基本情報

所属

• 地球環境科学研究院　統合環境科学部門　自然環境保全分野

職名

• 准教授

学位

• 博士（地球環境科学）（北海道大学）

ホームページURL

http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/r/50373452

科研費研究者番号

• 50373452

J-Global ID

• 201201009846598740

研究キーワード

• 永久凍土   湧水   ピンゴ   活動層   モンゴル   永久凍土発達編年   大雪山   水安定同位体   長期観測網   融雪水   地下氷   周氷河地形   国際情報交換   季節凍土   古気候   環境変動   地球観測   寒冷圏   国際永久凍土学会   水同位体比   硝酸同位体比   モデル化   土地利用   イギリス:ノルウェー:スイス   河川水   同位体マップ   水循環   気候指標   化石周氷河現象   

研究分野

• 環境・農学 / 環境動態解析
• 人文・社会 / 地理学

担当教育組織

•  修士課程　環境科学院
•  博士課程　環境科学院

職歴

• 2009年 - 2011年 北海道大学 地球環境科学研究科(研究院) 准教授

研究活動情報

論文

• Thermal states, responsiveness, and degradation of marginal permafrost in Mongolia

  Ishikawa M, Jamvaljav Y, Dashtseren A, Sharkhuu N, Gamboo D, Iijima Y, Baatarbileg N, Yoshikawa K

  Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 29 271 - 282 2018年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Effect of local community’s environmental perception on trust in a mining company: a case study in Mongolia

  Dagvadorj L, Byamba B, Ishikawa M

  Sustainability 10 614 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Municipal solid waste management in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: system analysis

  Byamba B, Ishikawa M

  Sustainability 9 896 2017年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Formation Chronology of Arsain Pingo, Darhad Basin, Northern Mongolia

  Mamoru Ishikawa, Jambaljav Yamkhin

  PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES 27 3 297 - 306 2016年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Numerous frost mounds exist on the meander belt and alluvial fan around Arsain Gol River in Darhad basin, northern Mongolia, at the southern fringe of the north-eastern Eurasian permafrost zone. In this environment, abundant water supply and inter-permafrost taliks may allow the development of artesian pressure that leads to groundwater upwelling. The aim of this study was to determine the formation chronology of pingos in this region. The Arsain pingo was drilled to a depth of 35m to determine the stratigraphy, and data were collected on ground-ice stable isotopic composition, electrical resistivity, ground temperature, and radiocarbon dating and interpreted in conjunction with the chronology of paleo-lake retreat in the basin. A 10m thick ice core sandwiched between fine-grained lacustrine sediments was identified by drilling and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Stable isotope values of ice core samples indicated Rayleigh-type isotope fractionation during the freezing of liquid water. Consequently, closed-system freezing of artesian groundwater appears to be the driving mechanism of pingo formation. Near-surface, segregated ground ice formed from the open-system freezing of meteoric water, concurrent with pingo growth. The lake coverage was extensive until about 10,000years before present (yrbp), and the growth of the Arsain pingo began after 4500yrbp, when the paleo-lake was completely drained. The pingo is not presently growing because of a limited groundwater supply to feed the ice core. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Thermokarst lake changes in the southern fringe of Siberian permafrost region in Mongolia using Corona, Landsat, and ALOS satellite imagery from 1962 to 2007

  Saruulzaya A, Ishikawa M, Jambaljav Y

  Advances in Remote Sensing 5 215 - 231 2016年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Temperature Regimes of the Active Layer and Seasonally Frozen Ground under a Forest-Steppe Mosaic, Mongolia

