemic filamentous green alga, Draparnaldioides baicalensis, was the predominant form, but in addition to this species, Tetraspora and diatoms were also abundant in algal communities collected in the deepest stations (depth, 5-6m). Biomass expressed as chlorophyll a (Chl a) varied in the range of 8 mg Chl a·m-2 (at a depth of 1m) and 300 mg Chl a·m-2 (at a depth of 3m). The maximum photosynthetic rate (of carbon, C) of the community dominated by Ulothrix was 0.24 mg C·mg Ch1 a 1·h 1, whereas the corresponding rate of the community dominated by Draparnaldioides was 1.51 mg C· Ch1 a 1·h1.
• Primer Sequencces and Cross-species Amplification for Parentage Discrimination of Tanganyikan Cichlid Fishes

  Munehara Hiroyuki, Awata Satoshi, Katoh Rei, KOHDA Masanori, SUNOBE Tomoki 北海道大学水産科学研究彙報 52 (3) 131 -133 2001年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 野外実験による葉上性小型甲殻類の移入様式の解明

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2001 198 2001年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道南部臼尻周辺に出現するワレカラ類(甲殻綱,端脚目,ワレカラ科)

  細野隆史, 宗原弘幸 北海道大学水産科学研究い報 52 (1) 11 -37 2001年03月27日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  ハイマツの冬胞子葉さび病菌Coleosporium pini-pumilaeは，ハイマツの針葉に形成される冬胞子世代のみを有する短世代種と考えられていたが，その証明はなく，さらに精子器形成の有無，感染後の潜伏期間などは不明であった．岩手山の網張国有林で採取した冬胞子から形成された担子胞子によるストローブマツおよびアカマツ新葉への接種試験の結果，10カ月後にストローブマツのみ冬胞子が形成された．以上の結果，本種には精子器は存在せず，冬胞子世代のみをもつ短世代種であることが実験的に証明された．本実験では，被接種植物を平地の苗畑(盛岡市)に置いたため潜伏期間は10カ月であったが，自然発生地での観察から，潜伏期間は2年にわたる場合も多いと考察した．
• A STUDY OF SPERM REPLACEMENT IN THE OVARY OF VIVIPAROUS MOSQUITOFISH, GAMBUSIA AFFINIS(Developmental Biology)(Proceeding of the Seventy-Third Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan) :

  Onchi R., Kamada Y., Munehara H., Koya Y. Zoological science 18 67 -67 2001年
• Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in a paternal care fish, Hexagrammos otakii (vol 18, pg 101, 2000)

  H Munehara, O Takenaka JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 19 (1) 68 -68 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Annual reproductive cycle of the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus on the sublittoral zones in Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan

  Nagao Jiro, Munehara Hiroyuki Crust Res 30 (0) 72 -81 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Annual reproductive cycle of the helmet crab Telmessus cheiragonus was investigated based on the histological observations of the ovary and the gonadosomatic indices (GSI = ovarian weight x 100 / body weight). The ovarian maturity was divided into five phases (Phase I-V). Minimum mature size of female was 36.0 mm in carapace length. The annual reproductive cycle in the adult females (more than 36.0 mm carapace length) consisted of the incubating period (October-March) and the maturing period (April-September). During the incubating period, the ovarian maturity was Phase I-II (mean GSI±SD = 3.8±4.7 %) when most of the females were ovigerous. During the maturing period, the ovarian maturity increased to Phase V (GSI &le; 21.6 %) when the females seemed to be frequently copulating, because the soft shell adult females, which could copulate, occurred with highest frequency. The spawning of most females seemed to occur at the end of the maturing period. These results suggest that the ovarian maturation cycle requires one year, and during the incubation period ovaries are immature.
• ベロBero elegansの交尾行動と産卵形態

  向田靖子, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 34th 25 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヤセカジカ属2種の雌親による卵保護行動

  阿部拓三, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 34th 26 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 基質産卵性のタンガニイカ湖産カワスズメに見られる協同的一妻多夫制

  幸田正典, 安房田智司, 宗原弘幸, 堀道雄 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 34th 24 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴの性分化過程

  永井徳子, 成松庸二, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 34th 74 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ホッケの産卵行動 スニーキングはない,本当?

  宗原弘幸, MARKEVICH A I 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 34th 25 2001年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Territoriality egg desertion and mating success of a paternal care fish, Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Y Narimatsu, H Munehara BEHAVIOUR 138 85 -96 2001年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The territoriality of parental males and the hatching late of egg masses in their territories were examined in Hypoptychus dybowskii, a species in which territorial males care for egg masses only just after mating, and sneaker males are known to occur. Most males deserted the territories with egg masses, but the hatching rates of abandoned and attended egg masses were similar. A large percentage of the deserted territories with egg masses were taken over by non-territorial males. Comparison of the mating success between males that deserted territories and those that attended territories showed that territory desertion occurred when males experienced fewer chances to mate. These results indicate that territorial males contributed little to embryonic survivorship after egg mass hardening, and deserted their territories depending on the mating rate. Such an unique reproductive strategy may be adaptive when there are no parental costs after arrangement of egg masses, high hatching rates of abandoned egg masses, and a high chance of sneaking.
• Facultatively internal fertilization and anomalous embryonic development of a non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti Jordan and Starks (Scorpaeniformes : Cottidae)

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 256 (1) 51 -58 2001年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Fertilized residual eggs were observed in the ovaries of spent females of a non-copulatory sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti Jordan and Starks. Fertilized eggs were present in 23 of 35 females, and approximately 38% of the total residual eggs (n = 227) were fertilized. These eggs were thought to be fertilized facultatively with spermatozoa that entered the ovary through ovarian fluid during spawning. The high calcium concentration (1.42+/-0.21 mM kg(-1)) in ovarian fluid, which is beyond the threshold concentration required for fertilization, may anew internal fertilization to occur. Embryos at various developmental stages were observed, but all were deformed and surrounded by unhardened chorions. Since no larvae were observed, all the fertilized residual eggs would have degenerated in the ovary in accordance with other unfertilized residual eggs. These observations suggest that the ovary of the oviparous fish H. gilberti is an unsuitable environment for embryos to develop, possibly because it may be unable to supply developing embryos with needed elements, such as oxygen. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
• Spawning behavior and interspecific breeding in three Japanese greenlings (Hexagrammidae)

  H Munehara, Z Kanamoto, T Miura ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 47 (3) 287 -292 2000年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The spawning behavior of Hexagrammos otakii, H. octogrammus and H. agrammus was observed in two different regions of northern Japan using underwater video cameras placed near nests guarded by males. The spawning behavior of the three species consisted of similar patterns, although body size and nuptial coloration and nest location of territorial male H. otakii differed from those of the other two Hexagrammos species. The courtship display of territorial males in each species involved rushing, butting and undulation of the trunk. When a female entered the nest, the male leaned his head on the future spawning bed in the nest and spasmodically undulated his trunk. The female that responded to the courtship laid her eggs within the seaweed bed. The territorial male then passed over the eggs, touching his genital pore to the egg mass, and released sperm. Sneaking by other males was frequently observed following the sperm emission. In both regions, females of H. octogrammus and H. agrammus commonly responded to courtship of male H. otakii and mated with them, but not vice versa. Possible reasons for the natural occurrence of such unidirectional hybridization are discussed.
• 性フェロモンによって誘導した射精から得たクリガニの射精物

  永尾次郎, 神尾道也, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 2000 81 2000年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• バイカル湖沿岸帯におけるカジカ類数種の資源分割 古代湖における魚類種群の適応放散機構

  後藤晃, 宗原弘幸, 森野浩, SIDELEVA V G 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 33rd 21 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• バイカル湖岸におけるカジカ類の繁殖巣の分布とMix brooding

  宗原弘幸, SIDELEVA V G, 後藤晃 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 33rd 21 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 藻食性基質産卵魚,Telmatochromis temporalisの雄の代替繁殖戦術

  加藤励, 幸田正典, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 33rd 30 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴの雌はなぜ卵のある場所を好むのか

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 33rd 24 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ロシア極東域・ピーター大帝湾およびタウィスク湾の浅海魚類 (北海道大学大学院水産科学研究科S)

  矢部衛, 篠原現人, 宗原弘幸, 鈴木伸明, PITRUK D L, SOKOLOVSKY A S, MARKEVICH A I, CHERESHNEV I, NAZARKIN M Orig Biodivers Fishes Far East Russ North Jpn 61 -69 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in a paternal care fish, Hexagrammos otakii

  H Munehara, O Takenaka JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 18 (2) 101 -104 2000年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The fertilization success of sneaking behavior in a paternal care fish, Hexagrammos otakii, was estimated using microsatellites as genetic markers. Sneaking behavior was observed using a video camera placed near the nest of a breeding territorial male. Two egg masses fertilized by different patterns of sperm Emission by the territorial male and sneaker males were examined for paternity discrimination. When a sneaker emitted a large amount of sperm after sperm emission by the territorial male, the sneaker fertilized more eggs than the territorial male. When the territorial male and a sneaker alternately emitted semen, the territorial male fertilized the most eggs. These results suggest that both the amount of emitted sperm and the timing of sperm emission are important factors in sperm competition.
• 水産物昆布の乾燥システムの研究 (その1) ソーラー・電力(遠赤外線)の熱利用による

  宮城真琴, 宗原弘幸, 岩本欣也, 筒井昭光 日本太陽エネルギー学会・日本風力エネルギー協会合同研究発表会講演論文集 1999 137 -140 1999年11月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Embryonic development of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii

  J Nagao, H Munehara, K Shimazaki JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY 19 (1) 77 -83 1999年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  External morphological changes in embryos of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt) reared in the laboratory were observed. Embryonic development was divided into 9 stages based on morphological changes: precleavage stage, cleavage and blastula stage, gastrula stage, naupliar stage, metanaupliar stage, pigmented-eye stage, heartbeat-initiation stage, prezoea stage, and prehatching stage. Embryos spawned by a female in January developed to the gastrula stage by March. Embryos from another female developed from the gastrula stage to the prehatching stage from March to December, and hatched in January. These results suggest that the incubation period under laboratory conditions was about 12 months. Since one female collected in February still carried prezoea-stage embryos, the embryonic growth rate in the laboratory was expected to be higher than in the field. It is thought that the length of the incubation period is affected by many environmental factors, but the embryonic growth rate is mainly controlled by water temperature. Thus, around Hukkaido, where specimens studied were collected, incubating females may be distributed in temperatures cooler than in the laboratory.
• Spawn date dependent survival and growth in the early life stages of Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Yoji Narimatsu, Hiroyuki Munehara Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 1849 -1855 1999年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The effects of spawn date on survival and growth during the embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages of a coastal fish, Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes), were examined. Monitoring of embryos using SCUBA showed that the embryonic period decreased as the season progressed and the hatching rate was lowest for the early-spawn cohort (EC). Analysis of otolith daily growth increments indicated that EC larvae had much lower survival and growth rates than larvae of middle-spawn (MC) and late-spawn cohorts (LC), but there were no large differences in either rate among juveniles of the three cohorts. EC suffered the highest mortality rates in the embryonic and larval stages; these high rates were linked with slow development and growth, probably caused by below-optimum water temperatures. EC fish grew over a longer period and reached larger body size than MC and LC fish. These results suggest that intraannual variations in growth pattern and survival rate in the embryonic and larval stages were caused by spawn date differences, which favored the LC in the study year, but the EC might have a size-dependent advantage in survivorship and reproductive success during the postjuvenile stages.
• クリガニの輪精管の形態と交尾にともなう変化

