Japanese Journal of Social Psychology 38 2 25 - 32 2022年12月25日 [査読有り]
Japan issued many political apologies after World War II, although these failed to foster intergroup forgiveness. One possible reason for these failures may be the presence of within-country opposition to government apologies. It has been suggested that some elements of political apologies may be intended to mitigate such within-country opposition. Two studies (total sample size=1,500) tested whether a statement that dissociates past injustice from the country’s present political system and a statement that praises the country’s present system would mitigate opposition to a political apology. The results did not support the mitigating hypothesis. Moreover, we tested whether these statements would be particularly effective in reducing the opposition of strong opponents (e.g., individuals high in Social Dominance Orientation). Although this effect was significant in Study 1, a preregistered study (Study 2) failed to replicate it.
Conflict Management and Peace Science 073889422210947 - 073889422210947 2022年06月06日 [査読有り]
Apologies by political leaders to the citizens of a victimized country have attracted attention in recent years as a means of improving relations between nations. Existing studies have identified several elements that make such an apology effective, but from the politician's point of view, it is difficult to issue a statement containing all these elements, and they must then be chosen while considering domestic backlash and relations with countries other than the victimized one. However, it is not sufficiently clear how the victimized country's citizens weigh the elements of the apology when they accept it and how the nature of the harm caused changes this. Therefore, we conducted a survey experiment in Japan, adopting a conjoint design using scenarios depicting fictional US presidential apologies to Japan. Our experiment demonstrated three attributes particularly regarded as important in determining whether people would accept an apology: the reparation amount, whether the apology was official (formality), and the voluntariness of the apology. However, when something that people consider “sacred” has been harmed, reparation proposals are counterproductive, and the optimal apology form may depend on the nature of the harm.
South Korea–Japan FCR crisis and public opinion: Gathering survey data in real-time crisis development
Doi, S, Inamasu, K, Kohama, S, Tago, A
Kobayashi T. and Tago A. eds, Japanese Public Sentiment on South Korea (Routledge) 18 - 31 2021年 [査読無し]
Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 27 3 449 - 458 2021年 [査読有り][通常論文]
Political apologies, which typically consist of (a) admission of injustice/wrongdoing, (b) acknowledgment of harm and/or victim suffering, (c) expression of remorse, (d) acceptance of responsibility, (e) offer of repair, and (f) forbearance, often meet opposition from the constituency of the apologizing government. This study investigated which of these 6 elements people would most strongly oppose. Eight hundred Japanese participants (400 men and 400 women, aged 20 to 79 years) indicated how much resistance they would feel to the Japanese government's expression of each of the 6 elements in a hypothetical political apology to an (unspecified) Asian country. The strongest resistance was associated with elements (a), (b), and (c), followed by elements (d) and (e), and the weakest resistance was reported for element (f). An exploratory cluster analysis identified the existence of a minority of the most resistant individuals (n = 64), whose mean resistance scores for elements (a) to (e) were greater than 5.5 on a 7-point scale. This group most strongly opposed elements (c) and (d), which were not the elements that the entire sample most strongly opposed. The most resistant individuals appear to have different sentiments regarding their government's political apologies than the rest of the population.
Journal of Global Security Studies 5 2 319 - 338 2019年11月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
Abstract
This study explores the political-economic determinants of military strategy during civil war to explain the intensity of suffering that certain conflict zones and their inhabitants suffer due to aerial bombing and landmines. Adversaries seeking post-war rents consider distinct consequences of weapons use in the target society: bombing causes instantaneous destruction, whereas landmines cause persistent but fading negative externalities on human activities, such as labor. Thus, it is expected that economic rents with different characteristics are associated with the use of different types of weapons because the benefits derived from these rents after the conflict vary. By focusing on the nature of economic rents available in conflict zones, this study demonstrates that aerial bombing is more likely when the targeted territory relies economically on renewable resources and industries such as agriculture, whereas landmines are more likely to be used in territories endowed with perishable resources such as gemstones. An empirical analysis utilizing newly compiled geo-coded data on the locations of US airstrikes and landmine contamination during the Cambodian Civil War finds strong positive associations between agricultural productivity and the number of airstrikes, and between the proximity to large gem deposits and landmine contamination, holding major tactical variables constant. The results suggest that societies' economic structures have a sizable effect on the manner in which adversaries fight a war and, therefore, affect how people suffer from it.
Political Communication 34 2 243 - 260 2017年04月03日 [査読有り][通常論文]
Despite widespread concern over heated diplomatic debates and growing interest in public diplomacy, it is still incompletely understood what type of message is more effective for gaining support from foreign public, or the international society, in situations where disputing countries compete in diplomatic campaigns. This study, through multiple survey experiments, uncovers the effect of being silent, issuing positive justification, and negative accusation, in interaction with the opponent’s strategy. We demonstrate that negative verbal attacks “work” and undermine the target’s popularity as they do in electoral campaigns. Unlike domestic electoral campaigns, however, negative diplomacy has little “backlash” and persuades people to support the attacker. Consequently, mutual verbal fights make neither party more popular than the other. Nevertheless, this does not discourage disputants from waging verbal fights due to the structure similar to the one-shot prisoner’s dilemma. We also find that positive messages are highly context-dependent—that is, their effects greatly depend on the opponent’s strategy and value proximity between the messenger and the receiver.