  Avirmed Dashtseren, Mamoru Ishikawa, Yoshihiro Iijima, Yamkin Jambaljav

  PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES 25 4 295 - 306 2014年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Permafrost underlying forested north-facing slopes and seasonally frozen ground underlying mountain steppes on south-facing slopes co-exist within a small mountain basin that represents the most general landscape type in northern central Mongolia. A 5-year time series of hydro-meteorological parameters on these slopes is presented in order to identify the factors controlling ground temperature regimes. A thick organic layer (0.2-0.4m) beneath the forest on a north-facing slope impedes the effects of summer air temperature on the ground, and the forest canopy strongly blocks downward shortwave radiation during summer. Active layer thickness was determined by summer warmth. The mountain steppe on a dry south-facing slope receives a large amount of downward shortwave radiation compared to an adjacent forested slope, and therefore the surface temperature exceeds air temperature during summer, leading to a warm soil profile. In winter, snow cover was the main factor controlling interannual variations in the thickness of seasonally frozen ground. The onset of soil thawing in the forested area was later than in the mountain steppe, even though soil freezing began simultaneously in both areas. Overall, the forest cover keeps the ground cool and allows permafrost to persist in this region. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Interannual and seasonal variations in energy and carbon exchanges over the larch forests on the permafrost in northeastern Mongolia

  Shin Miyazaki, Mamoru Ishikawa, Nachin Baatarbileg, Sodov Daradinsuren, Nymsambuu Ariuntuya, Yamkhin Jambaljav

  POLAR SCIENCE 8 2 166 - 182 2014年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The larch forests on the permafrost in northeastern Mongolia are located at the southern limit of the Siberian taiga forest, which is one of the key regions for evaluating climate change effects and responses of the forest to climate change. We conducted longterm monitoring of seasonal and interannual variations in hydrometeorological elements, energy, and carbon exchange in a larch forest (48 degrees 15'24 '' N, 106 degrees 51'3 '' E, altitude: 1338 m) in northeastern Mongolia from 2010 to 2012. The annual air temperature and precipitation ranged from -0.13 degrees C to -1.2 degrees C and from 230 mm to 317 mm. The permafrost was found at a depth of 3 m. The dominant component of the energy budget was the sensible heat flux (H) from October to May (H/available energy [R-a] = 0.46; latent heat flux [LE]/R-a = 0.15), while it was the LE from June to September (H/R-a = 0.28, LE/R-a = 0.52). The annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (RE) were -131 to -257 gC m(-2) y(-1), 681-703 gC m(-2) y(-1), and 423-571 gC m(-2) y(-1), respectively. There was a remarkable response of LE and NEE to both vapor pressure deficit and surface soil water content. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. and NTR. All rights reserved.
• Climate change model predicts 33 % rice yield decrease in 2100 in Bangladesh

  Mohammed R. Karim, Mamoru Ishikawa, Motoyoshi Ikeda, Md. Tariqul Islam

  AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 32 4 821 - 830 2012年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In Bangladesh, projected climate change is expected to increase food demands by more frequent and intense droughts and increasing temperatures. Few investigations have studied the impact of climate variability on future rice production. Previous investigations mainly checked the sensitivity of higher air temperature and higher atmospheric carbon dioxide on rice yields. Whereas in this study, we checked the combined effects of major climatic parameters on rice. The effects of climate change on yield of a popular winter rice cultivar in Bangladesh were assessed using the biophysical simulation model ORYZA2000. This model was first validated for 2000-2008 using field experimental data from Bangladesh, with a careful test of climate data on daily basis for station-wise and reanalysis datasets. The model performance was satisfactory enough to represent crop productions in nine major rice-growing districts. Then, simulation experiments were carried out for 2046-2065 and 2081-2100. Results show 33 % reduction of average rice yields for 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 for three locations. Projected rainfall pattern and distribution will also have a negative impact on the yields by increasing water demands by 14 % in the future. The model also showed that later transplanting will have less damage under the projected climate.
• Thermal States of Mongolian Permafrost

  Ishikawa M, Sharkhuu N, Jambaljav Y, Davaa G, Yoshikawa K, Ohata T

  Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Permafrost 173 - 178 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Modeling of seasonal water balance for crop production in Bangladesh with implications for future projection