  永尾次郎, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1998 46 1998年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Sperm storage and degradation in the ovary of a marine copulating sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes): Role of intercellular junctions between inner ovarian epithelial cells

  Y Koya, H Munehara, K Takano JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 233 (2) 153 -163 1997年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The morphology of female sperm storage during the spawning period and the morphology of sperm degradation after the spawning period were investigated by electron microscopy in a copulating teleost, Alcichthys alcicornis. The spermatozoa were maintained in the ovarian cavity, floating in the ovarian fluid during the spawning period. The spermatozoa then degenerated and were phagocytized by macrophages invading the ovarian cavity after the spawning period. In the ovary during the spawning period, horseradish peroxidase used as a tracer revealed tight junctional complexes connecting adjacent cells of the inner ovarian epithelia (ovarian wall epithelium and ovigerous lamella epithelium). This indicates that a compartmentalization of the ovarian cavity occurs during the spawning period. The junctional complexes were breached after the spawning period, as shown by the fact that horseradish peroxidase penetrated the ovarian cavity via the intercellular space between the adjoining ovigerous lamella epithelia. These results suggest that the spermatozoa in the ovarian cavity are isolated from the maternal immune system by the tight junctional complexes between the adjoining inner ovarian epithelia during the spawning period, and then are eliminated by immune cells following the breakdown of the junctional complexes after the spawning period. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
• アイナメにおけるマイクロサテライトDNA多型を利用した父子判定

  宗原 弘幸, 竹中 修 DNA多型 = DNA polymorphism 5 218 -222 1997年07月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The reproductive biology and early life stages of Podothecus sachi (Pisces: Agonidae)

  H Munehara FISHERY BULLETIN 95 (3) 612 -619 1997年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 当年交尾しなかったクリガニ雌の産出卵の受精率

  永尾次郎, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1997 45 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメ科魚類の一方向異種間交配

  宗原弘幸, 金本自由生 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1997 85 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヨコスジカジカの異型生殖細胞の機能 卵塊中における精子との関わり

  早川洋一, 古丸明, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1997 86 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴの産卵時期および卵ふ化成功率の経年変化

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1997 86 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Extracellular environments for the initiation of external fertilization and micropylar plug formation in a cottid species, Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas) (Scorpaeniformes) with internal insemination

  H Munehara, Y Koya, Y Hayakawa, K Takano JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 211 (2) 279 -289 1997年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Conditions for the initiation of fertilization and the initial fertilization process were investigated using histological observations of eggs of Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas), an oviparous fish that undergoes internal insemination. Eggs obtained from ovaries of inseminated females already had spermatozoa present inside the micropylar canal, but showed no signs of fertilization. The contents of the cortical alveolae were discharged after the eggs were immersed in seawater, suggesting that fertilization is initiated after spawning. These observations indicate that the spawning mode of H. villosus is one of internal gametic association with external fertilization, as previously reported in Alcichthys alcicornis and Blepsias cirrhosus. Fertilization occurred in an isotonic media rich in calcium ions. Calcium ion concentration of the ovarian fluid of H. villosus was lower than that of the media in which fertilization occurred. These results suggest the failure to initiate fertilization internally was caused by a deficiency of calcium ions in the ovarian fluid. The plug-like structure in the outer opening of the micropylar canal appeared 10 min after the eggs' immersion in seawater. The plug-like structure appears to originate from irregular particles dispersed on the vestibule. Another plug-like structure appeared in the inner opening of the micropylar canal 2 h after the eggs' immersion in seawater. Rather than blocking polyspermy, the two plug-like structure probably prevent foreign micro-organisms from invading the ooplasm during the long embryonic period (4 months). (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
• ヒラメの酸素消費量とアンモニアの排泄量に及ぼす摂餌時間の影響

  劉 海金, 桜井 泰憲, 宗原 弘幸, 滝山 修一, 島崎 健二 水産増殖 45 (1) 81 -86 1997年03月20日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ヒラメの酸素消費量とアンモニアの排泄量に及ぼす摂餌時間の影響

  劉 海金, 桜井 泰憲, 宗原 弘幸, 滝山 修一, 島崎 健二 水産増殖 45 (1) 81 -86 1997年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  ヒラメの酸素消費量およびアンモニアの排泄量に及ぼす摂餌の時間 (朝09: 00, 夕方18: 00) の影響を調べた。摂餌後のSDA値の時間的変化には両実験区とも有意な差は認められなかった。しかし, 酸素消費量のピーク値は, 夕方に摂餌した実験区の方が朝に摂餌した実験区より24.3%高かった。一方, アンモニアの平均排泄量とピーク値は両実験区の間に有意差はなく, ピークを示す時間も両実験区とも摂餌後3-6時間の問に一峰を示すのみであった。摂餌により上昇したアンモニア排泄量は, 24時間以内に摂餌前のレベルに戻った。
• シワイカナゴ雄の繁殖なわばり維持と放棄

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 30th 39 1997年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Age Determination and Growth from Otolith Daily Growth Increments of Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes)

  Yoji Narimatsu, Hiroyuki Munehara Fisheries Science 63 503 -508 1997年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Age and daily growth of Hypoptychus dybowskii collected periodically off Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, June 1993 to June 1994, were investigated using otolith-increment counts. Daily increment formation was verified by comparing the number of increments formed after alizarin complexone marking with the number of days after treatment. Most growth occurs during the first 6 months from hatching. The relationship between standard length and the number of daily growth increments was best fitted to a Logistic curve for male, and a Gompertz curve for females: (males) Lt = 56.25/(1 + exp-0.034(t - 68.00)) and (females) Lt = 63.16 exp-exp-0.018(t - 54.98)No specimen had more than 365 increments in its sagittae, suggesting this species has a life span of one year.
• Influence of Haemobaphes cyclopterina and H. intermedius (Copepoda) on Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus), respectively

  R. A. Khan, H. Munehara, K. Ryan, J. W. Lawson Canadian Journal of Zoology 75 1280 -1284 1997年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and effects of two species of blood-feeding copepods on their definitive fish hosts, viz. Haemobaphes cyclopterina parasitizing Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and H. intermedius infecting tidepool soulpins (Oligocottus maculosus). Infected and uninfected Arctic cod and tidepool sculpins were captured by SCUBA and dip net in the northwest Atlantic and northeast Pacific, respectively. Biological variables such as condition factor, hepatic somatic index, gonadal somatic index, and haematocrit were compared between the two groups of Arctic cod of both sexes, whereas only condition factor was compared in the two groups of sculpins of both sexes. Prevalence of H. cyclopterina (8%) was considerably lower than that of H. intermedius (46%). This difference is probably associated with the hosts' behaviour, as the Arctic cod is pelagic whereas the tidepool sculpin is restricted to the littoral zone, where infections are probably acquired. Infected Arctic cod of both sexes had significantly lower condition factor, hepatic and gonadal somatic indices, and haematocrit than non-parasitized fish. Only females harboured large numbers of the parasite and showed even more dramatic changes than the corresponding groups. The growth period of H. cyclopterina on Arctic cod from the time of infection to the fully developed egg sac stage is probably about 6 months. In tidepool sculpins, condition factor was significantly lower in infected than in uninfected fish. These results, especially for the Arctic cod, parallel those reported for gadoid fish following infection with haematophagous species of Lernaeocera that impair growth and reproduction.
• 卵生魚および胎生魚の卵巣内酸素供給機能の比較 排卵および妊娠中の卵巣腔液中の酸素濃度の変化

  早川洋一, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1996 33 1996年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 設置型水中ビデオカメラを利用した基質産卵型魚類の繁殖行動観察

  宗原弘幸, 三浦汀介 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1996 45 1996年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴの産出時期の違いとはい仔稚魚期の生残および成長との関係

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1996 51 1996年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• クリガニの卵巣成熟

  永尾次郎, 宗原弘幸 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1996 34 1996年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Non-copulatory spawning and female participation during early egg care in a marine sculpin Hemilepidotus gilberti

  Y Hayakawa, H Munehara ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH 43 (1) 73 -78 1996年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The reproductive behavior of a marine sculpin, Hemilepidotus gilberti, was observed in the aquarium. The behavioral sequence comprised fight for territory, courtship and fight for females, spawning and caring for the egg mass. Females very slowly deposited eggs enclosed with viscous ovarian fluid onto the substrate. Almost all the eggs contained in the ovary were released in a single spawning, its completion requiring 21-52 min. Territorial males emitted semen against the deposited eggs, about 6 and 11 min after the beginning of spawning. Sneaking by neighboring males followed subsequently. This was the first observation of non-copulatory spawning among marine sculpins. Females cared for the eggs for several days after spawning, and then male alone care continued until hatching (47-49 days after spawning). Participation by females in egg caring is likely to be caused by their spawning only once during the spawning season and the consequent lack of urgency for post-spawning feeding.
• ヨコスジカジカにおける異型生殖細胞の機能

  早川洋一, 秋山良, 古丸明, 宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 29th 56 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴ雌の配偶者選択

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 29th 54 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• アイナメにおけるマイクロサテライトDNA多型を利用した父子判定

  宗原弘幸, 竹中修 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 29th 56 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Sperm transfer during copulation in the marine sculpin Hemitripterus villosus (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes) by means of a retractable genital duct and ovarian secretion in females

  H. Munehara Copeia (2) 452 -454 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Non-intentional filial egg cannibalism by the guarding male of Hexagrammos otakii (Pisces: Hexagramidae)

  H Munehara, T Miura JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 13 (2) 191 -193 1995年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• スジアイナメにおける卵接着物質の形成

