基本情報

所属

• 文学研究院　人間科学部門　心理学分野

職名

• 教授

学位

• 博士(心理学)（広島大学）

ホームページURL

http://candahiken.s602.xrea.com/f209/

科研費研究者番号

• 30322241

ORCID ID

•  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-3923

J-Global ID

• 200901043990698138

研究キーワード

• 顔   魅力   認知心理学   注意   記憶   (衛生)マスク   ヒューマンエラー   心的構え   潜在的認知   ストレス   認知制御   実験系心理学   

研究分野

• 人文・社会 / 実験心理学 / 知覚，認知心理学

担当教育組織

•  学士課程　文学部
•  修士課程　文学院
•  博士課程　文学院

職歴

• 2020年04月 - 現在 北海道大学 大学院文学研究院 教授
• 2015年04月 - 2020年03月 北海道大学 大学院文学研究科 准教授
• 2012年04月 - 2015年03月 中京大学 大学院心理学研究科 教授
• 2010年04月 - 2012年03月 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 ヒューマンライフテクノロジー研究部門 主任研究員
• 2006年04月 - 2010年03月 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 人間福祉医工学研究部門 主任研究員
• 2003年04月 - 2006年03月 広島大学 大学院教育学研究科 助教授
• 2003年08月 - 2004年08月 ブリティッシュコロンビア大学 心理学科 文部科学省在外研究員
• 1999年10月 - 2003年03月 広島大学 大学院教育学研究科 講師
• 1998年08月 - 1999年09月 ブリティッシュコロンビア大学 心理学科 視覚研究室博士研究員
• 1997年 - 1998年 東京大学 大学院人文社会系研究科 博士研究員(日本学術振興会特別研究員)

研究活動情報

論文

• Effects of wearing an opaque or transparent face mask on the perception of facial expressions: A comparative study between Japanese school-aged children and adults

  Yuki Miyazaki, Miki Kamatani, Shuma Tsurumi, Tomokazu Suda, Kei Wakasugi, Kaori Matsunaga, Jun I Kawahara

  Perception 3010066231200693 - 3010066231200693 2023年09月20日 

  The negative side effects of mask-wearing on reading facial emotional cues have been investigated in several studies with adults post-2020. However, little is known about children. This study aimed to determine the negative influence of mask-wearing on reading emotions of adult faces by Japanese school-aged children, compared to Japanese adults. We also examined whether this negative influence could be alleviated by using a transparent face mask instead of an opaque one (surgical mask). The performance on reading emotions was measured using emotion categorization and emotion intensity rating tasks for adult faces. As per the findings, the accuracy of emotion recognition in children was impaired for various facial expressions (disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, and surprise faces), except for angry faces. Conversely, in adults, it was impaired for a few facial expressions. The perceived intensity for happy faces with a surgical mask was weaker in both children and adults than in those without the mask. A negative influence of wearing surgical masks was generally not observed for faces wearing a transparent mask in both children and adults. Thus, negative side effects of mask-wearing on reading emotions are observed for more facial expressions in children than in adults; transparent masks can help remedy these.
• Prefrontal GABA and glutamate-glutamine levels affect sustained attention.

  Hirohito M Kondo, Hiroki Terashima, Ken Kihara, Takanori Kochiyama, Yasuhiro Shimada, Jun I Kawahara

  Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 2023年08月10日 

  Attention levels fluctuate during the course of daily activities. However, factors underlying sustained attention are still unknown. We investigated mechanisms of sustained attention using psychological, neuroimaging, and neurochemical approaches. Participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing gradual-onset, continuous performance tasks (gradCPTs). In gradCPTs, narrations or visual scenes gradually changed from one to the next. Participants pressed a button for frequent Go trials as quickly as possible and withheld responses to infrequent No-go trials. Performance was better for the visual gradCPT than for the auditory gradCPT, but the 2 were correlated. The dorsal attention network was activated during intermittent responses, regardless of sensory modality. Reaction-time variability of gradCPTs was correlated with signal changes (SCs) in the left fronto-parietal regions. We also used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure levels of glutamate-glutamine (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Glx levels were associated with performance under undemanding situations, whereas GABA levels were related to performance under demanding situations. Combined fMRI-MRS results demonstrated that SCs of the left PFC were positively correlated with neurometabolite levels. These findings suggest that a neural balance between excitation and inhibition is involved in attentional fluctuations and brain dynamics.
• Occlusion of faces by sanitary masks improves facial attractiveness of other races

  Kamatani, M, Miyazaki, Y, Kawahara, J. I

  Frontiers in Psychology 13 2023年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recent studies provide mixed results regarding whether the perception of facial attractiveness is increased or decreased by partial occlusion with a sanitary mask. One set of studies demonstrated that occluding the bottom half of a face increased facial attractiveness. This effect is thought to occur because the occluded area is interpolated by an average facial representation that is perceived as attractive. However, several groups of studies showed that partial occlusion can increase or decrease perceived attractiveness depending on the attractiveness of the original (unoccluded) face, due to regression to the mean. To reconcile this inconsistency, we propose that the occluded area is interpolated not by an average facial representation, but by a template of moderate attractiveness, shaped by the distribution of each viewer’s experience. This hypothesis predicts an interaction between occlusion and the attractiveness of the original face so that occluded attractive faces are rated as less attractive, while occluded unattractive faces are rated as more attractive. To examine this hypothesis, the present study used attractiveness-rating tasks with mask-free versus masked faces in own-race and other-races categories. Viewers were familiar with own-race faces and unfamiliar with other-races faces. If moderate-attractiveness interpolation were the explanatory factor, the interaction between the occlusion and the attractiveness of the original face should be found only in the rating of own-race faces. Consistent with this hypothesis, the interaction between the occlusion and the attractiveness of the original faces was significant only for the own-race faces. Specifically, wearing a sanitary mask decreased the facial attractiveness of attractive faces in the own-race, while it increased the attractiveness regardless of the level of facial attractiveness in other-races. These findings suggest that the occluded area of own-race faces is interpolated by a facial template of moderate attractiveness. The other-races template could be developed using familiar exemplars such as celebrities. Thus, interpolation by such a template should result in elevated attractiveness relative to that by an own-race template. Accordingly, the apparent inconsistency in the literature regarding the effect of partial occlusion on physical attractiveness can be explained in terms of differences in the template involving interpolation of the occluded area.
• Attentional biases toward real images and drawings of negative faces

  Tomoyuki Tanda, Kai Toyomori, Jun I. Kawahara

  Acta Psychologica 229 103665 - 103665 2022年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The allocation of attention is affected by internal emotional states, such as anxiety and depression. The attention captured by real images of negative faces can be quantified by emotional probe tasks. The present study investigated whether attentional bias toward drawings of negative faces (line drawings and cartoon faces) differs from that of real faces. Non-clinical university students indicated their levels of anxiety and depression via self -report questionnaires, and completed a probe discrimination task under three face image conditions in a between-participants design. Significant correlations were found between bias scores and scores on the self -reported BDI-II under the real face condition. However, two types of face drawings were only weakly corre-lated with self-report scores. In our probe task to investigate attentional bias to facial stimuli in nonclinical adults, the strength of the relationship between depression and attentional bias to negative face was stronger for real faces than for face drawings.
• Infants’ anticipatory eye movements: feature-based attention guides infants’ visual attention

  Shuma Tsurumi, So Kanazawa, Masami K. Yamaguchi, Jun I. Kawahara

  Experimental Brain Research 2022年07月29日 [査読有り]
  
• Processing symmetry between visual and auditory spatial representations in updating working memory

  Tomoki Maezawa, Jun I Kawahara

  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 174702182211032 - 174702182211032 2022年06月20日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Updating spatial representations in visual and auditory working memory relies on common processes, and the modalities should compete for attentional resources. If competition occurs, one type of spatial information is presumably weighted over the other, irrespective of sensory modality. This study used incompatible spatial information conveyed from two different cue modalities to examine relative dominance in memory updating. Participants mentally manoeuvred a designated target in a matrix according to visual or auditory stimuli that were presented simultaneously, to identify a terminal location. Prior to the navigation task, the relative perceptual saliences of the visual cues were manipulated to be equal, superior, or inferior to the auditory cues. The results demonstrate that visual and auditory information competed for attentional resources, such that visual/auditory guidance was impaired by incongruent cues delivered from the other modality. Although visual bias was generally observed in working-memory navigation, stimuli of relatively high salience interfered with or facilitated other stimuli regardless of modality, demonstrating the processing symmetry of spatial updating in visual and auditory spatial working memory. Furthermore, this processing symmetry can be identified during the encoding of sensory inputs into working-memory representations. The results imply that auditory spatial updating is comparable to visual spatial updating in that salient stimuli receive a high priority when selecting inputs and are used when tracking spatial representations.
• The Attractiveness of Masked Faces Is Influenced by Race and Mask Attitudes

  Veronica Dudarev, Miki Kamatani, Yuki Miyazaki, James T. Enns, Jun I. Kawahara

  Frontiers in Psychology 13 2022年05月17日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  This study tests the influence of wearing a protective face mask on the perceived attractiveness of the wearer. Participants who identified as White, and who varied in their ideological stance toward mask wearing, rated the attractiveness of facial photographs. The photos varied in baseline attractiveness (low, medium, and high), race (White and Asian), and whether or not the face was wearing a protective mask. Attitudes regarding protective masks were measured after the rating task using a survey to identify participants as either pro- or anti-mask. The results showed that masked individuals of the same race were generally rated as more attractive than unmasked individuals, but that masked individuals of another race were rated as less attractive than unmasked individuals. Moreover, pro-mask participants rated masked individuals as generally more attractive than unmasked individuals, whereas anti-maskers rated masked individuals as less attractive. A control experiment, replicating the procedure but replacing the protective masks with a partially occluding notebook, showed that these effects were mask-specific. These results demonstrate that perceived attractiveness is affected by characteristics of the viewer (attitudes toward protective masks), their relationship to the target (same or different race), and by circumstances external to both (pandemic).
• Effects of wearing a transparent face mask on perception of facial expressions

  Yuki Miyazaki, Miki Kamatani, Tomokazu Suda, Kei Wakasugi, Kaori Matsunaga, Jun I. Kawahara

  i-Perception 13 3 204166952211059 - 204166952211059 2022年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Wearing face masks in public has become the norm in many countries post-2020. Although mask-wearing is effective in controlling infection, it has the negative side effect of occluding the mask wearer’s facial expressions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wearing transparent masks on the perception of facial expressions. Participants were required to categorize the perceived facial emotion of female (Experiment 1) and male (Experiment 2) faces with different facial expressions and to rate the perceived emotion intensity of the faces. Based on the group, the participants were assigned to, the faces were presented with a surgical mask, a transparent mask, or without a mask. The results showed that wearing a surgical mask impaired the performance of reading facial expressions, both with respect to recognition and perceived intensity of facial emotions. Specifically, the impairments were robustly observed in fear and happy faces for emotion recognition, and in happy faces for perceived intensity of emotion in Experiments 1 and 2. However, the impairments were moderated by wearing a transparent mask instead of a surgical mask. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the transparent mask can be used in a range of situations where face-to-face communication is important.
• Development of upper visual field bias for faces in infants

  Shuma Tsurumi, So Kanazawa, Masami K. Yamaguchi, Jun‐ichiro Kawahara

  Developmental Science 2022年04月06日 [査読有り]
  
• Dynamic Transitions Between Brain States Predict Auditory Attentional Fluctuations

  Hirohito M. Kondo, Hiroki Terashima, Takahiro Ezaki, Takanori Kochiyama, Ken Kihara, Jun I. Kawahara

  Frontiers in Neuroscience 16 816735 - 816735 2022年03月18日 [査読有り]
   

  Achievement of task performance is required to maintain a constant level of attention. Attentional level fluctuates over the course of daily activities. However, brain dynamics leading to attentional fluctuation are still unknown. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of sustained attention using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were scanned with fMRI while performing an auditory, gradual-onset, continuous performance task (gradCPT). In this task, narrations gradually changed from one to the next. Participants pressed a button for frequent Go trials (i.e., male voices) as quickly as possible and withheld responses to infrequent No-go trials (i.e., female voices). Event-related analysis revealed that frontal and temporal areas, including the auditory cortex, were activated during successful and unsuccessful inhibition of predominant responses. Reaction-time (RT) variability throughout the auditory gradCPT was positively correlated with signal changes in regions of the dorsal attention network: superior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule. Energy landscape analysis showed that task-related activations could be clustered into different attractors: regions of the dorsal attention network and default mode network. The number of alternations between RT-stable and erratic periods increased with an increase in transitions between attractors in the brain. Therefore, we conclude that dynamic transitions between brain states are closely linked to auditory attentional fluctuations.
• Auditory enhancement of visual searches for event scenes

  Tomoki Maezawa, Miho Kiyosawa, Jun I. Kawahara

  Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2022年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• A label indicating an old year of establishment improves evaluations of restaurants and shops serving traditional foods

  Tomoki Maezawa, Jun I. Kawahara

  PLOS ONE 16 11 e0259063 - e0259063 2021年11月10日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  This study examined whether the presence of product information focused on a past era (e.g., year of establishment) improved consumers’ evaluations of a shop serving traditional products when the label and shop were congruent in terms of temporal focus. Across five experiments, participants viewed and evaluated advertisements from traditional food restaurants and shops that showed an old year of establishment. They showed favorable evaluations of the restaurants and food shops more frequently when a label focused on the past was displayed than when the label was absent or when a label focused on the present was displayed. Subsequent experiments indicated that this labeling effect was strongest when the label and shop were consistent in terms of traditional culture such that the year of establishment on the label showed the Japanese era name (Japan’s traditional date format) and was accompanied by Japanese classic foods. Importantly, in this study, qualitative domains were consistently improved more often than were ratings of visit intention and expected taste. The results suggest that temporal congruence between the label and restaurants rated plays an essential role in ensuring that these advertisements are effective in improving positive evaluations.
• Beat Patterns Determine Inter-Hand Differences in Synchronization Error in a Bimanual Coordination Tapping Task

  Yuka Saito, Tomoki Maezawa, Jun I. Kawahara

  i-Perception 12 5 204166952110538 - 204166952110538 2021年09月 

  A previous study reported the unique finding that people tapping a beat pattern with the right hand produce larger negative synchronization error than when tapping with the left hand or other effectors, in contrast to previous studies that have shown that the hands tap patterns simultaneously without any synchronization errors. We examined whether the inter-hand difference in synchronization error occurred due to handedness or to a specificity of the beat pattern employed in that study. Two experiments manipulated the hand–beat assignments. A comparison between the identical beat to the pacing signal and a beat with a longer interval excluded the handedness hypothesis and demonstrated that beat patterns with relatively shorter intervals were tapped earlier (Experiment 1). These synchronization errors were not local but occurred consistently throughout the beat patterns. Experiment 2 excluded alternative explanations. These results indicate that the apparent inconsistency in previous studies was due to the specificity of the beat patterns, suggesting that a beat pattern with a relatively shorter interval between hands is tapped earlier than beats with longer intervals. Our finding that the bimanual tapping of different beat patterns produced different synchronization errors suggests that the notion of a central timing system may need to be revised.
• Attentional blink in preverbal infants

  Tsurumi, S, Kanazawa, S, Yamaguchi, M. K, Kawahara, J. I

  Cognition 214 104749 - 104749 2021年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Primary cognitive processes, such as spatial attention, are essential to our higher cognitive abilities and develop dramatically in the first year of life. The spatial aspect of infants' working memory is equivalent to that of adults. However, it is unclear whether this is true for the temporal domain. Thus, we investigated the temporal aspect of infants' working memory using an attentionally demanding task by focusing on the attentional blink effect, in which the identification of the second of the two brief targets is impaired when inter-target lags are short. We argue that finding a similar pattern of the attentional blink in preverbal infants and adults indicates that infants can complete the consolidation of the first target into working memory at a similar temporal scale as adults. In this experiment, we presented 7- to 8-month-old infants with rapid serial visual streams at a rate of 100 ms/item, including two female faces as targets, and examined whether they could identify the targets by measuring their preference to novel faces compared to targets. The temporal separation between the two targets was 200 or 800 ms. We found that the infants could identify both targets under the longer lag, but they failed to identify the second target under the shorter lag. The adult experiment using the same temporal separation as in the infant experiment revealed the attentional blink effect. These results suggest that 7- to 8-month-old infants can consolidate two items into working memory by 800 ms but not by 200 ms.
• The spill-over effect of the formal bowing motion on subjective facial attractiveness

  Osugi, T, Kawahara, J. I

  Japanese Psychological Research 2021年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• COVID-19流行が黒色衛生マスク着用者への顕在的・潜在的態度に及ぼす影響

  鎌谷 美希, 伊藤 資浩, 宮﨑由樹, 河原純一郎

  心理学研究 92 5 350 - 359 2021年07月 [査読有り]
  
• Effects of masks worn to protect against COVID-19 on the perception of facial attractiveness

  Kamatani, M, Ito, M, Miyazaki, Y, Kawahara, J. I

  i-Perception 2021年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Commonalities of visual and auditory working memory in a spatial-updating task

  Tomoki Maezawa, Jun I. Kawahara

  Memory & Cognition 49 6 1172 - 1187 2021年02月22日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Although visual and auditory inputs are initially processed in separate perception systems, studies have built on the idea that to maintain spatial information these modalities share a component of working memory. The present study used working memory navigation tasks to examine functional similarities and dissimilarities in the performance of updating tasks. Participants mentally updated the spatial location of a target in a virtual array in response to sequential pictorial and sonant directional cues before identifying the target's final location. We predicted that if working memory representations are modality-specific, mixed-modality cues would demonstrate a cost of modality switching relative to unimodal cues. The results indicate that updating performance using visual unimodal cues positively correlated with that using auditory unimodal cues. Task performance using unimodal cues was comparable to that using mixed modality cues. The results of a subsequent experiment involving updating of target traces were consistent with those of the preceding experiments and support the view of modality-nonspecific memory.
• The influence of social anxiety, trait anxiety, and perceived vulnerability to disease on the frequency of face mask wearing

  Yuki Miyazaki, Miki Kamatani, Jun I. Kawahara

  The Japanese journal of psychology 92 5 339 - 349 2021年
• Inhibitory template for visual marking with endogenous spatial cueing

  Kenji Yamauchi, Jun I. Kawahara

  Visual Cognition 28 10 581 - 604 2020年11月25日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 顔面下部のサイズ情報が顔の見かけの大きさに強く影響する

  宮崎由樹, 伊藤資浩, 神山龍一, 柴田彰, 河原純一郎

  人間工学 56 6 222 - 230 2020年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Common principles underlie the fluctuation of auditory and visual sustained attention

  Hiroki Terashima, Ken Kihara, Jun Kawahara, Hirohito M Kondo

  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74 4 174702182097225 - 174702182097225 2020年10月26日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Sustained attention plays an important role in adaptive behaviours in everyday activities. As previous studies have mostly focused on vision, and attentional resources have been thought to be specific to sensory modalities, it is still unclear how mechanisms of attentional fluctuations overlap between visual and auditory modalities. To reduce the effects of sudden stimulus onsets, we developed a new gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT) in the auditory domain and compared dynamic fluctuation of sustained attention in vision and audition. In the auditory gradCPT, participants were instructed to listen to a stream of narrations and judge the gender of each narration. In the visual gradCPT, they were asked to observe a stream of scenery images and indicate whether the scene was a city or mountain. Our within-individual comparison revealed that auditory and visual attention are similar in terms of the false alarm rate and dynamic properties including fluctuation frequency. Absolute time scales of the fluctuation in the two modalities were comparable, notwithstanding the difference in stimulus onset asynchrony. The results suggest that fluctuations of visual and auditory attention are underpinned by common principles and support models with a more central, modality-general controller.
• Search and concealment strategies in the spatiotemporal domain

  Motohiro Ito, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82 5 2393 - 2414 2020年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Replicability of the curvature effect as a function of presentation time and response measure in Japanese observers

  Maezawa, T., Kawahara, J.

  i-Perception 11 2 2020年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Although objects with curved contours are generally preferred over those with sharp-angled contours, the strength of this preference varies according to several factors. In the present study, non-Western Japanese observers viewed and rated their preferences (e.g., liking or attractiveness) for real and meaningless objects with curved or sharp-angled contours. We varied the presentation time (90 ms vs. until a response was received) and the response measure (like/dislike vs. 1-100 rating scale). When using like/dislike ratings, a preference for curved objects was found only when images of real objects were presented briefly (90 ms), whereas this effect was reversed (i.e., increased preference for sharp-angled contours) when using the 1 to 100 scale under the until-response condition. In addition, the curvature effect was not observed for real objects when the like/dislike rating and the until-response condition were employed or when the 1 to 100 scale and 90 ms presentation time were used. The curvature effect for meaningless objects remained unstable regardless of presentation time or response measure. Similar to the preference for real objects, a preference for sharp-angled objects was observed when preference was measured using a 1 to 100 rating scale. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the preferences for curved objects were situation-dependent in Japanese observers.
• An object-based template for rejection effect

  Tomoyuki Tanda, Jun Kawahara

  Visual Cognition 2020年02月10日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• お辞儀と顔の外見的特徴が主観的魅力に及ぼす影響

  大杉尚之, 河原純一郎

  認知心理学研究 17 2 69 - 77 2020年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 衛生マスクへの着香が花粉症の不快感低減に及ぼす効果とその時間的推移

  前澤知輝, 宮崎由樹, 松長芳織, 柴田彰, 河原純一郎

  人間工学 2020年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Distance estimation by blindfolded sighted participants using echolocation

  Maezawa, T, Kawahara, J

  Perception 2019年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Auditory perceived distance can be distorted in one’s internal representation. Thus, the present study examined whether blindfolded sighted participants could reduce the bias and preserve estimated distance for 5–15 s using echolocation. The participants performed a delayed reproduction task that consisted of testing sessions on two separate days in which the target distance was manipulated from 20–50 cm. Participants were blindfolded and asked to reproduce the distance of a target after a temporal delay of several seconds using click bursts produced by a loudspeaker. The testing session was preceded by a practice session that included training and feedback. The relationship between estimated and actual distances was approximated based on a power function and the over- and underestimation of the target distance on each test day. Although participants showed systematic bias in distance estimation on both days, participants changed their bias in the second session by shifting reproduced locations closer to their bodies, the accuracy and consistency of their responses improved across the two days. Neither accuracy nor consistency were affected by the retention intervals. These enhancements of performance might be due to improved hearing ability and/or calibration of internal spatial references through a practice session.
• The effect of cue lead time on the template for rejection

  Tanda, T, Kawahara, J

  Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 81 6 1880 - 1889 2019年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The human visual system can actively prioritize task-relevant features to search for a target. Recent studies have reported cases in which the system may suppress irrelevant features by using a template for rejection. However, in those studies, the templates used for rejection were limited to the color domain, and they have yielded mixed results. Our literature review identified three differences among studies that may be responsible for such mixed results: differences in the spatial segmentation of items (i.e., segregated or intermixed across the display), differences in how features are defined and reported (i.e., combined or separate), and differences in cue lead times (short or long). Participants searched for a target-line segment in a shape and identified its orientation from among non-target line-shaped compound shapes that were preceded by one of three cue displays. Positive cues indicated that the target segment would appear in a shape, and negative cues that it would not appear in a shape. Neutral cues indicated that a particular shape would not appear in the current search display. The results demonstrated that reaction times were faster under the negative-cue condition than the neutral-cue condition, reflecting the effect of a shape-based template for rejection (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 replicated the absence of the effect in the shape domain. Experiment 3 indicated that the template-for-rejection effect occurred only when the cue lead time was relatively long, suggesting that time is required (approximately 2,400 ms or longer) for the visual system to form rejection templates. Experiment 4 excluded the possibility that a confound in the target-defining/reporting feature was involved. These results indicated that apparent inconsistencies in research on the template-for-rejection effect can be explained in terms of the time required for templates to be configured.
• Effects of visual working memory on individual differences in echolocation performance in sighted participants

  Maezawa, T, Kawahara, J

  i-Perception 10 4 2019年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Echolocation performance differs widely among individuals. This study examined a possible factor that may explain this variation, namely, visual working memory, which is a subcomponent of spatial working memory. Sighted participants performed an object-detection task consisting of initial testing on 2 separate days (up to 8 days apart) with follow-up testing on a third day (up to 1 month after the second day of testing) while manipulating the target distance from 20 to 50 cm. Participants performed two types of visual spatial working memory tasks, one of which required them to memorize color-location combinations and the other, an imaginary pathway. The participants' performance on the object-detection task generally improved in the first 2 days, but there were substantial individual differences in detection ability. A positive correlation was observed between performance on these tasks and visual working memory capacity, except on the second day, after detection ability had improved. These findings suggest that factors contributing to echolocation skill are related to nonauditory factors in a sighted group.
• The effects of visual impediment on the approaching behavior of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena

  Maezawa, T, Matsuishi, T, Ito, K, Kaji, S, Tsunokawa, M, Kawahara, J

  Mammal Study 44 3 205 - 213 2019年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Studies on odontocetes (e.g., porpoises) have revealed that these animals may adaptively use vision. The present study examined the contributions of vision to the approaching behavior of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). When a porpoise approached a target, the time-to-contact perceived by the animal and its trajectory with a visual impediment condition were compared with those in the control (no impediment) condition. The results suggested that approaching behavior to a stationary target was guided by the animal's evaluation of time-to-contact (tau), maintaining the time derivative of tau ((tau) Over dot) at a constant value. A porpoise with visual deprivation exhibited grater (tau) Over dot) value and a longer evaluation time before contact than a porpoise that was not blindfolded in the task of reaching for the target. Furthermore, the porpoise with a visual impediment changed its swimming trajectory toward a target less than the control, which appeared to adaptively adjust its approaching trajectory. These findings imply that the use of vision aided echolocation and enables precise control and alteration of the trajectory during the approach. The present study has implications for adaptive use of vision during approaching behavior in the harbor porpoise.
• Rapid identification of the face in infants

  Tsurumi, S, Kanazawa, S, Yamaguchi, M, Kawahara, J

  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 186 45 - 58 2019年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• ウェットティッシュの取り出しやすさが製品の印象や製品選択に及ぼす影響

  宮崎由樹, 神山龍一, 三宅大輔, 河原純一郎

  人間工学 2019年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Predicting sustained performance over a short time

  Yamauchi, K, Kawahara, J

  Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science 2019年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• A singleton distractor updates the inhibitory template for visual marking

  Yamauchi, K., Kawahara, J.I.

