May 2007, Seismological Society of Japan, Young Investigator Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
「表面波の波形解析と有限波長トモグラフィー法に関する理論的・実践的研究」
Kazunori Yoshizawa, Japan society

Dec. 2001, American Geophysical Union, Outstanding Student Paper Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
「Surface Wave Tomography: A Three-Stage Approach」
International society

Decoupled deformation between crust and mantle beneath Indo-Burmese Wedge: A new seismotectonic model
Debasis D. Mohanty, Satyapriya Biswal, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 648, 119089, 119089, Elsevier BV, Dec. 2024, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal

Upper mantle structure beneath the Mongolian region from multimode surface waves: Implications for the western margin of Amurian plate
Baigalimaa Ganbat, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Demberel Sodnomsambuu, Ulziibat Munkhuu
Tectonophysics, 890, 230506, 230506, Elsevier BV, Nov. 2024, [Peer-reviewed], [Corresponding author]
Scientific journal

Layered evolution of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the Japan Basin, the Sea of Japan
Sanxi Ai, Takeshi Akuhara, Manabu Morishige, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Masanao Shinohara, Kazuo Nakahigashi
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 03 Feb. 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Eruption sequence of the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai explosion from back-projection of teleseismic P waves
Kotaro Tarumi, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 602, 117966, 117966, Elsevier BV, Jan. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal

Anomalous radial anisotropy and its implications for upper mantle dynamics beneath South China from multimode surface wave tomography
Qingya Tang, Weijia Sun, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Li‐Yun Fu
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 06 Aug. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal

Recovery of Love wave overtone waveforms and dispersion curves from single-station seismograms using time-warping
M G Brown, G Lin, H Matsuzawa, K Yoshizawa
Geophysical Journal International, 230, 70, 83, Oxford University Press ({OUP}), 08 Feb. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal

Continental Drift with Deep Cratonic Roots
Masaki Yoshida, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 49, 1, Annual Reviews, 30 May 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Last author], [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal, The influence of the continental lithosphere and its root (or keel) on the continental drift of Earth is a key element in the history of plate tectonics. Previous geodynamic studies of mantle flow suggested that the cratonic root is moderately mechanically coupled with the underlying mantle, and stable continental drift on Earth's timescales occurs when the effective viscosity contrast between the continental lithosphere and the underlying mantle is approximately 103. Both geodynamics and seismological studies indicate that mechanically weak mobile belts (i.e., orogenic or suture zones) that surround cratons may play a role in the longevity of the cratonic lithosphere over geologically long timescales (i.e., over 1,000 million years) because they act as a buffer region against the high-viscosity cratons. Low-viscosity asthenosphere, characterized by slow seismic velocities, reduces the basal drag force acting on the cratonic root, which may also contribute to the longevity of the cratonic lithosphere. ▪ The role of the continental lithosphere and its root on the continental drift is reviewed from recent geodynamic and seismological studies. ▪ The cratonic root is moderately mechanically coupled with the underlying mantle and deformed by mantle flow over geological timescales. ▪ Orogenic belts or suture zones that surround cratons act as a buffer to protect cratons and are essential for their longevity. ▪ Low-viscosity asthenosphere may reduce the basal drag acting on the cratonic root and also contribute to its stability and longevity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 28, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Seismic evidence for a thermochemical mantle plume underplating the lithosphere of the Ontong Java Plateau
Takehi Isse, Daisuke Suetsugu, Akira Ishikawa, Hajime Shiobara, Hiroko Sugioka, Aki Ito, Yuki Kawano, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Yasushi Ishihara, Satoru Tanaka, Masayuki Obayashi, Takashi Tonegawa, Junko Yoshimitsu
Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 1, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 24 May 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal, The Ontong Java Plateau in the western Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest oceanic plateau. It was formed 122 million years ago by a massive volcanic event that significantly affected Earth’s environment. The cause of the magmatic event remains controversial because the upper mantle structure beneath the plateau is poorly known. Here we use passive seismic data obtained through seafloor observations, alongside existing seismic data, to determine the three-dimensional radially anisotropic shear wave velocity to depths of up to 300 km. We find that the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary is approximately 40 km deeper beneath the centre of the Ontong Java Plateau than beneath the surrounding seafloor. Based on our results and petrological and rheological constraints, we propose that the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary has deepened as a result of underplating of dehydrated residual material beneath the pre-existing lithosphere during formation of the Ontong Java Plateau by a thermochemical mantle plume.