  古屋 康則, 宗原 弘幸, 高野 和則 魚雑 42 (1) 45 -52 1995年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  沈性粘着卵を産むスジアイナメ (<I>Hexagrammos octogrammus</I>) の卵膜表面に存在する接着物質の起源と形成過程を明らかにするため, 卵膜の形成過程を電子顕微鏡で観察した.形成中の卵膜は構造の違いから3層 (外側からZ1, Z2, Z3) に識別できた.Z1およびZ2は前卵黄形成期に出現した.Z2は電子密度の高い物質として卵原形質表面に最初に沈着し, その後Z2と顆粒膜細胞との間隙に電子密度の低いZ1が蓄積された.前卵黄形成期の顆粒膜細胞内には粗面小胞体とゴルジ装置が発達し, さらに, 数多くの小胞がZ1に向かって開口していた.このことは, Z1の構成成分が顆粒膜細胞で合成, 分泌されることを示唆している.一方, 卵母細胞ではZ2の構成成分と考えられる物質を含んだ小胞が, 細胞表面に向かって開口していた.卵黄形成期になるとZ2の形成は終了し, その内側にZ2より電子密度がやや低いZ3が出現した.この時期の卵母細胞では, Z3の構成成分と考えられる物質を含む小胞が細胞表面に向かって開口していた.Z1の蓄積は卵黄形成期中も徐々に進行したが, 排卵前には著しい構造の変化が認められた.Z1構成成分の大部分は拡張した顆粒膜細胞の細胞間隙に拡散し, わずかに残ったZ1成分が微細な羽毛状の構造となってZ2の外側に沈着した.排卵された卵では, この羽毛状構造の外側に透明層が出現した.この透明層は, 排卵前に拡散したZ1成分が網目状に凝集し, 卵巣腔液を吸収して膨潤した結果できたものと思われる.海水に浸漬後に接着した卵では, 透明層が消失し, 露出した羽毛状構造が直接卵どうしを接着させていた.以上の結果は, 前卵黄形成期から卵黄形成期を通じて, 卵膜の外側に蓄積された顆粒膜細胞由来の物質の一部が, 排卵時に卵膜表面に沈着して, 卵接着物質として機能することを示唆している.
• スジアイナメにおける卵接着物質の形成

  古屋 康則, 宗原 弘幸, 高野 和則 魚類學雜誌 42 (1) 45 -52 1995年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Formation of the vitelline envelope of the masked greenling was investigated by electron microscopy to clarify the origin of adhesive material on the chorion. In developing oocytes the envelope had three zones, referred to as Z1 (outermost), Z2 and Z3. Z1 and Z2 first appeared during the pre-vitellogenic stage. Z1 consisted of a low electron-dense substance accumulated in the space between Z2 an electron-dense substance deposited on the oocyte surface and the granulosa cells. During this stage, well developed endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparati occurred in the granulosa cells. Numerous small vesicles in the granulosa cell fused with the plasma membrane facing the oocyte. Therefore, it is plausible that the granulosa cell synthesizes and secrets some material for Z1, which formed continuously until the vitellogenic stage, when formation of Z3 occurred. In pre-ovulatory follicles, the structure of Z1 changed greatly, the major portion of its constituents diffusing into the wide intercellular spaces between the granulosa cells. The remaining portion of Z1 was transformed into fine coagulative particles forming a thin, down-like layer. In ovulated eggs, a transparent layer appearing on the outside of the down-like layer was considered to have formed from the diffused portion of the Z1 components, which coagulated and then swelled by absorbing ovarian fluid. The transparent layer disappeared after the egg was immersed in seawater, allowing the exposed, down-like layer to adhere directly to adjacent eggs.
• 北海道南部沿岸におけるヨコスジカジカの生息環境

  早川洋一, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1995 104 1995年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 異なる摂餌量と温度条件下におけるヒラメ幼魚の特異動的作用(SDA)の変化

  劉海金, 桜井泰憲, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1995 51 1995年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ケガニErimacrs isenbeckiiの卵発生

  永尾次郎, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1995 86 1995年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• シワイカナゴの日齢と成長

  成松庸二, 宗原弘幸, 島崎健二 日本水産学会大会講演要旨集 1995 124 1995年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 体内配偶子会合と胎生の岐路

  宗原弘幸 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 28th 31 1995年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ALLOPARENTAL CARE IN THE MARINE SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS (PISCES, COTTIDAE) - COPULATING IN CONJUNCTION WITH PATERNAL CARE

  H MUNEHARA, A TAKENAKA, O TAKENAKA JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 12 (2) 115 -120 1994年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The elkhorn sculpin Alcichthys alcicornis spawns and subsequently copulates, and the eggs are then cared for by the male. DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the paternity of males for the clutches guarded by them. When a female was mated with 4 males in succession in aquaria, males did not fertilize the eggs spawned just before copulation unless the female was unimpregnated but fathered the eggs spawned by the female later. In the field, near the end of the breeding season, males were genetically unrelated to the clutches in their territories. We concluded that males guard non-kin eggs for the opportunity to copulate and to fertilize the future clutches of their mates.
• 南中央アラスカの氷河フィヨルド地帯, リザレクション湾の春季におけるカサゴ目仔稚魚の出現

  宗原 弘幸, Paul Judy M, Paul Augustus J 魚雑 41 (1) 73 -75 1994年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  アラスカ湾北部, 氷河フィヨルド地帯, リザレクション湾において, 春季のカサゴ目仔稚魚の出現状況を調査した.標本採集はNIOTトロールを用い, 湾内3地点において1991年4月2日から7月9日まで, ほぼ毎週行なった.42回の曳網でカジカ科10, トクビレ科1, クサウオ科1, およびギンダラ, 合計13タイプ75個体のカサゴ目仔稚魚が採集された.これらのうち, ギンダラを除く12種は, 沈性粘着卵を産むこと, および湾内の流速などから判断して, 湾内で繁殖しているものと考えられた.調査期間中の各タイプの平均分布密度0.28-8.96/1000m<SUP>3</SUP>は, 同様の方法で同時期に採集されるスケトウダラおよびニシンの数値と比べて極端に低く, カサゴ目仔稚魚は本調査海域における春季のプランクトン消費者としての役割は小さいとみなされた.しかし, 氷河の影響がないアラスカ湾南東部のオーク湾およびアラスカ湾西部のコディアック島周辺では, カサゴ目魚類, 特にカジカ科魚類は主要な出現仔稚魚となっており, これらのことから, 低温低塩分濃度, 大量にシルトを含んでいることなどで特徴づけられる氷河フィヨルド地帯は, 北太平洋東岸に生息するカサゴ目魚類にとって, 好適な棲み場ではないことが示唆された.
• ニジカジカＡｌｃｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ａｌｃｉｃｏｒｎｉｓの生殖周期と産卵生態

  古屋 康則, 宗原 弘幸, 高野 和則 魚雑 41 (1) 39 -45 1994年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Histological observations of the ovaries, statistical analyses of catches by trammel net, and obser vations of territorial males and egg masses by SCUBA diving were made in order to clarify the reproductive biology of the elkhorn sculpin, <I>Alcichthys alcicornis</I>. Ovarian development was categorized as immature (July-December), yolk accumulation (January-March), copulation and spawning (April-May), or degeneration (May-June). Sections taken from mature ovaries showed <I>A. akicornis</I> to be a multiple spawner, ovulating and spawning several times in a single breeding season. Trammel net catches during the breeding season suggested that members of the breeding population migrate synchronously by sex from offshore depths to shallow waters, males preceding females by 1 week (in late March-mid April); females achieve initial spawning by late April. Breeding sites were found in cracks or crevices between rocks within territories established by territorial males. At least 80-100 egg masses were deposited in each territory during the overall spawning season. The occurrence or otherwise of sneaking tactics during copulation in <I>A. alcicornis</I> is discussed.
• 南中央アラスカの氷河フィヨルド地帯,リザレクション湾の春季におけるカサゴ目仔稚魚の出現

  宗原 弘幸, Paul Judy M, Paul Augustus J 魚類學雜誌 41 (1) 73 -75 1994年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカAlcichthys alcicornisの生殖周期と産卵生態

  古屋康則, 宗原弘幸, 高野和則 魚類学雑誌 41 (1) 39 -45 1994年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Histological observations of the ovaries, statistical analyses Of catches by trammel net, and observations of territorial males and egg masses by SCUBA diving were made in order to clarify the reproductive biology of the elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis. Ovarian development was categorized as immature (July-December), yolk accumulation (January-March), copulation and spawning (April-May), or degeneration (May-June). Sections taken from mature ovaries showed A. alcicornis to be a multiple spawner, ovulating and spawning several times in a single breeding season. Trammel net catches during the breeding season suggested that members of the breeding population migrate synchronously by sex from offshore depths to shallow waters, males preceding females by 1 week (in late March-mid April); females achieve initial spawning by late April. Breeding sites were found in cracks or crevices between rocks within territories established by territorial males. At least 80-100 egg masses were deposited in each territory during the overall spawning season. The occurrence or otherwise of sneaking tactics during copulation in A. alcicornis is discussed.
• Conditions for initiation of fertilization of eggs in the copulating elkhorn sculpin

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Yasunori Koya, Kazunori Takano Journal of Fish Biology 45 (6) 1105 -1111 1994年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The reason for failure to initiate fertilization internally was examined in a cottid fish, the elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis which has internal gametic association and external fertilization. While eggs could be activated in calcium free hypertonic media but not be fertilized, fertilization occurred in isotouic media rich in calcium ions. The rate of fertilization was dependent on calcium concentration, and eggs were not fertilized in solutions with a calcium ion concentration of less than 0·57 mmol kg−1. Calcium ions could be replaced to some extent by magnesium ions, but the former were the more effective in fertilization. Since calcium ion concentration of ovarian fluid of A. alcicornis was 0·41 mmol kg−1, it was inferred that low calcium concentration in the ovarian fluid was the cause of the failure of A. alcicornis eggs to fertilize internally. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
• スジアイナメの卵巣壁および卵巣薄板上皮細胞の分泌能

  古屋 康則, 宗原 弘幸, 高野 和則 魚雑 40 (2) 199 -208 1993年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Examination was made of the ultrastructure of the epithelial lining of the ovarian wall and the ovigerous lamellae in the ovary of female masked greenling, <I>Hexagrammos octogrammus</I>, to determine the origin of the jelly-like ovarian fluid present in the ovarian lumen during the spawning period.<BR>The surface of the ovarian wall and ovigerous lamellae were each covered with monolayered epithelium resting on the basement membrane. During the spawning period, microvilli were present on the apical surface, and remarkable increases in mitochondria, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparati were noted. Many secretory vesicles were separate from the Golgi apparatus. Microapocrine secretion and exocytosis occurred at the tips and basal parts of the microvilli, respectively, throughout the spawning period. In one case macroapocrine secretion from the ovarian wall epithelium was observed and is suggested as representing the time of most active secretion. The endocytotic uptake of secretory substances at the basal and lateral parts of the epithelium was evident from an experiment using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer.<BR>The results indicated that the components of the jelly-like ovarian fluid are synthesized and secreted not only from ovarian wall epithelium, but also from ovigerous lamella epithelium, the modes of secretion from these epithelia comprising microapocrine, macroapocrine and exocytotic mechanisms.
• スジアイナメの卵巣壁および卵巣薄板上皮細胞の分泌能