  Acta Psychologica 192 200 - 211 2019年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Measurement of mood states following light alcohol consumption: Evidence from the Implicit Association Test

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  Behavioral Sciences 8 9 2018年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Effects of Head Nodding and Shaking Motions on Perceptions of Likeability and Approachability

  Takayuki Osugi, Jun I. Kawahara

  Perception 47 1 16 - 29 2018年01月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  It has been demonstrated that bowing motion of computer-generated female three-dimensional figures enhanced perceived attractiveness. Given that nodding and shaking head motions are used as communicative signals, such as signals of approval (and denial), these motions could be expected to modulate perceived trait impressions of model faces. We used movie clips of the nodding and shaking head motions of computer-generated figures and examined the modulation effects of these motions on perceived trait impressions (i.e., attractiveness, likability, and approachability). The results showed that the nodding head motion significantly increased ratings of subjective likability and approachability relative to those of the shaking or control conditions, whereas the shaking motion did not influence the ratings. Furthermore, it was shown that a nodding head motion of the computer-generated models primarily increased likability attributable to personality traits, rather than to physical appearance. We concluded that head nodding motion is treated as information regarding approach-related motivations and enhances perceived likeability.
• Sex differences in temporal but not spatial attentional capture

  Inukai, T, Kawahara, J

  Frontiers in Psychology-Cognition 9 OCT 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 黒色の衛生マスクの着用が印象と魅力の知覚に及ぼす影響

  伊藤資浩, 河原純一郎

  北海道心理学研究 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• The effect of participants’ stress manipulation on experimenters’ mood states

  Sato, H, Kawahara, J

  Psychology 8 1229 - 1237 2017年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Effect of the Presence of a Mobile Phone during a Spatial Visual Search

  Motohiro Ito, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 59 2 188 - 198 2017年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recent studies suggest that the "mere presence" of a mobile phone impairs social interactions and neuropsychological test performance. The present study examined whether the presence of a mobile phone causes spatial bias toward the device during a visual search task. Participants identified a target among spatially distributed non-targets. We manipulated three factors: device presence (mobile phone or notepad), target congruency (congruent or incongruent), and attentional load (set size 8 or 24). A mobile phone (or a notepad in the control condition) was placed on the left side of the computer screen. Participants also completed a questionnaire to measure Internet usage and attachment. Participants with high scores on the questionnaire rapidly identified the target at the congruent (same side as the phone) location, but the mere presence effect did not occur in this condition. In contrast, participants with low scores on the questionnaire demonstrated the mere presence effect, but no spatial bias was observed. These results suggest that the mere presence effect can be modulated by individual differences in the degree to which a device is appealing.
• Attention capture without awareness in a non-spatial selection task

  Chris Oriet, Mamata Pandey, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION 48 117 - 128 2017年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Distractors presented prior to a critical target in a rapid sequence of visually-presented items induce a lag-dependent deficit in target identification, particularly when the distractor shares a task-relevant feature of the target. Presumably, such capture of central attention is important for bringing a target into awareness. The results of the present investigation suggest that greater capture of attention by a distractor is not accompanied by greater awareness of it. Moreover, awareness tends to be limited to superficial characteristics of the target such as colour. The findings are interpreted within the context of a model that assumes sudden increases in arousal trigger selection of information for consolidation in working memory. In this conceptualization, prolonged analysis of distractor items sharing task-relevant features leads to larger target identification deficits (i.e., greater capture) but no increase in awareness. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Auditory and visual scene analysis: an overview

  Hirohito M. Kondo, Anouk M. van Loon, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Brian C. J. Moore

  PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 372 1714 2017年02月 [査読有り][招待有り]
   

  We perceive the world as stable and composed of discrete objects even though auditory and visual inputs are often ambiguous owing to spatial and temporal occluders and changes in the conditions of observation. This raises important questions regarding where and how 'scene analysis' is performed in the brain. Recent advances from both auditory and visual research suggest that the brain does not simply process the incoming scene properties. Rather, top-down processes such as attention, expectations and prior knowledge facilitate scene perception. Thus, scene analysis is linked not only with the extraction of stimulus features and formation and selection of perceptual objects, but also with selective attention, perceptual binding and awareness. This special issue covers novel advances in scene-analysis research obtained using a combination of psychophysics, computational modelling, neuroimaging and neurophysiology, and presents new empirical and theoretical approaches. For integrative understanding of scene analysis beyond and across sensory modalities, we provide a collection of 15 articles that enable comparison and integration of recent findings in auditory and visual scene analysis. This article is part of the themed issue 'Auditory and visual scene analysis'.
• Multiple attentional sets while monitoring rapid serial visual presentations

  Jun I. Kawahara, Takatsune Kumada

  QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 70 11 2271 - 2289 2017年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study examined whether observers are able to establish multiple attentional sets to concurrently monitor two different spatial locations. Observers identified a target letter in red or cyan among nontarget letters of other heterogeneous colours during a temporal feature search. A peripheral distractor display consisted of one item of either the same colour as the current target, and the other potential target colour, or an irrelevant colour that could never be the target. They identified an odd-ball colour letter among homogenous colours during a singleton search. The results revealed that observers maintained multiple attentional sets for detecting two singletons or for targets involving two (or three) features. However, they were unable to maintain a mixture of sets. Moreover, exposure to a distractor containing feature that corresponded to a feature of the current target was advantageous for target identification. The presence or absence of this set-specific capture depended on top-down knowledge and did not occur automatically in the singleton-detection stream. These results demonstrate a limitation in the flexibility of attentional sets. Although two singleton detections were possible, multiple attentional templates for a more complex attentional set could not be maintained concurrently when monitoring multiple rapid serial visual presentations.
• Differential Contributions of GABA Concentration in Frontal and Parietal Regions to Individual Differences in Attentional Blink

  Ken Kihara, Hirohito M. Kondo, Jun I. Kawahara

  JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 36 34 8895 - 8901 2016年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Selective attention plays an important role in identifying transient objects in a complex visual scene. Attentional control ability varies with observers. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms are responsible for individual differences in attentional control ability. The present study used the following attentional blink paradigm: when two targets are to be identified in rapid serial visual presentation, the processing of the first target interrupts the identification of the second one appearing within 500 ms after the first-target onset. It has been assumed that the reduction of the second-target accuracy is mainly due to a transient inhibition of attentional reorienting from the first to the second target, which is modulated by the GABA system. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated whether individual variation of attentional blink magnitude is associated with GABA concentrations in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC), right posterior-parietal cortex (PPC), and visual cortex (VC) of humans. GABA concentrations in the PFC were related negatively to attentional blink magnitude and positively to the first-target accuracy. GABA concentrations in the PPC were positively correlated with attentional blink magnitude. However, GABA concentrations in the VC did not contribute to attentional blink magnitude and first-target accuracy. Our results suggest that frontoparietal inhibitory mechanisms are closely linked with individual differences in attentional processing and that functional roles of the GABAergic system in selective attention differ between the PFC and PPC.
• The Sanitary-Mask Effect on Perceived Facial Attractiveness

  Yuki Miyazaki, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 58 3 261 - 272 2016年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Currently, some Japanese women use a sanitary mask to hide their faces when not wearing makeup, perhaps because they believe that they are more attractive (or less ugly) when wearing a sanitary mask than when not wearing makeup. The present study examined the effect of wearing a sanitary mask on the perception of facial attractiveness. We manipulated the presence or absence of a mask in the main experiments or an occluder (e.g., notebook) in control experiments and asked participants to rate facial images. The results revealed that attractive faces wearing a sanitary mask were perceived as less attractive than the same faces without the mask, contrary to Japanese women's belief. This is the first study to demonstrate a new phenomenon, the sanitary-mask effect, in which observers underestimate the physical attractiveness of a mask-wearing face. Importantly, the pattern of the results of perceived attractiveness was substantially altered when a control object occluded the faces. This suggests that facial occlusion by a sanitary mask has a unique effect, due to occlusion and unhealthiness priming.
• Attentional capture during attentional awakening

  Tomoe Inukai, Tomonari Shimomura, Jun I. Kawahara

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 78 1 159 - 167 2016年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We investigated whether attentional set is available at the beginning of a trial or whether it develops gradually within a trial. Thus, we manipulated the time from the onset of a trial to a target and observers' search strategy. We also observed the effect of the presence or absence of distractors as an index of the temporal development of attentional set. Participants identified a target letter embedded in a stream of rapidly presented nontargets while ignoring peripheral distractors. Baseline accuracy when no peripheral distractor was presented increased as the target appeared later in the stream, suggesting attentional awakening. Identification accuracy was impaired by the presence of peripheral distractors (i.e., attentional capture) early in the stream only when observers adopted the feature search mode. The magnitude of attentional capture increased over the course of the first 1, 000 ms of a trial under the singleton detection and feature search modes. These results suggest that singleton detection mode requires time for a bottom-up signal to be effective in capturing attention, whereas the feature search mode does not require such a warm-up period to be effective and is available from the beginning of viewing the stream.
• Contingent attentional capture across multiple feature dimensions in a temporal search task

  Motohiro Ito, Jun I. Kawahara

  ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA 163 107 - 113 2016年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study examined whether attention can be flexibly controlled to monitor two different feature dimensions (shape and color) in a temporal search task. Specifically, we investigated the occurrence of contingent attentional capture (i.e., interference from task-relevant distractors) and resulting set reconfiguration (i.e., enhancement of single task-relevant set). If observers can restrict searches to a specific value for each relevant feature dimension independently, the capture and reconfiguration effect should only occur when the single relevant distractor in each dimension appears. Participants identified a target letter surrounded by a non-green square or a non-square green frame. The results revealed contingent attentional capture, as target identification accuracy was lower when the distractor contained a target-defining feature than when it contained a nontarget feature. Resulting set reconfiguration was also obtained in that accuracy was superior when the current target's feature (e.g., shape) corresponded to the defining feature of the present distractor (shape) than when the current target's feature did not match the distractor's feature (color). This enhancement was not due to perceptual priming. The present study demonstrated that the principles of contingent attentional capture and resulting set reconfiguration held even when multiple target feature dimensions were monitored. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Attentional capture by completely task-irrelevant faces

  Shiori Sato, Jun I. Kawahara

  PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 79 4 523 - 533 2015年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated whether faces capture attention regardless of attentional set. The presentation of a face as a distractor during a visual search has been shown to impair performance relative to when the face was absent, implying that faces automatically attract attention. If attentional control is contingent on the observer's current goal, faces should not capture attention when they are irrelevant to the observer's attentional set. Previous studies demonstrating face-induced attentional capture used faces that were relevant to the task. Thus, a task in which faces were completely irrelevant to the observer's set was created. Participants identified a target letter among heterogeneously colored non-targets while ignoring a peripheral facial image that appeared as a brief distractor. No face-specific capture was observed when the target-distractor stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was long (Experiment 1). When the SOA was shortened, attentional capture by irrelevant faces was observed (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 extended this finding to all conditions, regardless of the attractiveness of faces. No such capture effect was found in Experiment 4 with inverted-face distractors. These results indicate that completely task-irrelevant faces break through top-down attentional set given a brief distractor-target SOA.
• Effects of bowing on perception of attractiveness

  Takayuki Osugi, Jun I. Kawahara

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 77 5 1697 - 1714 2015年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Bowing is a greeting behavior. The present study examined the modulation effect of bowing on perception of attractiveness. In each trial, a portrait digitized from university yearbooks was presented on a computer screen. The portrait was mildly tilted toward participants to simulate a greeting bow (25-degree angle). Participants evaluated the subjective attractiveness of the face using a visual analog scale (0-100). The mean attractiveness judgment of the bowing portrait was significantly higher relative to that of the bending-backward or standing-still control conditions (Experiment 1). Additional control experiments revealed that alternative accounts relying on apparent spatial proximity and physical characteristics could not solely explain the effect of bowing (Experiment 2) and indicated that the effect was specific to objects perceived as faces (Experiment 3). Furthermore, observers' in-return bowing behavior did not reduce the bowing effect (Experiment 4), and bowing motion increased the ratings of subjective politeness and submissiveness (Experiment 5). Finally, tilting the 3D faces elicited the same effect from observers as did tilting the still photos (Experiment 6). These results suggest that a tilting motion of portraits (or images of face-like objects) mimicking bowing enhances perceived attractiveness, at least as measured in a culture familiar with greeting by bowing.
• Pupillometric evidence for the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system facilitating attentional processing of action-triggered visual stimuli

  Ken Kihara, Tatsuto Takeuchi, Sanae Yoshimoto, Hirohito M. Kondo, Jun I. Kawahara

  FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 6 JUN 2015年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  It has been argued that attentional processing of visual stimuli is facilitated by a voluntary action that triggers the stimulus onset. However, the relationship between actioninduced facilitation of attention and the neural substrates has not been well established. The present study investigated whether the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system is involved in this facilitation effect. A rapid serial visual presentation paradigm was used to assess the dynamics of transient attention in humans. Participants were instructed to change a digit stream to a letter stream by pressing a button and specifying successive targets of four letters. Pupil dilation was measured as an index of LC-NA function. Accuracy of target identification was better when the temporal delay between participants' key press and target onset was 800 ms than when targets appeared just after the key press or when targets appeared without key press. Accuracy of target identification was positively correlated with both the peak amplitude of pupil dilation and the pupil size at the time of the key press. These results indicate that target identification in the visual task is closely linked to pupil dilation. We conclude that the LC-NA system plays an important role in the facilitation of transient attention driven by voluntary action.
• Word attribute effects on and error analysis of spelling of Kanji words in normal Japanese adults

  Noriko Akashi, Ami Sambai, Akira Uno, Junichiro Kawahara, Max Coltheart

  Japan Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 55 2 162 - 166 2014年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We investigated word attribute effects on and characteristics of errors in spelling to dictation of two-character Japanese Kanji words in 48 Japanese normal adults. Frequency, imageability, and spelling consistency significantly affected spelling accuracy and latency. The frequency and imageability effects are taken to reflect lexical processing, and the spelling consistency effect is taken to reflect sub-lexical processing. These results suggest that both lexical and sub-lexical processing occur during spelling to dictation of Kanji words. Spelling duration was affected by frequency and number of strokes. The spelling errors were mainly classified into three types: one-character correct responses, phonologically plausible errors, and non-responses. This outcome suggests that phonologically plausible errors result from sub-lexical processing for spelling inconsistent words.
• グループ全体としての顔魅力知覚

  鑓水秀和, 河原純一郎

  認知科学 21 314 - 324 2014年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 成人の漢字単語書き取りにおける単語属性効果および誤反応特徴

  明石法子, 三盃亜美, 宇野彰, 河原純一郎, Cortheart, M

  音声言語医学 55 162-166  2014年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 大きいモノは強く叩く-オブジェクトの大きさに関する概念的知識と反応出力強度との適合性-

  永井 聖剛, 山田 陽平, 河原 純一郎

  日本心理学会大会発表論文集 77 2PM-024 - 2PM-024 公益社団法人 日本心理学会 2013年09月19日 [査読無し]
  
• The role of cognitive functions in merging manoeuvres during simulated highway driving.

  Kawahara, J, Sato, T, Nagai, M, Kumada, T, Soma, Y, Nemoto, H, Nishizaki, Y

  Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science. 32 1 14-28 - 28 日本基礎心理学会 2013年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The present study examined a model of the role of cognitive functions related to attention and decision making in merging manoeuvres during simulated highway driving. To test this model, we screened participants who scored high or low on two sets of tasks that were assumed to represent attentional function and decisiveness. We then conducted a driving simulation experiment in which attentional function and decisiveness were between-subject factors and task difficulty was varied as a within-subject factor. The results indicated that the attentional function was the primarily determinant of the swiftness and success of merging. The role of decisiveness was confined primarily to the activation of the turn signal. Thus, the present experiment suggests that attention is the cognitive function that determines performance during merging behaviour in the setting under examination. Exploratory multivariate analyses confirmed the measureable behaviour obtained from the simulation. The present results provided information about the cognitive functions for merging behaviour that may be useful to the automobile industry.
• The effect of fatigue on the attentional blink

  Jun I. Kawahara, Hirotsune Sato

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 75 6 1096 - 1102 2013年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 長時間運転での疲労蓄積への影響要因の分析とドライバーの疲労蓄積タイプの分類

  佐藤 稔久, 河原 純一郎, 熊田 孝恒, 赤松 幹之

  自動車技術会論文集 44 6 1451 - 1458 公益社団法人 自動車技術会 2013年 

  長時間運転して疲労を感じている際に，その疲労がさらに大きくなる要因を検討した．ドライバー100名にアンケート調査を行い，高速道路や高速道路走行後の一般道での交通状況等で疲労の蓄積に影響を与える要因を分析した．その結果，5つの因子が抽出された．この因子を基に，ドライバーの感じる疲労のタイプ分類を試みた．
• 潜在的な快感情の喚起による視覚情報処理範囲の拡大

  藤 圭, 佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎, 永井 聖剛

  認知科学 20 4 498 - 501 日本認知科学会 2013年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  このたびは，大会発表賞という栄えある賞を賜り，大変光栄に存じております．受賞の機会を下さいました学会運営委員，選考委員会の先生方に心より御礼申します．また，会場での発表に耳を傾けて下さり，本研究を評価くださった皆様にも，深く感謝致します．この研究では，わずかな身体・表情の変化によって，自覚もなされないうちに認知処理のあり方が変容するという現象について検討しました．昨今のインターネットやメディアの発展に伴い，徐々に失われつつある身体・表情を介したコミュニケーションにも，人々の視野を広げ思考を彩る様々な可能性が内包されていることを示す結果が得られたかと考えております．今回の受賞を励みに，今後もまた，研究を重ねていく所存です． 最後になりますが，長きに渡り丁寧にご指導を下さった永井聖剛先生，折に触れ的確なご助言を下さいました河原純一郎先生，佐藤広英先生のご尽力に，この場をお借りして改めて心より感謝申し上げたいと存じます.
• The effect of variance in members' attractiveness on perceived group attractiveness

  Jun Kawahara, Michiteru Kitazaki

  Proceedings - SAP 2013: ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 141  2013年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Like selective visual attention, the representation of multiple objects as an ensemble is a major strategy used by the visual system to overcome a bottleneck that the system cannot handle multiple objects simultaneously. Although simple image properties including mean size, orientation, and brightness as well as higher-level properties such as the average emotion and gender of faces, can be extracted from a group of items/images (see Alvarez, 2011 for review), it is not clear whether subjective values (e.g., attractiveness) are processed in a similar manner. © 2013 Authors.
• Attentional set protects visual marking from visual transients

  Takayuki Osugi, Jun I. Kawahara

  QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 66 1 69 - 90 2013年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When some distractors (old items) appear before others (new items) in an inefficient visual search task, the old items are excluded from the search (visual marking). Previous studies have shown that changing the shape of old items eliminates this effect, suggesting that shape identity must be maintained for successful visual marking. However, the contribution of top-down target knowledge to the maintenance of visual marking under shape change conditions has not been systematically examined. The present study tested whether the vulnerability of visual marking to shape change is contingent on observers' attentional set, by manipulating compatibility of the set and the domains in which the change occurs. The results indicated that visual marking survived shape changes when the observer's attentional set was consistent with critical features between the old and new items. This protection was observed when the set was based on explicit instructions at the beginning of the experiment, and when the task set was implicitly carried over from the previous task. These results suggest that top-down processes play a role in maintaining memory templates by enhancing the grouping and suppression processes during visual search, despite disruptive bottom-up signals.
• 急性ストレスが選択的注意に及ぼす影響

  竹中一平, 河原純一郎, 熊田孝恒

  基礎心理学研究 31 1 42 - 56 日本基礎心理学会 2012年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In cognitive psychology, increasing task load impairs effortful processing such as selective attention and working memory operations (accessing/updating). However, it is unclear whether stress, which is assumed to be a factor that consumes cognitive resources, has a similar effect as task load on selective attention and working memory. Herein a literature review reveals that the apparently mixed findings with regard to working memory can be interpreted based on task load; the effect of stress emerges only with high task loads. In contrast, psycho-social stress tends to impair selective attention, but physical stress may improve it. Moreover, some recent studies have found that psycho-social stress interacts with perceptual load, suggesting that load and stress manipulations consume common cognitive resources.
• Attentional set protects visual marking from visual transients.