  Mohammed R. Karim, Mamoru Ishikawa, Motoyoshi Ikeda

  Italian Journal of Agronomy 7 2 146 - 153 2012年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Regional or global climate change may have a significant effect on soil moisture and thereby affect plant growth. Water deficiency is considered to be one of the major climatic factors limiting crop production in Bangladesh, especially in the dry season. To better understand the response of crops to moisture variation, a quantitative analysis of major water balance components, namely, potential evapotranspiration (PET), actual evapotranspiration (AET), soil moisture storage (ST), water deficiency (WD), and water surplus (WS), was carried out using the Thornthwaite monthly water balance program. Analyses were carried out for three different seasons, incorporating interannual variability, in 12 major rice-growing districts of Bangladesh, which represented the northern, central, southern, and coastal zones. Hindcast monthly average surface air temperature and precipitation data were collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for the period 1986 to 2006. The analysis results suggested that the PET trend was the same at every station and that generally higher values were observed in the months of July and August. Khulna, a coastal station, had the highest annual average PET of 1369 mm. The lowest annual AET of 1108 mm was estimated for Teknaf, while the second lowest value of AET was recorded in Dinajpur. The ST was found to be almost at field capacity from July to September, and the southern station of Chittagong had the highest average monthly ST. Future projection showed the northern part of Bangladesh would be less vulnerable regarding ST. The maximum WD was found in Bogra, and the second highest value was found in Dinajpur. Estimation of the average WD of 178 mm yr-1 in northern Bangladesh indicated that this region was subject to the greatest degree of WD and that winter is the most crucial season in determining water scarcity. The smallest value of WS was noted for the coastal station of Khulna. A significant positive relationship (P< 0.05) between soil moisture and current rice yields proved the importance of surplus water conservation in the droughtprone zone of Bangladesh. To boost rice production and help cope with the consequences of climate change, integrated adaptation and mitigation measures should be adopted for agriculture. © M.R. Karim et al., 2012.
• Analysis of the Sources of Variation in L-band Backscatter From Terrains With Permafrost

  Manabu Watanabe, Gaku Kadosaki, Yongwon Kim, Mamoru Ishikawa, Keiji Kushida, Yuki Sawada, Takeo Tadono, Masami Fukuda, Motoyuki Sato

  IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 50 1 44 - 54 2012年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Simultaneous field data collections and Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) full polarimetry observations were performed in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Alaska (USA). Permafrost is present at the Alaska test sites. Backscattering copolarization (sigma(0)(co-pol)) values derived from the PALSAR data were compared with those calculated using the integrated equation method (IEM) model, a popular theoretical model describing surface scattering. PALSAR data taken in Ulaanbaatar matched the IEM model results to within a few decibels, whereas data taken in Alaska were 5 to 7 dB lower than those calculated using the IEM model. On the other hand, the sigma(0)(cross-pol) (sigma(0)(VH)) components estimated from the Oh model were well matched to the PALSAR data in both Ulaanbaatar and Alaska. Moisture levels of the sphagnum moss layer in Alaska were estimated to be about 10% while moisture levels of the underlying organic and mineral layers were 25% to 79%; the moisture values of the organic and mineral layers were factored into the IEM and Oh models. When surface moisture levels of 10% were assumed for Alaska ground conditions, the sigma(0)(co-pol) values calculated using the IEM model and those derived from the PALSAR data were well matched. From these observations, we conclude that the sphagnum moss layer, which is a seasonally unfrozen layer that occurs above permafrost, plays an important role in radar backscattering processes in permafrost regions and is a main contributor to the sigma(0)(co-pol) backscattering component; the underlying organic and mineral layers contribute mainly to the sigma(0)(cross-pol) backscattering component. A two-layer model was applied to the data from a test site in Alaska; the model described the co- and cross-polarization backscatter (sigma(0)) derived from PALSAR data with off-nadir angles of 21.5 degrees and 34.3 degrees.
• Performance of Dynamic Downscaling for Extreme Weather Event in Eastern Mongolia: Case Study of Severe Windstorm on 26 May 2008