  古屋康則, 宗原弘幸, 高野和則 魚類学雑誌 40 (2) 199 -208 1993年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Examination was made of the ultrastructure of the epithelial lining of the ovarian wall and the ovigerous lamellae in the ovary of female masked greenling, Hexagrammos octogrammus, to determine the origin of the jelly-like ovarian fluid present in the ovarian lumen during the spawning period. The surface of the ovarian wall and ovigerous lamellae were each covered with monolayered epithelium resting on the basement membrane. During the spawning period, microvilli were present on the apical surface, and remarkable increases in mitochondria, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticula and Golgi apparati were noted. Many secretory vesicles were separate from the Golgi apparatus. Microapocrine secretion and exocytosis occurred at the tips and basal parts of the microvilli, respectively, throughout the spawning period. In one case macroapocrine secretion from the ovarian wall epithelium was observed and is suggested as representing the time of most active secretion. The endocytotic uptake of secretory substances at the basal and lateral parts of the epithelium was evident from an experiment using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. The results indicated that the components of the jelly-like ovarian fluid are synthesized and secreted not only from ovarian wall epithelium, but also from ovigerous lamella epithelium, the modes of secretion from these epithelia comprising microapocrine, macroapocrine and exocytotic mechanisms.
• Effects of extracellular environments on the motility of spermatozoa in several marine sculpins with internal gametic association

  Yasunori Koya, Hiroyuki Munehara, Kazunori Takano, Hiroya Takahashi Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology 106 (1) 25 -29 1993年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  1. 1. The motility of spermatozoa in several marine sculpins, which exhibit a special reproductive manner of the internal gametic association, was measured in various artificial solutions, ovarian fluid and seminal plasma. 2. 2. In the elkhorn sculpin, Alcichthys alcicornis, spermatozoa showed high motility in solutions of 300 to 400 mOsm/kg, containing sodium ion, with pH higher than 7.5, which coincided with the nature of ovarian fluid of the fish. 3. 3. Spermatozoa of sunrise sculpin, Pseudoblennius cottoides, and elegant sculpin, Bero elegans, were motile at osmolalities isotonic to the ovarian fluid but not at osmolalities higher than 500 and 800 mOsm/kg, respectively, indicating that the gametic association in these fish is carried out exclusively in their ovaries. 4. 4. Spermatozoa of littledragon sculpin, Blepsias cirrhosus, were motile at osmolalities higher than 300 mOsm/kg, but not in sea water, suggesting an internal gametic association to occur in this species of sculpins. 5. 5. The results indicate that spermatozoa of the marine sculpins with the internal gametic association show their motility in environmental conditions appropriate to respective reproductive modes. © 1993.
• Utilization of polychaete tubes as spawning substrate by the sea raven Hemitripterus villosus (Scorpaeniformes)

  Hiroyuki Munehara Environmental Biology of Fishes 33 (4) 395 -398 1992年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The sea raven, Hemitripterus villosus, deposits its eggs on polychaete tubes (Salmacina sp.) in the coastal waters of Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan. This is contradictory to investigations in the Bay of Peter the Great, Soviet Union, where eggs are deposited in narrow clefts. The egg masses are found among the bunchy worm tubes or between the base of the colony and the substrate. The spawning habit of H. villosus is distinct from 'spawner in live invertebrates' such as the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus, which specifically associates with a sponge. That of H. villosus is classified as a 'cavity spawner'. © 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• The little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus, another case of internal gametic association and external fertilization

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Kazunori Takano, Yasunori Koya Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 37 (4) 391 -394 1991年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In the copulating cottid species, Blepsias cirrhosus, the point at which fertilization occurred was determined experimentally. Ovulated eggs were obtained directly from the ovary of impregnated females. Eggs maintained in ovarian fluid did not show any signs of development, whereas most of the eggs which had been placed in seawater had developed to the 4-cell stage after 24hrs. The eggs kept in ovarian fluid initiated segmentation when later transferred into seawater. Histological examination showed that a number of spermatozoa had entered the micropyle, but that penetration did not occur in eggs that were not immersed in seawater. In these eggs, the metaphase spindle of the second meiotic division was observed in the ooplasm, at the animal pole. These results indicate that, in impregnated females, the spermatozoa associate with the eggs in the ovarian cavity, but that fertilization occurs externally when the eggs are spawned. © 1991 The Ichthyological Society of Japan.
• イソバテングによる産卵床としてのカイメンの利用および生態的利点〔英文〕

  宗原 弘幸 魚類学雑誌 38 (2) p179 -184 1991年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• イソバテングの卵内発生とふ化仔魚〔英文〕

  宗原 弘幸, 島崎 健二 魚類学雑誌 38 (1) p31 -34 1991年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Utilization and ecological benefits of a sponge as a spawning bed by the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus

  Hiroyuki Munehara Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 38 (2) 179 -184 1991年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  It was established that the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus uses the sponge species Mycale adhaerens as a spawning bed. The eggs were completely concealed in the sponge tissues, and caused the sponge skeleton to be partly damaged. It is conceivable that the exclusive utilization of M. adhaerens by B. cirrhosus is a consequence of the advantageous softness and thickness of the sponge which allows the fish to inject the eggs. The eggs deposited in the sponge seemed to take advantage of predator avoidance, a constant supply of oxygen, and little interference by bacteria. © 1991 The Ichthyological Society of Japan.
• EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT AND NEWLY HATCHED LARVAE OF THE LITTLE DRAGON SCULPIN BLEPSIAS-CIRRHOSUS

  H MUNEHARA, K SHIMAZAKI JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 38 (1) 31 -34 1991年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  This paper describes both embryonic development and newly hatched larval morphology of the little dragon sculpin Blepsias cirrhosus. The eggs of B. cirrhosus are almost spherical, 3.0-3.2 mm in diameter, and have a yolk color of burnt orange. Development is very slow, being especially sluggish once the embryo appears. The embryo begins forming from the 10th day. In size, the early embryo is less than 1/6 of the yolk's circumference. Incubation at 10-degrees-C takes about 200 days, 50 days shorter than the incubation period in a natural environment, with a mean water temperature of 11-degrees-C. The notochord length of newly-hatched larvae averages 11.1 mm. The larvae are developed so fully that the notochord is already flexing and the caudal and pectoral rays are forming.
• イソバテングにおける体内配偶子会合および体外受精の実証〔英文〕

  宗原 弘幸, 高野 和則, 古屋 康則 魚類学雑誌 37 (4) 391 -394 1991年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In the copulating cottid species, Blepsias cirrhosus, the point at which fertilization occurred was determined experimentally. Ovulated eggs were obtained directly from the ovary of impregnated females. Eggs maintained in ovarian fluid did not show any signs of development, whereas most of the eggs which had been placed in seawater had developed to the 4-cell stage after 24 hrs. The eggs kept in ovarian fluid initiated segmentation when later transferred into seawater. Histological examination showed that a number of spermatozoa had entered the micropyle, but that penetration did not occur in eggs that were not immersed in seawater. In these eggs, the metaphase spindle of the second meiotic division was observed in the ooplasm, at the animal pole. These results indicate that, in impregnated females, the spermatozoa associate with the eggs in the ovarian cavity, but that fertilization occurs externally when the eggs are spawned.
• PATERNITY ESTIMATED BY ISOZYME VARIATION IN THE MARINE SCULPIN ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS (PISCES, COTTIDAE) EXHIBITING COPULATION AND PATERNAL CARE

  H MUNEHARA, H OKAMOTO, K SHIMAZAKI JOURNAL OF ETHOLOGY 8 (1) 21 -24 1990年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In Alcichthys alcicornis, a sculpin copulating in conjunction with paternal care, the genetic relation between males and egg masses they guard was investigated using polymorphism of an isozyme. At least 3 out of the 10 egg masses investigated were not genetically related with the guarding males. In these 3 cases, the female parents must have copulated with males other than the guarding males. It was hypothesized that males take care of non-kin eggs for the opportunity to fertilize the next clutch females will produce. © 1990 Japan Ethological Society.
• Annual Maturation Changes in the Ovaries of Masked Greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus

  Hiroyuki Munehara, Kenji Shimazaki Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 55 (3) 423 -429 1989年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Histological observations were carried out on the ovaries of masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus collected in Usujiri, southern Hokkaido, Japan, for the purpose of clarifying the annual reproductive cycle and the first maturational process. The development of ovaries during maturation was divided into the following six phases (1) recovery phase (immature phase in case of under-spawners), (2) pre-vitellogenic phase, (3) vitellogenic phase, (4) maturing phase, (5) early spawning phase, (6) late spawning phase. The vitellogenic phase proceeded for a single month (mid August—mid September), as did the spawning phase (late September—late October). There were three characteristic features in the mode of oocyte development. The first feature was the transference from the peri-nucleolus stage to the yolk vesicle stage had finished when the most advanced oocytes in an ovary were at the migratory nucleus stage. Second, the maturing through the migration of nucleus to the ovulation progressed intermittently as a clutch. The third feature was oocytes at the oil droplet stage, the early yolk globule stage and the late yolk globule stage began degenerating while the last clutch in this spawning period was at the pre-mature or more developing stage. © 1989, The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science. All rights reserved.
• 水槽内におけるニジカジカの産卵と交尾行動〔英文〕

  宗原 弘幸 魚類学雑誌 35 (3) p358 -364 1988年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 水槽内におけるニジカジカの産卵と交尾行動

  宗原 弘幸 魚雑 35 (3) 358 -364 1988年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  水槽内でニジカジカの繁殖行動を観察した.本種の1回の繁殖行動は, 産卵と交尾からなる.雄は雌を発見するとすべての鰭を広げ, 一連の求愛行動を行なう.初め, 雌は雄の求愛を無視しているが, 排卵状態にある時は, 最終的に求愛に応じ, 産卵とそれに続いて交尾が行なわれる.産卵直前になると, 雌は胸鰭と尾部および臀鰭で産卵床を掃き, 数回深呼吸の後, 尾部を幾分上方に反らせた姿勢で一気に数千粒の卵を産む.雄は産卵するまで, 雌の周りを側面誇示しながら旋回遊泳したり, 時には咬みっいたりするが, 産卵前に交尾することはなかった.産卵後, 雌は産卵前と類似した行動で尾部と臀鰭により, 卵を薄層状に広げて水槽底面に付着させる.卵塊を薄層状にすることは, 発生過程で卵に対する酸素供給を容易にするものと推察された.交尾は雌のこの行動の間に繰り返され, その際, 精液がペニスあるいは雌の生殖口から漏れ出るのが観察された.実験前まで交尾経験のなかった雌の産出卵は, この漏出した精子によって, 体外で受精する.卵塊を広げ終えると, 雌は産卵場所を去り1回の繁殖行動が終了する.通常, 雄は卵の近傍で過ごすが, ファニング等の保護行動は観察されなかった.また, 産卵期間中, 雌の生殖口周辺から臀鰭両側の基部にかけて, 皮下に漿液が貯留し水腫状を呈する.この水腫様の膨隆部は柔らかく, それ故, 卵塊を薄層化する際, 卵が潰されないように機能すると推察された.
• スジアイナメの卵形成過程〔英文〕