Upper-mantle discontinuities beneath Australia from transdimensional Bayesian inversions using multimode surface waves and receiver functions
Toru Taira, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Geophysical Journal International, 223, 3, 2085, 2100, Oxford University Press (OUP), 14 Oct. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author, Corresponding author], [International Magazine]
Scientific journal,
Radially anisotropic S-wave structures under the permanent seismic stations in Australia are reconstructed using multimode surface waves (SWs) and receiver functions (RFs) in a framework of the Bayesian inference. We have developed a fully nonlinear method of joint inversions incorporating P-RFs and multimode Rayleigh and Love waves, based on the transdimensional Hierarchical Bayesian formulation. The method allows us to estimate a probabilistic Earth model taking account of the complexity and uncertainty of Earth structure, by treating the model parameters and data errors as unknowns. The Parallel Tempering algorithm is employed for the effective parameter search based on the reversible-jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. The use of higher modes enables us to enhance the sensitivity to the depth below the continental asthenosphere. Synthetic experiments indicate the importance of higher mode SWs for the better recovery of radial anisotropy in the whole depth range of the upper mantle. The method is applied to five Global Seismographic Network stations in Australia. While the S-wave models in eastern Australia show shallow lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) above 100 km depth, those in central and Western Australia exhibit both mid-lithosphere discontinuities (MLDs) and LAB. Also, seismic velocity jumps equivalent to the Lehmann discontinuity (L-D) are found in all seismic stations. The L-D under the Australian continents is found at around 200–300 km depth, depending on locations. Radial anisotropy in the depth range between LAB and L-D tends to show faster SH anomalies, which may indicate the effects of horizontal shear underneath the fast-moving Australian plate.

Dynamics of continental lithosphere extension and passive continental rifting from numerical experiments of visco-elasto-plastic thermo-chemical convection in 2-D Cartesian geometry
Masaki Yoshida, Saneatsu Saito, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Tectonophysics, 228659, 228659, Elsevier BV, Oct. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal

Possible tectonic patterns along the eastern margin of Gondwanaland from numerical studies of mantle convection
Masaki Yoshida, Saneatsu Saito, Kazunori Yoshizawa
Tectonophysics, 787, 228476, 228476, Elsevier {BV}, Jul. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author], [International Magazine]
Scientific journal

Array-based analysis of multimode surface waves: application to phase speed measurements and modal waveform decomposition
H Matsuzawa, K Yoshizawa
Geophysical Journal International, 218, 1, 295, 312, Oxford University Press (OUP), 01 Jul. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
Scientific journal

Surface wave tomography for the Pacific Ocean incorporating seafloor seismic observations and plate thermal evolution
Isse T, Kawakatsu H, Yoshizawa K, Takeo A, Shiobara H, Sugioka H, Ito A, Suetsugu D, Reymond D
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 510, 116, 130, Elsevier BV, 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
Scientific journal

Erratum: Interstation phase speed and amplitude measurements of surface waves with nonlinear waveform fitting: application to USArray
K Hamada, K Yoshizawa
Geophysical Journal International, 212, 2, 795, 797, Oxford University Press (OUP), 01 Feb. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
Scientific journal