  Altangerel Batbold, Tomonori Sato, Mamoru Ishikawa, Jamba Tsogt

  SOLA 7 117 - 120 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Global weather forecasts do not have sufficient performance to predict the local severe weather events that are accompanied with cyclones and cold fronts due to their coarse horizontal resolution. This study investigated the performance of dynamical downscaling (DD) using mesoscale model to simulate the severe windstorm in eastern Mongolia which occurred on 26-27 May 2008. Our results revealed that the DD experiments were successful in capturing the general features of the windstorm in terms of wind and temperature patterns. The timing and amplitude of drastic changes in the simulated temperature and wind speed were very similar to that observed than that obtained from the global atmospheric data, suggesting that DD is capable of predicting extreme wind storm events in Mongolia. Analyses on the nested domains indicate that the DD has crucial impact on the performance for simulating severe storm even with a moderate resolution (27 km), and further nesting (9 and 3 km) plays a role to improve it. Furthermore, the maximum wind speed approaches the observed value more closely as the horizontal resolution increases, although it still underestimates the observed wind speed even in the 3 km mesh domain. On the other hand, the abrupt temperature change is captured well even in the low-resolution domain, suggesting a difference in necessary horizontal resolution for temperature change and maximum wind speed.
• Recent Climatic Effects on Seasonal Rice Yields in Bangladesh: A statistical overview

  Karim R, Ikeda M, Ishikawa M

  Agricultural Science and Technology B 1 7 950 - 963 2011年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Sublimation from thin snow cover at the edge of the Eurasian cryosphere in Mongolia

  Yinsheng Zhang, M. Ishikawa, T. Ohata, D. Oyunbaatar

  HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 22 18 3564 - 3575 2008年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Sublimation from thin snow cover at the edge of the Eurasian cryosphere in Mongolia was calculated using the aerodynamic profile method and verified by eddy covariance observations using multiple-level meteorological data from three sites representing a variety of geographic and vegetative conditions in Mongolia. Data were collected in the winter and analysed from three sites. Intense sublimation events, defined by daily sublimation levels of more than 0.4 mm, were predominant in their effect on the temporal variability Of Sublimation. The dominant meteorological elements affecting sublimation were wind speed and air temperature. with the latter affecting sublimation indirectly through the vapour deficit. Seasonal and interannual variations in sublimation were investigated using long-interval estimations for 19 years at a mountainous-area meteorological station and for 24 years at it flat-plain meteorological station. The general seasonal pattern indicated higher rates of sublimation in both the beginning and ending of the snow-covered period, when the wind speed and vapour deficit were higher. Annual sublimation averaged 11.7 mm at the flat-plain meteorological station. or 20.3% of the annual snowfall, and 15.7 mm at the site in the mountains, or 21.6% of snowfall. The sun of snow sublimation and snowmelt evaporation represented 17 to 20% of annual evapotranspiration in a couple observation years. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
• The temperature regime in boreholes at Nalaikh and Terelj Sites, Mongolia

  Jambaljav, Y, Dashtseren, A, Solongo, D, Saruulzaya, A, Battoghtokh, D, Iijima, Y, Ishikawa, M, Zhang Y, Yabuki H, Kadota T

  Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks 821 - 825 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Micrometeorological measurements on mountain permafrost in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido

  Iwahana, G, Sawada, Y, Ishikawa, M

  Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks 808 - 825 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Comparable energy balance measurements on the permafrost and immediately adjacent permafrost-free slopes at the southern boundary of Eurasian permafrost, Mongolia

  Ishikawa, M, Iijima, Y, Zhang, Y, Kadota, T, Yabuki, H, Ohata, T, Dorjgotov, B, Sharkhuu, N

  Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks 795 - 800 2008年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Hydrothermal regimes of the dry active layer

  M Ishikawa, YS Zhang, T Kadota, T Ohata

  WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 42 4 doi:10.1029/2005WR004200  2006年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Evaporation and condensation in the soil column clearly influence year- round nonconductive heat transfer dynamics in the dry active layer underlying semiarid permafrost regions. We deduced this from heat flux components quantified using state-of-the-art micrometeorological data sets obtained in dry and moist summers and in winters with various snow cover depths. Vapor moves easily through large pores, some of which connect to the atmosphere, allowing ( 1) considerable active layer warming driven by pipe- like snowmelt infiltration, and ( 2) direct vapor linkage between atmosphere and deeper soils. Because of strong adhesive forces, water in the dry active layer evaporates with great difficulty. The fraction of latent heat to total soil heat storage ranged from 26 to 45% in dry and moist summers, respectively. These values are not negligible, despite being smaller than those of arctic wet active layer, in which only freezing and thawing were considered.
• Application of DC resistivity imaging to frozen ground investigations

  Mamoru Ishikawa

  雪氷 66 2 177 - 186 The Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  不連続永久凍土帯では,凍土の分布形態が複雑であったり,不凍水含有量が一年を通じて大きく変化したりする.これらの凍土特性を観測するために,著者は比抵抗映像法電気探査を北海道大雪山やネパールヒマラヤ,モンゴルなどで実施してきた.本論ではこれらの観測結果に基づき,本手法の有効性とその適用上の問題点を述べる.凍土の比抵抗値は地域によって大きく異なり,比抵抗値のみから凍土の有無を決めることはできない.しかし,地温観測を組み合わせたり,氷の電気比抵抗値を参照したりすることによって,比抵抗映像法は微小空間スケールでの凍土層の広がりや厚さ,地下氷などの検出に有効な手法となる.また,活動層や永久凍土層中に含まれる土壌水分量や凍結融解状態などが観測できることが,モンゴルでの事例から示された.これらの土壌水分状態の観測を,特に複雑な地下構造下で実施するには,掘削やトレンチなどの直接的手法,またTDR法や炉乾法などのような従来の土壌水分観測よりはむしろ比抵抗映像法電気探査が適している.
• Analysis of crack movements observed in an alpine bedrock cliff

  Ishikawa M, Kurashige Y, Hirakawa K

  Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29 883 - 889 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Ground thermal and moisture conditions at the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost, Mongolia

  Ishikawa M, Sharkhuu N, Zhang Y, Kadota T, Ohata T

  Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 29 883 - 891 2004年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Thermal regime of sporadic permafrost in a block slope on Mt. Nishi-Nupukaushinupuri, Hokkaido Island, Northern Japan

  Y Sawada, M Ishikawa, Y Ono

  GEOMORPHOLOGY 52 1-2 121 - 130 2003年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In this study, we discuss the predominant factors that determine the ground temperature regime of an active layer in a block slope. The distribution of the bottom temperature of snow cover (BTS) measurements, warm funnels at the top of the slope, and ground temperature changes on the block slope indicate continuous air circulation during the winter. In the spring, snowmelt water flows to the valley bottom and refreezes, adding superimposed ice onto the perennial ice that fills the voids between coarse blocks. At the study site, the ground temperatures showed a simultaneous, abrupt increase at all depths in the active layer. These results strongly suggest that air circulation in winter, as well as the ice formation processes in the spring, control the thermal regime of the active layer of the block slope with mean annual air temperature (MAAT) above 0 degreesC. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
• Thermal regimes at the snow-ground interface and their implications for permafrost investigation