  Osugi, T, Kawahara, J

  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 1 - 22 2012年07月27日 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Voluntary triggering of the first target attenuates the attentional blink

  Ken Kihara, Jun I. Kawahara

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 74 2 312 - 321 2012年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The term attentional blink (AB) refers to a failure in identifying the second of two targets, separated by less than 500 ms, embedded in a rapid succession of nontargets. To examine whether the expectation of the onset of the first target affects the AB, we compared the magnitudes of the AB deficit when participants triggered the appearance of the first target and when the target was presented automatically at some time point, as in traditional AB studies. In Experiment 1, the first target appeared immediately after a participant's voluntary keypress, revealing that the accuracy for identifying the first target increased and that the AB deficit was attenuated. In Experiment 2, the temporal delay between a voluntary keypress and the first-target presentation was manipulated. The results showed that both targets could be reported accurately only when the first target was presented within 300 ms after the action. In Experiment 3, we ruled out an alternative explanation that would attribute the facilitation effect to mere physical movement, by examining the accuracy of target identification when participants voluntarily pressed a key but that action was unrelated to the onset of the first target. Taken together, the results suggest that voluntary action to trigger the onset of a visual target facilitates processing and reduces the subsequent AB deficit when the target appears within 300 ms of the action.
• Assessing acute stress with the Implicit Association Test

  Hirotsune Sato, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  COGNITION & EMOTION 26 1 129 - 135 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Assessments of acute stress using self-report questionnaires can be biased by various factors, including social desirability. The present study used a bias-free method, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), to assess stress. Unlike a previous study (Schmukle & Egloff, 2004) in which acute stress was not detected with the IAT, this study manipulated stress by generating test anxiety and threatening self-esteem. The results revealed that the IAT effect was greater in the high-stress group than in the low-stress group. Participants in the high-stress group associated their concept of self with the concept of anxiety more strongly than did those in the low-stress group. This result suggests that the IAT is a sensitive measure for detecting group differences in acute stress.
• The effects of acute stress and perceptual load on distractor interference

  Hirotsune Sato, Ippei Takenaka, Jun I. Kawahara

  QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 65 4 617 - 623 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Selective attention can be improved under conditions in which a high perceptual load is assumed to exhaust cognitive resources, leaving scarce resources for distractor processing. The present study examined whether perceptual load and acute stress share common attentional resources bymanipulating perceptual and stress loads. Participants identified a target within an array of nontargets that were flanked by compatible or incompatible distractors. Attentional selectivity was measured by longer reaction times in response to the incompatible than to the compatible distractors. Participants in the stress group participated in a speech test that increased anxiety and threatened self-esteem. The effect of perceptual load interacted with the stress manipulation in that participants in the control group demonstrated an interference effect under the low perceptual load condition, whereas such interference disappeared under the high perceptual load condition. Importantly, the stress group showed virtually no interference under the low perceptual load condition, whereas substantial interference occurred under the high perceptual load condition. These results suggest that perceptual and stress related demands consume the same attentional resources.
• Attentional capture by the onset and offset of motion signals outside the spatial focus of attention

  Jun Kawahara, Kaori Yanase, Michiteru Kitazaki

  JOURNAL OF VISION 12 12 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study examined whether participants were able to ignore a task-irrelevant commencement or cessation of optic flow while they were engaging in a letter-identification task, as claimed by adherents of the view that attentional set determines deployment of attention, or whether irrelevant events would capture attention regardless of observers' attentional set, as claimed by adherents of a broad range of views emphasizing the behavioral urgency of stimulus motion. Observers identified a green letter in a central rapid stream of heterogeneously colored nontargets. A completely task-irrelevant optic flow occurred in the periphery. If attentional deployment were governed by a top-down attentional set, the letter identification would be unaffected by the temporal change in the optic flow. The results reflected attentional capture by commencement or cessation of optic flow, which is inconsistent with the top-down view. When the peripheral dots expanded at various speeds before onset of the target, identification was impaired relative to when no motion occurred. Mere commencement or cessation of motion was sufficient to produce the capture effect. Qualitative ( commencement or cessation) rather than quantitative changes (acceleration or deceleration) of the motion display were critical for the occurrence of attentional capture. We conclude that salient discontinuities in optic flow induce attentional capture when observers search for a feature in a different stimulus domain, an idea implying a unique role for of expanding global motion in the deployment of visual attention.
• The Sparing Is Far From Spurious: Reevaluating Within-Trial Contingency Effects in the Attentional Blink

  Christian N. L. Olivers, Johan Hulleman, Thomas Spalek, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 37 2 396 - 408 2011年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The attentional blink is the marked deficit in awareness of a 2nd target (T2) when it is presented shortly after the 1st target (T1) in a stream of distractors. When the distractors between TI and T2 are replaced by even more targets, the attentional blink is reduced or absent, indicating that the attentional blink results from online selection mechanisms that act in response to distracting input rather than being the result of TI-induced cognitive resource depletion. However, Dell'Acqua, Jolicoeur, Luria, and Pluchino (2009) recently contended that an attentional blink is found in the multiple-target case as long as the appropriate trial context and analyses are used, thus reinstating resource-based explanations of the attentional blink and challenging the selection account. Specifically, an attentional blink reemerges when target performance is analyzed contingent on previous target accuracy. We argue on theoretical and empirical grounds that neither the trial context nor the type of analysis poses a serious problem for selection accounts. We show that the attentional blink and previous target contingency effects can be dissociated, with the latter depending more on low-level, short-range competition. We conclude that selection mechanisms involved in filtering for targets still provide a strong and coherent explanation of the attentional blink.
• Distractor Devaluation Effect in the Attentional Blink: Direct Evidence for Distractor Inhibition

  Ken Kihara, Yoshihiko Yagi, Yuji Takeda, Jun I. Kawahara

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 37 1 168 - 179 2011年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets (T1 and T2) are embedded in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), T2 is often missed (attentional blink, AB) if T2 follows T1 by less than 500 ms. Some have proposed that inhibition of a distractor following T1 contributes to the AB, but no direct evidence supports this proposal. This study examined distractor inhibition by assessing a distractor devaluation effect where inhibited items were evaluated less positively than controls. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that a distractor presented just after T1 was evaluated less favorably when T2 was misidentified, independently of stimulus characteristics. Experiment 3 produced distractor devaluation in T2 incorrect trials when the evaluated distractor was the second item after T1. In contrast, a distractor presented before TI was not devaluated (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 demonstrated that participants could not recognize presented distractors after an RSVP task, rejecting the possibility that memorized distractors were devalued. Results show a relationship between the devaluation of distractors following T1 and the AB, providing the first direct evidence of the distractor inhibition during the AB.
• Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative mood states

  Hirotsune Sato, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 24 4 359 - 367 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Retrospective self-report questionnaires of negative mood states experienced in the past (e. g., the most recent two weeks) tend to be exaggerated in a negative direction relative to the average ratings given to the moods contemporaneously. The present study used three measures that decomposed mood states into their constituent elements to examine whether certain components selectively contributed to this negative bias or all components contributed to this bias equally. Fifty-three participants responded to the questionnaires via the Internet every evening for two weeks. On the final day, participants recalled and retrospectively evaluated their mood state over the previous two weeks as a whole. The results revealed that memory bias occurred selectively for negative mood states. Anxiety, depression, and helplessness were exaggerated in the global compared with the daily ratings. None of the positive mood components showed any bias in the retrospective global ratings. A regression analysis indicated that the difference in daily and global ratings for negative mood was partly explained by peak and final scores. Higher peak scores led to greater overestimation whereas final scores had smaller effects; the higher the final score was, the less participants overestimated their negative mood in the global ratings.
• Object-based maintenance of temporal attention in rapid serial visual presentation

  Atsunori Ariga, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Katsumi Watanabe

  VISUAL COGNITION 19 5 553 - 584 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The visual system dynamically modulates attention to identify a target embedded in a rapid sequence of nontargets. Typically, the accuracy of target identification increases as the number of preceding items increases and is maintained at this increased level: Known as the attentional awakening phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the temporal characteristics of the visual system that contribute to maintaining attentional state throughout a trial. In Experiment 1, we initially demonstrated that the enhanced state of attention was reset after a gap of 500-1000 ms that was inserted in the sequence. In Experiment 2, we found that the attentional state was maintained when the temporally separated sequences were encapsulated by a continuous sequence of random dots. In the following experiments, we systematically manipulated the spatiotemporal configurations of random dots (or used a different object) and found that the attentional state was maintained as long as the object continuity was maintained.
• No commonality between attentional capture and attentional blink

  Jun I. Kawahara, Ken Kihara

  QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 64 5 991 - 1008 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Visual search for a unique target is impaired when a salient distractor is presented (attentional capture). This phenomenon is said to occur because attention is diverted to a distractor before it reaches the target. Similarly, perception of the second of two targets embedded in a rapid stream of nontargets is impaired, suggesting attentional deprivation due to the processing of the first target (attentional blink). We examined whether these phenomena emerge from a common underlying attentional mechanism by using correlation studies. If these phenomena share a common foundation, the magnitude of these deficits should show within-subject correlations. Participants (N = 135) revealed significant attentional deficits during spatial and temporal capture and the attentional blink tasks. However, no significant correlation was found among these tasks. Experiment 2 (N = 95) replicated this finding using the same procedure as that used in Experiment 1 but included another attentional blink task that required spatial switching between the two targets. Strong correlations emerged only between the two attentional blink tasks (with/without spatial switching). The present results suggest that attentional deficits during spatial and temporal capture and the attentional blink tasks reflect different aspects of attention.
• Usability of liquid crystal displays for research in the temporal characteristics of perception and attention

  Ken Kihara, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Yuji Takeda

  BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS 42 4 1105 - 1113 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recently, the use of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in computer monitors has increased in popularity. Can LCDs produce results similar to those obtained in cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in studies of temporal attention and perception tasks? Performance in two tasks (metacontrast masking and attentional blink) was examined using an LCD, a CRT oscilloscope, and a raster scan CRT display. Experiment 1 focused on metacontrast masking where a typical metacontrast function emerged irrespective of monitor type. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether differences in monitors influence the attentional blink. Again, all displays elicited similar performance profiles for both the attentional blink and the trade-off between identification accuracy of the two targets. Although our results may not generalize to all LCD applications and all experimental paradigms, they indicate that LCDs can reproduce results similar to those found in metacontrast masking and attentional blink studies that were originally identified with CRT displays.
• Visual marking survives graphical change if meaning is retained

  Takayuki Osugi, Takatsune Kumada, Jun Kawahara

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 72 8 2144 - 2156 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When some distractors (old items) appear before others (new items) in an inefficient visual search task, the old items are excluded from the search (visual marking). Previous studies have shown that shape changes of static old items are sufficient to eliminate this effect when global luminance is maintained, suggesting that shape identity must be maintained for successful visual marking. It was unclear whether the change in meaning or shape was critical, because these changes were confounded in previous studies. The present study examined whether consistency in the semantic or the graphical identity of old items is critical for visual marking by introducing shape change in the absence of meaning change. The results indicated that visual marking survived graphical changes in old items as long as their meaning was maintained, suggesting that the memory template underlying visual marking represents the semantic identity of items.
• Identifying a "default" visual search mode with operant conditioning

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA 135 1 38 - 49 2010年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The presence of a singleton in a task-irrelevant domain can impair visual search. This impairment, known as the attentional capture depends on the set of participants. When narrowly searching for a specific feature (the feature search mode), only matching stimuli capture attention. When searching broadly (the singleton detection mode), any oddball captures attention. The present study examined which strategy represents the "default" mode using an operant conditioning approach in which participants were trained, in the absence of explicit instructions, to search for a target in an ambiguous context in which one of two modes was available. The results revealed that participants behaviorally adopted the singleton detection as the default mode but reported using the feature search mode. Conscious strategies did not eliminate capture. These results challenge the view that a conscious set always modulates capture, suggesting that the visual system tends to rely on stimulus salience to deploy attention. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• ATTENTIONAL CAPTURE AND METAATTENTIONAL JUDGMENT: A STUDY OF YOUNG CHILDREN, PARENTS, AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

  Akiko Oh-uchi, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Likio Sugano

  PSYCHOLOGIA 53 2 114 - 124 2010年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recent studies on metaattention have demonstrated a tendency toward overestimating one's performance on attentionally demanding tasks. However, the extent to which such metacognitive failures apply to all attentional phenomena remains unclear. The present study examined whether participants could anticipate attentional capture elicited by a task-irrelevant distractor during visual search. We measured attentional capture among university students and preschoolers and examined metaattentional judgments made by university students and the preschoolers' parents. The students and preschoolers exhibited attentional capture. The university group underestimated their attentional performance, and the parents predicted that they would be less affected by capture than would their children. These results indicate that the tendency toward overestimating metaattentional capabilities is not a ubiquitous but rather represents a domain-specific effect. We propose that veridical metaattentional judgements can be made when the attentional phenomena in question relate to deficits that participants are able to notice in actual life.
• Attentional capture decreases when distractors remain visible during rapid serial visual presentations

  Tomoe Inukai, Takatsune Kumada, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 72 4 939 - 950 2010年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The identification of a central visual target is impaired by the onset of a peripheral distractor. This impairment is said to occur because attentional focus is diverted to the peripheral distractor. We examined whether distractor offset would enhance or reduce attentional capture by manipulating the duration of the distractor. Observers identified a color singleton among a rapid stream of homogeneous nontargets. Peripheral distractors disappeared 43 or 172 msec after onset (the short- and long-duration conditions, respectively). Identification accuracy was greater in the long-duration condition than in the short-duration condition. The same pattern of results was obtained when participants identified a target of a designated color among heterogeneous nontargets when the color of the distractor was the same as that of the target. These findings suggest that attentional capture consists of stimulus onset and offset, both of which are susceptible to top-down attentional set.
• Nonspatial interdimensional attentional capture

  Tomoe Inukai, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Takatsune Kumada

  ATTENTION PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 72 3 658 - 666 2010年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Accuracy in identifying a target is impaired by a task-irrelevant singleton distractor even when the target and distractor appear in the same location. However, whether this impairment, known as a nonspatial interdimensional attentional capture, is contingent on a top-down attentional set or determined by stimulus-driven signals from distractors is unclear. To examine whether interdimensional attentional capture is affected by a top-down attentional set, the present study explicitly manipulated observers' search strategies (the singleton detection or feature search modes) and the number of objects consisting of the search items. The results indicated that interdimensional attentional capture occurred even under the feature search mode but that the capture effect decreased under this search mode irrespective of the number of distractors, suggesting that top-down knowledge was effective in modulating nonspatial interdimensional capture.
• Measuring the spatial distribution of the metaattentional spotlight

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION 19 1 107 - 124 2010年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Studies in cognitive psychology have shown that the deployment of visual attention operates under spatial limitations, rendering its assignment to multiple locations difficult or costly. This study explored whether this conventional understanding applies to human metaattention as well 1 measured the spatial distribution of metaattention during viewing of natural scenes and found that participants believed they could attend to multiple locations simultaneously Study 2 tested whether this tendency could be modified by information about the tendency to overestimation After participants were informed of this tendency toward overestimation with both verbal instruction and demonstrations of attentional blindness and blindness to these phenomena, the selectivity of metaattention increased Study 3 demonstrated that participants overestimated their attentional abilities by comparing the metaattentional drawings and the actual behavioral performances of the same participants These results were consistent with recent findings of metaattentional overestimation in change detection and suggested human insensitivity in monitoring attentional limitations (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved
• Flicker is a Primitive Visual Attribute in Visual Search

  Thomas M. Spalek, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo

  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE EXPERIMENTALE 63 4 319 - 322 2009年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  At the earliest processing stages, visual stimuli are decomposed by a set of filters tuned to specific values of such attributes as colour, orientation, and motion. These filters have been characterised both neurophysiologically and behaviourally. The single exception is the attribute of flicker that has been characterised neurophysiologically but not behaviourally. Using a visual search paradigm, the authors provide the first behavioural demonstration that flicker is indeed a primitive attribute used by the visual system in stimulus encoding. Consistent with the temporal contrast-sensitivity function, sensitivity to flicker was highest at about 10 Hz and decreased as the flicker rate was either increased or decreased.
• 認知課題による精神性ストレスの計測 : 宇宙ステーションでの利用をめざして

  熊田 孝恒, 河原 純一郎, 武田 裕司, 永井 聖剛, 瀧田 正寿

  JASMA : Journal of the Japan Society of Microgravity Application 26 4 260 - 268 日本マイクログラビティ応用学会 2009年10月19日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Long-term Abstract Learning of Attentional Set

  Andrew B. Leber, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Yuji Gabari

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 35 5 1385 - 1397 2009年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  How does past experience influence visual search strategy (i.e., attentional set)? Recent reports have shown that, when given the option to use 1 of 2 attentional sets, observers persist with the set previously required in a training phase. Here, 2 related questions are addressed. First, does the training effect result only from perseveration with the currently active set or from long-term learning? Experiment 1 supported the latter alternative: When training and test were separated by up to 1 week, to prevent perseveration across the 2 sessions, the training effect was still obtained. Second, is the learning feature-specific (tuned to a precise set of colors) or more abstract? Experiments 2 and 3 supported the latter: When stimulus colors were switched between training and test to remove the possibility of feature-specific learning, the training effect again was obtained. These experiments indicate that attentional set is largely guided by long-term abstract learning.
• When Do Additional Distractors Reduce the Attentional Blink?

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 35 4 1043 - 1061 2009年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When 2 targets are embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation stream of distractors, perception of the second target is impaired when the intertarget lag is relatively short (less than 500 ms). Stimuli concurrently presented with the stream can affect this phenomenon, which is called attentional blink (AB). Previous studies have yielded conflicting results concerning the direction of the effect of added distractors on the AB: Some studies report an increased AB, whereas others report a decreased AB. The present Study explored the boundary conditions of the exaggeration-reduction effects of distractors on the AB and investigated underlying mechanisms by manipulating the spatial configuration, timing, and type of distractors. The results indicate that the magnitude of the AB deficit increased, regardless of the type of distractors. when spatial uncertainty of the target locations was involved. The reduction of the AB occurred at optimal presentation of distractors and disappeared when the second target was presented at a suprathreshold level. These results suggest that stochastic resonance or the center-surround attentional mechanism may contribute to the reduction effect of distractors on the AB deficit.
• The spatial distribution of inhibition in preview search

  Takayuki Osugi, Takatsune Kumada, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  VISION RESEARCH 49 8 851 - 861 2009年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In an inefficient visual search task, when some distractors (old items) temporally precede some others (new items), the old items are excluded from the search, a phenomenon termed visual marking. This effect is said to occur because the locations of the old items are inhibited before the new items appear. The present study used a probe-detection task to examine whether this inhibition occurs only at the precise locations of old items or at and around the locations of old items. We also investigated the effect of inhibition overreaching boundaries to encompass neighboring regions. Participants searched for a target or detected a probe that appeared after the new items appeared. The results revealed that the probe reaction times at locations inside grouped regions were longer than those at a blank region where no items had been presented and were comparable to those at a location occupied by old items. Probe detection was not delayed when the probe was presented near but external to the external boundary of the grouped regions. The overreaching effect was obtained before and after the new items appeared. We conclude that the inhibitory template for visual marking represents clusters of old items for at least 200 ms before the onset of new items, and that this spatial schema is preserved until at least 200 ms after the onset of new items. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• The attentional blink: Increasing target salience provides no evidence for resource depletion. A commentary on Dux, Asplund, and Marois (2008)

  Christian N. L. Olivers, Thomas M. Spalek, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo

  PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 16 1 214 - 218 2009年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The authors have argued elsewhere that the attentional blink (AB; i.e., reduced target detection shortly after presentation of an earlier target) arises from blocked or disrupted perceptual input in response to distractors presented between the targets. When targets replace the intervening distractors, so that three targets (T1, T2, and T3) are presented sequentially, performance on T2 and T3 improves. Dux, Asplund, and Marois (2008) argued that T3 performance improves at the expense of T1, and thus provides evidence for resource depletion. They showed that when T1 is made more salient (and presumably draws more resources), an AB for T3 appears to reemerge. These findings can be better explained, however, by (1) the relationship between T1 and T2 (not T1 and T3) and (2) differential salience for T3 in the long-lag condition of Dux et al.'s study. In conclusion, the Dux et al. study does not present a severe challenge to input control theories of the AB.
• Selection Difficulty and Interitem Competition Are Independent Factors in Rapid Visual Stream Perception

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara, James T. Enns

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 35 1 146 - 158 2009年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When observers try to identify successive targets in it visual stream at a rate of 100 ms per item, accuracy for the 2nd target is impaired for intertarget lags of 100-500 ins. Yet, when the same stream is presented more rapidly (e.g., 50 ins per item), this pattern reverses and a 1st-target deficit is obtained. M. C. Potter, A. Staub, and D. H. O'Connor (2002) accounted for these findings with a 2-stage competition theory (detection followed by identification) in which each stage is limited by its own pool of resources. In 5 experiments we varied the items that preceded the 1st target. The results show strong influences of these leading items on the 1st-target deficit, with almost no influence on 2nd-target accuracy. This is interpreted as strong support for multiple factors influencing target accuracy in rapid visual streams (J. Kawahara, J. T. Enns. & V. Di Lollo. 2006).
• Past rejections lead to future misses: Selection-related inhibition produces blink-like misses of future (easily detectable) events

  Alejandro Lleras, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Brian R. Levinthal

  JOURNAL OF VISION 9 3 26.1 - 12 2009年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Our recent experiences can have substantial effects on our future behavior. Here we show influences of prior visual experiences on the future workings of selective attention. Selective attention uses inhibitory processes to suppress distracting information on a given trial. We show that, once in place, this selective inhibition persists across trials and leads to misses of future targets when they belong to the previously distracting category of stimuli. This effect is documented using a single-target RSVP task, in which participants are asked to report the case (or color) of an oddball target. Furthermore, we show that selective inhibition is not present when observers are merely asked to detect the presence or absence of the oddball target. We argue that selective inhibition is a mechanism aimed at facilitating the access to secondary (non-target de. ning) features of the target stimuli, and that our results provide further evidence that visual stimuli are processed in a hierarchical, non-holistic manner.
• Visual marking survives graphical change without semantic change.

  Osugi, T, Kumada, T, Kawahara, J

  Journal of Vision 9 1175 - 1175 2009年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• The remains of the trial: goal-determined inter-trial suppression of selective attention

  Alejandro Lleras, Brian R. Levinthal, Jun Kawahara

  ATTENTION 176 195 - 213 2009年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When an observer is searching through the environment for a target, what are the consequences of not finding a target in a given environment? We examine this issue in detail and propose that the visual system systematically tags environmental information during a search, in an effort to improve performance in future search events. Information that led to search successes is positively tagged, so as to favor future deployments of attention toward that type of information, whereas information that led to search failures is negatively tagged, so as to discourage future deployments of attention toward such failed information. To study this, we use an oddball-search task, where participants search for one item that differs from all others along one feature or belongs to a different visual category, from the other stimuli in the display. We find that when participants perform oddball-search tasks, the absence of a target delays identification of future targets containing the feature or category that was shared by all distractors in the target-absent trial. We interpret this effect as reflecting an implicit assessment of performance: target-absent trials can be viewed as processing "failures" insofar as they do not provide the visual system with the information needed to complete the task. Here, we study the goal-oriented nature of this bias in three ways. First, we show that the direction of the bias is determined by the experimental task. Second, we show that the effect is independent of the mode of presentation of stimuli: it happens with both serial and simultaneous stimuli presentation. Third, we show that, when using categorically defined oddballs as the search stimuli (find the face among houses or vice versa), the bias generalizes to unseen members of the "failed" category. Together, these findings support the idea that this inter-trial attentional biases arise from high-level, task-constrained, implicit assessments of performance, involving categorical associations between classes of stimuli and behavioral outcomes (success/failure), which are independent of attentional modality (temporal vs. spatial attention).
• Electrophysiological evidence for independent consolidation of multiple targets

  Ken Kihara, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Yuji Takeda

  NEUROREPORT 19 15 1493 - 1496 2008年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When observers are asked to identify two targets (T1 and T2) embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation, they frequently fail to identify T2 if it appears 200-500 ms afterT1 (attentional blink). The response to T2 is, however, unimpaired if it appears directly after T1 (lag-1 sparing). Furthermore, when another target immediately follows T2, the identification accuracy for the third target is also unimpaired (lag-2 sparing). It was unclear whether multiple targets were consolidated into working memory simultaneously or independently during lag-2 sparing. We observed the P3 component of the event-related potential to examine this issue. Three separable P3 components, corresponding to the three targets, were obtained when lag-2 sparing occurred, suggesting that each target can be consolidated independently.
• The effect of false memory on temporal perception

  Fuminori Ono, Jun-ichiro Kawahara

  PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 72 1 61 - 64 2008年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  This study examined the effect of false memory on temporal perception. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, which elicits false recognition of a nonpresented word, was used to determine whether the perceived duration of falsely remembered words was longer than that for control words. The study results revealed that the perceived duration for falsely recognized words was longer than that for correctly rejected words. This is the first study to show the effect of false memory on temporal perception and suggests that temporal perception can be affected by conceptual fluency without any perceptual repetition.
• Intertrial inhibition of focused attention in pop-out search

  Alejandro Lleras, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Xiaoang Irene Wan, Atsunori Ariga

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 70 1 114 - 131 2008年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When a visual search for a color oddball is performed, responses to target-present trials are affected by the color of items in immediately preceding target-absent trials, a phenomenon known as the distractor-previewing effect (DPE). Specifically, the color of the items in the target-absent trial suppresses responses to a target of that color in the subsequent trial, even though participants report a target feature uncorrelated with color. We believe that this suppression reflects a transient inhibitory effect on focused attention that biases attention away from items that are of the same color as the items in the target-absent trial. Experiments 1-3 show that the DPE is present only in tasks that require focused attention. Experiments 4A and 4B show that the DPE persists even when target-absent displays are masked. Last, Experiment 5 shows that the DPE emerges as early as within the first 100 msec of a target-present trial and is fully in place by the 250-msec mark.
• The spatial distribution of visual marking.

  Osugi, T, Kumada, T, Kawahara, J

  Journal of Vision 8 1115 - 1115 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Does attention accompany the conscious awareness of both location and identity of an object?