Interactions of multi-scale heterogeneity in the lithosphere: Australia
B. L. N. Kennett, K. Yoshizawa, T. Furumura
TECTONOPHYSICS, 717, 193, 213, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Oct. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], ［Internationally co-authored］, [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal, Understanding the complex heterogeneity of the continental lithosphere involves a wide variety of spatial scales and the synthesis of multiple classes of information. Seismic surface waves and multiply reflected body waves provide the main constraints on broad-scale structure, and bounds on the extent of the lithosphere-asthenosphere transition (LAT) can be found from the vertical gradients of S wavespeed. Information on finer-scale structures comes through body wave studies, including detailed seismic tomography and P-wave reflectivity extracted from stacked autocorrelograms of continuous component records. With the inclusion of deterministic large-scale structure and realistic medium-scale stochastic features fine-scale variations are subdued. The resulting multi-scale heterogeneity model for the Australian region gives a good representation of the character of observed seismograms and their geographic variations and matches the observations of P-wave reflectivity. P reflections in the 0.5-3.0 Hz band in the uppermost mantle suggest variations on vertical scales of a few hundred metres with amplitudes of the order of 1%. Interference of waves reflected or converted at sequences of such modest variations in physical properties produce relatively simple behaviour for lower frequencies, which can suggest simpler structures than are actually present. Vertical changes in the character of fine-scale heterogeneity can produce apparent discontinuities. In Central Australia a 'mid-lithospheric discontinuity' can be tracked via changes in frequency content of station reflectivity, with links to the broad-scale pattern of wavespeed gradients and, in particular, the gradients of radial anisotropy. Comparisons with xenolith results from southeastern Australia indicate a strong tie between geochemical stratification and P-wave reflectivity. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Atmospheric resonant oscillations by the 2014 eruption of the Kelud volcano, Indonesia, observed with the ionospheric total electron contents and seismic signals
Yuki Nakashima, Kosuke Heki, Akiko Takeo, Mokhamad N. Cahyadi, Arif Aditiya, Kazunori Yoshizawa
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS, 434, 112, 116, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Jan. 2016, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, Acoustic waves from volcanic eruptions are often observed as infrasound in near fields. Part of them propagate upward and disturb the ionosphere, and can be observed with Total Electron Content (TEC) data from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Here we report TEC variations after the 13 February 2014 Plinian eruption of the Kelud volcano, East Java, Indonesia, observed with regional GNSS networks. Significant disturbances in TEC were detected with six GNSS satellites, and wavelet analysis showed that harmonic oscillations started at similar to 16:25 UT and continued for similar to 2.5 h. The amplitude spectrum of the TEC time series showed peaks at 3.7 mHz, 4.8 mHz and 6.8 mHz. Long-wavelength standing waves with a wide range of wavelength trapped in the lower atmosphere are excited by the Plinian eruption. Amplitude spectra of the ground motion recorded by seismometers, however, had frequency components at discrete wave-periods. The condition for the resonant oscillations between the atmosphere and the solid Earth is satisfied only at these discrete wave-period and horizontal wavelength pairs, therefore efficient energy transfer from the atmospheric standing waves to the solid Earth Rayleigh waves occurred at discrete periods and resulted in the harmonic ground motion. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interstation phase speed and amplitude measurements of surface waves with nonlinear waveform fitting: application to USArray
K. Hamada, K. Yoshizawa
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 202, 3, 1463, 1482, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Sep. 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, A new method of fully nonlinear waveform fitting to measure interstation phase speeds and amplitude ratios is developed and applied to USArray. The Neighbourhood Algorithm is used as a global optimizer, which efficiently searches for model parameters that fit two observed waveforms on a common great-circle path by modulating the phase and amplitude terms of the fundamental-mode surface waves. We introduce the reliability parameter that represents how well the waveforms at two stations can be fitted in a time-frequency domain, which is used as a data selection criterion. The method is applied to observed waveforms of USArray for seismic events in the period from 2007 to 2010 with moment magnitude greater than 6.0. We collect a large number of phase speed data (about 75 000 for Rayleigh and 20 000 for Love) and amplitude ratio data (about 15 000 for Rayleigh waves) in a period range from 30 to 130 s. The majority of the interstation distances of measured dispersion data is less than 1000 km, which is much shorter than the typical average path-length of the conventional single-station measurements for source-receiver pairs. The phase speed models for Rayleigh and Love waves show good correlations on large scales with the recent tomographic maps derived from different approaches for phase speed mapping; for example, significant slow anomalies in volcanic regions in the western Unites States and fast anomalies in the cratonic region. Local-scale phase speed anomalies corresponding to the major tectonic features in the western United States, such as Snake River Plains, Basin and Range, Colorado Plateau and Rio Grande Rift have also been identified clearly in the phase speed models. The short-path information derived from our interstation measurements helps to increase the achievable horizontal resolution. We have also performed joint inversions for phase speed maps using the measured phase and amplitude ratio data of vertical component Rayleigh waves. These maps exhibit better recovery of phase speed perturbations, particularly where the strong lateral velocity gradient exists in which the effects of elastic focussing can be significant; that is, the Yellowstone hotspot, Snake River Plains, and Rio Grande Rift. The enhanced resolution of the phase speed models derived from the interstation phase and amplitude measurements will be of use for the better seismological constraint on the lithospheric structure, in combination with dense broad-band seismic arrays.

The lithosphere-asthenosphere transition and radial anisotropy beneath the Australian continent
K. Yoshizawa, B. L. N. Kennett
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 42, 10, 3839, 3846, AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, May 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, A new 3-D S wave speed model for the Australian region derived from multimode surface waves allows us to examine the nature of the lithosphere-asthenosphere transition (LAT) and its relation to radial anisotropy. In eastern Phanerozoic Australia the estimated depths of the LAT tie well with those from receiver functions. However, in the Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere in western and central Australia, the LAT derived from the surface wave model is generally much deeper than the discontinuities recognized from receiver functions and shows a smooth transition. There is significant radial anisotropy (SH>SV) in the upper lithosphere as well as in the LAT and the underlying asthenosphere. Strong anisotropy in the asthenosphere reflects the effects of present shear flow in the mantle beneath the continent. The lateral variation of lithospheric anisotropy correlates well with the suture zones between cratonic blocks, representing frozen anisotropy associated with the ancient tectonics of Australia.