  M Ishikawa

  GEOMORPHOLOGY 52 1-2 105 - 120 2003年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Snow cover is a critical factor determining the presence or absence of permafrost in mid-latitude high mountain regions. This paper discusses the relation between temporal changes in temperature at the snow-ground interface and permafrost distribution. Four fundamental types of temporal change in winter ground surface temperature (GST) are identified: (1) nearly constant at 0 degreesC, (2) short-term fluctuation, (3) gradual increase without short-term fluctuation, and (4) gradual decrease without short-term fluctuation. The latter three are favorable for permafrost growth, and result from direct cold penetration throughout winter, ground cooling before the onset of seasonal snow cover and cold air funneling and concentrating in voids between coarse blocks, respectively. The fourth thermal effect predominantly contributes to growth of permafrost, and thus should be included in the bottom temperature of snow cover (BTS) concept which involves mainly the third effect. Monitoring GST over a winter provides a new tool for investigating the distribution of permafrost, as well as information on the thermal regimes that control permafrost development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
• Spatial mountain permafrost modeling in the Daisetsu Mountains, northern Japan

  Mamoru Ishikawa

  Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Permafrost. Zürich, Switzerland 1 473 - 478 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Spatial conditions of frozen ground and soil moisture at the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost in Mongolia

  Ishikawa M, Zhang Y, Kadota T, Ohata T, Sharkhuu N

  8th International Conference on Permafrost Extended Abstracts on Current Research and Newly Available Information. Zürich, Switzerland 67 - 68 2003年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Gelifluction in a solifluction lobe of the Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

  Matsumoto H, Ishikawa M

  Geografiska Annaler 84 3&4 261 - 266 2002年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Mountain permafrost in Japan: distribution, landforms and thermal regimes

  Ishikawa M, Fukui K, Aoyama M, Ikeda A, Sawada Y, Matsuoka N

  Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. N. F., Suppl.-Bd 130 99 - 116 2002年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Genetic differences of rock glaciers and the discontinuous mountain permafrost zone in Kanchanjunga Himal, eastern Nepal

  M Ishikawa, T Watanabe, N Nakamura

  PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES 12 3 243 - 253 2001年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  A number of rock glaciers, including glacier-derived and talus-derived rock glaciers, were identified in Kanchanjunga. Himal, easternmost Nepal. DC resistivity imagings were applied to representative rock glaciers of both types. The distribution of resistivity values in the subsurface within these rock glaciers was significantly different. A massive glacial ice body was found within the glacier-derived rock glacier, suggesting this rock glacier originated from glacial dead ice (ice-cored rock glacier). The lower limits of discontinuous mountain permafrost zone in Kanchanjunga. Himal were inferred from the distribution of talus-derived rock glaciers (ice-cemented rock glaciers) and the estimated mean annual air temperature. The lower limit of the discontinuous mountain permafrost zone is 4800 m ASL on the north-facing slopes, while 5300 m ASL on the south- to east-facing slopes. These altitudes were considerably higher than those of the western. Himalaya, which are under dry continental climatic conditions. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Distribution of mountain permafrost in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, northern Japan

  Mamoru Ishikawa

  phD thesis, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University 2001年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• GIS-simulation of the spatial distribution of snow cover and observed ground temperatures in the Daisetsu Mountains, Japan

  M. Ishikawa, T. Sawagaki

  Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 55 4 212 - 218 2001年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  This paper describes one geometrical method of simulating the spatial distribution of snow cover. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and precise Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used in the simulation. The model is based on empirical parameters called coefficients depending on slope aspect and inclination. As a result, this model predicts that windward convex terrains remain snow-free during winter. This snow cover distribution was validated by usage of an air photograph taken in early spring, and the distribution of vegetation patches which represent the outer fringes of snow covered areas. Low ground temperatures together with high DC resistivities, which suggest the presence of permafrost, were identified in simulated snow-free areas.
• Mountain permafrost distribution based on BTS measurements and DC resistivity soundings in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan

  Mamoru Ishikawa, Kazuomi Hirakawa

  Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 11 2 109 - 123 2000年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In order to map mountain permafrost distribution and to discuss geomorphological indicators for permafrost on the Daisetsu Mountains, BTS measurements and DC resistivity soundings were conducted. Low BTS values were obtained on north-facing slopes at elevations above 2050 m and sporadically below 1900 m. DC resistivity soundings indicate that the permafrost thickness is from 6 to 26 m at elevations above 2050 m, and less than several metres below 1900 m. A diagnostic BTS value of -2 °C for permafrost occurrence was examined by means of DC resistivity soundings. The diagnostic BTS value disagreed with the results from the DC resistivity soundings in areas with sporadic permafrost. Both BTS measurements and DC resistivity soundings indicate the permafrost is continuous beneath north-facing and wind-blown ground at elevations above 2100 m and sporadic between 1750 and 1900 m. This distribution is controlled by local factors such as slope direction and snow accumulation. At elevations above 2100 m, blockstreams on north-facing slopes experience creep phenomena, reflecting the presence of permafrost. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

書籍

• 北半球寒冷圏陸域の気候・環境変動（飯島慈裕・佐藤友徳 編）

  石川守 (担当:分担執筆範囲:第9章 気候変動と永久凍土－全球規模での永久凍土観測網による知見)
  気象研究ノート，第230号 2014年
• 図説地球環境－観測・予測－, 秋元, 阿部, 大畑, 才野, 佐久間, 鈴木, 時岡, 野田, 深澤, 村田, 安成, 吉﨑, 和田, 渡邉 編

  石川守 (担当:分担執筆範囲:凍土,)
  朝倉書店 2013年
• 温暖化と自然災害－世界の六つの現場から

  石川守 (担当:分担執筆範囲:モンゴル北部の永久凍土の変動と森林の衰退 -気候変動と人為的影響を探る-)
  古今書院 2008年
• Applied Geophysics in Periglacial Environments(Kneisel C & Hauck C. eds)

  Mamoru Ishikawa (担当:分担執筆範囲:DC resistivity imaging)
  Cambridge University Press 2008年
• 図説，世界の地域諸問題 漆原和子・藤塚吉浩・松山 洋・大西宏治編

  石川守 (担当:分担執筆範囲:永久凍土消失にともなう諸問題)
  ナカニシヤ出版 2007年

その他活動・業績

• 気候・水循環に関わる凍土研究 : 現状と展望

  石川 守, 斉藤 和之 雪氷 68 (6) 639 -656 2006年11月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  北半球全陸地の約6割に分布する凍土は,地球上最大規模の雪氷現象であり,様々な時空間規模での気候・水循環過程に関与していることは想像に難くない.しかしこれまで水文・気象学分野では凍土過程はブラックボックスとして取り扱われることが多かった.地球温暖化問題の顕在化を受け,これからは凍土過程に焦点を当てるとともに,凍土と水文・気象・気候学的現象との関わりを解明していくような研究を推進する必要がある.このような学際的な研究分野を創出するのに必要な知見として,本稿では凍土の構造や定義,活動層変動,活動層の水熱循環特性,活動層―大気間相互作用,流域規模から全球規模までのモデルを用いた凍土分布,などの研究成果をレビューする.将来的には,観測とモデルが有機的に結びつくような研究体制の構築が強く望まれる.これには,モデルを意識した広域的な観測体制を確立することや,観測で解明されつつあるプロセスを最適にモデル化することなどが含まれる.
• A111 2002-2006年モンゴル・トーレ川流域積雪調査(スペシャルセッション「2005/06年の異常な冬について」I)

  杉浦 幸之助, 門田 勤, ZHANG Yinsheng, 石川 守, 山崎 剛, PUREVDAGVA Khalzan, AMARSANAA Yungeren, OYUNBAATAR Dambaravjaa, DAVAA Gombo, SHARKHUU Natsagdorj, 大畑 哲夫 大会講演予講集 90 (0) 37 -37 2006年09月30日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 第2回ヨーロッパ永久凍土会議 (2^ European Conference on Permafrost) 報告