  Ghorashi S, Jefferies L.N, Kawahara J.-I, Watanabe K

  Psyche (Pasadena) 14 2008 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Intertrial inhibition of focused attention in pop-out search

  Alejandro Lleras, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Xiaoang Irene Wan, Atsunori Ariga

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 70 1 114 - 131 2008年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When a visual search for a color oddball is performed, responses to target-present trials are affected by the color of items in immediately preceding target-absent trials, a phenomenon known as the distractor-previewing effect (DPE). Specifically, the color of the items in the target-absent trial suppresses responses to a target of that color in the subsequent trial, even though participants report a target feature uncorrelated with color. We believe that this suppression reflects a transient inhibitory effect on focused attention that biases attention away from items that are of the same color as the items in the target-absent trial. Experiments 1-3 show that the DPE is present only in tasks that require focused attention. Experiments 4A and 4B show that the DPE persists even when target-absent displays are masked. Last, Experiment 5 shows that the DPE emerges as early as within the first 100 msec of a target-present trial and is fully in place by the 250-msec mark.
• Auditory-visual contextual cuing effect

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 8 1399 - 1408 2007年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions, a spatial layout can be acquired implicitly and facilitate visual searches (the contextual cuing effect). Whereas previous studies have shown a cuing effect in the visual domain, the present study examined whether a contextual cuing effect could develop from association between auditory events and visual target locations (Experiments 1 and 2). In the training phase, participants searched for a T among Ls, preceded by 2 sec: of auditory stimulus. The target location could be predicted from the preceding auditory stimulus. In the test phase, the auditory-visual association pairings were disrupted. The results revealed that a contextual cuing effect occurs by auditory-visual association. Participants did not notice the auditory-visual association. Experiment 3 explored a boundary condition for the auditory-visual contextual cuing effect. These results suggest that visual attention can be guided implicitly by crossmodal association, and they extend the idea that the visual system is sensitive to all kinds of statistical consistency.
• Ignorance is bliss: The role of observer expectation in dynamic spatial tuning of the attentional focus

  Lisa N. Jefferies, Shahab Ghorashi, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 7 1162 - 1174 2007年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two sequential targets (T1, T2) are inserted in an RSVP stream of distractors, perception of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than 700 msec. Paradoxically, this deficit disappears when T2 is presented directly after T1 (lag-1 sparing). Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo (1999) found that lag-1 sparing occurs only when T1 and T2 are presented in the same stream. In contrast, Shih (2000) obtained lag-1 sparing with targets in separate streams. Four experiments addressed this inconsistency and revealed lag-1 sparing with targets in different streams, but only when observers had no foreknowledge of T1's location. We hypothesized that when T1 location is known, attention is focused narrowly on that strewn; if T2 then appears in the other stream it is missed, and lag-1 sparing does not occur. When T1 location is not known, attention is focused broadly, encompassing both streams, and lag-1 sparing ensues.
• Dividing attention between two different categories and locations in rapid serial visual presentations

  Yuki Yamada, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 7 1218 - 1229 2007年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets are embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream of distractors, perception of the second target is impaired if the intertarget lag is relatively short (less than 500 msec). This phenomenon, called attentional blink, has been attributed to a temporal inability of attentional resources. Nevertheless, a recent study found that observers could monitor two RSVP streams concurrently for up to four items presented in close succession, suggesting a much larger visual capacity limit. However, such high-capacity performance could be obtained by a rapid shift of attention, rather than concurrent monitoring of multiple locations. Therefore, the present study examined these alternatives. Results from six experiments indicate that observers can concurrently monitor two noncontiguous locations, even when targets and distractors are from different categories, such as digits, English alphabet letters, Japanese characters, and pseudocharacters. These results can be explained in terms of a modified input-filtering model in which a multidimensional attentional set can be flexibly configured at different spatial locations.
• Ignorance is bliss: The role of observer expectation in dynamic spatial tuning of the attentional focus

  Lisa N. Jefferies, Shahab Ghorashi, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 7 1162 - 1174 2007年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two sequential targets (T1, T2) are inserted in an RSVP stream of distractors, perception of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than 700 msec. Paradoxically, this deficit disappears when T2 is presented directly after T1 (lag-1 sparing). Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo (1999) found that lag-1 sparing occurs only when T1 and T2 are presented in the same stream. In contrast, Shih (2000) obtained lag-1 sparing with targets in separate streams. Four experiments addressed this inconsistency and revealed lag-1 sparing with targets in different streams, but only when observers had no foreknowledge of T1's location. We hypothesized that when T1 location is known, attention is focused narrowly on that strewn; if T2 then appears in the other stream it is missed, and lag-1 sparing does not occur. When T1 location is not known, attention is focused broadly, encompassing both streams, and lag-1 sparing ensues.
• The subjective size of visual stimuli affects the perceived duration of their presentation

  Fuminori Ono, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 6 952 - 957 2007年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The perception of time spent looking at a stimulus is lengthened or shortened when its physical attributes, such as area, differ from those of a comparison stimulus. We measured the perceived presentation duration of a visual object whose apparent area was altered by the Ebbinghaus illusion while its physical size remained invariant, so that a central circle surrounded by larger inducers appeared smaller than a same-size central circle surrounded by smaller inducers. The results showed that the perceived duration of presentation for apparently larger circles was longer than that of apparently smaller circles, although the actual area remained invariant across all circles. We concluded that the time perception process receives input from later visual processing.
• The subjective size of visual stimuli affects the perceived duration of their presentation

  Fuminori Ono, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 6 952 - 957 2007年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The perception of time spent looking at a stimulus is lengthened or shortened when its physical attributes, such as area, differ from those of a comparison stimulus. We measured the perceived presentation duration of a visual object whose apparent area was altered by the Ebbinghaus illusion while its physical size remained invariant, so that a central circle surrounded by larger inducers appeared smaller than a same-size central circle surrounded by smaller inducers. The results showed that the perceived duration of presentation for apparently larger circles was longer than that of apparently smaller circles, although the actual area remained invariant across all circles. We concluded that the time perception process receives input from later visual processing.
• Feature-based attention influences later temporal perception

  Fuminori Ono, Kyoko Yamada, Kazumitsu Chujo, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 4 544 - 549 2007年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We investigated the influence of feature-based visual attention on later temporal perception. Although there is ample evidence that space-based attention modulates temporal perception, it is not known whether feature-based attention also serves this function. The present study combined a visual selection task with a temporal interval production task to determine whether feature-based attention interacted with temporal perception. The results indicated that temporal perception of visual stimuli depended on whether the same stimulus had been attended to or ignored in a previous visual selection task. The temporal production of previously ignored stimuli was longer than the temporal production of either previously attended to or novel stimuli. This is the first demonstration of the effect of feature-based attention on later temporal perception. We concluded that temporal perception is affected by previously ignored stimuli.
• Feature-based attention influences later temporal perception

  Fuminori Ono, Kyoko Yamada, Kazumitsu Chujo, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 69 4 544 - 549 2007年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We investigated the influence of feature-based visual attention on later temporal perception. Although there is ample evidence that space-based attention modulates temporal perception, it is not known whether feature-based attention also serves this function. The present study combined a visual selection task with a temporal interval production task to determine whether feature-based attention interacted with temporal perception. The results indicated that temporal perception of visual stimuli depended on whether the same stimulus had been attended to or ignored in a previous visual selection task. The temporal production of previously ignored stimuli was longer than the temporal production of either previously attended to or novel stimuli. This is the first demonstration of the effect of feature-based attention on later temporal perception. We concluded that temporal perception is affected by previously ignored stimuli.
• Area-specific attentional effect in the Delboeuf illusion

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Tomohiro Nabeta, Jiro Hamada

  PERCEPTION 36 5 670 - 685 2007年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In the Delboeuf illusion, a circle judged initially has a weaker effect of size induction than a circle judged subsequently (the judgment-order effect). This effect has been attributed to differential allocation of visual attention (Hamada et al, 2002 Japanese Journal of Psychology 73 58-63, in Japanese). To establish the influence of attention, in experiment I we examined whether the effect occurred mandatorily once the outer circle was attended to, or whether it was necessary to direct attention specifically to the size of the area of the outer circle. Observers trisected the circumference of the outer circle thus attending to the outer circle in terms of its circumference, but ignoring its area. The illusion was stronger when the inner-circle area estimation was followed by the outer-circle area estimation than when the inner-circle area estimation was followed by the trisection task. In experiment 2 this result was replicated by using diameter judgment, instead of the size of the area. These findings indicate that mere allocation of attention to the outer circle contour is not sufficient to produce the judgment-order effect. Rather, attention must be specific to the task-relevant dimension, in this instance the visual area, to be effective.
• Dividing attention between two different categories and locations in rapid serial visual presentations

  Yuki Yamada, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  Perception and Psychophysics 69 7 1218 - 1229 2007年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets are embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream of distractors, perception of the second target is impaired if the intertarget lag is relatively short (less than 500 msec). This phenomenon, called attentional blink, has been attributed to a temporal inability of attentional resources. Nevertheless, a recent study found that observers could monitor two RSVP streams concurrently for up to four items presented in close succession, suggesting a much larger visual capacity limit. However, such high-capacity performance could be obtained by a rapid shift of attention, rather than concurrent monitoring of multiple locations. Therefore, the present study examined these alternatives. Results from six experiments indicate that observers can concurrently monitor two noncontiguous locations, even when targets and distractors are from different categories, such as digits, English alphabet letters, Japanese characters, and pseudocharacters. These results can be explained in terms of a modified input-filtering model in which a multidimensional attentional set can be flexibly configured at different spatial locations. Copyright 2007 Psychonomic Society, Inc.
• Auditory-visual contextual cuing effect

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  Perception and Psychophysics 69 8 1399 - 1408 2007年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions, a spatial layout can be acquired implicitly and facilitate visual searches (the contextual cuing effect). Whereas previous studies have shown a cuing effect in the visual domain, the present study examined whether a contextual cuing effect could develop from association between auditory events and visual target locations (Experiments 1 and 2). In the training phase, participants searched for a T among Ls, preceded by 2 sec of auditory stimulus. The target location could be predicted from the preceding auditory stimulus. In the test phase, the auditory-visual association pairings were disrupted. The results revealed that a contextual cuing effect occurs by auditory-visual association. Participants did not notice the auditory-visual association. Experiment 3 explored a boundary condition for the auditory-visual contextual cuing effect. These results suggest that visual attention can be guided implicitly by crossmodal association, and they extend the idea that the visual system is sensitive to all kinds of statistical consistency. Copyright 2007 Psychonomic Society, Inc.
• Implicit spatiotemporal learning of visual context during divided attention

  Kawahara Jun-ichiro

  基礎心理学研究 25 2 193 - 198 日本基礎心理学会 2007年 

  Visual search performance can be facilitated implicitly through repetitive viewing of the same layout of a search display (the contextual cueing effect). Researchers know that selective attention affects the occurrence of the cueing effect, but it has not been clear whether divided attention has the same effect. By introducing an attentional blink procedure, this study tested whether implicit learning of visual displays occurs while attention is devoted to a primary task. Observers searched for two digits among distracter letters. In the training phase, the sequence of rapidly presented distracters was predictive of the location of the second target; an attentional blink effect was obtained. More importantly, when the predictive value was removed in the testing phase, search performance slowed. These results suggest that the visual system can acquire spatiotemporal contextual memory even when deprived of attentional resources.
• The attentional blink is not a unitary phenomenon

  Jun-ichiro Kawahara, James T. Enns, Vincent Di Lollo

  PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 70 6 405 - 413 2006年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Identification of the second of two targets is impaired if it is presented less than about 500 ms after the first. Three models of this second-target deficit, known as attentional blink (AB), were compared: resource-depletion, bottleneck, and temporary loss of control (TLC). Five experiments, in which three sequential targets were inserted in a stream of distractors, showed that identification accuracy for the leading target depended on an attentional switch whose magnitude varied with distractor-target similarity. In contrast, accuracy for the trailing target depended on similarity between the target and the trailing mask. These results strongly suggest that the AB is not a unitary phenomenon. Resource-depletion was ruled out as a viable account. The effect of attentional switching was handled naturally by the TLC model, while bottleneck models offered the best account of the effect of backward masking.
• The attentional blink is governed by a temporary loss of control

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Takatsune Kumada, Vincent Di Lollo

  PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 13 5 886 - 890 2006年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Identification of the second of two brief targets is impaired at intertarget lags of less than about 500 msec. We compared two accounts of this attentional blink (AB) by manipulating the number of digit distractors-and hence the lag-inserted among three letter targets in a rapid serial visual presentation stream of digit distractors. On the resource-depletion hypothesis, longer lags provide more time for processing the leading target, thus releasing resources for the trailing target. On the temporary-loss-of-control (TLC) hypothesis, intervening distractors disrupt the current attentional set, producing a trailing-target deficit. Identification accuracy for trailing targets was unimpaired not only at lag I (conventional lag I sparing) but also at later lags, if preceded by another target. The results supported the TLC hypothesis but not the resource-depletion hypothesis. We conclude that the AB is caused by a disruption in attentional set when a distractor is presented while the central executive is busy processing a leading target.
• The attentional blink is governed by a temporary loss of control

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Takatsune Kumada, Vincent Di Lollo

  PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 13 5 886 - 890 2006年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Identification of the second of two brief targets is impaired at intertarget lags of less than about 500 msec. We compared two accounts of this attentional blink (AB) by manipulating the number of digit distractors-and hence the lag-inserted among three letter targets in a rapid serial visual presentation stream of digit distractors. On the resource-depletion hypothesis, longer lags provide more time for processing the leading target, thus releasing resources for the trailing target. On the temporary-loss-of-control (TLC) hypothesis, intervening distractors disrupt the current attentional set, producing a trailing-target deficit. Identification accuracy for trailing targets was unimpaired not only at lag I (conventional lag I sparing) but also at later lags, if preceded by another target. The results supported the TLC hypothesis but not the resource-depletion hypothesis. We conclude that the AB is caused by a disruption in attentional set when a distractor is presented while the central executive is busy processing a leading target.
• Two noncontiguous locations can be attended concurrently: Evidence from the attentional blink

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Yula Yamada

  PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 13 4 594 - 599 2006年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets (T1 and T2) are inserted in a rapid stream of visual distractors (RSVP), detection/identification accuracy of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than about 500 msec. This phenomenon, the attentional blink (AB), has been regarded as a hallmark of the inability of the visual system to process multiple items. Yet, paradoxically, the AB is much reduced when T2 is presented directly after T1 (known as lag-1 sparing). Because lag-1 sparing is said to depend on observers' spatial attention being set to process the first target, we predicted that if observers are set to monitor two RSVP streams, they could process more than two items; that is, two instances of lag-1 sparing would be obtained concurrently. The results of three experiments indicated that this was the case. When observers searched for two targets in each of two synchronized RSVP streams, lag-1 sparing occurred concurrently in both streams. These results suggest that the visual system can handle up to four items at one moment under RSVP circumstances.
• Two noncontiguous locations can be attended concurrently: Evidence from the attentional blink

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Yula Yamada

  PSYCHONOMIC BULLETIN & REVIEW 13 4 594 - 599 2006年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets (T1 and T2) are inserted in a rapid stream of visual distractors (RSVP), detection/identification accuracy of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than about 500 msec. This phenomenon, the attentional blink (AB), has been regarded as a hallmark of the inability of the visual system to process multiple items. Yet, paradoxically, the AB is much reduced when T2 is presented directly after T1 (known as lag-1 sparing). Because lag-1 sparing is said to depend on observers' spatial attention being set to process the first target, we predicted that if observers are set to monitor two RSVP streams, they could process more than two items; that is, two instances of lag-1 sparing would be obtained concurrently. The results of three experiments indicated that this was the case. When observers searched for two targets in each of two synchronized RSVP streams, lag-1 sparing occurred concurrently in both streams. These results suggest that the visual system can handle up to four items at one moment under RSVP circumstances.
• Congruency effect of presentation modality on false recognition of haptic and visual objects

  T Nabeta, JI Kawahara

  MEMORY 14 3 307 - 315 2006年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Studying a list of items related to an item that is not presented (lure item) produces a false memory. We investigated whether a haptic study/test results in false recognition and, if so, whether congruency of presentation modality between study and test reduces the false recognition. After haptic or visual study of lists of real objects that are related to a lure object, participants were asked to recognise whether the objects were presented haptically or visually. We obtained false recognition results with haptic study and/or test. False recognition was reduced when presentation and study modalities were congruent. After haptic study, false recognition was reduced in the haptic test, as compared to the visual test. In contrast, visual study always reduced visual false recognition. These results indicate that there is a general effect of retrieval cues that will reduce false recognition.
• The effect of unconscious priming on temporal production

  F Ono, J Kawahara

  CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION 14 3 474 - 482 2005年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We examined the effects of unconscious priming on temporal-interval production. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to keep visual displays on a screen for 2500 ms intervals. Half of the displays were repeated across blocks throughout the entire experiment, and the others were newly generated from trial to trial. The displays consisted of patterns so complex that the participants could not intentionally memorize them. The results showed that significantly more time elapsed for old displays than for new displays before participants indicated that a 2500 ms interval had elapsed. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and excluded an alternative account based on perceived pattern complexity. The effect of repetitive presentation was obtained despite the fact the participants did not recognize the repetition, suggesting that unconscious priming increased temporal production. These results suggest that time perception is affected by an unconscious process. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Intertrial temporal contextual cuing: Association across successive visual search trials guides spatial attention

  F Ono, J Kawahara, YH Jiang

  JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-HUMAN PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE 31 4 703 - 712 2005年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Contextual cuing refers to the facilitation of performance in visual search due to the repetition of the same displays. Whereas previous studies have-focused on contextual cuing within single-search trials, this study tested whether I trial facilitates visual search of the next trial. Participants searched for a T among Ls. In the training phase, the spatial layout on trial N-1 was predictive of the target location on trial N. In the testing phase, the predictive value was removed. Results revealed an intertrial temporal contextual cuing effect: Search. speed became progressively shorter in the training phase, but it significantly lengthened during testing. The authors conclude that the visual system is capable of retaining spatial contextual memory established earlier to facilitate perception.
• System reconfiguration, not resource depletion, determines the efficiency of visual search

  Di Lollo, V, D Smilek, JI Kawahara, SMS Ghorashi

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 67 6 1080 - 1087 2005年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We examined two theories of visual search: resource depletion, grounded in a static, built-in brain architecture, with attention seen as a limited depletable resource, and system reconfiguration, in which the visual system is dynamically reconfigured from moment to moment so as to optimize performance on the task at hand. In a dual-task paradigm, a search display was preceded by a visual discrimination. task and was followed, after a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) governed by a staircase procedure, by a pattern mask. Search efficiency, as indexed by the slope of the function relating critical SOA to number of distractors, was impaired under dual-task conditions for tasks that were performed efficiently (shallow search slope) when done singly, but not for tasks performed inefficiently (steep slope) when done singly. These results are consistent with system reconfiguration, but not with resource depletion, models and point to a dynamic, rather than a static, architecture of the visual system.
• System reconfiguration, not resource depletion, determines the efficiency of visual search

  Di Lollo, V, D Smilek, JI Kawahara, SMS Ghorashi

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 67 6 1080 - 1087 2005年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We examined two theories of visual search: resource depletion, grounded in a static, built-in brain architecture, with attention seen as a limited depletable resource, and system reconfiguration, in which the visual system is dynamically reconfigured from moment to moment so as to optimize performance on the task at hand. In a dual-task paradigm, a search display was preceded by a visual discrimination. task and was followed, after a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) governed by a staircase procedure, by a pattern mask. Search efficiency, as indexed by the slope of the function relating critical SOA to number of distractors, was impaired under dual-task conditions for tasks that were performed efficiently (shallow search slope) when done singly, but not for tasks performed inefficiently (steep slope) when done singly. These results are consistent with system reconfiguration, but not with resource depletion, models and point to a dynamic, rather than a static, architecture of the visual system.
• Priority information used for the processing of Japanese sentences: Thematic roles, case particles or grammatical functions?

  K Tamaoka, H Sakai, J Kawahara, Y Miyaoka, H Lim, M Koizumi

  JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 34 3 281 - 332 2005年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated scrambling effects on the processing of Japanese sentences and priority information used among thematic roles, case particles and grammatical functions. Reaction times for correct sentence decisions were significantly prolonged for scrambled active sentences with transitive verbs in the first experiment and with ditransitive verbs in the second experiment. Errors were made with scrambled sentences more than canonical sentences in both experiments, which suggested that scrambling effects were apparent in active sentences. Passive sentences in the third experiment indicated that canonical order defined based on case particles, not thematic roles, was more quickly and accurately identified than scrambled order. Potential sentences in the fourth experiment and causative sentences in the fifth experiment indicated that the processing of scrambled sentences based on grammatical functions, but not on case particles, required longer reaction times and resulted in higher error rates than canonical sentences. Consequently, scrambling effects in the present study indicated that neither thematic roles nor case particles can provide fully-satisfactory information for canonical phrase order, and that only grammatical functions offer satisfactory information in all types of sentences.
• Priority information used for the processing of Japanese sentences: Thematic roles, case particles or grammatical functions?

  K Tamaoka, H Sakai, J Kawahara, Y Miyaoka, H Lim, M Koizumi

  JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 34 3 281 - 332 2005年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated scrambling effects on the processing of Japanese sentences and priority information used among thematic roles, case particles and grammatical functions. Reaction times for correct sentence decisions were significantly prolonged for scrambled active sentences with transitive verbs in the first experiment and with ditransitive verbs in the second experiment. Errors were made with scrambled sentences more than canonical sentences in both experiments, which suggested that scrambling effects were apparent in active sentences. Passive sentences in the third experiment indicated that canonical order defined based on case particles, not thematic roles, was more quickly and accurately identified than scrambled order. Potential sentences in the fourth experiment and causative sentences in the fifth experiment indicated that the processing of scrambled sentences based on grammatical functions, but not on case particles, required longer reaction times and resulted in higher error rates than canonical sentences. Consequently, scrambling effects in the present study indicated that neither thematic roles nor case particles can provide fully-satisfactory information for canonical phrase order, and that only grammatical functions offer satisfactory information in all types of sentences.
• The attentional blink: Resource depletion or temporary loss of control?

  Di Lollo, V, J Kawahara, SMS Ghorashi, JT Enns

  PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 69 3 191 - 200 2005年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Identification of the second of two targets is impaired if it is presented less than about 500 ms after the first. Theoretical accounts of this second-target deficit, known as attentional blink (AB), have relied on some form of limited attentional resource that is allocated to the leading target at the expense of the trailing target. Three experiments in the present study reveal a failure of resource-limitation accounts to explain why the AB is absent when the targets consist of a stream of three items belonging to the same category (e.g., letters or digits). The AB is reinstated, however, if an item from a different category is inserted in the target string. This result, and all major results in the AB literature, is explained by the hypothesis that the AB arises from a temporary loss of control over the prevailing attentional set. This lapse in control renders the observer vulnerable to an exogenously-triggered switch in attentional set.
• The effect of study-phase length on auditory false recognition

  Nabeta Tomohiro, Kawahara Jun-ichiro, Chujo Kazumitsu

  基礎心理学研究 24 1 11 - 15 日本基礎心理学会 2005年 

  Studying a list of words that are semantically related to an unseen word creates a false recognition. In the visual domain, research shows that false recognition increases when the length of the study phase is extended. This study examined whether the increase in false recognition is specific to the visual domain, or if it is common to another modality, such as the auditory domain. The results demonstrate that auditory false recognition increases when the insertion of an extra blank interval between words or between lists lengthens the study phase. Therefore, these findings suggest that processes not specific to visual modality mediate the effect of study phase length on false recognition.
• Lag-1 sparing in the attentional blink with multiple RSVP streams

  Yamada, Y, Kawahara, J

  The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science 24 1 1 - 10 日本基礎心理学会 2005年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets are presented in a rapid stream of distractors, the accuracy of identifying the second target is impaired when the temporal lag between the targets is brief (attentional blink; AB). When the second target is presented immediately after the first target, the AB deficit is considerably reduced, a phenomenon called Lag-1 sparing. A recent study (Kristjansson & Nakayama, 2002) however, reported that Lag-1 sparing did not occur when multiple distractor streams were presented, although it had occurred in other studies (e.g., Peterson & Juola, 2000). The present study found that specific target attributes were the key for this inconsistency. When two targets in the same stream appear to be similar and are distinctive from the distractors, the first target is masked by the second. This masking of the first target increases the AB deficit, and Lag-1 sparing does not occur.
• [Are the visually marked items encoded as a context?].

  Ono F, Nabeta T, Kawahara J

  Shinrigaku kenkyu : The Japanese journal of psychology 75 3 207 - 212 3 2004年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 日本語の音韻組立処理を検討するための心理実験法

  河原 純一郎, 玉岡 賀津雄, 丸石 正治, 村中 博幸

  広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要. 第三部, 教育人間科学関連領域 52 215 - 218 広島大学 2004年03月28日 

  The present study investigated phonological assembly in the Japanese language. Twenty-eight native Japanese speakers were presented with CVCVCV-structured words and nonwords in hiragana. Participants were asked to make lexical decisions for 25 words and 25 nonwords. In the assembly condition, meaningful words were anagrammed so that participants had to assemble apparently nonsensical morae into a meaningful unit in order to make a lexical decision. The reaction times for the assembly condition were substantially slower (a difference of 1770 ms) than those for the control condition. This result suggests that phonological assembly for three hiragana morae is involved in identifing meaningful words from the Japanese lexicon.
• Previous subthreshold exposures reduce perceived duration

  F Ono, J Kawahara, F Matsuda

  CAHIERS DE PSYCHOLOGIE COGNITIVE-CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION 22 1 27 - 40 2004年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Our perceived duration of events is affected by factors that are at least partly conscious. Here, we report that the perceived duration of visual events can be affected by a completely unconscious factor. Participants were briefly (12.5 ms) exposed to nonsense syllables, followed by backward pattern masking in an exposure phase. In a second phase, they estimated the presented durations of nonsense syllables that were either previously exposed or not exposed. Additional discrimination tests with other participants ensured that the stimuli in the exposure phase had been presented below the conscious detection threshold. The results indicated that the mean estimated duration for the stimuli that were previously exposed was shorter than that for the new stimuli. When the backward mask was removed, and the participants were aware of the exposed stimuli, a reduction in perceived duration was not observed. These results suggest that unconscious experience may be one of determinants for reducing the perceived duration of events.
• Are the visually marked items encoded as a context?