  宗原 弘幸, 島崎 健二, 三島 清吉 北海道大学水産学部研究彙報 38 (1) p27 -33 1987年02月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカの胚発生と稚仔魚の形態変化

  宗原 弘幸, 三島 清吉 魚類学雑誌 33 (1) p46 -50 1986年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ニジカジカのはい発生と稚子魚の形態変化

  宗原弘幸, 三島清吉 魚類学雑誌 33 (1) 46 -50 1986年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The eggs of <I>Alcichthys alcicornis</I> were spawned in tank at the laboratory and reared for the studies of embryonic, larval and juvenile development. This species takes place entosomatic fertilization, and females spawn fertilized eggs after copulation. The eggs are demersal and adhesive, released as a clump forming a thin layer on the bottom of tank. There was no significant difference in embryonic development between this species and other oviparous teleostean species. Hatching occurred between 17 and 18 days after spawning at a mean water temperature of 8.5&deg;C. The newly hatched larvae averaged 4.44 mm in body length (BL). The larvae attained to post-larval stage at 5.80 mm BL, and juvenile stage at 10.2 mm BL. A specific feature of the post-larvae was the appearance of three lines of the melanophores on the caudal part of fin fold. Carotenoid first appeared on the nape at 8.70 mm BL, heavily emerged beyond 12.9 mm BL, and turned up on the back also beyond 15.2 mm BL. Scales on the lateral line were completed by 18.5 mm BL. Three pairs of flaps were observed on the dorsal surface of the head at 37.0 mm BL. External features of adult specimens are almost completed by 52.0 mm BL, yet the tip of the first preopercular was not branched but remained simple.
• EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT, LARVAE AND JUVENILE OF ELKHORN SCULPIN, ALCICHTHYS-ALCICORNIS

  H MUNEHARA, S MISHIMA JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY 33 (1) 46 -50 1986年05月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The eggs of Alcichthys alcicornis were spawned in tank at the laboratory and reared for the studies of embryonic, larval and juvenile development. This species takes place entosomatic fertilization, and females spawn fertilized eggs after copulation. The eggs are demersal and adhesive, released as a clump forming a thin layer on the bottom of tank. There was no significant difference in embryonic development between this species and other oviparous teleostean species. Hatching occurred between 17 and 18 days after spawning at a mean water temperature of 8.5†C. The newly hatched larvae averaged 4.44 mm in body length (BL). The larvae attained to post-larval stage at 5.80 mm BL, and juvenile stage at 10.2 mm BL. A specific feature of the post-larvae was the appearance of three lines of the melanophores on the caudal part of fin fold. Carotenoid first appeared on the nape at 8.70 mm BL, heavily emerged beyond 12.9 mm BL, and turned up on the back also beyond 15.2 mm BL. Scales on the lateral line were completed by 18.5 mm BL. Three pairs of flaps were observed on the dorsal surface of the head at 37.0 mm BL. External features of adult specimens are almost completed by 52.0 mm BL, yet the tip of the first preopercular was not branched but remained simple. © 1986 The Ichthyological Society of Japan.

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

• 半クローン雑種の総括研究-永続性の実証（究極要因）とゲノム削除機構（至近要因）

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2021年04月 -2024年03月 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 藤本 貴史

   

  半クローンやクローンは、雌だけを産むため個体群増殖速度が速いが、遺伝的な多様性を作り出せないなどの欠点から、系統寿命は短いと考えられてきた。しかし、アイナメ属半クローン雑種を用いた研究から、一世代で父親ゲノムを「置換」できる半クローンの特性により、母種の雄と交配することで組換え可能な子を作り出せる。本研究では、アイナメ属の系統進化の過程で、ホスト種を換えることによって半クローンと組換え世代を繰り返し、系統寿命を伸ばしてきたことを実証する。さらに半クローン配偶子が形成過程を細胞学的に解明する。 本年度は以下のことを実施した。 1. 父種ゲノムの削除機構の細胞学的観察と遺伝マーカーの作成 半クローンは、体細胞では父種と母種のゲノムが協働して雑種成体となるが、生殖細胞は母種ゲノムだけを伝える配偶子を作る。父種ゲノムが排除される仕組みを明らかにするため、卵原細胞から卵母細胞になるまでの染色体動態を蛍光観察するためのプローブ作成を行った。 2. 半クローン遺伝子のホストスイッチを経由した永続性の実証 スジアイナメゲノムの半クローン雑種には、アイナメを宿主にするアイナメ系とクジメを宿主にするクジメ系が北海道南部とロシア沿海州で見つかっている。スジアイナメは北太平洋東岸で起源し極東まで分布を広げた。その過程には、多様な環境があったが、そこを近縁種のゲノムを宿主にして乗り越えて極東にたどり着いたと考えられる。これを『ホストスイッチ仮定』とよんでいる。これを実証するために、もっとも寒冷域にまで分布するエゾアイナメを厚岸町から入手した。エゾアイナメの精子で半クローンの卵を人工受精した。その結果、受精し、孵化仔魚も他の純粋種と比較して順調に育つことがわかった。本年度は得られた稚魚のDNA量、両親種のゲノムが遺伝したことを確認した。次年度はこの雑種が半クローンかどうかを確認する。
• ホストを乗り換え永続するアイナメ属半クローンゲノムの起源と進化、遺伝子の特定まで

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2020年03月 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 藤本 貴史, 荒井 克俊

   

  30年度は、昨年度において未完であった、半クローンに関わる遺伝子の特定に関わる部分の研究を進めた。また、人工交配で新規半クローンを再現する実験は、本研究の課題名「ホストを乗り換え永続するアイナメ属半クローンゲノムの起源と進化、遺伝子の特定まで」の根幹であるため、この部分も進めた。 遺伝子の特定に関わる部分では、次世代シーケンサーを使ったRNA-seqで、半クローンの卵形成において、不働の遺伝子群を検出した。これは、半クローンが突然変異で新たな機能を持った遺伝子を想定していたが、その反対に働かない遺伝子があって、その下流のカスケードが機能しないというものである。しかし、減数分裂する際に働くとみられる中心体に関与する遺伝子が働かないことなどから、「分裂を誘導する段階での遺伝子欠損」とする仮説は、むしろ合理的と評価した。 アイナメ属半クローンは、これまで知られている半クローン６生物タイプのうち、唯一の海産生物である。半クローンは個体数増殖速度が親種よりも速いため、２つの親種と共存する初期状態から、半クローンが増殖には必要とせず、競争関係にある母種を駆逐するまでの遷移期間は、生息域が狭い場合、短期間であると考えられている。アイナメ属の場合、海洋であるため、生息域が広く、局所的には母種が駆逐される遷移後の安定期であっても、半クローンのいない生息地で母種は存在し、半クローンゲノムが母種集団に還元し、組み替え世代を経て、半クローンゲノムがリニューアルし、長期間存続できる仮説が成り立つ。この仮説の実証ために、半クローンが、その父種と母種との交配頻度を調べる調査を行い、半クローンが母種の雄と交配していることを突きとめた。これは、染色体遺伝マーカーが開発できたためで、半クローンが実際に還元していることを、初めて突きとめた。半クローンの集団構造に関して、全く新しい考え方が提案できるだろう。
• 脊椎動物の陸上進出を促した精子・生殖様式の多様化機構の解明：カジカ魚類の比較から

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2016年04月 -2019年03月 

  代表者 : 安房田 智司, 宗原 弘幸, 古屋 康則, 武島 弘彦, 柴 小菊

   

  最終年度である平成30年度は、海産カジカ科魚類における（1）分子系統樹の作成、（2）タイドプールに生息するカジカ科魚類の産卵場所調査、（3）系統種間比較解析を行った。 （1）分子系統樹の作成：当初はミトコンドリアゲノム配列（16kbp）を決定する予定であったが、核ゲノムも含めた解析がより有効だとの結論に至り、RNAseqを利用した系統解析を行った。その結果、ミトコンドリアゲノム配列16kbpでは正確な系統樹の構築に至らないが、核ゲノムも含めた100kbp以上の配列を使うと非常に正確な系統樹が得られることが分かった。 （2）タイドプールに生息するカジカ科魚類の産卵場所調査：茨城に生息するイダテンカジカやムツカジカについては、未だに産卵場所が不明であった。そこで、同じ場所で時期を変えて調査した。成熟した個体は多数見つかったが、人間が近づけないような波の荒い場所で産卵しているためか、産卵場所の特定には至らなかった。しかし、2種については精子のデータを十分揃えることができた。この他、佐渡島で希少なフタスジカジカの採集に成功し、繁殖様式と精子特性を明らかにすることができた。 （3）系統種間比較解析：正確な系統樹はまだ未完成ではあるが、ミトコンドリアと核の部分配列の分子系統樹を用いた系統種間比較解析により、大きく次のことが明らかとなった。1. 精子の鞭毛の長さや遊泳速度は交尾行動とは関係なく、精子競争がより長くて速い精子を進化させる。2. 交尾種の雄では外部交尾器を発達させること、精子の頭部が伸長すること、精子は海水での運動能力を失い、雌の体内の環境である等張液のみで遊泳すること、が分かった。3. ホヤやカイメンに産卵する卵寄託種は、利用する宿主種やサイズに応じて産卵管や産卵行動を進化させていた。本研究で得られた一連の成果は、国内外の学会で発表した。また、投稿論文としても発表を行った。
• 魚類の交雑に起因する特異な発生・生殖の分子機構解明と育種応用

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)

  研究期間 : 2015年04月 -2019年03月 

  代表者 : 荒井 克俊, 藤本 貴史, 山羽 悦郎, 宗原 弘幸

   