  福井 幸太郎, 曽根 敏雄, 石川 守, 原田 鉱一郎 雪氷 : 日本雪氷協會雜誌 67 (5) 457 -459 2005年09月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• CliC 1^ Scientific Conference 報告

  大畑 哲夫, 石川 守, 石井 吉之, 榎本 浩之, 杉浦 幸之助, 鈴木 和良, 本山 秀明 雪氷 : 日本雪氷協會雜誌 67 (4) 372 -377 2005年07月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北海道日高山脈ポロシリ岳周辺における山岳永久凍土環境 : 気温と地表面温度観測からの考察

  石川 守, 岩崎 正吾, 澤柿 教伸, 平川 一臣, 渡辺 悌二 地學雜誌 111 (4) 574 -582 2002年08月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Year-round air and ground-surface temperature-monitoring indicated occurrences of mountain permafrost in the Hidaka Mountains, southern Hokkaido. The results of air temperature monitoring indicated that the temperature condition in the summit areas of the Hidaka Mountains is similar to that of the lower marginal limit of the discontinuous permafrost zone. Monitoring of the ground-surface temperatures shows that ground thermal regimes vary spatially with snow cover duration and thicknesses, and surficial materials. The permafrost underlies coarse blocky materials covered with thick seasonal snow cover within the Pleistocene cirques. These conditions suggest that mountain permafrost in the Hidaka Mountains is categorized as Mountain Side Permafrost (MSP), which is found beneath mountain slopes covered with thick seasonal snow cover where the mean annual air temperature is lower 0°C. The major controls on permafrost development and preservation are ground cooling before the onset of snow accumulations and cold air concentration through blocky materials. The presence of funnels emitting warm air throughout winter indicates that the cold air circulation plays an important role in the development and the preservation of MSP.
• 冬季地温推移の一指標としてのしもざらめ雪

  澤田 結基, 石川 守, 小野 有五 雪氷 : 日本雪氷協會雜誌 64 (2) 185 -190 2002年03月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  本研究では大雪山系東ヌプカラウシヌプリ(標高1251m)の岩塊斜面において得られた積雪底地表面温度(BTS)としもざらめ雪の層厚の対応関係を検討した.BTS値としもざらめ雪の層厚にはよい相関関係(直線近似:R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.79)が認められた.近接する気象観測点の気温と積雪深データから積雪の温度勾配を推定すると,温度勾配は積雪の薄い12月に最も大きくなる.この推定結果より,12月にはBTSが低い部分でも,しもざらめ雪が発達したと予想される.したがってしもざらめ雪の層厚の違いは,積雪層が厚くなった1,2月に拡大したと考えられる.積雪構造は,BTS値が高く推移したか,または低かったかを示す指標として用いることができる可能性が示された.
• 第1回ヨーロッパ永久凍土会議 (イタリア・ローマ) に参加して

  松岡 憲知, 曽根 敏雄, 石川 守, 澤田 結基, 福井 幸太郎, 池田 敦 地形 = Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union 22 (2) 227 -231 2001年04月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

• 地域生態系資源の動態評価に利用できる永久凍土分布図の作成

  JSPS：科研基盤Ｂ

  研究期間 : 2017年03月 -2020年04月 

  代表者 : 石川守
• 確率モデリングによる境界永久凍土分布図の作成

  JSPS：科研基盤C

  研究期間 : 2013年04月 -2016年03月 

  代表者 : 石川守
• 知を共有化する環境リテラシーの表象と向上

  総合地球環境学研究所：Feasibility Study

  研究期間 : 2011年04月 -2013年03月 

  代表者 : 石川守
• 永久凍土変動の実態

  JSPS：科研基盤Ｂ

  研究期間 : 2009年04月 -2012年03月 

  代表者 : 石川守

教育活動情報

主要な担当授業