  Ono F, Nabeta T, Kawahara J.-I

  Shinrigaku Kenkyu 75 3 207 - 212 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• The perceptual and cognitive distractor-previewing effect

  A Ariga, J Kawahara

  JOURNAL OF VISION 4 10 891 - 903 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The time it takes to respond to an odd-colored target (e.g., a red diamond among green diamonds) is reduced when distracter-colored items in an appropriate geometric configuration (e.g., multiple red diamonds) are previewed in a preceding trial. B. A. Goolsby and S. Suzuki (2002) suggested that this phenomenon, the distracter-previewing effect, occurs because target saliency is increased by global adaptation to the previewed distractors. The present study tested and extended this idea with visual search experiments using color, face, motion, and word stimuli. We found that the distracter-previewing effect can be obtained with all of these stimuli. In particular, we found that the distracter-previewing effect was elicited by prior activation of distractors by word labels, suggesting a high-level locus for the effect.
• The effects of phrase-length order and scrambling in the processing of visually presented Japanese sentences

  K Tamaoka, H Sakai, J Kawahara, Y Miyaoka

  JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 32 4 431 - 454 2003年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated the effects of phrase length and scrambling in the processing of Japanese sentences. Reading times of short phrases, long phrases, verbs, and whole sentences, measured by the method of self-paced reading, did not differ in terms of phrase-length order and scrambling. In addition, four types of sentences constructed on the basis of phrase-length order and scrambling did not affect duration times of correctness decision-making for sentences. However, error rates differed between canonical and scrambled sentences regardless of phrase-length order. This result implies that scrambled sentences were harder to judge as correct sentences than canonical sentences. Thus, scrambling affects the appropriate integration of information, whereas phrase-length order is simply an indication of preference and not of cognitive processing. To explain the present result, the authors propose the "configurational structure without movement," which predicts no difference in speed between the processing of canonical and scrambled sentences, apart from error rates.
• The effects of phrase-length order and scrambling in the processing of visually presented Japanese sentences

  K Tamaoka, H Sakai, J Kawahara, Y Miyaoka

  JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 32 4 431 - 454 2003年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated the effects of phrase length and scrambling in the processing of Japanese sentences. Reading times of short phrases, long phrases, verbs, and whole sentences, measured by the method of self-paced reading, did not differ in terms of phrase-length order and scrambling. In addition, four types of sentences constructed on the basis of phrase-length order and scrambling did not affect duration times of correctness decision-making for sentences. However, error rates differed between canonical and scrambled sentences regardless of phrase-length order. This result implies that scrambled sentences were harder to judge as correct sentences than canonical sentences. Thus, scrambling affects the appropriate integration of information, whereas phrase-length order is simply an indication of preference and not of cognitive processing. To explain the present result, the authors propose the "configurational structure without movement," which predicts no difference in speed between the processing of canonical and scrambled sentences, apart from error rates.
• Task switching mediates the attentional blink even without backward masking

  JI Kawahara, SM Zuvic, JT Enns, Di Lollo, V

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 65 3 339 - 351 2003年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets are presented in rapid succession, perception of the second target is impaired at short intertarget lags (100-700 msec). This attentional blink (AB) is thought to occur only when the second target is backward masked. To the contrary, we show that task switching between the targets can produce an AB even without masking (Experiments 1 and 3). Further, we show that task switching produces an AB only when the second target does not belong to a class of overlearned stimuli such as letters or digits (Experiments 1 and 4). When the second target is masked, however, an AB is invariably obtained regardless of switching or overlearning. We propose that task switching involves a time-consuming process of reconfiguration of the visual system, during which the representation of the second target decays beyond recognition, resulting in an AB deficit. We suggest that overlearned stimuli are encoded in a form that, while maskable, decays relatively slowly, thus outlasting the delay due to reconfiguration and avoiding the AB deficit.
• Task switching mediates the attentional blink even without backward masking

  JI Kawahara, SM Zuvic, JT Enns, Di Lollo, V

  PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 65 3 339 - 351 2003年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When two targets are presented in rapid succession, perception of the second target is impaired at short intertarget lags (100-700 msec). This attentional blink (AB) is thought to occur only when the second target is backward masked. To the contrary, we show that task switching between the targets can produce an AB even without masking (Experiments 1 and 3). Further, we show that task switching produces an AB only when the second target does not belong to a class of overlearned stimuli such as letters or digits (Experiments 1 and 4). When the second target is masked, however, an AB is invariably obtained regardless of switching or overlearning. We propose that task switching involves a time-consuming process of reconfiguration of the visual system, during which the representation of the second target decays beyond recognition, resulting in an AB deficit. We suggest that overlearned stimuli are encoded in a form that, while maskable, decays relatively slowly, thus outlasting the delay due to reconfiguration and avoiding the AB deficit.
• Transfer of spatial context from visual to haptic search

  T Nabeta, F Ono, J Kawahara

  PERCEPTION 32 11 1351 - 1358 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions, spatial layouts can be acquired implicitly and facilitate visual search (contextual-cueing effect). We examined whether the contextual-cueing effect is specific to the visual modality or transfers to the haptic modality. The participants performed 320 (experiment 1) or 192 (experiment 2) visual search trials based on a typical contextual-cueing paradigm, followed by haptic search trials in which half of the trials had layouts used in the previous visual search trials. The visual contextual-cueing effect was obtained in the learning phase. More importantly, the effect was transferred from visual to haptic searches; there was greater facilitation of haptic search trials when the spatial layout was the same as in the previous visual search trials, compared with trials in which the spatial layout differed from those in the visual search. This suggests the commonality of spatial memory to allocate focused attention in both visual and haptic modalities.
• Rehabilitation technique facilitates association cortices in hemiparetic patients: functional MRI study

  M Maruishi, H Muranaka, M Miyatani, J Kawahara, T Tsuji, S Noda, T Kajima

  NEUROSURGICAL RE-ENGINEERING OF THE DAMAGED BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 87 87 75 - 78 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We used fMRI to study brain activation with facilitative rehabilitation techniques (passive hand movements and visual feedback) in two patients with subcortical lesions. Two tasks were given in a sequence. The first task (trial 1) was repetitive hand grasping by the paretic hand at a rate of 0.5 Hz with the eyes closed. The second task (trial 2), the facilitative rehabilitation technique, included task I plus support by a trainer to move the paretic hand with the eyes open to get visual feedback of the movement. The data were analyzed by a subtractive method. When task I was subtracted from task 2, it was found that the bilateral visual cortex, contralateral premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex were involved with the passive hand movement and visual feedback. These facilitative rehabilitation techniques may integrate networks between sensory information and motor commands, and lead to functional reorganization.
• The effect of observer's set on the processing of temporally distributed items

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  Japanese Psychological Research 45 2 109 - 114 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly presented targets is impaired when the temporal lag between them is short (attentional blink, AB). Previous studies showed two types of AB functions. One is that the performance for the second target has been found to be most impaired at the shortest lag (Lag 1), that is, when the second target appeared directly after the first target. The other is that the performance was not impaired at Lag 1 (Lag 1 sparing). The present study examined whether the task set of observers determines the occurrence of Lag 1 sparing. The experiment revealed that Lag 1 sparing occurred only when the observers were informed of the relationships of target locations. The present results extend the explanation of Lag 1 sparing by attentional gating (Visser, Zuvic, Bischof, & Di Lollo, 1999b) and suggest that this gating system is not stimulus-driven but subject to goal-directed control.
• Facilitation of local information processing in the attentional blink as indexed by the shooting line illusion

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara

  Psychological Research 66 2 116 - 123 2002年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly sequential targets is impaired if the temporal lag between them is relatively short. This attentional blink (AB) is said to occur because the first target preoccupies attentional resources, leading to a shortage of attention for, and subsequent failure of judgement of, the second target. In the present study, we examined whether the attention which is preoccupied by the first target carries the common characteristic of spatial attention, that is local facilitation of information processing. To index the facilitation, we presented an attention-sensitive probe known as the shooting line illusion in which observers see a progressively drawn line from the attended end to the other. We found that illusory motion was perceived to emanate from the end where the first target was presented. This result demonstrates the inherently spatial nature of attention, even when it is defined by temporal and symbolic variables.
• Facilitation of local information processing in the attentional blink as indexed by the shooting line illusion

  J Kawahara

  PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PSYCHOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG 66 2 116 - 123 2002年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly sequential targets is impaired if the temporal lag between them is relatively short. This attentional blink (AB) is said to occur because the first target preoccupies attentional resources, leading to a shortage of attention for, and subsequent failure of judgement of, the second target. In the present study, we examined whether the attention which is preoccupied by the first target carries the common characteristic of spatial attention, that is local facilitation of information processing. To index the facilitation, we presented an attention-sensitive probe known as the shooting line illusion in which observers see a progressively drawn line from the attended end to the other. We found that illusory motion was perceived to emanate from the end where the first target was presented. This result demonstrates the inherently spatial nature of attention, even when it is defined by temporal and symbolic variables.
• 書字行動からみた言語の認知・学習過程に関する研究 : 書字行動測定用ソフトウエア開発の試み

  河原 純一郎, 玉岡 賀津雄, 中條 和光, 松見 法男

  広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要. 第三部, 教育人間科学関連領域 50 317 - 324 広島大学 2002年02月28日 

  There is little extistent literature that has investigated the process involved in writing Japanese two-morpheme (kanji) compound words. One reason for this scarcity has been the difficulty in devising instruments to measure latencies for writing behaviour. To asnwere this problem, we developed software that enabled us to present auditory stimuli, to measure writing latencies, to track trajectories during the writing of kanji characters, and to assist data analysis. This software runs on the Microsoft Windows 98 Operating System with a commercially available pen-tablet. Technical details of this software will be explained in this paper.
• Preattentive perception of multiple illusory line-motion: A formal model of parallel independent-detection in visual search

  JI Kawahara, K Yokosawa

  JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 128 4 357 - 383 2001年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The phenomenon referred to as illusory line-motion (ILM; O. Hikosaka, S. Miyauchi, & S. Shimojo, 1993a) has been described as a measure of the local facilitation of attention gradient. However, J. Kawahara, K. Yokosawa, S. Nishida, and T. Sato (1996) have demonstrated a spatially parallel search for an "odd man out" in the ILM direction. Apart from showing preattentive ILM perception in terms of an analogy between line-motion and apparent motion, the authors examined whether ILM perception is possible without attention from another point of view. Four experiments revealed that the ILM target can be detected in parallel without invoking attentional facilitation and invalidated the possible contribution of attentional set in parallel ILM search. Participants were able to correctly detect the ILM target among multiple nontargets, even when the line orientation was changed from trial to trial. The authors' independent-detection model predicted ILM search performance well on several occasions. These findings strongly support a preattentive and stimulus-driven explanation of ILM perception.
• The effect of informative and uninformative cueing of attention on feature integration

  JI Kawahara, M Miyatani

  JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 128 1 57 - 75 2001年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In the present study, the authors observed the effect of informative and uninformative attentional cueing on visual search for targets that were defined by a simple feature or by conjunctions of features. Three different types of attentional cueing were tested in three experiments: peripheral informative cueing, peripheral uninformative cueing, and central informative cueing. Participants showed a greater effect of cueing in detecting a conjunction of features than in detecting unique features only when attention was oriented by either peripheral or central informative cueing. This differential cueing effect was not observed when attention was oriented by peripheral uninformative cueing. The results suggest that voluntarily oriented attention plays a more important role in feature integration than automatically oriented attention does. The results also pose limits on the generalizability of K. A. Briand's (1998) proposal regarding the role of automatically oriented attention in feature integration.
• The effect of meaning on visual image segmentation

  SL Ngohayon, J Kawahara, T Toshima

  PSYCHOLOGIA 42 3 170 - 182 1999年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  This study aimed to find out whether image segmentation is affected by the object's meaning. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects judged whether or not two probe circles embedded in a meaningless two-part figure have the same color. The probes shared the same part (same object) or different parts (different objects) of the figure. The metric distance from, fixation point to probes was identical across conditions. Responses were faster and more accurate in the same object than in the different object condition (same-object-advantage). In experiment 2, meaningful Japanese kanji and meaningless jumbled-kanji were used as stimuli. The kanji measured the effect of meaning on segmentation while the jumbled-kanji measured the applicable range of this effect. Data from 20 subjects reveal that reaction time for same-object was longer than the different-object condition (same-object-disadvantage) irrespective of whether they were kanji or jumbled-kanji. These findings suggest that meaning and it's influence affect image segmentation.
• Stimulus-driven Control of Attention : Evidence from Visual Search for Moving Target Among Static Nontargets

  Kawahara Jun′ichiro, Toshima Tamotsu

  基礎心理学研究 15 2 77 - 87 日本基礎心理学会 1997年 

  Previous research (Kawahara, 1996) suggest that visual attention is directed to the most salient stimulus in the visual field irrespective of the subjects' knowledge or intention (attentional capture). In the present study, we conducted two visual search experiments and confirmed the idea that visual attention is directed in the stimulus-driven way. Subjects searched for a target which was defined by motion. In one condition, the target was presented among static nontargets; in another condition, one of the nontarget was replaced with a task-irrelevant distractor which had a unique color. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of the distractor prolonged the reaction time for target identification even when the target can be detected independent of the total number of items in the stimulus display (display size). Decreasing the saliency of the distractor color diminished attentional capture (Experiment 2). These results are consistent with the notion of stimulus-driven way of attentional deployment. A further analysis and experiment were conducted to characterize the nature of attentional capture. The distance and the compatibility of features between the target and distractor were not significant determinant of attentional capture in the present study. Finally, a possibility and problem for proposing the single activation map model of attentional deployment was discussed.
• Role of attention in illusory line motion search

  Kawahara J, Yokosawa K

  Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38 4 1997年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Illusory line motion in visual search: Attentional facilitation or apparent motion?

  J Kawahara, K Yokosawa, S Nishida, T Sato

  PERCEPTION 25 8 901 - 920 1996年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  A line, presented instantaneously, is perceived to be drawn from one end when a dot is flashed at that end prior to the presentation of the line. Although this phenomenon, called illusory line motion, has been attributed to accelerated processing at the locus of attention, preattentive (stimulus-driven) motion mechanisms might also contribute to the line-motion sensation. We tested this possibility in an odd-target-search task. The stimulus display consisted of two, four, or eight pairs of dots and lines. All lines were presented on the same side of the dots (eg right), except for the target line, which was presented on the opposite side (left). Subjects were asked to report the presence or absence of the target, which was presented in half of the trials. Low error rates for target detection (about 10%) even when the display consisted of eight dot-line pairs (ie display size was eight) indicated that illusory line motion could be perceived simultaneously at many locations. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between the dots and lines (0-2176 ms) and the contrast polarity (both dots and lines were brighter than the background, or dots were darker and lines were brighter) were also manipulated. When an ISI of a few hundred milliseconds was inserted, target detection was nearly impossible with larger display sizes. When the contrast polarity was changed, the target-detection performance was impaired significantly, even with no ISI. Moreover, it was found that the effects of display size, ISI, and contrast polarity were comparable in searches for a two-dot apparent-motion target. These results support the idea that preattentive, apparent-motion mechanisms, as well as attentional mechanisms, contribute to illusory line motion.
• The effect of stimulus-driven factor on attentional capture: Evidence from visual search paradigm containing static and dynamic stimuli

  Jun'ichiro Kawahara

  Shinrigaku Kenkyu 67 1 25 - 32 1996年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated the nature of attentional control when the stimulus display contained both static and dynamic items. Subjects searched for a target defined by color presented among nontargets, one of which was a distractor with a unique feature in a different stimulus dimension. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of a distractor with a taskirrelevant form hindered identification of the color-defined target. When it was easy to distinguish the target from the other items, this attentional capture was not observed even if the display contained a motion distractor (Experiment 2). Decreasing the saliency of a target color yielded the attentional capture by a motion distractor and interfered target identification performance (Experiment 3) - These results suggest that the attentional control mainly depends on the stimulus-driven activations caused by differences between features in stimulus dimensions whether the target and the distractor are defined by static or dynamic features. In order to explain these findings of the attentional capture, a possibility for proposing the single activation map model was discussed.
• Object-specific priming in apparent motion display

  H Yoshida, J Kawahara, S Maedo, T Toshima

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 66 5 354 - 360 1995年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The perceptual process of an object with multiple features mainly consists of two stages. At first, features are encoded independently at the modular level (feature level). Secondly, they are recombined to build a temporal representation of the object (conjunctive level). Using the apparent motion technique in which stimuli were defined by color and shape, we examined the levels at which the object-specific priming takes place. Although the discrimination of the second stimulus was facilitated when it shared the features with the first stimulus, the priming effects were different according to the number of stimulus items of the first frame. When the first frame contained one stimulus item, the priming benefits were obtained at the both conjunctive and the feature levels. However, the benefit was found only at the feature level when the item number was increased to eight (one of them disappeared in the following frames as the apparent motion stimulus). The roles of modular analysis and attention integration were discussed in terms of the economical validity of feature preservation in object perception.
• THE EFFECT OF STIMULUS MOTION ON VISUAL-SEARCH

  J KAWAHARA

  JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 64 5 396 - 400 1993年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  One of the unsettled issues in visual search research is whether the search for a conjunction of motion and the other physical feature (e. g. color or shape) is serial or parallel. In the present experiment, the subjects (six undergraduate students) were instructed to search for a target defined by color, shape, motion, or combinations of the two out of these three features, and the reaction time was measured. The slopes of the regression (number of items in the display vs. reaction time) are the largest for a target defined by a conjunction of color and shape, the smallest for a target defined by one feature, and intermediate for a moving conjunctive target. These results are consistent with those of McLeod and colleagues (1988, 1991) which suggest that a specific visual subsystem operates as a movement filter.

書籍

• コロナ時代の身体コミュニケーション

  山口, 真美, 河野, 哲也, 床呂, 郁哉 
  勁草書房 2022年07月 (ISBN: 9784326299348) vi, 241, xviiip
• 注意の生涯発達心理学 : 研究テーマ別

  坂田, 陽子, 日比, 優子, 河西, 哲子 (担当:分担執筆範囲:3章，注意の容量 河原純一郎)
  ナカニシヤ出版 2020年03月 (ISBN: 9784779514524) ix, 198p
• 知覚・認知心理学

  箱田, 裕司, 野島, 一彦, 繁桝, 算男, (河原純一郎6章) (担当:分担執筆範囲:6章，注意)
  遠見書房 2020年03月 (ISBN: 9784866160573) 186p
• 心理学実験

  山口, 真美, 金沢, 創, 河原, 純一郎 
  遠見書房 2019年10月 (ISBN: 9784866160566) 234p
• 美しさと魅力の心理

  三浦佳世, 河原純一郎 (担当:編者(編著者))
  ミネルヴァ書房 2019年10月 (ISBN: 9784623086597) 216
• 強調表示と打消し表示に関する景品表示法上の考え方 : 調査報告書の概説と関連分野からの考察・評価

  大元, 慎二, 糸田, 省吾, 河原, 純一郎, 土橋, 治子, 村, 千鶴子 
  商事法務 2019年 (ISBN: 9784785771416) vii, 232p
• 基礎心理学実験法ハンドブック

  河原純一郎 (担当:分担執筆範囲:責任編集)
  朝倉書店 2018年06月 (ISBN: 9784254520231)
• 悩める人間―人文学の処方箋(北大文学研究科ライブラリ 15)

  河原純一郎 (担当:分担執筆範囲:思考抑制(8章))
  北海道大学出版会 2017年06月
• 注意

  河原純一郎, 横澤一彦 (担当:単著)
  勁草書房 2015年11月 (ISBN: 9784326251087)
• エンサイクロペディア心理学研究方法論

  Ray, William J., 岡田, 圭二, 中尾, 敬, 南, 学, 河原, 純一郎, 木村, 堅一, 水原, 幸夫, 下野, 正俊, 北崎, 充晃, 入戸野, 宏, 越智, 啓太, 岡林, 秀樹 
  北大路書房 2013年 (ISBN: 9784762828065) xviii, 381p
• 心理学の実験倫理―「被験者」実験の現状と展望

  河原 純一郎, 坂上 貴之 (担当:共編者(共編著者))
  勁草書房 2010年11月 (ISBN: 4326298960) 264

  

その他活動・業績

• 衛生マスクが顔の印象に及ぼす効果とCOVID-19 の流行

  河原純一郎, 宮崎由樹, 伊藤資浩, 鎌谷美希 日本色彩学会誌 44 (6) 262 -264 2020年 [査読無し][招待有り]
  
  ダウンロード
• 注意の瞬きは1歳未満の乳児でも生じるか?

  鶴見周摩, 金沢創, 山口真美, 河原純一郎 基礎心理学研究 37 (2) 208 2019年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 視聴覚の持続的注意の特性比較

  寺島裕貴, 木原健, 河原純一郎, 近藤洋史 日本音響学会 聴覚研究会資料 689 -694 2018年11月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Differences between self-perspective and others’ perspectives in assessing one’s own perceived facial attractiveness

  Miyazaki, Y, Kawahara, J. I 59th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society 2018年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 乳児における高速遂時視覚呈示(RSVP)中の顔検出能力の検討

  鶴見 周摩, 金沢 創, 山口 真美, 河原 純一郎 Vision 30 (1) 54 -55 2018年01月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 衛生マスクが顔の魅力と大きさの知覚に及ぼす効果

  河原 純一郎, 宮崎 由樹 FRAGRANCE JOURNAL 45 (11) 48 -52 2017年11月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 顔の大きさ知覚における顔面下部の物理的大きさの重要性

  宮崎 由樹, 伊藤 資浩, 神山 龍一, 柴田 彰, 河原 純一郎 日本心理学会第81回大会 2017年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 選択的注意

  河西哲子, 河原純一郎 生理心理学と精神生理学 33 (1) 1 -3 2016年08月 [査読無し][招待有り]
  
• Emerging Psychologists' Program: Cognitive, Developmental, and Personality studies

  Jun-Ichiro Kawahara INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 51 632 -632 2016年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The mere presence of a cell phone may result in a spatial bias toward the device

  Motohiro Ito, Jun Kawahara INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 51 190 -190 2016年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 顔の大きさ知覚に及ぼす衛生マスク着用効果

  宮崎 由樹, 伊藤 資浩, 神山 龍一, 柴田 彬, 河原 純一郎 日本認知心理学会第14回大会 2016 43 -43 2016年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  近年，衛生マスク (以下，マスク) は，風邪や花粉対策等の衛生用途以外にも使われる。例えば，若年女性の一部は，小顔に見せる為にマスクを利用することがある。本研究では，見た目の顔の大きさにマスクの着用が及ぼす効果を検証した。実験はマスク着用 (着用，非着用) と元々の見た目の顔の大きさ (小顔，中顔，大顔群) の2要因被験者内計画で実施した。被験者は，LCDに呈示された顔画像の見た目の顔の大きさを1 (小さい) から100 (大きい) の範囲で評定した。その結果，元々の見た目の顔の大きさに関わらず，マスク非着用画像に比べ，マスク着用画像の方が顔が小さく知覚されることが示された (マスク着用の効果量は小顔群に比べ，中顔・大顔群の方が大きかった)。この効果は，マスク着用で，顔の大きさ判断に用いられる視覚手がかり (咬筋部や下顎周りの皮膚厚等) が利用できなくなること，顔が遮蔽されたことによる錯視効果に基づくと考えられる。
• 奇抜な名前が社会的評価の印象形成に及ぼす影響

  伊藤 資浩, 宮崎 由樹, 河原 純一郎 日本認知心理学会第14回大会 2016 140 -140 2016年06月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  外見や社会的地位だけでなく名前そのものが対人評価に影響することがある。例えば，名前の魅力や流暢性の高さが付加価値となり，社会的な評価場面において好意的な印象が形成される。本研究では，名前の奇抜さが見た目の社会性，特にリーダーシップ性に及ぼす影響を検証した。具体的に，名前の奇抜さ(奇抜な名前・一般的な名前)と元々の見た目のリーダーシップ性の程度(低群・中群・高群)を実験要因として，被験者は呈示される若年者の顔画像と名前から見た目のリーダーシップ性の程度を評価した。その結果，元々の見た目のリーダーシップ性の程度に関わらず，一般的な名前に比べて奇抜な名前が呈示されたとき，リーダーシップ性は低く評価された。またこの効果は，高齢者の顔画像が呈示されたとき強く生じた。これらの結果は，近年のいわゆるキラキラネームは社会性評価において付加価値とならず，外見に関わらず非好意的な印象を生むことを反映している。
• Effects of a sanitary mask on perceived facial size and attractiveness

  Miyazaki, Y, Ito, M, Kamiyama, R, Shibata, A, Kawahara, J International Meeting of the Psychonomic Society 2016 195 2016年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Louder voice for bigger physical movement: Compatibility between vocalization and action production

  Masayoshi Nagai, Yohei Yamada, Jun-Ichiro Kawahara, Yukiko Nishizaki PERCEPTION 44 245 -245 2015年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ストレスが認知的行動に及ぼす影響 : 選択的注意とストレス測定 (第29回日本ストレス学会学術総会記録 社会に貢献できる心理生物学的研究)

  河原 純一郎, 佐藤 広英 ストレス科学 : 日本ストレス学会誌 29 (1) 18 -28 2014年07月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Irrelevant Faces Capture Attention Without Awareness

  Mamata Pandey, Chris Oriet, Jun-ichiro Kawahara CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE EXPERIMENTALE 66 (4) 276 -276 2012年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 長時間運転疲労チェックシートの開発とドライバーの疲労タイプの分類

  佐藤稔久, 河原純一郎, 熊田孝恒, 赤松幹之 自動車技術会学術講演会前刷集 (118-12) 5 -10 2012年10月03日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• PTPシートの識別性を定量的に測定する : 逐次判断法の開発 (特集 医薬品包装のユーザビリティ)

  河原 純一郎, 熊田 孝恒, 小島 史靖 包装技術 49 (11) 779 -784 2011年11月
• 注意の瞬き--資源剥奪理論vs.選択理論 (2010年度 第1回フォーラム 認知神経科学のひろがり)

  河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 29 (2) 159 -163 2011年03月
• 捕捉される注意と瞬く注意の共通性(日本基礎心理学会第28回大会,大会発表要旨)

  木原 健, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 28 (2) 285 -285 2010年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ストレスの想起時に生じる選択的記憶バイアス(日本基礎心理学会第28回大会,大会発表要旨)

  佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 28 (2) 267 -267 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• ストレスは注意資源を消費するのか?(日本基礎心理学会第28回大会,大会発表要旨)

  竹中 一平, 佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎, 熊田 孝恒 基礎心理学研究 28 (2) 286 -286 2010年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• RSVP事態における複数標的符号化処理の時間特性 : 事象関連電位研究(日本基礎心理学会第27回東北大会,大会発表要旨)

  木原 健, 河原 純一郎, 武田 裕司 基礎心理学研究 27 (2) 171 -171 2009年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 視覚的印付けへの意味変化の影響(日本基礎心理学会第27回東北大会,大会発表要旨)

  大杉 尚之, 熊田 孝恒, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 27 (2) 172 -172 2009年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Flicker is a primitive visual attribute

  Thomas Spalek, Jun-ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE EXPERIMENTALE 62 (4) 313 -313 2008年12月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 視覚的印付けに伴う抑制の空間的分布(日本基礎心理学会第26回大会,大会発表要旨)

  大杉 尚之, 河原 純一郎, 熊田 孝恒 基礎心理学研究 26 (2) 202 -202 2008年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• イベントベースの注意(日本基礎心理学会第26回大会,大会発表要旨)

  有賀 敦紀, 河原 純一郎, 渡邊 克巳 基礎心理学研究 26 (2) 210 -210 2008年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 妨害刺激が消失すると注意捕捉は増大する(日本基礎心理学会第26回大会,大会発表要旨)

  犬飼 朋恵, 熊田 孝恒, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 26 (2) 210 -210 2008年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Maintenance of temporal attention in rapid serial visual presentation

  Ariga, A, Kawahara, J, Watanabe, K Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science 27 111 -112 2008年 [査読有り][招待有り]
  
• Time perception is influenced by subjective area size of a brief stimulus.