  1.異種間受精と初期発生：ゼブラフィッシュ雌×スポッテッドダニオ雄雑種雄は異数体精子を形成し、その戻し交配子孫はほぼ致死性であった。キンギョ雌×カワバタモロコ雄二倍体雑種は致死であったが、雑種細胞をキンギョ胞胚に移植した場合、正常仔魚が生じた。この組合わせの三倍体雑種は生存性で、その始原生殖細胞をキンギョに移植した時、増殖が見られた。キンギョ雌×ヒナモロコ雄の二倍体雑種は致死的であったが、三倍体雑種において生存性が回復した。三倍体化したシロザケ雌×アメマスあるいはオショロコマ雄雑種は不妊であったが、カワマスを雄とした場合、生殖腺の発達が見られた。アメマス雌×サクラマス雄二倍体雑種では多く間性生殖腺が見られたが、一部個体は生殖能力を持つ可能性を示した。 2.非還元配偶子形成機構：ドジョウB系統染色体に特異的な反復配列ManDra-BをプローブとしたFISH解析に成功し、雑種起源が示された。rDNAプローブと併せて２-color-FISHを行ったところ、減数分裂において倍加した姉妹染色体の間で対合が生じることが判明した。従って、異系統に由来し、対合できない染色体が各々倍加し、遺伝的に同一の姉妹染色体間で対合し、疑似的減数分裂を起こすことによりクローン配偶子が生じることが証明された。さらに、A系統の一部染色体に特異的なManDra-Aプローブおよび5S－rDNA領域に特異的なプローブの開発に成功し、より精密な分子細胞遺伝学的解析が可能となった。 3.半クローン生殖：半クローンに特異的な複数の大型中部着糸型を含む染色体構成をマーカーとして、この様な特異的染色体構成が同種交配の繰り返しで遺伝するか否かを調べた結果、2代目で染色体構成が通常の構成に変わったことから、特異的な染色体構成は、母系種との戻し交配第一代目を検出するマーカーになることが示され、集団構造解明が可能になった。
• 暖流系生物の分布拡大で変遷する寒流域生物群集-漂着・繁殖あるいはゲノムパラサイト

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 荒井 克俊, 武島 弘彦, 矢部 衛

   

  地球規模の環境変動で温帯種との遭遇機会が増える魚類の応答について着目し北海道以北の魚類相変動と二次的遭遇の痕跡が残るアイナメ属について遺伝生態学的調査をした。その結果、南北海道から6種の北限記録を含む9種の初記録種が見つかり、現在は急速に海洋の生物相が変遷する過程にあることが示唆された。また、二次的接触の交雑に起源するアイナメ属半クローン雑種では、半クローンゲノムが地史的時間スケールでホストスイッチを介して雑種２系統と母種の３集団間を往来することが示唆された。必ずしもゲノムの浸透が起こるだけでない。以上から、漂着からゲノムパラサイトまで、種間相互作用の多様化の一端が明らかになった。
• 親潮流路にある島嶼生物の側所的進化と適応放散-極東域生物相形成史の解明を目指して

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2013年04月 -2016年03月 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 矢部 衛, 古屋 康則, 安房田 智司, 阿部 拓三

   

  カムチャッツカ半島、ウナラスカ、バンクーバー島でスクーバ潜水による標本採集調査を行った。また北大練習船による北極海での採集調査も行った。標本を同定するともに、分子系統解析および不凍タンパク質の発現状況を調べた。その結果、約50種400個体のカジカ類、ダンゴウオ類、アイナメ類を採集し、大学に保管していた標本と合わせカジカ上科6科47属92種の分子系統解析を行った。沖合から沿岸への独立した進化、東西北太平洋に分断分布する種の別種相当の遺伝的距離、垂直分布制約の回避による大規模系統回遊などの仮説提案ができた。この仮説と不凍タンパク質の解析からカジカ類の寒冷地への侵入過程の一端を解明できた。
• 海産魚で初めて見つかった半クローン集団の起源と維持に関する遺伝生態学的研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2014年03月 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 荒井 克俊, 安房田 智司, 早川 洋一

   

  父種の違いにより区別される2系統の雑種の系統解析を行った。次に、生態調査と交配実験から、雑種集団が毎世代の交雑で出現するのではなく独立した集団であること、半クローンの分子基盤が存在することなどを明らかにした。半クローンは動原体融合した染色体を持ち、この変異箇所に半クローン誘導因子が存在すると考えられた。 以上の結果から、半クローンの長期的な存続について考察した。雑種とスジアイナメとの交配が起こると、半クローン因子を持ったキャリアのスジアイナメができる。この系統は組み替えし雄も出現するので、再び交雑すれば半クローンになる。またキャリアの間にゲノムシャッフルするので、遺伝的多様性が高められる。
• 脊椎動物の共同繁殖のモデルシステムとしてのタンガニイカ湖魚類の繁殖と社会性の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2010年 -2012年 

  代表者 : 幸田 正典, 宗原 弘幸, 松本 一範, 畑 啓生

   

  脊椎動物の社会進化モデルとしてタンガニイカ湖のカワスズメの系統関係や彼らの社会構造を調べた。この系統の魚類には多様な婚姻形態や社会構造が含まれており、共同繁殖の進化には巣の維持という生態条件が重要であることが示された。また「共同的一夫多妻」などほ乳類や鳥類でもまったく知られていない社会構造も見いだした。新たな系統からの血縁ヘルパー型共同繁殖魚や協同的一妻多夫の進化も示唆できるなど、様々な成果が得られた。
• バイカル・カジカ類の著しい適応放散を繁殖生態・初期生活史・遺伝子の多様性から探る

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2009年 -2012年 

  代表者 : 木下 泉, 酒井 治己, 宗原 弘幸, 高橋 洋, 後藤 晃, 横山 良太, 馬渕 浩司

   

  バイカルカジカ類全 3科12属33種中, 3科11属27種についてミトコンドリアゲノムの解析を行ったところ,ほぼ全ての属はそれぞれ単系統群を形成し,信頼できる属間の関係を示す系統樹が得られた.また,プロコッタス属4種の浅所から深所への適応放散のプロセスと要因が明らかにされた.沖合種の仔魚の分布をみると,水平的には,Comephorus属は沖合に,Cottocomephorus属は沿岸に分布していた.鉛直的には,後者は表在性であったが,前者は100 m以深に分布していた.さらに,昼夜間での鉛直回遊は,両属ともなかった.
• 交尾型カジカをモデルとして、繁殖様式の大進化に及ぼす精子競争の定量的影響評価

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2007年 -2008年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 古屋 康則, 早川 洋一, 後藤 晃, 後藤 晃

   

  交尾は、肺呼吸、四足歩行と並んで、ヒトを含む脊椎動物が陸圏に進出する際の前適応である。交尾の進化過程を再現するため、近縁種に交尾種と非交尾種を含んだカジカ上科魚類をモデルとして、雄間の競争、特に精子競争の影響に焦点を当てて、実験的に調査した。行動形質の評価指標として繁殖成功度に注目した。その結果、射出精子量、交尾の順番が、繁殖成功度に影響し、先にたくさんの精子を雌に渡すという行為が交尾の進化動因であることが示唆された
• 脊椎動物の共同繁殖モデルシステムとしてのタンガニイカ湖魚類の繁殖生態の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2005年 -2007年 

  代表者 : 幸田 正典, 宗原 弘幸, 渡辺 勝敏

   

  最終年度には,安房田,大田,守田の三名を調査地に3ヶ月間派遣し,それぞれ,共同繁殖種オルナータス,雄の繁殖多型種ビッタータス,ランプロロギニ族全体の精子競争の問題の解明にあたった。まず,今回の調査でオルナータスは,おそらく脊椎動物の中でも最も多様な婚姻形態をとる種であることがほぼ明らかになってきた。一夫一妻,一夫多妻,共同的一妻多夫,古典的一妻多夫,多夫多妻とこれまで知られるありとあらゆる婚姻形態が確認された。大きな個体が雄だけでなく,雌にも存在する事がカワスズメ科魚類のなかでも最も婚姻形態が多様であることの要因であると言える。雌が雄より優位に振舞える点そして社会の複雑性の点で,鳥類の繁殖では,ドングリキツツキの共同繁殖に類似している。精子競争や婚姻形態の成立過程だけではなく,共同繁殖での操作,雌雄の対立,相互利他主義という極めて興味深い問題の実験材料として優れた対象動物であることが明らかとなった。今後様々な実験系を組むことで,実証研究材料として研究の発展が期待される。また,カリノクロミスについては,大型雌が存在しないため,鳥類の共同繁殖としてはヨーロッパカヤクグリ型と言う事ができる。ここでは最優位個体は雄である。このように種によるちがいの輪郭が明らかになってきた。 ビッタータスでは,雄の代替繁殖戦術は条件次第で大きく変わりうる事,大きな可変性を持つ事が明らかになった。また,パイレーツ雄やスニーカー雄の存在は,共同繁殖のα雄戦術,β雄戦術の基本型とも見なしうる。本族の分子系統解析から,Telmatochromis属とJulidochromis,Chalinochromis属は類縁関係が近い事がわかってきた。雄の代替繁殖寄生戦術と共同繁殖におけるα,β雄の起源は相同的である可能性が高いことも示唆された。
• 環北太平洋要素種群,カジカ上科魚類の進化学的生態学的研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2005年 -2007年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 矢部 衛, 古屋 康則, 早川 洋一

   

  カジカ上科魚類を中心とした標本採集を目的に3回の海外調査を実施したほか,採集した標本にもとづく精巣の比較形態学,生殖生理学および行動生態学的研究を行った。またこれらの成果報告の場として,国際シンポジウムと国際ワークショップの開催およびカジカ類の写真展を日本魚類学会と北大総合博物館で1か月あまり実施した。これらの研究成果は以下に要約される。 北米ピューゲットサウンド,アリューシャン列島,ロシア沿海州において実施した潜水による標本採集調査から,それぞれ43種,43種,53種のカジカ上科魚類ほかを採集した。それらには,3種の未記載種と3種の初記録種を採集した。 北米とアラスカで採集した11種を含むカジカ上科魚類の精巣構造と精子について組織学的手法による比較形態学的観察を行った。その結果,精巣の構造は精子形成様式や分泌能などに多型が見られ,精子も頭部の形状で大きく2つに分けられた。これらの多様性についてカジカ上科の繁殖様式との関連について検討され,いくつかの仮説が提出された。 受精能力を持たない異型精子を形成するカジカ上科魚類が数種知られ,ヨコスジカジカでは精子競争など社会行動において機能を有することも明らかになっている。そこで個体が正型精子と異型精子の形成をどのように制御しているかを明らかにする一環として異型精子の形成機序を組織培養法により調べた。その結果,正型精子と異型精子の二型分化は,セルトリ細胞が関与せず第1精母細胞以前の段階で生じることが示された。この結果は個々の生殖細胞は潜在的に二分化が可能であることを示す。
• アイナメ科魚類にみる交雑の生態学

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2004年 -2006年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 矢部 衛, 今村 央, 早川 洋一

   