Radially anisotropic 3-D shear wave structure of the Australian lithosphere and asthenosphere from multi-mode surface waves
K. Yoshizawa
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS, 235, 33, 48, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Oct. 2014, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, A new radially anisotropic shear wave speed model for the Australasian region is constructed from multi-mode phase dispersion of Love and Rayleigh waves. An automated waveform fitting technique based on a global optimization with the Neighbourhood Algorithm allows the exploitation of large numbers of three-component broad-band seismograms to extract path-specific dispersion curves covering the entire continent. A 3-D shear wave model is constructed including radial anisotropy from a set of multi-mode phase speed maps for both Love and Rayleigh waves. These maps are derived from an iterative inversion scheme incorporating the effects of ray-path bending due to lateral heterogeneity, as well as the finite frequency of the surface waves for each mode. The new S wave speed model exhibits major tectonic features of this region that are in good agreement with earlier shear wave models derived primarily from Rayleigh waves. The lateral variations of depth and thickness of the lithosphere-asthenosphere transition (LAT) are estimated from the isotropic (Voigt average) S wave speed model and its vertical gradient, which reveals correlations between the lateral variations of the LAT and radial anisotropy. The thickness of the LAT is very large beneath the Archean cratons in western Australia, whereas that in south Australia is thinner. The radial anisotropy model shows faster SH wave speed than SV beneath eastern Australia and the Coral Sea at the lithospheric depth. The faster SH anomaly in the lithosphere is also seen in the suture zone between the three cratonic blocks of Australia. One of the most conspicuous features of fast SH anisotropy is found in the asthenosphere beneath the central Australia, suggesting anisotropy induced by shear flow in the asthenosphere beneath the fast drifting Australian continent. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Variability of megathrust earthquakes in the world revealed by the Tohoku-oki megathrust earthquake on 11 March, 2011
Koyama, J., Tsuzuki, M., Yomogida, K., Yoshizawa, K.
Journal of the Hokkaido University, Faculty of Science, Series VII: Geophysics, 76, 129, 146, 北海道大学大学院理学研究院, Mar. 2013
Japanese, Scientific journal, 2011 年3 月11 日マグニチュード9.0 の超巨大地震が東北地方太平洋沿岸をおそった．この地震は過去千年以上にわたる日本付近で発生したどの地震よりも大きな津波を励起し，地震動災害ばかりではなく歴史に残る甚大な津波災害を発生させた．従来，このような超巨大地震が日本付近で発生することは，地震学的に想定されてこなかった．我々は，この超巨大地震の発生を考えるうえで，今まで見過ごされてきた超巨大地震の発生場には二つの異なった特徴があることに気が付いた．それはAlong-dip Double Segmentation（ADDS）とAlong-strike Single Segmentation（ASSS）という異なった地震活動である．我々はこの考えに基づき，世界中で発生した超巨大地震を調べなおし，超巨大地震の発生場を，地震活動の特徴（ADDS/ASSS），地震メカニズム，破壊様式，沈み込み帯の形状，上盤プレートの性質や背弧海盆の活動といった性質から，明らかにする．

Australian Seismological Reference Model (AuSREM): mantle component
B. L. N. Kennett, A. Fichtner, S. Fishwick, K. Yoshizawa
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 192, 2, 871, 887, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Feb. 2013, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, The mantle component of the Australian Seismological Reference Model (AuSREM) has been constructed from Australian-specific sources, primarily exploiting the wealth of seismic sources at regional distances around Australia recorded at portable and permanent stations on the continent. AuSREM is designed to bring together the existing information on Australia, from both body wave and surface wave studies and provide a synthesis in the form of a 3-D model that can provide the basis for future refinement. The model is grid based with a 0.5 degrees sampling in latitude and longitude, and is designed to be fully interpolable, so that properties can be extracted at any point.
For the upper mantle the primary source of information comes from seismic surface wave tomography, supplemented by analysis of body wave arrivals and regional tomography which provide useful constraints on the relation between P- and S-wave speeds in the mantle lithosphere. A representative model has been developed to capture the features of mantle structure drawing on a range of studies. The mantle structure is represented by grid values at 25 km intervals in depth from 75 to 300 km. Shallower structure is linked to the AuSREM crust through the recent Moho depth model of Kennett et al., which exploits all available sources of seismological information. Below 300 km depth and in the surrounding area AuSREM is linked to the S40RTS model of Ritsema et al.

Three-dimensional S-wave structure of the upper mantle beneath Turkey from surface wave tomography
Taciser Bakirci, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Mithat Firat Ozer
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 190, 2, 1058, 1076, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Aug. 2012, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, A 3-D upper-mantle structure beneath Turkey is investigated using phase speeds of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves employing a conventional two-station method with high-density seismic networks in Turkey. We analyse 289 seismic events with moment magnitude 5.5 and greater, and with focal depth shallower than 100 km between 2006 and 2008. Waveform data are derived from 164 three-component broad-band seismic stations operated by two national seismic networks. At first, Rayleigh-wave phase speed maps are obtained from the inversion of two-station phase speeds using about 10003000 paths, depending on the period of Rayleigh waves. The three-dimensional S-wave model is then obtained in the depth range from 40 to 180 km using the phase speed maps in the period range from 25 to 120 s. Our model reveals the fast anomalies in the north of Cyprus associated with the subducted portion of the African oceanic lithosphere from the Cyprus trench. We identify a vertical discontinuity of the fast anomaly associated with the Cyprus slab starting at 6080 km depth which may represent a minor tear of the Cyprus slab. We observed that the western part of the Cyprus slab is getting closer to the edge of the Hellenic slab beneath the Isparta Angle (IA) and Antalya Basin. Our model also indicates a slow wave speed anomaly beneath the IA and Antalya Basin probably due to hot materials of asthenosphere rising from a tear of the subducted African oceanic lithosphere; that is, a slab tear between the Cyprus and the Hellenic subductions. In the eastern part of Turkey, a widespread slow anomaly appears in the model that corresponds to the Eastern Anatolian Accretionary Complex (EAAC). Our model shows a fast anomaly beneath the EAAC that can be interpreted as the detached portion of the subducted Arabian lithosphere.