  Ono, F, Kawahara, J The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science, 25(2), 277-278. 25 (2) 277 -278 2007年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Reduction of false recognition through haptic presentation of objects

  Tomohiro Nabeta, Tomohiro Nabeta, Jun Ichiro Kawahara European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 18 801 -812 2006年11月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  False recognition of an item that is not presented (the lure) can occur when participants study and are tested on their recognition of items related to the lure. False recognition is reduced when the study and test modalities are congruent (e.g., both visual) rather than different (e.g., visual study and auditory test). The present study examined whether such a congruency effect occurs for haptic and auditory modalities. After studying items presented haptically or auditorily, participants took a haptic or auditory recognition test. False recognition was reduced when both the study and test were haptic, but not when the study was auditory and the test was haptic. These results indicate that cues encoded through the haptic modality can reduce false recognition. © 2006 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business.
• 主観的大きさによる時間知覚の伸縮(日本基礎心理学会第25回大会,大会発表要旨)

  小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 25 (1) 136 -136 2006年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 際立つ違いは聴覚的虚再認を減らす(日本基礎心理学会第25回大会,大会発表要旨)

  鍋田 智広, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 25 (1) 139 -139 2006年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 知覚的構えの受動的な維持と課題間転移に関する研究(日本基礎心理学会第24回大会,大会発表要旨)

  賀張 祐司, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 24 (2) 215 -215 2006年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Delboeuf錯視の判断順序効果に及ぼす知覚的構えの影響(日本基礎心理学会第24回大会,大会発表要旨)

  鍋田 智広, 濱田 治良, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 24 (2) 218 -218 2006年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 時間知覚に与える主観的大きさの影響 : エビングハウス錯視を用いた検討(日本基礎心理学会第24回大会,大会発表要旨)

  小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 24 (2) 236 -236 2006年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The effect of subjective area size on time perception.

  Ono, F, Kawahara, J The Japanese Journal of Psychonomic Science, 25(1), 119-120. 25 (1) 119 -120 2006年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 非注意事態での空間処理 : 注意の瞬きと線運動錯視による検討(日本基礎心理学会第23回大会,大会発表要旨)

  河原 純一郎, ゴラシ シャハブ 基礎心理学研究 23 (2) 224 -224 2005年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 触覚および聴覚における虚再認とモダリティ一致効果(日本基礎心理学会第23回大会,大会発表要旨)

  鍋田 智広, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 23 (2) 230 -230 2005年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 注意を誘導する試行間関係の潜在記憶(日本基礎心理学会第23回大会,大会発表要旨)

  小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 23 (2) 241 -241 2005年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Does one's name attract visual attention?

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Yuki Yamada Visual Cognition 11 997 -1017 2004年11月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Does one's name attract visual attention? To answer this question, we conducted four experiments. Experiment 1 adopted the method of a previous study (Bundesen, Kyllingsbæk, Houmann, & Jensen, 1997), but used Japanese names; the results of this experiment replicated the lack of evidence for attentional attraction by the observer's name. Experiments 2 and 3 tested two arguments put forward by Bundesen et al. (1997) to explain this null effect of observer's name on attentional attraction. The results showed that neither efficient target selection by colour nor the number of target characters could explain the null effect. Alternatively, we proposed that the observer's set plays a critical role in the attentional attraction of observer's name. Experiments 4 and 5 tested this idea by manipulating the observer's set; the results showed that when the observer's set matches the target defining feature, the observer's name does capture attention. These five experiments suggest that attentional attraction by an observer's name depends on the relationship between the observer's set and task. © 2004 Psychology Press Ltd.
• 1P064 お弁当持った? : 触覚における虚偽記憶とモダリティ効果(2003年度 日本基礎心理学会第22回大会優秀発表賞)

  鍋田 智広, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 23 (1) 97 -98 2004年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A false memory is created by studying a list of items related to an item which is not presented. The present study examined whether a haptic study/test results in false recognition and, if so, whether a congruency of the presentation modality in the study and test reduces the false recognition. Following haptic or visual study of lists of objects participants completed a haptic or visual recognition test. We obtained a haptic false memory. Furthermore the amount of false recognition was reduced when the presentation modality was congruent with the study modality. Haptic study reduced false ...
• Brain activation during manipulation of the myoelectric prosthetic hand: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

  M Maruishi, Y Tanaka, H Muranaka, T Tsuji, Y Ozawa, S Imaizumi, M Miyatani, J Kawahara NEUROIMAGE 21 (4) 1604 -1611 2004年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Neuroimaging data, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings, have not been reported in users of the myoelectric or electromyographic (EMG) prosthetic hand. We developed a virtual EMG prosthetic hand system to eliminate mutual signal noise interference between fMRI imaging and the EMG prosthesis. We used fMRI to localize activation in the human brain during manipulation of the virtual EMG prosthetic hand. Fourteen right-handed normal subjects were instructed to perform repetitive grasping with the right hand with eyes closed (CEG); repetitive grasping with the right hand with eyes open-to obtain visual feedback of their own hand movement (OEG); and repetitive grasping with the virtual EMG prosthetic hand with the eyes open to obtain visual feedback of the prosthetic hand movement (VRG). The specific site activated during manipulation of the EMG prosthetic hand was the right ventral premotor cortex. Both paradigms with visual feedback also (OEG and VRG) demonstrated activation in the right posterior parietal cortex. The center of activation of the right posterior parietal cortex shifted laterally for visual feedback with the virtual EMG prosthetic hand compared to a subject's own hand. The results suggest that the EMG prosthetic hand might be recognized in the brain as a high-performance alternative to a real hand, being controlled through a "mirror system" in the brain. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• 時間知覚に与える潜在記憶と顕在記憶の影響(日本基礎心理学会第22回大会,大会発表要旨)

  小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 22 (2) 212 -212 2004年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• お弁当持った? : 触覚における虚偽記憶とモダリティ効果(日本基礎心理学会第22回大会,大会発表要旨)

  鍋田 智広, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 22 (2) 216 -216 2004年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Previous subthreshold exposures reduce perceived duration

  Fuminori Ono, Fuminori Ono, Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Fumiko Matsuda Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 22 27 -40 2004年02月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Our perceived duration of events is affected by factors that are at least partly conscious. Here, we report that the perceived duration of visual events can be affected by a completely unconscious factor. Participants were briefly (12.5 ms) exposed to nonsense syllables, followed by backward pattern masking in an exposure phase. In a second phase, they estimated the presented durations of nonsense syllables that were either previously exposed or not exposed. Additional discrimination tests with other participants ensured that the stimuli in the exposure phase had been presented below the conscious detection threshold. The results indicated that the mean estimated duration for the stimuli that were previously exposed was shorter than that for the new stimuli. When the backward mask was removed, and the participants were aware of the exposed stimuli, a reduction in perceived duration was not observed. These results suggest that unconscious experience may be one of determinants for reducing the perceived duration of events.
• 視覚的印付けされた刺激配置は文脈手がかりとなりうるか?

  小野 史典, 鍋田 智広, 河原 純一郎 心理学研究 75 (3) 207 -212 2004年 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We examined the attentional constraints of the contextual cueing effect known to occur only for attended items. We focused on whether the items not only attended to but also inhibited afterwards yield the effect or not. We adopted a hybrid paradigm of visual marking and contextual cueing procedures. In the experiment, half the distractors preceded the others and a target for one second. The results showed the contextual cueing effect even with visually marked items. These results suggest that spatial configurations previously attended to and inhibited afterwards can be encoded as visual context.
• Rehabilitation technique facilitates association cortices in hemiparetic patients: Functional MRI study

  M. Maruishi, H. Muranaka, M. Miyatani, J. Kawahara, T. Tsuji, S. Noda, T. Kajima Acta Neurochirurgica, Supplementum 87 75 -78 2003年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  We used fMRI to study brain activation with facilitative rehabilitation techniques (passive hand movements and visual feedback) in two patients with subcortical lesions. Two tasks were given in a sequence. The first task (trial 1) was repetitive hand grasping by the paretic hand at a rate of 0.5 Hz with the eyes closed. The second task (trial 2), the facilitative rehabilitation technique, included task I plus support by a trainer to move the paretic hand with the eyes open to get visual feedback of the movement. The data were analyzed by a subtractive method. When task 1 was subtracted from task 2, it was found that the bilateral visual cortex, contralateral premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex were involved with the passive hand movement and visual feedback. These facilitative rehabilitation techniques may integrate networks between sensory information and motor commands, and lead to functional reorganization. © Springer-Verlag 2003.
• Task-set is vulnerable to exogenous resetting during target identification

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara, James Enns, Vincent Di Lollo Journal of Vision 3 2003年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly sequential targets is impaired if the temporal lag between them is short ("attentional blink"). We show how this can arise from an exogenously-triggered change in task-set. Observers saw a rapid stream of distractors (digits) centred on the screen. In the THREE-LETTER condition, observers reported three successive letters embedded in the stream of digits. In the TWO-LETTER condition, a digit replaced the second letter, with observers reporting only the two letters. Identification accuracy for the final letter was significantly higher in the Three-letter than in the Two-Letter condition, even though memory load was higher in the former. We propose (1) that the intervening digit triggered an involuntary change in task-set from letters to digits, and (2) that this was only possible while the system was busy identifying the first target. Thus, perception of the final letter in the Two-Letter condition was impaired because it did not fit the new task-set imposed by the intervening digit. Additional studies confirmed this account. First, the final-letter deficit remained when observers reported the intervening digit as well as the two letters. Second, the deficit vanished when the intervening distractor in the two-letter condition was rendered virtually invisible by an abrupt spatial shift in the location of the stream after the first target. Third, a central stream of preceding digits interfered much less with target-letter identification than a stream of preceding letters. We propose that an endogenously-established task-set can be maintained quite effectively during the period in which a target letter is anticipated, permitting the efficient exclusion of task-irrelevant distractor digits. However, as soon identification of the target letter begins, the task set becomes vulnerable to alteration by exogenous distractors, making it now optimally tuned to the stimuli exemplified by the distractor digits instead of the letters.
• Contextual cueing in 3D layouts defined by binocular disparity

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara Visual Cognition 10 837 -852 2003年10月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions, a spatial layout can be acquired implicitly and facilitates visual search (the contextual cueing effect; Chun & Jiang, 1998). We investigated two aspects of this effect: Whether spatial layouts of a 3D display are encoded automatically or require selective processing (Experiment 1), and whether the learned layouts are limited to 2D configurations or can encompass three dimensions (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants searched for a target presented only in a specific depth plane. Contextual cueing effect was obtained only when the location of the items in the attended plane was invariant and consistently paired with a target location. In contrast, repeating and pairing the layout of the ignored items with the target location did not produce a contextual cueing effect. In Experiment 2, we found that reaction times for the repeated condition increased significantly when the disparity of the repeated distractors was reversed in the last block of trials. These results indicate that contextual cueing in 3D displays occurs when the layout is relevant and selectively attended, and that 3D layouts can be preserved as an implicit visual spatial context.
• 1-B-22 潜在記憶は時間知覚を短縮させる(2002年度 日本基礎心理学会第21回大会優秀発表賞)

  小野 史典, 藤木 大介, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 22 (1) 29 -30 2003年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The perceived duration of events is known to be affected by factors that are at least partly conscious. In the present study we report that the perceived duration of visual events can be affected even by an unconscious factor. The participants were briefly (12.5ms) exposed to nonsense syllables which were followed by backward pattern masking. A discrimination test for other participants confirmed that the stimuli were presented below a threshold level. The participants subsequently estimated the duration of the presentation of each of the nonsense syllables that either had, or had not, been...
• 1-B-42 視覚的文脈は触覚探索に転移するか?(2002年度 日本基礎心理学会第21回大会優秀発表賞)

  鍋田 智広, 小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 22 (1) 35 -36 2003年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions spatial layouts can be acquired implicitly and facilitate visual search (contextual cueing effect). We examined whether the visual contextual cueing effect is specific to the modality or transfers to the haptic modality. The participants performed visual search trials based on a typical contextual cueing paradigm, followed by haptic search trials in which half of the trials had layouts used in the previous visual search trials. The visual contextual cueing effect was obtained in the learning phase. More importantly, the effect was transferred from visual...
• Mere prsence of distractors: Another determining factor for the attentional blink

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara Japanese Psychological Research 45 140 -151 2003年09月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  When two visual targets are presented in rapid succession, perception of the second target is deteriorated if the temporal lag between the two targets is short (0-300 ms). This 'attentional blink' (AB) phenomenon has been believed to occur only when the second target is followed by a backward mask or when there is a task switching between two targets. The present study revealed another determining factor for the occurrence of the AB, the presence or absence of a distractor stream. Five experiments examined the effect of possible confounding factors in the extant literature and suggested that the mere presence of a distractor stream affects the processing of targets even when the observers tried to ignore them, resulting in a processing delay. This effect is discussed in a model of AB deficit in terms of decay of the second target's representation.
• The effect of observer's set on the processing of temporally distributed items

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara Japanese Psychological Research 45 109 -114 2003年05月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly presented targets is impaired when the temporal lag between them is short (attentional blink, AB). Previous studies showed two types of AB functions. One is that the performance for the second target has been found to be most impaired at the shortest lag (Lag 1), that is, when the second target appeared directly after the first target. The other is that the performance was not impaired at Lag 1 (Lag 1 sparing). The present study examined whether the task set of observers determines the occurrence of Lag 1 sparing. The experiment revealed that Lag 1 sparing occurred only when the observers were informed of the relationships of target locations. The present results extend the explanation of Lag 1 sparing by attentional gating (Visser, Zuvic, Bischof, & Di Lollo, 1999b) and suggest that this gating system is not stimulus-driven but subject to goal-directed control.
• 潜在記憶は時間知覚を短縮させる(発表要旨,日本基礎心理学会第21回大会)

  小野 史典, 藤木 大介, 吉田 有美子, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 21 (2) 161 -161 2003年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 視覚的文脈は触覚探索に転移するか?(発表要旨,日本基礎心理学会第21回大会)

  鍋田 智広, 小野 史典, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 21 (2) 165 -165 2003年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 因果関係の推論は記憶を歪める : 聴覚刺激を用いた再認バイアスの検討(発表要旨,日本基礎心理学会第21回大会)

  中尾 敬, 武澤 友広, 國田 祥子, 河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 21 (2) 179 -180 2003年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 注意の瞬き (特集:視覚的注意) -- (第二部 基礎研究編)

  河原 純一郎 心理学評論 46 (3) 501 -526 2003年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Contextual cueing effect in three-dimensional layouts

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara Journal of Vision 2 2002年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Under incidental learning conditions, the spatial layout of visually presented objects can be acquired implicitly and can be used to facilitate visual search (contextual cueing effect; Chun & Jiang, 1998). We investigated the nature of the implicitly learned spatial layouts in stereo (3-D) displays. Experiment 1 examined whether the learned layouts are limited to 2-D configurations or can encompass three dimensions. Subjects received 720 trials of a visual search task with stereo shutter goggles so that half the items were in the frontal plane and the others were in the back. They searched for a rotated " T" among rotated "L". In the OLD condition, 12 different layouts were presented repeatedly for 360 trials. In the NEW condition, a new layout was generated on each of 360 trials. In the last 60 trials of the OLD condition, the disparity of the items was reversed. Reaction times in the OLD condition were faster than in the NEW condition even though the subjects were not able to recognize the OLD layouts (contextual cueing effect). More important, reaction times in the OLD condition increased significantly when the disparity was reversed, suggesting that the 3-D layouts had been implicitly learned during the initial 300 trials. Experiment 2 investigated whether 3-D layouts are encoded automatically or requires selective processing. Subjects searched for a target presented only in a specific depth plane (e.g., front, never in the back). A contextual cueing effect was obtained only when the location of the items in the attended plane was invariant and was consistently paired with a target location. In contrast, repeating and pairing the layout of the ignored items with the target location did not produce contextual cueing effect. These results indicate that visual attention can be guided by implicit knowledge in 3-D layouts, provided that the layout is relevant and selectively attended.
• P-2B-19 潜在的な位置の記憶は奥行きを含むか?(2001年度 日本基礎心理学会第20回大会優秀発表賞)

  河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 21 (1) 59 -60 2002年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The spatial layout of objects can be acquired implicitly and facilitate visual search under incidental learning conditions (the contextual cueing effect; Chun & Jiang, 1998). The present study investigated whether the learned layouts are limited to two-dimensional configurations or can encompass three dimensions. We found that the reaction times for the repetition condition increased significantly when the disparity of the repeated distractors was reversed in the end of the session. These results indicate that three-dimensional layouts can be preserved as implicit visual spatial contexts.
• 潜在的な位置の記憶は奥行きを含むか?(発表要旨,日本動物心理学会第61回大会・日本基礎心理学会第20回大会合同大会)

  河原 純一郎 基礎心理学研究 20 (2) 233 -233 2002年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Local facilitation of information processing in the attentional blink as indexed by the shooting line illusion

  J. Kawahara Journal of Vision 1 2001年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the second of two rapidly sequential targets (T1, T2) is impaired if the temporal lag between them is short. This attentional blink (AB) is said to occur because T1 preoccupies attentional resources leading to a shortage of attention for, and subsequent failure in judgement of T2. We examined whether or not the attention preoccupied by T1 carries the common characteristic of spatial attention, that is, local facilitation of information processing. To index the facilitation, we utilized an attention sensitive phenomenon known as the shooting line illusion in which observers see a progressively drawn line from the attended end to the other. In a trial, three RSVP streams of digits (distractors) and an alphabet (target) were displayed forming an imaginary equiangular triangle. Two streams contained distractors and a target, while the other had distractors only. A probe line was presented with T2, between T2 and another item. The temporal lag between T1 and T2 ranged from 100 to 700 ms. Observers were to identify T1 and T2, and to indicate the perceived direction of the probe line. We hypothesized that if attention captured by T1 has a spatial nature and thus, facilitates local processing of information, then the probe line will be perceived as if it was drawn from the side of T1 to the other side. Contrary, if attention captured by T1 has unitary and non-spatial nature, then the shooting line illusion will not be perceived. A significant AB was obtained. During this AB period, the shooting line motion was perceived to emanate from the end where T1 was presented. The motion sensation of a shooting line was especially strong at shorter lags. This result suggests that the attention engaged by T1 involves local facilitation of the spatially adjacent location. This finding may enable us to distinguish between two stage and competition models of AB.
• Preattentive perception of multiple illusory line-motion: A formal model of parallel independent-detection in visual search

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Kazuhiko Yokosawa Journal of General Psychology 128 357 -383 2001年10月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The phenomenon referred to as illusory line-motion (ILM; O. Hikosaka, S. Miyauchi, & S. Shimojo, 1993a) has been described as a measure of the local facilitation of attention gradient. However, J. Kawahara, K. Yokosawa, S. Nishida, and T. Sato (1996) have demonstrated a spatially parallel search for an "odd man out" in the ILM direction. Apart from showing preattentive ILM perception in terms of an analogy between line-motion and apparent motion, the authors examined whether ILM perception is possible without attention from another point of view. Four experiments revealed that the ILM target can be detected in parallel without invoking attentional facilitation and invalidated the possible contribution of attentional set in parallel ILM search. Participants were able to correctly detect the ILM target among multiple nontargets, even when the line orientation was changed from trial to trial. The authors' independent-detection model predicted ILM search performance well on several occasions. These findings strongly support a preattentive and stimulus-driven explanation of ILM perception.
• The preattentive emperor has no clothes: A dynamic redressing

  Vincent Di Lollo, Vincent Di Lollo, Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Samantha M. Zuvic, Troy A W Visser Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130 479 -492 2001年09月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Preattentive models of early vision have not been supported by the evidence. Instead, an input filtering system, which is dynamically reconfigured so as to optimize performance on the task at hand, is proposed. As a case in point, the authors examined Sagi and Julesz's (1985a) claim that detection tasks are processed preattentively and efficiently (shallow search slopes), whereas discrimination tasks require focal attention and yield inefficient steep slopes. In 5 visual search experiments, efficiency was found to depend not on the nature of the task but on whether the task is single or dual. The second component of a dual task, whether detection or discrimination, is performed inefficiently if it does not fit the configuration of the input system, which had been set optimally for the first component. But, even the second component is processed efficiently if there is enough time to reconfigure the system after processing the first component.
• Attentional Requirements in Visual Detection and Identification: Evidence from the Attentional Blink

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Vincent Di Lollo, Vincent Di Lollo, James T. Enns Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27 969 -984 2001年08月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Perception of the 2nd of 2 targets (T1 and T2) is impaired if the lag between them is short (0-500 ms). The authors used this attentional blink (AB) to index attentional requirements in detection and identification tasks, with or without backward masking of T2, in 2 stimulus domains (line orientation, coherent motion). With masking, the AB occurred because T2 was masked during the attentional dwell time created by T1 processing (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). Without masking, an AB occurred only in identification because during the attentional dwell time, T2 decayed to a level that could support simple detection but not complex identification. However, an AB occurred also in detection if T2 was sufficiently degraded (Experiment 4). The authors drew 2 major conclusions: (a) Attention is required in both identification and detection, and (b) 2 factors contribute to the AB, masking of T2 while attention is focused on T1 and decay of the T2 trace while unattended.
• 課題切り替えが並列・逐次探索勾配に与える影響について(研究発表A,VII.第19回大会発表要旨)

  河原 純一郎, Lollo Vincent Di 基礎心理学研究 19 (2) 128 -129 2001年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The effect of informative and uninformative cueing of attention on feature integration

  Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Makoto Miyatani Journal of General Psychology 128 57 -75 2001年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  In the present study, the authors observed the effect of informative and uninformative attentional cueing on visual search for targets that were defined by a simple feature or by conjunctions of features. Three different types of attentional cueing were tested in three experiments: peripheral informative cueing, peripheral uninformative cueing, and central informative cueing. Participants showed a greater effect of cueing in detecting a conjunction of features than in detecting unique features only when attention was oriented by either peripheral or central informative cueing. This differential cueing effect was not observed when attention was oriented by peripheral uninformative cueing. The results suggest that voluntarily oriented attention plays a more important role in feature integration than automatically oriented attention does. The results also pose limits on the generalizability of K. A. Briand's (1998) proposal regarding the role of automatically oriented attention in feature integration.
• Attentional switching mediates the attentional blink.