  アイナメ科魚類には、寒帯性種(スジアイナメ)と温帯性種(アイナメ、クジメ)が主に生息し、3種が同所分布する海域では雑種が知られている。本研究では、交雑が起こる生態的要因と交雑の組み合わせ、頻度を明らかにし、沿岸環境保全、水産資源管理などの方策の提案を最終目的として実施している。 3種で産卵基質の違いは明瞭であったが、消波ブロックのような人工物が急峻な斜面を形成する場所では、各種が選好する産卵基質を近づけ異種との遭遇確率を上昇させ、交雑を起こしやすい要因を創出していることが分かった。 mtDNAでの母種判定方法を確立し、交雑頻度および方向性を野外に設定した調査地間で比較した。その結果、アイナメのなわばりでは40%(67/155)を超える高頻度でスジアイナメ雌による産卵が見られた。一方スジアイナメのなわばりでは、わずか4例(1.9%)のみクジメによる産卵が見られたが、残る98.1%は同種のスジアイナメによる産卵であった。クジメやスジアイナメのなわばり内では、アイナメによる産卵は全ての調査区で一例も観察されなかった。このように交雑には明瞭な方向性が認められ、スジアイナメmtDNAの他の2種への浸透が進行していた。 AFLP法での種特異バンドの検出結果から、雑種個体の親種の判別とバッククロス個体の検出が可能になり、mtDNAによる母種判別マーカーと合わせて、アイナメ属魚類の遺伝マーカーを整備できた。これらをもとに雑種の組み合わせ間の出現頻度と地域間での遺伝子浸透の比較解析を現在進めている。 これまで80個体あまりの雑種個体を調査海域で採集したが、全て雌個体であった。この原因を明らかにするため、FISH法での雌性発生の可能性、人工授精で各種の組み合わせで交配させた卵のふ化実験を行った。その結果、有性生殖で両親からのゲノムを1組づつもち、受精率とふ化率から雑種でもふ化段階では雄もいる可能性が示唆された。
• 脊椎動物の共同繁殖モデルシステムとしてのカワスズメ科魚類4種の繁殖戦術の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2004年 -2006年 

  代表者 : 幸田 正典, 宗原 弘幸, 渡辺 勝敏

   

  協同的一妻多夫魚(J.transcriptus)を用い,(1)体サイズが婚姻形態形成にもたらす影響 2)トリオ内でのαとβ雄での精子競争の実態,(3)協同繁殖トリオでの雌の父性の操作,(4)さらに雄による自分の子供の父性の認知様式の,主に4点について飼育実験を行った。特に本研究(3),(4)について集中的に検証研究を実施した。(3)については,ペアとトリオでの比較から,効果的に実験成果として示す事ができた。まず巣場所選択をみると,ペアの場合は幅広巣とくさび巣ともに選好性はないが,トリオの場合雌は明らかに楔巣を好む。これにより,卵の受精は大型のα雄と小型のβ雄の両雄がクラッチを受精させている。この際,巣の奥の狭い場所に産む事でβ雄が,手前の幅広い場所に産むことで,大型のα雄がより多く受精に成功している。すなわち,雌は巣の奥あるいは手前にと産卵場所を変更する事により,二雄の受精率を操作する事ができる。その際,β雄に受精させる事により,雌は自分自身の保護量を減らしていると考えられる。このような,雌による受精の操作ははじめて検証されたものであり,また魚類での雌の父性操作としてもはじめての例である。(4)のために,我々は,摺ガラスで作った半透明巣を用意した。この巣を使うことにより巣の内部での雌雄の関係をビデオに納めることができる。結果はまだ流動的ではあるが,今の所以下の点が示唆されている。β雄は飛び込み放精をするが,その飛び込み頻度と父性に優位な相関があり,β雄は飛び込み回数で父性を評価している可能性がある。逆にα雄は飛び込みを阻止する頻度と父性が相関しているようであり,これにより雄は父性を判定している可能性がある。また今後雌はこれらの雄の父性の指標を操作し,より多くの保護を雄からひき出している可能性も有る。このような視点での研究はまったくなく,これら一連の経緯は今後さらなる実験による検証が必要である。
• スキューバ潜水による着底稚魚の効率的採集機材の開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2004年 -2005年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸, 三浦 汀介, 矢部 衛

   

  本年度は、昨年度作成した水中スクーターを装着したそりネットを使って、毎月1〜2回の試験操業を行い、試作機の性能評価と臼尻実験所前浜の着的稚魚相の季節的変化を調査した。結果は以下の通りである。 操業 1.採集地まで磯舟で向かい、ダイバーが2台の水中スクーターを持って潜行する。その後船上からソリネットを沈める。スクーター、フローメーターおよび水中ビデオをソリネットに装着し、10分間海底を標本調査した。曳網速度は時速3km以上で、ヒトデなど抵抗が大きい生物の大量入網でも時速2kmを維持できた。操業後スクーターなどをはずし、ロープでネットを船上まで引き上げ、ダイバーもスクーターなどを持ち浮上した。この操業を毎回2箇所で行った。 2.操作性は、当初のコンセプトを満足できるものであった。ネットフレームの強度上、水中スクーターなどの取り付け取り外しを水中で行うが、この時間の短縮が課題であった。かなりの部分をワンタッチにし、最終的には当初の半分の3分程度でできるようになった。 標本調査 1.4月から1月までの間に11回の調査を行い、約35種500個体以上の着底稚魚が採集された。その中には、臼尻実験所初記録で北限記録を更新したアラメガレイ、セトヌメリなども含まれている。魚類以外でも様々な無脊椎動物の季節的な出現パターンを明らかにすることができた。 2.水中ビデオの映像から、体長30mm以下の魚類であれば、網からの脱出はないと推定された。ただし、砂底域は波状になっており、埋在生物だけでなく表在生物にもキャッチミスがあると考えられた。今後は、網口の改良により、CPUEではなく、単位面積での絶対値比較が可能になることを目指す。また、今回、水深が同じで環境が若干異なる2地点を調査地点として実施したが、それでも採集結果にかなりの違いが認められたため、多数の採集地を設けることで、より詳細な着底稚魚研究が進展できることが示唆された。
• 脊椎動物の進化モデルとしてのタンガニイカ湖魚類の繁殖生態と社会性の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 

  代表者 : 幸田 正典, 宗原 弘幸

   

  最終年度である今年度は、現地調査は協同的一妻多夫魚カリノクロミス(以下カリノ)とハレム型社会を持つサボリの繁殖について主に調査した。カリノについては、特に雌の果たす役割に焦点をあて、現地での水槽実験も合わせて行った。また、国内では過去の資料を含め、マイクロサテライトを用いた血縁判定、並びに過去の資料の解析及び整理を行い、複数の投稿原稿として準備あるいは公表を行った。 カリノは岩の割れ目を繁殖巣として利用する。これまでの野外観察からカリノの雌は、くさび形の形をした巣を利用すること、大型の雌ほどそのような巣を占めていることから、雌は多様な形の巣のうちから、くさび形の巣を好むと考えられた。水槽実験として、くさび形巣と'幅広巣'を雌に選択させたところ,多くの例で雌はくさび形巣を選んだ。このことは亜野外観察の結果と一致する。また野外調査では、産卵の観察事例を増やせた。本調査により、11産卵のうち10例では、雌はくさび形巣の中で大型のα雄が最も奥に入り込めるところに産卵することが確認できた。この産卵場所選択も雌が行っているとみなされる。これにより、雌はα、β雄の父性の操作を行っているとの仮説を立てた。共同繁殖する動物で雌による父性の操作の可能性および重要性が示唆されているが、この仮説が検証されれば、体外受精動物での初めての父性の操作となる。 野外調査からサボリに、ヘルパーが存在することが確認された。おそらくこれは血縁ヘルパーと思われ、このタイプの共同繁殖がハレム型の社会を持つ種では初めての事例である。サンプルは国内に持ち帰っており、これらにより親子判定を現在実施している。また、サボリの生魚40個体をいかして国内に持ち帰っており、今後これらを用いて大阪市立大学にて水槽実験を行っていく予定である。
• 魚類における協同的一妻多夫制の成立要因とそこでの雌雄の繁殖戦術の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 

  代表者 : 幸田 正典, 宗原 弘幸

   

  平成13-15年度、及び16年殿一部の期間で、協同繁殖魚のジュリドクロミス・トランスクリプタス、およびカリノクロミスを用い、実験条件下での雌雄の繁殖戦術について複数の実験を行うことができた。まず、協同繁殖条件下で、なわばり雄・ヘルパー雄の精子競争が引き起こされることが、ペアで飼育した雄のGSIとの比較から明らかにされた。このことは本種の雄が、置かれたでの精子競争の程度に応じて、精巣への投資をダイナミックに対応させていることを示している。 雌による雄の受精への操作についても、繁殖飼育実験からほぼ実証することができた。この場合もペア繁殖の場合となわばり雄・ヘルパー雄そして雌の鳥を出繁殖させた場合の雌の産の違いから検討されている。二匹の雄がいる場合、雌は卵塊を有意に幅広く産卵させた。DNA判定により巣のより奥に産卵された卵は小型雄が、手前の卵は大型のなわばり雄が受精させることが明らかになった。このことは、雌が産卵場所をコントロールすることで2雄の父性を操作しうることを強く示唆している。また、小型雄の受精率が高い場合、同雄による保護の頻度も高くなることも示唆され、雌の父性操作が雄の保護と関連していることも裏付けている。 同属のオルナータスでは野外で一妻多夫の他、一夫一妻やハレムも形成されることが知られており、その主な要因は個体のサイズであることが考えられている。トランスクリプタスの雄雌をともに3個体用いた大型水槽での飼育実験から、雌雄にかかわらず、個体の大きさが婚姻形態の決定に大きな要因となることが示された。すなわち、雌雄ともに似たサイズでは一夫一妻が、一匹の雄が大きな場合は全ての場合で一夫多妻、一雌が大きい場合は一妻多夫の傾向になることが明らかにされ、個体のサイズが婚姻形態形成の上での重要性が、明瞭に示された。 カリノクロミスでは、野外観察から雌がくさび形の巣を好むことが示唆されていた。タンガニイカ湖の調査個体群から持ち帰ったカリノクロミスを水槽で飼育し、雌の巣の選択実験を行ったところ、受精の操作が可能である「くさび形」の巣を選択することが明らかにされた。今後カリノクロミスでの雌による雄の父性の操作が成されるのかどうか、といった研究を継続する必要があるが、この結果は、非血縁のヘルパーを伴う協同繁殖において、雌による父性操作の重要性を物語っているといえる。
• 交尾型魚類における繁殖様式の多様性創出機構―交尾の外適応としての多回産卵の評価―

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2001年 -2002年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

   

  本研究は,交尾卵生種と非交尾卵生種が混在するカサゴ目カジカ上科魚類を対象に,交尾の外適応としての多回産卵など繁殖形質および精子の機能形態など、父性の決定に関わる要素について、生態学、生理学的な比較研究を行った。 その結果,以下の事柄が明らかとなった。 ・周年にわたる生殖腺の組織観察から,本属のヤセカジカ,キマダラヤセカジカは潜在的な多回産卵性を有するが,産卵する回数を調べる飼育実験を行ったところ,卵保護を孵化まで続けた雌は1回しか産卵しなかった。このことから,本種の部分同時発生型による2つ目以降の卵群は,卵保護中に卵を捕食されたときなどの補償であろうと推定された。 ・生殖腺の組織観察および水槽内での行動観察の結果から,本属が産卵期の数か月前から交尾期に入る交尾型カジカであることが示された。また,精子貯留に適応した精巣付属器官および卵巣薄板をヤセカジカ属2種で比較し,それら器官の特化機構を組織学的に解明した。 ・本属はカジカ類で特異的な雌保護,1回産卵の交尾種であった。このような繁殖様式は,近縁のホホウロコカジカ属でも同様であったが,同じく近縁のオットセイカジカ属は雄卵保護であった。これらの小型カジカ類を交尾の進化モデルとして,非交尾雄保護から雌卵保護が進化した可能性を示した。 ・キマダラヤセカジカの精子間競争の実態について父子判定により解明するための実験を現在進めている。
• DNA多型分析を応用した沿岸資源生物の繁殖生態の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 1998年 -2000年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