Variability of megathrust earthquakes in the world revealed by the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake
Junji Koyama, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi Yomogida, Motohiro Tsuzuki
EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE, 64, 12, 1189, 1198, TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO, 2012, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, The seismicity of the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan, has been investigated in detail and characterized into regional seismic segments. The 2011 megathrust earthquake of M-w 9.0 on 11 March ruptured almost all of the segments in that area, causing devastating tsunamis. The prime factor that had not been recognized before is the double segmentation along the Japan trench: The apparent absence of earthquakes in the trench-ward segments as opposed to the Japan Island-ward segments that have repeated smaller earthquakes. We term this pattern of seismic activity 'along-dip double segmentation (ADDS)'. The 2011 Tohoku megathrust earthquake is typical of a class of great earthquakes different from that of the 1960 Chile earthquake, in which a young and buoyant plate is subducting rapidly under the continental plate. In the 1960 Chile case, the seismic activity is characterized by 'along-strike single segmentation (ASSS)', where there is weak seismic activity before the main event all over the plate interface of the subduction zone. We study the greatest earthquakes around the world and find that there is a variety of megathrust earthquakes characterized by ASSS to ADDS, where the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman, the 1960 Chile, the 1964 Alaska and the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquakes are typical end-members.

Optimal spherical spline filters for the analysis and comparison of regional-scale tomographic models
Andreas Fichtner, Stewart Fishwick, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Brian L. N. Kennett
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS, 190, 44, 50, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Jan. 2012, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Advances in seismic tomography lead to increasingly detailed models of the Earth that are often represented on irregular and resolution-adaptive grids. To take full advantage of such models, their assessment must progress beyond a purely visual analysis, and tools must become available for their quantitative comparison.
We present a method for the spectral analysis and comparison of multi-scale tomographic models. The method is applicable to irregular grids on the sphere, and is more efficient that filters based on spherical-harmonic expansions or convolution integrals. The combination of a spherical spline representation of tomographic information with Abel-Poisson scaling enables the construction of targetted spatial filters by solving a nonlinear inverse problem for appropriate weighting coefficients. This can be readily achieved with a simulated annealing approach for the limited number of weights. Once suitable filters have been generated they can be employed to address issues such as the patterns of small-scale heterogeneity, transitional structures and comparison of independent models from a region.
We illustrate our method in a series of applications where we use different bandpass filters to detect differences in the distribution of small-scale heterogeneity beneath central and eastern Europe, and to compare several recent tomographic models of the Australian region. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Along-dip segmentation of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and comparison with other megathrust earthquakes
Kiyoshi Yomogida, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Junji Koyama, Motohiro Tsuzuki
EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE, 63, 7, 697, 701, TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO, 2011, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, We present some singular characteristics of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake in comparison with other megathrust earthquakes, such as the 1960 Chilean and the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquakes. In addition to the conventional along-strike segmentation, along-dip segmentation of the fault area or subduction zone is an important feature for the Tohoku subduction zone, as indicated by the difference in background seismicity: virtually no seismicity in shallow segments but active with large events repeating in deep segments. The interaction between along-dip segments (deep and shallow segments) led to the great 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The along-dip segmentation results in plane or two-dimensional rupture propagation on a coseismic fault. Significant along-strike variability is also important for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, with segments of both weak (e. g., slow or tsunami earthquakes) and strong plate couplings located adjacent to each other. In contrast, every segment appears to be with strong plate coupling for other megathrust earthquakes. One exception is the 1964 Alaska earthquake that shares a certain degree of common characteristics with the 2011 Tohoku earthquake: two distinct seismogenic zones along the dip direction of the trench, that is, the along-dip segmentation is noticeable. Significant along-strike variability also characterizes the activities in and around the subduction zone of the 1964 Alaska earthquake, including a creeping segment and a tsunami-earthquake segment.

Automated multimode phase speed measurements for high-resolution regional-scale tomography: application to North America
K. Yoshizawa, Göran Ekström
Geophysical Journal International, 183, 3, 1538, 1558, Oxford University Press (OUP), Dec. 2010, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, A fully automated method for obtaining multimode phase speed measurements from a single seismogram has been developed and applied to a large data set of three-component long-period seismograms in North America, constructing high-resolution phase speed maps on a continental scale. The method of our phase speed estimation is based on a fully non-linear waveform inversion by Yoshizawa & Kennett working with a global search method (the Neighbourhood Algorithm). The entire process of waveform fitting and the evaluation of the estimated phase speed have been fully automated employing several empirical quantitative measures, assessing the quality of waveform fit and the relative contributions of each mode in a chosen time window. The measured phase speed data undergo automatic screening for quality control, comprising the threshold evaluation of their reliability and outlier detection and removal. This new automated method has been applied to a large data set recorded at North American stations, including the latest transportable stations of USArray. Using long-period three-component seismograms recorded during the past eight years, we have successfully retrieved large numbers of regional surface wave paths, including over 20 000 paths for the fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves over a wide range of frequencies, and over 10 000 paths for the higher mode Rayleigh as well as the fundamental-mode Love waves. The consistent results of the automated measurement procedure suggest that the method works well at regional distances, allowing us to perform a high-resolution mapping of multimode phase speeds in North America. The results of the automated waveform analysis also indicate some intrinsic limitations in the higher mode phase speed measurements from a single seismogram particularly in the short period range, mainly due to the overlapping of higher mode arrivals as well as coupling between mode branches. Despite such an innate difficulty in the higher mode dispersion measurements, the automated method allows us to construct reliable multimode phase speed maps. The current data set of ray paths is significantly biased towards the western half of North America, resulting in non-uniform horizontal resolution across the continent. This issue will be resolved by the future migration of the USArray stations to cover the central and eastern United States. The new automated method can be a useful tool for high-resolution mapping of regional 3-D shear wave structure including possible anisotropy.