アメリカ太平洋研究 7 0 141 - 158 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科附属アメリカ太平洋地域研究センター,Center for Pacific and American Studies of The University of Tokyo,東京大学大学院 2007年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
This paper aims to demystify the United States'decision to abandon its long-standing polisy of not being primary arms supplier to the Middle East through a case-study analysis of ""offensive"" arms sales to Israel under the Johnson administration, particularyly the years 1963 1966.//I argue that this policy shift was the result of US policymakers'determination : mindful of both the weakness of the relatively moderate pro-US government and generally volatile nature of Israeli domestic politics : that arms sales to Jordan were increasing the possibility of an Israeli preemptive attack. In other words, out of fear that the moderate pro-US best to sell arms to Israel.//This analysis hopes to offer a new perspective on policies toward Israel in the LBJ era, which to this day remains a highly debated period of US diplomatiac history. Based on my research, it is clear that past examinations of the US policy during the LBJ years have failed to realize the increased importance attributed to Israel's domestic politics. Additionally, it is my contention that this shift led to a concomitant reduction in the US influence vis-a-vis Israel, as the precariousness of domestic politics enhanced the Israeli government's bargining power.//Thus, it can be said that LBJ-era policy vis-a-vis Israel was based on an entirely different set of perceptions from those used under either Eisenhower or Kennedy, and in fact, any pro-Israel policy slant was greatly due to the Johanson administration's desire to avoid an Israel pre-emptive strike and the outburst of Arab-Israeli conflict.研究ノートResearch Note
本研究課題は、近世から近代にかけて、合意の保証メカニズムとしての人質制度がなぜ衰退したのかを、歴史的な実態の解明および社会心理学実験の手法を用いて解明することを目的とする。当初の計画において、研究初年度は西欧と日本における人質制度衰退の過程について探索的な検討を行い、仮説構築へとつなげる予定としていた。
こうした計画に沿って本年度は3回のオンライン・ミーティングを開催し議論を重ねた。具体的には、まず極めて多様な慣行を包含する概念である「人質」について、本研究課題についてどのように定義するかについて、古今東西の人質の慣行を参照しつつ、近代における国際テロリスト集団による人質略取や大戦期における占領地での人質問題なども射程に収めつつ分担者の西を中心に検討し、プロジェクトメンバー内で一定の共通理解を構築した。
次に、西欧における人質問題について、研究代表者である小濵を中心にKosto, A. J., 2012, Hostages in the Middle Ages (Oxford, UK: Oxford UP)などの先行研究を検討した上で、古代から近世までの人質の具体的についての事例収集を行った。さらに、東洋における人質の慣行について、分担者の前田を中心に、古代以降の漢民族と周辺民族との間の人質のやり取りから中世日本における人質制度の未成熟、そして16世紀半ば以降の人質の爆発的増加といった点について先行研究および事例を検討した。こうした多種多様な事例を参照しつつ、人質が当時の社会で果たしていた役割およびその成立条件について、分担者の三船を中心に集団間の信頼関係の醸成という視点から仮説の方向性を絞りこんだ。
集団謝罪をめぐる挑戦的学際研究
日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的研究(開拓)
研究期間 : 2020年04月 -2022年03月
代表者 : 多湖 淳, 三船 恒裕, 稲増 一憲, 大坪 庸介, 日道 俊之, 小浜 祥子
令和2年度は、同元年度に実施した複数の実験研究の知見を整理した上で、その論文執筆に注力した。新型コロナウィルスの影響を受け、国際学会が軒並み中止や延期になっているが、オンラインで実施されるワークショップなどにターゲットを絞って研究発表を行ったほか、実験については査読過程の経過にもよるが部分的な追試を行って修正や追加を行いつつ、高いインパクトファクターをもつ英文学術誌での研究公表を目指した。
たとえば、コンジョイント分析を用いた実験研究では、オバマ大統領(またはトランプ大統領)が、核兵器の使用について(または、ほかの謝罪が相当だと思われる論点について)日本に対して次のような謝罪をしたとして、謝罪Aと謝罪Bのどちらを受け入れたいと思うかを質問し、分析した。コンジョイント分析の強みは、たくさんの条件を組み込んだ実験が比較的資源を節約してできる点であった。公式度が高く、賠償の金品の大きい謝罪は受け入れられやすいなどが示された。この研究はAOPSSS(Asian Online Political Science Seminar Series)で報告し、多くのコメントを得た上で改稿し、現時点で国際学術誌の査読プロセスにある。ほかにも、いくつかの論文ができ、成果は国際学術誌で刊行済のもの、査読プロセスにあるもの、など着実に成果が上がっている。
本研究の代表者および分担者は、主要な成果として英語論文、合計11部を作成し、平成29年3月に、シュプリンガー社からGames of Conflict and Cooperation in Asiaという題目の編著書籍を公刊した。本編著書では、グローバル・ガバナンスを基調に分析枠組みを構築し、アジアにおいてはその多様性から域内のみで政策協調を確保することは難しいため、域外の国々やグローバル制度と連携することが協調の実践的工夫となっている。この点を勘案して本編著書では、地域ガバナンスとグローバル・ガバナンスとの制度的連携について、安全保障、貿易、通貨・金融という政策領域において分析した。
本研究は、紛争後に平和が達成されず武力衝突が再発してしまうメカニズムと条件を科学的な手法を用いて解明したものである。特に、紛争中の資源移動に着目しつつ数理モデルを用いた理論を構築し、第二次世界大戦後の停戦に関するデータを使った統計分析と欧州石炭鉄鋼共同体や中越間の紛争に関する事例研究を通じて仮説検証を行った。成果は『Peace and Violence after Conflict』、「The Logic of Mass Destruction: A Political-Economic Approach」、「国際危機における単独防衛」としてまとめ公刊・発表した。