   

  雌雄や近縁種間で経済価値に著しい差がある種などでは、資源保護、資源管理に、配偶システムの解明が不可欠である。本研究では、系群解析、系統解析に有効とされてきたDNA多型を応用し、野外調査、行動観察及び室内実験と併用し資源管理モデルの構築を試みた。 ・前年度までの水中ビデオカメラによるアイナメ類の繁殖行動の分析と、胃内容卵と保護雄との血縁判定をマイクロサテライトDNA多型を用いて行った。さらに、ビデオ解析から、アイナメ雄とスジアイナメ雌またはクジメ雌との交雑が高頻度で起こっていたので、標本採集を行い、mtDNA多型とゲノムDNAによる雑種個体の父系、母系分析を行った。その結果、なわばり雄と胃内容物中の大きな卵塊とは血縁がなかったが、バラの卵には血縁のあるケースが多く、選択的な摂食の可能性が示唆された。雑種個体には、アイナメ雄とスジアイナメ雌からの組み合わせが多く、ビデオ観察と一致した。また、雑種には念性を持つ雌個体がいて、事実、F2世代の雑種個体もみられた。 ・シワイカナゴのDNA多型増幅用プライマーを設計し、これらの有用性を調査した。その結果、3組のプライマーでヘテロ出現率が90%近い値を示した。現在、なわばり雄と保護卵塊との血縁を調査中で、親個体数密度、海藻密度、および繁殖成功度との関係を明らかにする。 ・前年度までにin vitroで父性の観察法として、Hoecst dyeによる蛍光染色法を確立した。これを使い、多核化し授精機能を持たないヨコスジカジカの異型精子は、多雄由来の精子の卵への接近をブロックすることを明らかにした。 ・以上の結果から、個体群密度などが卵の受精や父性に関与し、卵保護する魚種では、こうした産卵時の状況が保護や卵食を通じ、資源量に影響を与えることが示唆された。沿岸魚には、海底地形に依存して繁殖する種が多いことから、産卵場の環境保全が資源管理に重要であろう。
• 魚類における温度依存性決定機構の生態的意義

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 萌芽的研究

  研究期間 : 1998年 -1998年 

  代表者 : 島崎 健二, 成松 庸二, 宗原 弘幸

   

  は虫類、両生類で広く知られている温度依存性決定(TSD)について、魚類でのその適応的意義を、シワイカナゴについて調査した。この魚種は春季の昇温期に繁殖することと、寿命が一年であることから、生活史を通じたTSDの適応的意義に関する研究モデルに適当と考えられた。性決定感受期および軸水温を飼育実験から、胚期から繁殖期までの生残、成長、繁殖成功度における産出日と雌雄差を野外調査と耳石日周輪紋の計数より、それぞれ明らかにした。その結果、稚魚期までのほとんどの個体は死亡するが、生き残った個体については、産出日が産卵期の中頃に産まれた個体で生残率が高かった。成魚については、水槽内の飼育実験から、早く産まれた個体ほど大型となる傾向が認められ、雌では産卵数が多くなるため、産出日と繁殖成功度の相関が示唆された。一方、雄では体サイズとつがう雌の数に相関が認められなかったことから、産出日と繁殖成功度に相関がないとみなされた。成魚の体サイズ(産出日=環境水温)と雌雄の繁殖成功度の比較からは、水温が低い繁殖初期では雌となり、水温が上昇する繁殖後期では雄となるのが有利に見えた。しかし、生活史全体で比較すると、本種のように稚魚期までに100%近く死亡し、体サイズを介して温度依存的な性決定の有利性が繁殖期のみにしか現れない場合、TSDが進化しにくいことが予想される。これがは虫類や両生類に比べ、魚類でTSDがあまりみられない理由と考えられるが、この点については、さらに現在、飼育実験結果をもとに解析中である。
• 監視用ビデオカメラを利用した基質産卵性魚類の資源評価システム

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 1996年 -1997年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

   

  1.アイナメの繁殖生態について,スキューバダイビングと設置型水中ビデオによる行動観察により調査した。その結果、 (1)アイナメ雄のなわばりは、自然地形の岩礁帯のほか、テトラポットなど人工構造物帯にも多く見られた。これらは、海底の起伏の凸の上部の海藻が密に生えず見通しがよく利く場所であったり、凹の谷間で周囲の海藻に埋もれている場所であった。両者の比較では、前者は卵塊数が多く雌に好まれやすい場所と言えそうだが、ビデオ観察ではスニ-キングが頻繁に観察された。 (2)アイナメ雄はスジアイナメ、クジメなど同属の雌を求愛し産卵させる場合がしばしば観察された。こうした交雑はテトラポット帯に多くみられた。アイナメと他の2種の産卵場所は、自然地形帯では不連続であるため、人工構造物がそうした不連続帯を狭めた可能性が考えられた。種の攪乱、水産上の商品価値の低下など、自然と人間社会との関わりで新たな問題が提起された。 2.シワイカナゴの胚期における生き残りの要因、および生残稚魚の産卵日組成について調査した。 (1)大型魚類による卵の捕食が主たる要因であることが推定された。また、捕食は産卵気質であるホンダワラ類に活力があるときには生じないことから、大型魚類の重要な餌生物となっている本種の生態を通じ、藻場の重要性を改めて確認できた。 (2)産卵期を3期に分けて日令分析した結果、産卵期のあとに生まれた個体ほど生残率が高かった、しかし、成長は悪いことから、翌春の繁殖期においては、わずかに生き残った早く生まれた個体ほど再生産に貢献できる可能性が考えられた。 3.ビデオによる行動解析に基づく資源管理方策の策定モデルとして、ケガニ用人工礁開発のためのモデル実験結果をとりまとめた。 (1)ケガニは砂に潜る習性があるが、身を隠すことができる適当な基質があれば、その場所に長くとどまることがわかった。このことから、広い砂底の中でもわずかな面積に立体的な人工礁を作ることでケガニのすみ場の増加が可能となることが示唆された。しかし、設置については環境改変を含むものであるため、十分なアセスメントは不可欠であろう。
• 沿岸性魚類の卵保護習性に関する資源生態学的研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)

  研究期間 : 1995年 -1995年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

   

  1.設置型水中カメラによる行動観察とDNA分析による血縁判定から、アイナメ類とカジカ類の繁殖生態を調査した。 2.アイナメとスジアイナメ、いずれもスニ-キングが観察された。しかし、アイナメでは、スニーカーは若齢の非なわばり雄であったのに対して、スジアイナメでは、隣接するなわばり雄であった。スジアイナメの繁殖地では、高密度で繁殖なわばりが形成されることが関係していると判断された。また、DNA解析から、いずれのスニーカーも、子どもを残していることが確かめられた。 3.アイナメでは、保護雄が自分の産んだ卵に対する捕食が観察された。捕食は卵の基質への接着がゆるみ脱落した際に生じた。捕食された卵はスニ-クされた卵塊であることが多かったが、スニ-クの際に雄同士の争いで接着が不十分になるように思われ、なわばり雄が血縁の信頼性の薄い卵塊を選別して捕食しているとは、結論できなかった。 4.以上の調査結果から、繁殖に適した場所が不足すると、なわばりが高密度で形成され、スニ-キングが頻繁に起きるようになる。そのため、ふ化前に基質から脱落する卵塊が増え、個体群が減少する仕組みの存在が示唆された。したがって、沿岸域に多い基質性産卵魚の増殖にあたっては、種苗放流だけでなく、繁殖場の整備がきわめて重要であろう。 5.イソバテングとケムシカジカの卵を、カイメンなどの無脊椎動物から見いだしていたが、今回の観察から雌が単独でそれらの生物に産卵することが分かり、これらのカジカ類は産卵前に交尾をすることが明らかとなった。
• カジカ科魚類における交尾の成立基盤

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)

  研究期間 : 1993年 -1993年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

   

  行動観察、受精生理および遺伝学的手法により、本課題を遂行した。その結果、ヨコスジカジカは産卵後に雄が卵に放精する、非交尾種であることが判明した。しかし、精子の運動活性は海水中よりも体液と等張でNa^+存在下で最も高く、特に卵巣腔液中では極めて長期間活動する。媒精、受精は産卵時に放出される卵巣腔液中であることから、非交尾カジカはすでに交尾への準備が進んでいることが示唆された。また、卵巣腔液中で受精可能な点は体内配偶子会合型の交尾種と相違した。その要因は卵巣腔液中のCa^<++>濃度の違いで、カジカ類では交尾習性の進化の際に、卵巣腔液中のCa^<++>濃度を下げる生理的メカニズムの変化があったことが示唆された。卵巣腔液の役割として精子の貯留や活性保持の他に、ケムシカジカでは交尾の際の精子受け渡しの媒介となることが水槽内観察より明らかになった。本種の交尾行動は、一連の求愛儀式を経た後、雌の生殖口から管が出され、さらにそこからゼリー状卵巣腔液が放出され、そのゼリーの向かって放精されるというもので、精子が絡みついてゼリーの一部が再び雌の卵巣内に収納されることで交尾が完了する。ペニスがないカジカも交尾をするという、本行動観察結果は、カジカ科魚類にはかなり交尾をする種がいることを示唆した。交尾行動は繁殖生態の上で、父性のあいまいさをもたらす。特に雄が卵を守るニジカジカの場合、重要な問題である。そこでDNAフィンガープリントで、保護雄と卵の父性およびいつ交尾した雄が有利かを調べた。その結果、繁殖期の終期では雄と卵には父性がないこと、および最初に交尾した雄は多くの子を残せることが分かった。本研究結果は、卵の保護は雄にとって直接的な利益が無いことが示され、卵保護の進化に父性の信頼性は必ずしも平行しないこと場合があることが分かった。最後に、配偶子会合型、交尾種の地理的出現を調査する準備段階として、アラスカ産のカジカ類の繁殖期を把握する目的で、キナイ半島リサレクション湾の仔稚魚サンプルを調べ、春季に10種のカジカ科魚類が出現することが分かった。
• カサゴ目魚類における生殖様式の進化 交尾型カジカの行動様式と受精について

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(特別研究員)

  研究期間 : 1989年 -1990年 

  代表者 : 宗原 弘幸

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