  J Kawahara, Di Lollo, V, JT Enns INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE 41 (4) S421 -S421 2000年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Endogenous orienting elicits space-and object-based visual attention

  Ngohayon Serafin L., Kawahara Jun-ichiro, 利島 保 広島大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 第三部 教育人間科学関連領域 (49) 321 -328 2000年
• The effect of meaning on visual image segmentation

  Serafin L. Ngohayon, Jun Ichiro Kawahara, Tamotsu Toshima Psychologia 42 170 -182 1999年09月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  This study aimed to find out whether image segmentation is affected by the object's meaning. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects judged whether or not two probe circles embedded in a meaningless two-part figure have the same color. The probes shared the same part (same object) or different parts (different objects) of the figure. The metric distance from fixation point to probes was identical across conditions. Responses were faster and more accurate in the same object than in the different object condition (same-object-advantage). In experiment 2, meaningful Japanese kanji and meaningless jumbled-kanji were used as stimuli. The kanji measured the effect of meaning on segmentation while the jumbled-kanji measured the applicable range of this effect. Data from 20 subjects reveal that reaction time for same-object was longer than the different-object condition (same-object-disadvantage) irrespective of whether they were kanji or jumbled-kanji. These findings suggest that meaning and it's influence affect image segmentation.
• Attentional blink: Separating what we see from when we see it.

  J Kawahara, Di Lollo, V, JT Enns INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE 40 (4) S49 -S49 1999年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• C-03 遮蔽された物体上での視覚的注意の広がり : 空間的手がかり課題による検討

  河原 純一郎, 佐藤 隆夫 基礎心理学研究 17 (1) 47 -48 1998年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  To examine the characteristics of representation on which visual attention operates, we observed the cuing effects on a visual search of a target letter presented on partially occluded two-dimensional objects. Four rectangles were arranged in a woven tick-tack-toe grid. A cue was flashed at one end of a rectangle. Subjects judged the identity of the target letter presented on a rectangle. Reaction time was delayed when another object bisected the cued and the target location than when there was no occlusion between them. This indicated that visual attention does not operate solely on spatia...
• 遮蔽された物体上での視覚的注意の広がり : 空間的手がかり課題による検討(研究発表C,IV.第16回大会発表要旨)

  河原 純一郎, 佐藤 隆夫 基礎心理学研究 16 (2) 119 -119 1998年03月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Role of attention in illusory line motion search

  J. Kawahara, K. Yokosawa Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38 1997年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Purpose. Kawahara, Yokosawa, Nishida, & Sato (1996, Perception, 25, 901-920) demonstrated spatially parallel search performance for an illusory line motion (ILM) target when multiple ILM distractors were in the horizontally opposite direction. They suggested that preattentive, apparent motion mechanisms were mainly responsible for ILM. On the other hand, the observed performance was concluded to involve the contribution of attention because the predicted error rate for preattentive search based on the independent single ILM judgments was lower than the observed error rate. However, the role of attention was unclear. The difference between the observed and estimated performance might come from ( 1 ) the subjects' anticipation of the horizontal ILM direction or (2) high performance in the single ILM judgment due to less attentional load. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of attention in ILM search. Method. Subjects performed a visual search task to detect an ILM target presented in half of the trials. Either 2, 4 or 8 dots were flashed for 120ms at random locations and followed by the same number of short line segments. To reduce directional anticipation, the line directions were chosen among eight radial directions from the dot. All the lines were presented in the same direction except for a target, which was presented in the opposite direction. In the control condition, to examine attentional load, after a variable number of dots ( 1, 2,4 or 8) were presented, a single line was presented and subjects judged the motion direction of the line. Results. High correct rates for ILM target detection, even when the display contained eight lines, indicated that ILM was perceptible simultaneously at multiple locations without any directional anticipation. This result was consistent with the preattentive account of the ILM. However, in both experimental and control conditions, correct rates decreased with display size increment. That is, the performance in both conditions depended on the number of dots. The multiple-dot/single-line performance in the control condition well predicted the ILM search. Conclusion. The results of this study confirmed that ILM search can be spatially processed in parallel, but the attentional load for multiple dots influences the search performance.
• Illusory line motion in visual search: Attentional facilitation or apparent motion?

  Jun'ichiro Kawahara Perception 25 901 -920 1996年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  A line, presented instantaneously, is perceived to be drawn from one end when a dot is flashed at that end prior to the presentation of the line. Although this phenomenon, called illusory line motion, has been attributed to accelerated processing at the locus of attention, preattentive (stimulus-driven) motion mechanisms might also contribute to the line-motion sensation. We tested this possibility in an odd-target-search task. The stimulus display consisted of two, four, or eight pairs of dots and lines. All lines were presented on the same side of the dots (eg right), except for the target line, which was presented on the opposite side (left). Subjects were asked to report the presence or absence of the target, which was presented in half of the trials. Low error rates for target detection (about 10%) even when the display consisted of eight dot-line pairs (ie display size was eight) indicated that illusory line motion could be perceived simultaneously at many locations. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between the dots and lines (0-2176 ms) and the contrast polarity (both dots and lines were brighter than the background, or dots were darker and lines were brighter) were also manipulated. When an ISI of a few hundred milliseconds was inserted, target detection was nearly impossible with larger display sizes. When the contrast polarity was changed, the target-detection performance was impaired significantly, even with no ISI. Moreover, it was found that the effects of display size, ISI, and contrast polarity were comparable in searches for a two-dot apparent-motion target. These results support the idea that preattentive, apparent-motion mechanisms, as well as attentional mechanisms, contribute to illusory line motion.
• 探索課題の性質と空間選択的注意 : 周辺・自動的手がかり効果の検討(セッションB,VI.第15回大会発表要旨)

  河原 純一郎, 宮谷 真人, 利島 保 基礎心理学研究 15 (1) 62 -62 1996年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 注意補捉に及ぼす刺激駆動的要因の効果--静的刺激と動的刺激を含む視覚探索による検討

  河原 純一郎 心理学研究 67 (1) 25 -32 1996年04月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• The effect of stimulus-driven factor on attentional capture: Evidence from visual search paradigm containing static and dynamic stimuli

  Jun&apos, ichiro Kawahara Shinrigaku Kenkyu 67 25 -32 1996年04月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The present study investigated the nature of attentional control when the stimulus display contained both static and dynamic items. Subjects searched for a target defined by color presented among nontargets, one of which was a distractor with a unique feature in a different stimulus dimension. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of a distractor with a taskirrelevant form hindered identification of the color-defined target. When it was easy to distinguish the target from the other items, this attentional capture was not observed even if the display contained a motion distractor (Experiment 2). Decreasing the saliency of a target color yielded the attentional capture by a motion distractor and interfered target identification performance (Experiment 3) - These results suggest that the attentional control mainly depends on the stimulus-driven activations caused by differences between features in stimulus dimensions whether the target and the distractor are defined by static or dynamic features. In order to explain these findings of the attentional capture, a possibility for proposing the single activation map model was discussed.
• 認知障害者に対するパソコンによる神経心理学的評価と認知的リハビリテーションに関する展望

  利島 保, 吉田 弘司, 柴崎 光世, 河原 純一郎, 永山 ルツ子, 前堂 志乃 広島大学教育学部紀要. 第一部, 心理学 44 1 -8 1996年03月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Stimulus-driven attentional capture: Evidence from visual search paradigm containing static and dynamic features

  J Kawahara, H Hoshida, T Toshima INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 31 (3-4) 1247 -1247 1996年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Object-specific priming in apparent motion display

  H. Yoshida, J. Kawahara, S. Maedo, T. Toshima Shinrigaku kenkyu : The Japanese journal of psychology 66 354 -360 1995年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  The perceptual process of an object with multiple features mainly consists of two stages. At first, features are encoded independently at the modular level (feature level). Secondly, they are recombined to build a temporal representation of the object (conjunctive level). Using the apparent motion technique in which stimuli were defined by color and shape, we examined the levels at which the object-specific priming takes place. Although the discrimination of the second stimulus was facilitated when it shared the features with the first stimulus, the priming effects were different according to the number of stimulus items of the first frame. When the first frame contained one stimulus item, the priming benefits were obtained at the both conjunctive and the feature levels. However, the benefit was found only at the feature level when the item number was increased to eight (one of them disappeared in the following frames as the apparent motion stimulus). The roles of modular analysis and attention integration were discussed in terms of the economical validity of feature preservation in object perception.
• 探索課題の性質と空間選択的注意効果(A-1,VI.第14回大会発表要旨)

  河原 純一郎, 宮谷 真人, 利島 保 基礎心理学研究 14 (1) 31 -31 1995年08月31日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 視覚探索における注意の性質 : 外発的制御と内発的制御

  河原 純一郎 広島大学教育学部紀要. 第一部, 心理学 43 39 -48 1994年03月10日
• 視覚探索に及ぼす刺激の運動の効果

  河原 純一郎 心理学研究 64 (5) 396 -400 1993年12月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  One of the unsettled issues in visual search research is whether the search for a conjunction of motion and the other physical feature (e.g. color or shape) is serial or parallel. In the present experiment, the subjects (six undergraduate students) were instructed to search for a target defined by color, shape, motion, or combinations of the two out of these three features, and the reaction time was measured. The slopes of the regression (number of items in the display vs. reaction time) are the largest for a target defined by a conjunction of color and shape, the smallest for a target defined by one feature, and intermediate for a moving conjunctive target. These results are consistent with those of McLeod and colleagues (1988, 1991) which suggest that a specific visual subsystem operates as a movement filter.

特許

• 特願2018-86366:情報処理装置及びそのプログラム  2018年04月27日

  河原純一郎, 薮崎智穂, 小林恵子, 今井史
• 特許第6090653号:疲労判定装置、疲労判定方法、及びそのプログラム  2017年02月17日

  河原 純一郎, 佐藤 稔久  国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所  201703010131215820
• 特開2014-121410:疲労判定装置、疲労判定方法、及びそのプログラム  2014年07月03日

  河原 純一郎, 佐藤 稔久  独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所  201403040992262351

受賞

• 2020年11月 日本基礎心理学会 2019年度 日本基礎心理学会優秀論文賞
   Kenji Yamauchi, Ken Kihara, Jun I. Kawahara： Predicting sustained performance over a short time 

  受賞者: Kenji Yamauchi, Ken Kihara, Jun I. Kawahara
• 2019年05月 日本認知心理学会 日本認知心理学会優秀発表賞 新規性部門
   自己同一化された二次元キャラクターに対する視線シフト 

  受賞者: 今井史;佐藤智穂;互恵子;河原純一郎
• 2018年09月 日本心理学会 学術大会優秀発表賞
   課題非関連な価値ある実物の単純存在効果 

  受賞者: 伊藤 資浩;山内 健司;河原 純一郎
• 2018年 北海道心理学会 北海道心理学会奨励賞
   顔の魅力に及ぼすサムネイル効果 

  受賞者: 伊藤資浩;山内健司;宮崎由樹;河原純一郎
• 2017年09月 日本心理学会 優秀論文賞
   The Sanitary-Mask Effect on Perceived Facial Attractiveness 

  受賞者: 宮崎由樹;河原純一郎
• 2016年 日本心理学会 学術大会優秀発表賞
   低アルコール摂取事態での潜在的気分測定 

  受賞者: 伊藤資浩;河原純一郎
• 2015年 日本認知心理学会 優秀発表賞(発表力評価部門)
   

  受賞者: 永井聖剛;山田陽平;河原純一郎
• 2015年 日本認知心理学会 優秀発表賞(総合性評価部門)
   

  受賞者: 佐藤史織;河原純一郎
• 2015年 日本心理学会 日本心理学会特別優秀発表賞
   顔の魅力に及ぼす衛生マスクの効果 

  受賞者: 宮崎由樹;河原純一郎
• 2014年 日本心理学会 日本心理学会特別優秀発表賞
   お辞儀は顔の主観的魅力を飛躍的に向上させる 

  受賞者: 大杉尚之;河原純一郎
• 2014年 日本基礎心理学会 日本基礎心理学会優秀論文賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎;佐藤稔久;永井聖剛;熊田 孝恒;相馬優樹;根本英明;西崎友規子
• 2014年 第3回印東太郎賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 2009年 日本心理学会 国際賞奨励賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 2007年 日本基礎心理学会 優秀論文賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 2007年 日本認知心理学会第4回大会優秀発表賞 (総合性評価部門)
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 2004年 日本心理学会 優秀論文賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 2001年 日本基礎心理学会優秀発表賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎
• 1997年 日本心理学会 研究奨励賞
   

  受賞者: 河原純一郎

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

• 乳児の視覚的注意の発達から意識の形成過程を実験的に検討する

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2019年04月 -2023年03月 

  代表者 : 山口 真美, 河原 純一郎
• 身体運動に起因する自己移動感・運動主体感と空間的注意分布

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的研究(萌芽)

  研究期間 : 2019年06月 -2021年03月 

  代表者 : 佐藤 隆夫, 永井 聖剛, 金谷 英俊, 河原 純一郎, 温 文, 鳴海 拓志, 北崎 充晃
• スマートフォンで潜在的なメンタルヘルスを評価するアプリケーションの開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2018年04月 -2021年03月 

  代表者 : 佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究課題は，日常のメンタルヘルスの評価方法として潜在連合テスト（Implicit Association Test；IAT）に着目し，スマートフォン上で潜在連合テストを実施するウェブアプリケーションを開発し，その測定の妥当性を検証することを目指すものである。平成30年度はスマートフォン上で潜在連合テストを実施するためのウェブアプリケーションの開発を行った。開発したウェブアプリケーションの仕様は，以下の通りである。（Ａ）画面中央に表示される刺激語を左右のいずれかに分類する課題であり，左右いずれかのエリアをタッチすることで課題を進める。刺激呈示からタッチまでの反応時間を測定する。画面は縦向きでも横向きでも実施可能である。（Ｂ）２つのメインブロックの平均反応時間，標準的なスコアリング法であるDスコアを自動で出力する，(Ｃ)カテゴリ名，刺激語（およびその数）を自由にカスタマイズ可能であり，メンタルヘルスだけでなくさまざまな潜在的測定法に利用可能である。（Ｄ）潜在連合テストと共に，ウェブアンケート（カスタマイズ可能）による自己報告測度も利用可能である。（Ｅ）個人のメンタルヘルス評価に利用することを想定し，IDとパスワードにより個人ごとのデータ管理が可能である。ただし，現状のウェブアプリケーションでは「画像刺激が利用できないこと」，「single-blocked IATが実施できないこと」，「自動出力される数値の検算ができていないこと」といった課題が残されている。
• 社会的立場と性ホルモンの交互作用による注意制御の適応的メカニズムの解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2021年03月 

  代表者 : 犬飼 朋恵, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では，社会的な地位に対して選択的に働く視覚的注意に，性ホルモンが及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的としている。3年計画の2年目となる本年度は，実験参加者に対して実験的に割り当てられた社会的地位の高低と，その実験参加者の性ホルモンの分泌量バランスが認知課題の遂行成績に影響を与えるか否かについて検討した。このとき実験参加者はペアとして実験に参加して，2つの課題でそれぞれリーダーまたはフォロワーとしての役割が与えられた。また，課題を遂行する前に唾液を採取し社会的地位に対する関心度の高さに関わる，ソーシャルホルモンと呼ばれる男性ホルモンのテストステロンの分泌量を測定した。実験はテストステロンの高低（２）×割り当てられた社会的地位のパターン（４）として2要因被験者間計画として実施された。 実験参加者らには，ペアで協力して可能な限り早く正確に課題を行ない高得点を目指すようにあらかじめ教示された。認知課題としては心的回転課題とマウス反転課題を用いた。心的回転課題では，標準刺激としての三次元物体と，それらを回転させて他の角度から見た状態となる2つの物体と，2つの異なる物体が提示され，実験参加者は標準刺激と同じ物体を2つとも選ぶように求められた。マウス反転課題では，実際の動きと反転してディスプレイに呈示されるマウスの軌跡を見ながら指定された英数字を交互に辿ってそれぞれに対してクリックをするように求めた。いずれの課題でも制限時間内に回答された正答数を測定した。実験参加者に与えられた役割は，2つの課題ともにリーダーを任される場合とフォロワーを任される場合，いずれか1つの課題でリーダーを，もう一方の課題でフォロワーを任される場合があった。 本研究は多くの実験参加者を必要とするが十分な人数が集まっておらず，さらに多くの参加者を呼集する必要がある。
• 注意の逆説的投資効果とニューロフィードバック

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2020年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎, 小川 健二

   

  本年度は，注意の意図的制御，および自動的制御の両側面からの行動実験を実施した。意図的制御に関しては，作業記憶に探索すべき属性を残してから探索する，能動的注意条件と，探索すべきではない属性を残してから探索する，能動的抑制条件，および無関係な属性を残してから探索する統制条件を設けた。こうした実験では，能動的注意条件が探索を容易にさせる効果があることはこれまでに頑健に示されてきた。しかし，能動的抑制条件に関しては見解に不一致があり，属性の抑制が可能であるという知見と，それを否定する知見が混在していた。詳細に従来の知見を比較したところ，鍵となる要因はおそらく2つあり，1つは空間配置の交絡，もう1つは手がかり先行時間であった。本年度実施した実験では，先行研究では攻落していた空間配置を分離することができ，さらに，これまで知られていなかった形状次元での抑制効果を見出すことができた。この際，手がかりの先行時間が重要であることがわかった。従来，能動的抑制が効かないと主張する研究では，手がかりの先行時間は比較的短め(500-1000ms程度)であり，一方で抑制効果を見出していたものでは1300msよりも長かった。本年度はこの手がかり先行時間を体系的に操作したところ，1500msよりも長い条件で抑制効果を見出すことができた。この結果から，意図的抑制が起こるためには，長い手がかりの先行時間時間が必要であることが結論できる。この成果はAttention, Perception & Psychohysics誌に投稿・改稿中である。自動制御に関しては，個人特性(不安傾向)の高低と，ネガティブ表情および中立表情顔への注意捕捉の程度が相関することを見出した。
• 神経伝達物質の直接計測に基づく視覚的注意の脳機能モデル構築

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2020年03月 

  代表者 : 木原 健, 河原 純一郎, 近藤 洋史

   

  本研究課題は、視覚的注意に着目し、その神経機序の解明を目的としている。特に、視覚的注意の時間的な制御は大脳前頭・頭頂領域が重要な役割を果たしていることが、担当者らの研究を始め多くの研究から示唆されている。しかし、それらの領域の神経活動の化学的基盤である神経伝達物質がどのような役割を果たしているのかについては、まだ研究は進んでいない。これに関して、担当者らは最近、前頭・頭頂領域において、特にGABA濃度が視覚的注意の時間的な切り替え制御に関係していることを報告した。そこで、この知見を発展させ、時間的側面を拡張させた包括的な視覚的注意の脳機能モデルの構築を目指し、研究を進めている。 1年目である昨年度は、研究目的を達成するための行動実験として、注意の切り替えが不要だが一定時間注意を維持しなければならないGo-NoGo課題の改良版である、gradual-onset continuous performance task（gradCPT)を検証し、研究目的に適していることを確認した。この結果に基づき、2年目である本年度は、gradCPTを用いて予備的な神経伝達物質測定実験を実施し、核磁気共鳴スペクトロスコピー（MRS）でgradCPT課題を利用した際に生じる問題点を洗い出した。また、持続的注意制御に関わる認知的・神経的処理機序の視覚的側面と聴覚的側面を比較検証するために、聴覚的なgradCPTを新たに構築して、データを収集、解析した。その結果、視聴覚課題間でほぼ類似した行動成績が得られることを確認した。さらに、視覚的gradCPTの計測に必要な課題時間を検証する実験を行った。その結果、通常の課題時間である8分間とそれを短縮した2分間では、課題成績は高い相関を示すことを明らかにした。加えて、奥行き知覚に関わる視覚的注意の新たな役割を明らかにし、研究への利用可能性を検討した。
• 顔・視線による注意捕捉効果推定ソフトウエアの開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2016年04月 -2018年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎, 宮崎 由樹

   

  本研究では，顔そのもの及び視線による注意捕捉と観察者の構えの関連について検証した。顔は注意を捕捉するといわれてきたが，従来の研究は顔と構えとの交絡があった。そこで本研究では観察者の構えと顔刺激を非関連にしてもなお，顔は注意を捕捉するか検証した。実験の結果，周辺に呈示された顔刺激は知覚負荷の高低に関わらず注意を捕捉した。倒立顔刺激を用いたり，生体にとって意味のある画像を用いたが，妨害刺激の干渉効果は生じなかった。また時間の構えも統制しても，知覚負荷の高低に関わらず顔特有の注意捕捉が生じた。したがって，顔刺激は観察者の構えにかかわらず，知覚負荷が高くても刺激駆動的に注意を捕捉することが示唆さた。
• 潜在連合テストを用いた新たな心理的・身体的ストレス測定法の開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2015年04月 -2018年03月 

  代表者 : 佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究の目的は，潜在連合テスト（IAT）による潜在的ストレス測定法を，リラックス状態の測定と身体的ストレス状態の測定に拡張することであった。本研究の結果から，IATによりストレス状態やリラックス状態などの心理的ストレス状態の変化を鋭敏に検出できることが示されたが，疲労状態などの身体的ストレス状態の変化について検出できるという知見は得られなかった。
• 意図的な行動生成時における注意資源配置のダイナミクス

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎, 木原 健, 中尾 敬

   

  本研究は，被験者が自分の意思で始める行動の負荷が，適応的行動に及ぼす影響を調べた。被験者は2つの系列をモニタし，個別の異物検出モードでの標的検出ができていた。特定皮質領域内に存在する神経伝達物質の濃度を直接計測可能な核磁気共鳴スペクトロスコピーを用いて，後部頭頂葉と前頭前野に存在するGABAの濃度を測定した。注意の一時的な抑制を反映する注意の瞬きが起きやすい個人ほど，GABA濃度は前頭前野で低く後部頭頂葉で高いことが示されたことがわかった。
• 平均・加重を越えた多要素集団の持つ魅力評価手法の確立

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2016年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎, 宮崎 由樹, 北崎 充晃

   

  本研究は，複数の対象からなるグループ全体としての魅力評価に関わる要因を特定し，魅力評価を予測するモデルを提案することを目的とした。研究1ではグループ構成員の顔の魅力を全体として比較可能か調べた。研究2では，3-5人集団の魅力評定課題を課し，グループ内の分散がグループ全体としての魅力に及ぼす影響を調べた。研究3では，装具としての衛生マスクが顔の魅力に及ぼす影響を調べた。研究2では分散の効果は全体的な魅力が低いときに，宇ループ全体の魅力を下げることを明らかにした。研究3では衛星マスク効果を発見し，マスク装着時の顔の魅力は遮蔽による平均化と不健康さのプライミングに基づくというモデルを提案した。
• 潜在学習事態における能動的構えと学習効率に関する研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2013年04月 -2016年03月 

  代表者 : 遠藤 信貴, 河原 純一郎

   

  特定の課題の反復経験によって課題の遂行効率は上昇するが，これは課題遂行に有用な手掛かりの潜在学習によって説明される。本研究では，課題遂行に対する構えが潜在学習の生起に及ぼす影響について検討した。課題遂行時の能動的構えは潜在学習の生起を促すこと，課題遂行に伴って構築される内発的構えは課題要求に応じて異なり，潜在学習の様態に影響することが明らかになった。以上のことは，学習者の構えが潜在学習メカニズムのもつ適応的柔軟性の一因である可能性を示唆する。
• 性ホルモンが関与する注意制御機能の男女差

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2013年04月 -2016年03月 

  代表者 : 犬飼 朋恵, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では，注意制御機能を中心とした認知機能の男女差にテストステロンが及ぼす影響について調べた。テストステロンの分泌量は，人差し指と薬指の長さ比及び唾液から測定した。認知課題には，男性優位とされる非標的に紛れた標的を報告する時間的探索課題と心的回転課題，実際の動きと反転してディスプレイに呈示されるマウスの軌跡を見ながら指定された英数字を辿るマウス反転課題の3つを用いた。実験の結果，指の長さ比と心的回転課題の成績との間に相関が認められた。唾液中のテストステロンの分泌量と3つ課題の成績には相関が認められなかった。このことから，テストステロンが認知機能に及ぼす影響は限定的であることが示唆された。
• 潜在連合テストを用いたストレス状態の測定―汎用化に向けた検討―