3D upper mantle structure beneath Japan and its surrounding region from inter-station dispersion measurements of surface waves
K. Yoshizawa, K. Miyake, K. Yomogida
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 183, 1-2, 4, 19, Elsevier BV, Nov. 2010, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
Scientific journal

Upper boundary of the Pacific plate subducting beneath Hokkaido, Japan, estimated from ScSp phase
Kinue Osada, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi Yomogida
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS, 183, 1-2, 63, 72, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Nov. 2010, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Three-dimensional geometry of the upper boundary of the Pacific plate subducting beneath Hokkaido, Japan, was obtained using the ScSp phase: the phase converted from ScS (S wave reflected at the core-mantle boundary) to P wave at the plate boundary. Taking the advantage of a dense seismic network, "Hi-net", recently deployed across the Japanese islands, we applied several seismic array analyses to the recorded waveform data for a large nearby deep earthquake, in order to enhance very weak ScSp signals in the original records. At first, we set up five blocks for the region in plate dip directions. After aligning the travel times of ScS and stacking seismograms among stations in a given sub-block perpendicular to each dip direction, we searched for the optimal plate model (i.e., two-dimensional geometry of the upper boundary) for each block. The model was parameterized by seven depth grids, and seismograms were stacked based on the travel time of ScSp as a time lag of each sub-block, so that the optimal model would yield the maximum spectral energy of ScSp after stacking. This model parameter search was conducted, using ray tracings of ScSp with a reference velocity model and a non-linear inversion scheme (Neighbourhood Algorithm). The optimal model of each block was combined each other by cubic spline interpolation, in order to construct an overall three-dimensional geometry of the upper boundary of the plate. Next, we performed the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) spectral analysis to refine the above result. Assuming each station as a reference point, we made beam output from records of its adjacent stations as a function of wavenumber vector (k(x),k(y)) and frequency. The peak of its power spectrum was considered to represent the wavenumber vector of ScSp, that is, azimuth of arrival and slowness, so that we can estimate the position and depth of the corresponding ScS-ScSp conversion. In the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.5 Hz, we could estimate the conversion points for 21 stations or hypothetical arrays, and revised the geometry of the upper boundary obtained by the non-linear stacking approach in the previous step. The final plate model was compared with the distribution of intraplate earthquakes in the Pacific plate. This comparison clearly reveals that the upper seismic zone merges with the lower from 150 to 200 km in depth, deviating systematically away from the upper boundary where the boundary is slightly bumped in a convex manner. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Upper mantle structure of marginal seas and subduction zones in northeastern Eurasia from Rayleigh wave tomography
E. Bourova, K. Yoshizawa, K. Yomogida
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS, 183, 1-2, 20, 32, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Nov. 2010, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, The upper mantle structure of marginal seas (the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk) and subduction zones in northeastern Eurasia is investigated, using the three-stage multimode surface wave tomography incorporating finite-frequency effects. Broadband waveform data from 305 events with magnitude greater than 5.5 from 1990 to 2005 recorded at 25 stations of the IRIS network in northeastern Eurasia and Japan and at 8 stations of the broadband seismic network in Far-Eastern Russia from 2005 to 2008 are employed in our analysis. The dispersion curves of the fundamental mode and first two higher modes of Rayleigh waves are simultaneously inverted for the shear-wave velocity structure of the region. The off-great circle propagation due to strong heterogeneities in the region is also taken into account in the construction of intermediary phase velocity models for each mode as a function of frequency. The obtained 3D S-wave velocity model is well resolved down to 200 km depth. Checkerboard tests show the average horizontal resolution of 5 in the study region. The subducting Pacific plate is clearly imaged as a high velocity anomaly up to 6%. The mantle wedge above the Pacific plate is associated with low velocity anomalies. The absolute minimum S-wave velocity in the mantle wedge is 4 km/s in the Sea of Okhotsk in the depth range from 80 to 160 km, probably indicating the presence of partial melt. The anomalous spot with conspicuous low velocity in the southern end of the Sea of Okhotsk may indicate the existence of hot upwelling flow in the mantle. A high velocity anomaly subparallel to the present subduction zone is found in the northwestern Sea of Okhotsk in the depth range from 100 to 200 km. The position of this anomaly correlates well with the high velocity anomaly found in the P-wave tomography of Gorbatov et al. (2000), which may be interpreted as a relict of the Okhotsk plate subducted in the past. We also attempted a mapping of azimuthal anisotropy in this region. The fast phase velocity directions near the Pacific plate are observed subparallel to the Kuril and Japan Trenches at all the periods, indicating a strong effect of the subducting Pacific plate on the mantle flow, while the anisotropy appears to be weak in tectonically inactive marginal seas. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropic structures of the upper mantle beneath the northern Philippine Sea region from Rayleigh and Love wave tomography
Takehi Isse, Hajime Shiobara, J. -P. Montagner, Hiroko Sugioka, Aki Ito, Azusa Shito, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Kazunori Yoshizawa
PHYSICS OF THE EARTH AND PLANETARY INTERIORS, 183, 1-2, 33, 43, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Nov. 2010, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Seismic anisotropy can provide fundamental information on past and present-day deformation processes in the upper mantle. Using Rayleigh and Love waves recorded by land and seafloor broadband seismometers, we analyzed the isotropic and anisotropic shear-wave velocity structures in the northern Philippine Sea region. We found that the fast directions of azimuthal anisotropy are parallel to the directions of ancient seafloor spreading in the lithosphere of the Shikoku and West Philippine Basins and Pacific Ocean, whereas they are parallel to the direction of the present-day absolute plate motion (APM) in the asthenosphere of the Shikoku Basin, and oblique to the direction of the APM in the Pacific Ocean (by similar to 30 degrees) and in the northern part of the West Philippine Basin (by similar to 55 degrees). In the subduction zones around the Philippine Sea plate, the fast direction of azimuthal anisotropy is trench-parallel in the Ryukyu arc, and oriented NW-SE in the Izu-Ogasawara island arc. The Philippine Sea plate, which is a single plate, shows very large lateral variations in azimuthal and radial anisotropies compared with the Pacific plate. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the Philippine Sea from seafloor and land observation: Implications for mantle convection and magma genesis in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone
Takehi Isse, Hajime Shiobara, Yoshihiko Tamura, Daisuke Suetsugu, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Hiroko Sugioka, Aki Ito, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Masanao Shinohara, Kimihiro Mochizuki, Eichiro Araki, Kazuo Nakahigashi, Hitoshi Kawakatsu, Azusa Shito, Yoshio Fukao, Osamu Ishizuka, James B. Gill
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS, 278, 1-2, 107, 119, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Feb. 2009, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, We have determined the three-dimensional shear wave speed structure of the upper mantle in and around the Philippine Sea region using seismograms recorded by dense land-based and long-term broadband ocean bottom seismographic stations. We used a surface wave tomography technique in which multimode phase speeds are measured and inverted for a 3-D shear wave speed structure by incorporating the effects of a finite frequency and ray bending. The new ocean bottom data provided us with improved spatial resolution (similar to 300 km) in the Philippine Sea region. In the upper 120 km, the shear wave speed structure is well correlated with seafloor age. At depths greater than 160 km, fast anomalies of the subducting Pacific Plate are clearly defined. We also found slow speed anomalies beneath the Kyushu-Palau ridge at depths greater than 120 km. Along the Izu-Bonin(Ogasawara)-Mariana arc, we have detected three separate slow anomalies in the mantle wedge at depths shallower than 100 km beneath the back arc. Each anomaly has a width of similar to 500 km. Moreover, these three anomalies have a close relationship with the three groups of frontal and rear arc volcanoes having distinct Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. We suggest that each of the anomalies is a site of large-scale flow of upper mantle into the mantle wedge, and that each already contains a component from the adjacent subducting slab. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Steps in lithospheric thickness within eastern Australia, evidence from surface wave tomography
S. Fishwick, M. Heintz, B. L. N. Kennett, A. M. Reading, K. Yoshizawa
TECTONICS, 27, 4, TC4009, AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, Aug. 2008, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, A series of steps in the lithospheric thickness of eastern Australia are revealed by the latest seismic surface wave tomographic model and calculations of the horizontal gradient of shear wave speed. The new images incorporate data from the recent Tasmal experiment, improving resolution in continental Australia. Through comparisons with surface geology and geochemical studies, it is possible to infer that the steps in lithospheric thickness are related to boundaries between blocks of different age. The westernmost boundary marks the edge of the Archaean to Early-Proterozoic core of the continent. A second lithospheric boundary is observed in the central part of east Australia. To the west of this line, geochemical evidence suggests that there is Proterozoic lithospheric mantle, and this boundary may therefore represent the change from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic basement. The structure on the eastern margin of the continent is dominated by slow velocities, suggesting that in this area the continental lithosphere is very thin. There is a strong correlation between the slow wave speeds and the location of both the highest topography and recent volcanic activity. Inland of the continental margin, a zone of strong gradients in the seismic wave speed is observed, indicating a distinct step in lithospheric structure. If the step in lithospheric thickness was in place prior to volcanism, it may have acted as a boundary, with volcanism mainly occurring beneath the thinner lithosphere to the east.