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2012年04月 -2015年03月 

  代表者 : 佐藤 広英, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究の目的は，潜在連合テスト（IAT）によってストレス状態を潜在的かつ行動指標で測定できるとする潜在的ストレス測定法仮説の検証することである。本研究の成果として，IATの順序効果を排除する新しい方法としてSwitching IATを開発し，Switching IATによってストレス状態の測定が可能であることを示した。
• 認知資源の個人差と急性ストレス

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2015年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  いくつも仕事がある場合，同時にはたくさんには対応できない。また，頭を使って疲れたら，そのぶんミスが増えたりうまく頭が回らない。心理学では，認知資源という共通のリソースを仮定し，この多寡で複数の課題遂行成績や疲労，個人差を説明してきた。非常に似通った注意の課題で認知資源が枯渇するという説明が成されていることに本研究では注目し，これらの課題間で共通の認知資源が使われているかを調べた。実験の結果，共通性は殆ど無いことがわかった。本研究の結果は，これまで，認知資源という漠然とした用語で解釈されてきた注意の配分モデルに対して見直しを迫るものであるといえる。
• 顔および社会的情報が関わる場面での注意制御とそのメタ認知

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

  研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2013年03月 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究助成では，顔が関わる社会的場面での注意捕捉に関する研究と，顔の魅力の並列抽出に関する研究を実施した。 顔が関わる社会的場面での注意捕捉に関する研究では，従来は顔は人間の注意を引きつけやすく，特に意図的に顔を探索していなくても注意を捕捉してしまうと言われていた。しかし，これまでの研究を精査すると，ほとんど全ての研究で顔への構えと，目下の課題への構えが重複していた。例えば，Langton et al.(2008)は被験者に物体の探索をさせており，この中に顔画像も含まれていた。従って，純粋な顔による注意捕捉を調べるためには，知覚的構えが顔と主課題とで重複しない事態を設ける必要があった。本研究は高速逐次視覚呈示事態を用いて，顔による注意捕捉は自動的に起こると言うよりも，課題依存であることを示す知見を得た。魅力の並列抽出に関する実験では，2-5名で構成される集団の平均的魅力を同時抽出できるかを調べた。その結果，集団内の魅力のばらつきによる魅力の押し上げ・押し下げバイアスがあることがわかった。こうした結果は，集団の魅力抽出が可能であることを示唆していた。
• 月経周期と注意制御機能の統合的メカニズムの解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2011年 -2012年 

  代表者 : 犬飼 朋恵, 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では,月経周期に伴うホルモンバランスの変化が注意制御機能に及ぼす影響を検討した。そのため,標的以外の刺激(妨害刺激)に注意が逸脱することによって,標的の同定成績が低下する注意の捕捉現象を利用した。女性被験者は月経周期のMP期,FP期,LP期に実験を実施し,実験前に唾液を採取することによって,エストラジオールとプロゲステロンの測定を行った。時間的及び空間的探索課題を用いて実験を行ったところ,両課題において注意の捕捉が認められた。時間的探索課題を用いた場合には,男性に比べて女性の方が注意の捕捉の生起量が大きかった。これは,時間的な探索課題を遂行中の女性は,男性に比べて課題に関係のない目立つ刺激を無視できず,注意を向けてしまうことを示している。しかしながら,両課題とも注意の捕捉の生起量は月経周期のいずれの段階も一定だった。これらの結果から,時間的探索課題で認められた注意の捕捉の男女差は,性に特有なホルモンに起因するのではなく,身体的な差に起因することが示唆された。
• ノイズ刺激の追加による認知成績向上と適応的メンタルセット形成に関する研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2008年 -2010年 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では,ノイズを追加したときに却って認知成績が向上するという,一見直感とは矛盾する現象を追求した。まず,ノイズを追加すると標的同定率が向上するという結果と,逆に低下するという結果を追試によって確認した。さらに,その条件分析をすることで,ノイズ刺激追加が標的同定成績を向上もしくは低下させる要因の特定を行った。実験事態では,注意の瞬き現象を利用して,第2標的の検出率が低下しているときにノイズ刺激を追加して呈示した。間接的に類似した条件を含む先行研究の比較に基づき,ノイズ刺激追加効果の出方を左右している要因を特定した。ノイズ刺激数を操作したところ,ノイズ刺激を単独は毎フレームに複数呈示することは標的同定成績に大きな影響を与えないことがわかった。ノイズ呈位置を操作したところ,ノイズ刺激周辺に呈示したときに標的同定成績に大きな影響があった。標的位置予測が最も大きく関与していた.標的位置が予測可能の場合,注意を焦点化することによってノイズを適切に抑制できることがノイズ追加による促進効果に関与していた。標的位置が予測不可能なときは,ノイズ追加による効果はなく,常に同定成績は悪化していた。最適な効果を生じるノイズ刺激の種類と強度を調べたところ,動的な刺激であること,かつパターンをもつ刺激であることが促進効果の生起に重要であることがわかった。これらの結果は,促進効果が確率的共振に起因している可能性を示唆していた。
• 第3の注意駆動原理の提案:言語的加重による知覚システムの直接制御

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2007年 -2008年 

  代表者 : 熊田 孝恒, 河原 純一郎

   

  本年度は、言語的な情報によって標的属性を被験者に与えた際に見られる、視覚的注意の配分の促進効果を、ターゲット検出の有効性、および、妨害項目の無視の効率の観点から、視覚的な探索課題を用いて検討した。また、非言語的な情報の関与を調べるために、手がかりが与えられた際のターゲット属性の切り替えコスト、および、直前の試行からのキャリーオーバー効果との関係を同時に調べた。その結果、言語情報を与えた試行の直後のみならず、その次の試行まで課題切り替えコストの減少が見られた。この結果は、言語情報がターゲットの検出に関わる注意の配分に有効であることが明らかになった。また、第2試行まで促進の効果が見られたということは、言語的な手がかりでは、完全な意の配分が不可能であることを示唆している。さらに、手がかりと直前の試行とのキャリーオーバー効果の関係を調べたところ、両者の間に交互作用が見られた。このことから、言語的な注意制御メカニズムと非言語的な言語制御メカニズムが共通であることを示していると考えられた。さらに、妨害項目の無視効率は、手がかりが与えられた後、試行が経過するとより低下した。このことから、言語的な注意メカニズムは、注意の配分の持続的な側面に関与していることを示唆した。次いで、この点を確認するために、構音抑制を課した実験を実施した。その結果、構音抑制を与えると、妨害刺激からの干渉効果が増加した。この結果からも、言語的な注意制御機構が、注意の持続に関与していることが明らかになった。これらの結果から、言語的注意制御機構が、非言語的な制御機構とは、一部、独立である可能性が示された。
• 意識的知覚のゲートウェイとしての心的構えの維持と非意図的制御に関する研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2005年 -2007年 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では,意識的知覚を支える主要認知機能の一つである心的構えとその制御方略を調べた。意識的知覚が損なわれる例として知られる注意の瞬き(attentional blink)現象は,これまでの研究では,時間的に先行して呈示される第1標的に注意資源が占有されるため,その後に呈示される第1標的の知覚が損なわれると考えられてきた。本研究では,3つの標的を連続して呈示し,第3標的の知覚成績が第2標的よりも高いことを示し,従来の説明では不十分であることを示した。加えて,こうした意識的知覚の欠如としての見落としは常に起こるわけではないことを示した。これまで,短い時間で2つの標的を検出するとき,2つめの標的は見落とされやすいことがわかっているが,観察者が知覚的構えを維持したまま2つの標的が時間的に連続して呈示される場合は見落としが激減する(見落とし回避)。研究発表11.3は,この現象を知覚的構えの指標として利用し,同時に2箇所の位置に注意の構えを向けることができることを示した。また,標的カテゴリが複数でも見落とし回避は同時に2箇所で起こりうることを示した。この結果は,注意分割を調べる手続きとして注意の瞬き減少が利用できることを示した点で新しい視点を提供したといえる。研究発表11.1では,標的の視覚探索事態において,注意を向ける位置についての意識的な構えがなくても,視空間的文脈を反復して経験することによって,探索が速くなる効果について調べた。従来の研究では視覚的な文脈の学習が起こることが知られていたが,本研究では聴覚刺激と標的位置の対連合を無意識的に学習できることを明らかにした。研究発表11.2では,刺激の呈示順序によって心的構えを操作し,心的構えが幾何学的錯視のひとつであるDelboeuf錯視の大きさに影響することを明らかにした。(739字)
• 統語的プライミングを手がかりとした再帰的計算能力を支える皮質構造の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 特定領域研究

  研究期間 : 2005年 -2005年 

  代表者 : 酒井 弘, 玉岡 賀津雄, 河原 純一郎

   

  繰り返し適用可能な統語的操作によって新たな文構造を無限に処理・産出する再帰的計算能力は、人間に固有な言語能力の中核として、言語機能の理論的モデル構築を日指す言語学者にとっても、機能を支える皮質構造の解明を目指す脳科学者にとっても、極めて興味深い研究対象である。この研究では、統語的プライミング現象を手がかりに統語処理の過程を純粋に抽出し、fMRIを使用した脳機能イメージング実験を実施することで、再帰的計算能力を支える皮質構造を特定しその機能を解明することを目指している。言語処理の脳機能イメージング実験の手法を確立するとともに、統語的プライミングの心理言語学的実験における実験パラダイムを整備するために、まず音声呈示された日本語の複合語を処理する際の脳機能イメージングを計測する実験を実施した。続いて統語的プライミングの行動レベルでの影響を探るための心理言語学的実験を実施した.イメージング実験では、両半球側頭葉上側頭回の聴覚連合野に加えて、複合語を処理する際には左脳上側頭回前方と島回に強い活動が観察され、側頭葉上側頭回〜島回〜前頭葉下前頭回に、音声言語を処理するためのネットワークが存在する可能性が示された。行動実験では、日本語の語順を操作して文理解における統語的プライミング効果を測定する実験を実施したところ、英語と同様にプライム文とターゲット文の動詞が一致している際に、語順のプライム効果が最大となると言う結果が得られた。動詞が目的語などに後続する日本語でも、動詞が先行する英語と同じ結果が得られることが確認されたのは初めてである。言語の認知神経科学研究における研究情報を交換するためにMax-Planck Institute for Human Cognition and Brain Science(Leipzig, Germany)及びUniversity of Marburg(Marburg, Germany)から研究者を招聘して、国際ワークショップを開催した。
• 乳幼児の認知・情動的クオリアの発達に関する神経心理学的研究

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(A))

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2005年 

  代表者 : 利島 保, 河原 純一郎, 宮谷 真人, 松橋 有子, 松田 文子, 小林 正夫, 橋本 優花里, 近藤 武夫

   

  14年度は,光トポグラフィ装置(NIRS)とサーモグラフィーの測定可能性を確認した結果,乳幼児の認知・情動的クオリアが,母親顔刺激,音声,触覚的接触等に対する心理生理的反応が現れた。脳損傷者の認知・情動的クオリアの研究では,弁別学習課題で脳損傷患者の高次情報処理能力の機能不全を検討し,刺激要素の処理に関わる前頭前野の移行能力の不全に関係することが示唆された。15年度は,母子相互作用下での乳児の脳内でのマルチモーダル処理についてNIRSを用いて検討するため,健常成人を対象とする視覚的対象処理中の脳活動をNIRSにより測定した結果、新奇三次元物体の観察方向が最も好ましいと感じる方向からずれるに従い、後頭一頭頂領域および左右紡錘状回の活性化が高まることを認めた。16年度は,新生児及び乳児の母乳や人工乳のニオイに対する眼窩前頭領域の活動のNIRSによる嗅覚刺激の比較検討をした結果,母乳や人工乳の哺育経験に関係なく,母乳に脳の活性化が顕著に生じるが,人工乳哺育群以外は人工乳に対し活性化が低いことを認めた。さらに,被虐待児として施設に保護されている乳児の前頭前野の活動の発達的変化を観察した結果,3ヶ月齢で無表情の女性顔刺激に対する前頭領域の活性化に左右差が認められた。17年度は,乳幼児の表情認知の脳血行動態反応を縦断的に検討した結果,表情弁別は生後3ヶ月では未発達で,生後6ヶ月児以後に発達した認知・情動的クオリアを持つことを認めた。また,種々な母親の声を呈示し新生児の前頭部領域の血行動態反応を測定した結果,抑揚のある母親の音声は,抑揚のない音声より前頭部領域を活性化させていた。
• 複数同時作業事態における知覚的構えと見落としエラーに関する研究

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(若手研究(B))

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究の目的は,短時間のうちに連続して2つの課題を行うとき,2つ目の課題がうまく遂行できず,見落としたりするというヒューマンエラーの原因を探ることであった.具体的には,(1)1つ目の課題を行っているときに注意はどこに向けられているか,(2)2つの課題の成績に影響する環境変数(妨害刺激の有無,(3)2つの課題を行うときの空間的特性,(4)課題を行うときの心的構えの影響という4つの観点で目的を設定した.これらの4つの観点に対応した実験は全て終了し,次のような成果が得られた.1.高速逐次視覚呈示法を利用し,短時間内で連続して2つの作業を行うときの認知負荷の評価方法を開発した.とくに,標的間の空間的位置関係は大きな作業負荷となることを見いだした.昨年度の成果である,平均作業成績を被験者間で統制して比較可能な動的ノイズ操作法を利用して,上述の(2),(3)を調べるための実験を行った.短時間内に連続して2つの作業を行う場合,同じ位置で行う場合のほうが,位置を移動させる場合に比べて,作業者にとって負荷が少ないことが分かった.このJapanese Psychological Research誌に発表した.2.連続して2つの課題を行うとき,注意は少なくとも300-400ms程度,第1標的が呈示された場所にとどまっていることが分かった.これは,線運動錯視という錯覚を用いることで明らかになった.この成果はPsychological Research誌に発表した.3.標的に対するマスキング特性を検討した実験では,従来報告されていた注意の瞬き現象は,第1標的の困難度による成分と,課題切り替えによる成分があることが分かった.従来の研究では,これらの2つの成分に加え,視覚マスキングの効果が混同されており,本研究によって初めてマスキングの成分を除いた課題切り替え成分による見落とし効果が明らかになった.この成果はPerceptoin ＆ Psychophysics誌に発表した.この研究では,見落としに及ぼす学習の効果を検討するための実験をさらに行っており,過学習された視覚パターンは見落としを起こしにくくする性質があることがわかった.
• 動詞形態の認知処理過程を手がかりとした言語機構の構造の解明

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(C))

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 

  代表者 : 酒井 弘, 河原 純一郎, 牧岡 省吾, 小泉 政利, 玉岡 賀津雄

   

  複雑な動詞形態処理の神経基盤を探るために、(i)心理言語学的研究、(ii)神経科学的研究、(iii)計量言語学的研究、(iv)理論言語学的研究、(v)コネクショニストモデル構築研究を実施した。日本語の派生語を材料としてCross-Modal Primingと呼ばれる実験パラダイムを使用した形態処理の認知実験を実施し、規則的接辞付加による派生語は、意味的・音韻的類似性はあるが派生関係のない関連語より、強いプライミング効果を示すと言う結果を得た。動詞形態処理の脳機能を探るため、広島県立リハビリテーションセンターの協力を得て、fMRIを使用して文の適切性判断を行う際の日本語母語話者の脳機能イメージを計測し、動詞活用形を処理する際には特に、前頭葉下前頭回のいわゆるブロカ野と、側頭葉側頭極の活動が顕著だという結果を得た。事象関連電位を指標として、母語話者が動詞形態の誤りを含む刺激を処理する際の神経活動を探る実験を実施し、動詞の活用の違反を含む刺激に対して、統語的逸脱に特徴的な脳波成分であるP600が観察されることを明らかにした。日本語複合動詞の使用に関するコーパス研究を実施し、理論言語学において主張される語彙的複合動詞と統語的複合動詞の相違が、計量言語学的にも支持されることを示した。日本語の複合述語によって形成される構文の構造と意味についての理論言語学的研究を実施した。語形処理のコネクショニストモデル構築に関する研究を実施した。研究情報を交換し、研究計画にアドバイスを受け、研究成果を発表するために14年度はColin Phillips博士(米国メリーランド大学)、15年度はLiina Pylkkanen博士(米国ニューヨーク大学)、16年度はMatt Davis博士(英国Medical Research Council研究員)を招聘して言語の認知神経科学に関するセミナーを実施した。
• 認知的および情動的ストレス状況におけるワーキングメモリのはたらき

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 

  代表者 : 宮谷 真人, 河原 純一郎, 中條 和光, 深田 博己, 中尾 三月, 島津 明人, 橋本 芳世子

   

  認知的ストレスとして,時間的切迫感,複数課題の同時遂行,および認知的葛藤をとりあげた。反応選択課題におけるP300潜時は,刺激評価が困難な場合にのみ時間的切迫感によって短縮した。また,刺激と反応のマッピングが困難な場合にのみ,時間的切迫感により反応準備から反応出力までの時間が短縮された。時間的切迫感が説明文理解における図の促進効果にもたらす影響について検討した結果,時間的切迫感はテキストベースの構築には影響するが,状況モデルの構築には影響しないことがわかった。二重課題がワーキングメモリの中央実行系に及ぼす影響を,文の正誤判断課題遂行時のN400成分を指標として調べた結果,乱数生成課題の同時遂行により,反応時間の遅延と,N400の意味プライミング効果の減少が生じ,中央実行系が関わる文脈統合機能が低下することが分かった。さらに,フランカー課題を用いて認知的葛藤がワーキングメモリの反応抑制機能に及ぼす影響を検討した結果,2つの異なる反応を同時に誘発する葛藤刺激に後続する試行では,反応抑制により反応時間が遅延し,その遅延の程度は,前試行で生じる葛藤が強いほど大きいことが分かった。情動的ストレスとして,不安を取り上げた。状態不安と読みの補償方略,およびワーキングメモリ容量との関係について眼球運動を指標として調べた結果,容量の大きな読み手であっても,状態不安が喚起されると,容量の小さな読み手と同様の読み方略を用いることが明らかとなった。また,不安がパフォーマンスに及ぼす影響について検討した結果,自己認知過程には,感情喚起が介在し,不安の喚起が自己認知処理することによって,記憶課題などのパフォーマンス低下をもたらすことが推測できた。その他,社会的コミュニケーションやストレス対処行動における認知的要因と感情的要因について検討した。
• 知識獲得の時間的展開とそのモデル化

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))

  研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 

  代表者 : 松田 文子, 利島 保, 河原 純一郎, 中條 和光, 宮谷 真人, 湯澤 正通, 中尾 美月

   

  【知識獲得モデルの構築】時間,距離,速さの関係についての知識構造の発達過程を文章題などを用いて,小学校高学年の児童を対象に調べた.また時間の知識と空間の知識について,その獲得過程の対比研究を行った.時間の知識のかなり高度な使い分けについても,思春期以降の子どもや大学生について調べ,記憶容量や認知方略との関係を調べた.さらに,大学生の時間の管理についての知識の現状を調べ,実践的な観点から,その獲得についての研究を継続中で,その最初の段階についてはすでにまとめた.【知識獲得とメタ認知】第1に,中学校が理科の授業を受けた後の,速さと力の関係についての科学的知識が構成されるようすを調べた.その結果,授業中にいくつものメタ認知を利用することで,既有知識が変容し,力と速さの関係が理解されることがわかった.第2に,子どものメタ認知や方略利用の変化のプロセスを観察し,科学的概念の獲得を促進する環境について検討した.幼児に図形の大小を比較させ,その方略の評価を行わせた.その結果,物理的環境,メタ認知,概念獲得の間のダイナミックな関係が示唆された.【文章理解と作業記憶】作業記憶容量と文章読解との関係を読みの眼球運動を指標として調べた.その結果,容量の小さい読み手は文章を外部記憶補助として利用し,頻繁に文章をスキャンすることで読解の破綻を回避する補償的処理方略を用いていることが明らかとなった.【位置の記憶に及ぼす注意配分の効果】時空間内に分散した複数の対象が置かれている位置を潜在的に記憶する能力を,視覚探索課題を用いて検討した.被験者は,奥行き構造をもった空間配置や時間的な相関を保った潜在記憶表象を形成することができ,これを認知活動(例えば視覚探索)利用できることが明らかになった.
• 連続2作業実行時の情報処理コストに関する研究

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A))

  研究期間 : 2000年 -2001年 

  代表者 : 河原 純一郎

   

  本研究では,短時間のうちに2つの課題を行うとき,2つ目の課題が見落とされたり,うまく遂行できないというヒューマンエラーの原因を探るため,a)2標的間の空間的関係(標的位置の同異),b)2課題の性質(同じ課題か,異なる課題か),c)切り替え負荷の時間的特性,d)標的後に呈示される物体のマスキング特性,e)標的位置での局所的情報処理促進の有無という5つの観点で目的を設定した.これらの5つの観点に対応した実験は全て終了し,次のような成果が得られた.1.短時間内で連続2作業を行うときの認知負荷の評価方法として,高速逐次視覚呈示法を利用した実験から,標的間の空間的位置関係は大きな作業負荷となることが見いだされた.本研究では,平均作業成績を被験者間で統制して比較可能な動的ノイズ操作法を初めて開発した.これらの成果はJournal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception ＆ Performance誌に発表した.2.処理負荷を起こす2課題の性質は,両者の物理的特徴が異なっていることが決定的な成分となっていることがわかった.これは,視覚的特徴と反応(認知操作)を分離した実験で明らかになった.3.切り替えの時間的特性を検討した実験では,2つの課題がきわめて短時間内(〜300ms)に呈示されることが大きな処理負荷を生じることが分かった.実際に反応する順序は問題ではないことも見いだされた.これら2および3の点はJournal of Experimental Psychology : General誌に発表した.4.標的に対するマスキング特性を検討した実験では,従来報告されていた注意の瞬き現象は,第1標的の困難度による成分と,課題切り替えによる成分があることが分かった.従来の研究では,これらの2つの成分に加え,視覚マスキングの効果が混同されており,本研究によって初めてマスキングの成分を除いた課題切り替え成分による見落とし効果が明らかになった.この成果はPerceptoin ＆ Psychophysics誌に掲載予定である.5.標的位置での局所的促進の有無を調べた実験では,連続2作業を実施する場合に標的位置に焦点化される注意は,局所的な処理の促進を引き起こすことが示された.これはPsychological Research誌に掲載予定である.
• 高次視覚における統合実験環境とシミュレーション・モデルの構築に関する研究

  文部科学省：科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))

  研究期間 : 2000年 -2001年 

  代表者 : 横澤 一彦, 河原 純一郎, 齋木 潤, 熊田 孝恒

   

  高次視覚研究用の実験ソフトウェアと実験データベースの作成を行った。新たな実験環境を実現するにあたり、様々な環境で動作することを念頭に置き、Jaba環境で動作する実験ソフトウェアと実験データベースを作成し、インターネットで公開した。更に、シミュレーション・モデル構築を目指す高次視覚研究を展開した。線運動錯視探索のモデル(Kawahara ＆ Yokosawa,2001)では、探索の誤答率を,線運動がおのおの独立して生起するという仮現運動モデルによって予測した。その結果、様々な状況での探索成績がこのモデルで予測可能であることを確認すると共に、線運動錯視が視覚的注意によって起こる場合と,独立して画面内の複数の位置で起こる仮現運動によって起こる場合があることが示唆された。視覚的選択過程モデル化(Kumada ＆ Humphreys, in press)を試みた結果、従来の認知心理学における反応時間の分析では、正答反応のみが分析の対象として用いられてきたが、誤答の反応時間が、正答の反応時間の分布と比較した場合に極めて有意義なデータをもたらすことを発見し、それらを可視化する手法としてLOC分析(Latency Operation Characteristics analysis)を開発した。パルスニューラルネットワークモデル(齋木,2002)を使って、選択的注意のモデルとして,CrickとKochの提案した視覚的注意の時間タグ付け仮説を実装し,視覚的注意の神経生理学の古典的知見であるMoran ＆ Desimone(1985)の結果をシミュレートした。第2標的への遅延マスキングがない場合にも注意の瞬きが見られる場合があることを実験的に見いだしたので、表象減衰による注意の瞬きモデル(Kawahara, in press)を提案し、第2標的の視覚表象は時間経過とともに減衰することによって、注意の瞬きが起こる過程の説明をした。

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  トラック後退時におけるドライバーの認知的問題の検討
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  PTPシートの表示デザインに関する研究
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  ユニチャーム社 共同研究資金