Seismic waves generated by North Korean nuclear test on October 9, 2006
Yoshizawa, K.
Geophysical bulletin of Hokkaido University, 71, 39, 48, 北海道大学大学院理学研究院自然史科学部門（地球物理学）, Mar. 2008, [Lead author, Corresponding author]
Japanese, Scientific journal, Seismic waves generated by a nuclear test carried out by North Korea on October 9, 2006 were observed throughout the Japanese islands. Clear arrivals of Pn waves, which traveled below the Moho discontinuity underneath the Japan Sea, were recorded by the Japanese broad-band seismic network, F-net, deployed by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED). We analyzed the waveforms of the nuclear event observed at F-net stations as well as some global seismic stations in East Asia. Apparent path-average velocity of Pn waves and their maximum amplitudes are estimated from vertical component seismograms of the F-net stations. We found conspicuous regional variations of apparent path-average velocity and maximum amplitude. For example, fast apparent velocity and larger amplitude are observed in the paths across the Japan basin in the northern Japan Sea, whereas slow velocity as well as relatively smaller amplitudes are found in the path to stations in Kyushu. Such regional variability of Pn waves is likely to make it difficult to estimate source parameters for this small-scale explosive event in the Korean Peninsula, only using the Japanese seismic network. These results suggest the necessity of a precise three-dimensional seismic model of the Japan Sea to utilize Japanese seismic network data for analysis of regional seismic waves that propagate along a variety of paths in the Japan Sea.

Shear wave speed structure beneath the South Pacific superswell using broadband data from ocean floor and islands
Takehi Isse, Daisuke Suetsugu, Hajime Shiobara, Hiroko Sugioka, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Yoshio Fukao
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 33, 16, L16303, doi:10.1029/2006GL026872, AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, Aug. 2006, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, We determined three-dimensional shear wave speed structure beneath the South Pacific superswell down to a depth of 200 km by analyzing Rayleigh wave records from broadband ocean bottom seismograph stations and island stations in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean bottom stations were deployed from 2003 to 2005 on the seafloor in the French Polynesian region, which enabled us to study the upper mantle structure beneath the Superswell with unprecedentedly high resolution. We measured the dispersions of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves at periods between 40 and 140 seconds by the two-station method. We found pronounced slow anomalies near the hot spots and in the Lau Basin. The slow anomalies beneath the hot spots have deeper-rooted than those associated with the Lau basin. The slow anomalies near the Society, Macdonald, Marquesas, and Pitcairn hot spots continue down to at least 200 km depth.

Three-dimensional shear wave structure beneath the Philippine Sea from land and ocean bottom broadband seismograms
Takehi Isse, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Hajime Shiobara, Masanao Shinohara, Kazuo Nakahigashi, Kimihiro Mochizuki, Hiroko Sugioka, Daisuke Suetsugu, Satoko Oki, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Kiyoshi Suyehiro, Yoshio Fukao
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111, B6, B06310, doi:10.1029/2005JB003750, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Jun. 2006, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, [1] We obtained three-dimensional (3-D) shear wave speed structure beneath the Philippine Sea and the surrounding region from seismograms recorded by land-based and long-term broadband ocean bottom seismographic stations. The ocean bottom data gave us a better station coverage to obtain a higher spatial resolution (about 300–400 km) in the Philippine Sea than in previous studies. We employed a new technique of surface wave tomography, in which multimode phase speeds are measured and inverted for a 3-D shear wave speed structure by incorporating the effects of finite frequency and ray bending. There is a sharp speed contrast along the Izu-Bonin-Mariana trench, across which the Philippine Sea side has a significantly slower upper mantle than the Pacific Ocean side. In the upper 120 km, the shear wave speed structure is well correlated with the age of the provinces. At depths greater than 160 km, the pattern is dominated by fast anomalies of the subducted slabs of the Pacific plate and two slow anomalies to the south of the Daito ridge and in the southernmost part of the Philippine Sea.

Muti-orbit surface waves generated by the 2004 great Sumatra earchquake
Yoshizawa, K.
Geophysical bulletin of Hokkaido University, 69, 15, 21, 北海道大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻（地球物理学）, Mar. 2006
Japanese, Scientific journal, The great Sumatra earchquake on December 26, 2004, which devastated the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean by the subsequent tsunami, generated tremendous numbers of surface-wave trains which traveled around the globe for many times. We analyse vertical-component seismograms of the event recorded by the F-net broadband seismic network in Japan, which has been deployed and maintained by NIED (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Japan). By applying a band-pass filter between 3 and 5 mHz, we extract the long-period Airy phase of the fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave. The long period records display a magnificent series of multi-orbit Rayleigh wave trains that have circumnavigated the Earth for more than 6 times; i.e., we are able to observe clear signals up to R13-R14 phases. Although much later arrival phases than R14 become less visible mainly due to lateral heterogeneities in the Earth as well as dispersions of surface waves, we are still able to detect some smaal signals up to R18.

Sensitivity kernels for finite-frequency surface waves
K Yoshizawa, BLN Kennett
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 162, 3, 910, 926, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, Sep. 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, Sensitivity kernels for fundamental mode surface waves at finite frequency for 2-D phase speed and 3-D shear wave speed are constructed based on the Born and Rytov approximations working with a potential representation for surface waves. The use of asymptotic Green's functions for scalar wave equations provides an efficient way to calculate the Born or Rytov kernels. The 2-D sensitivity kernels enable us to incorporate the finite-frequency effects of surface waves, as well as off-great-circle propagation, in tomographic inversions for phase-speed structures. We derive examples of the 2-D sensitivity kernels both for a homogeneous background model (or a spherically symmetric model), and for a laterally heterogeneous model. The resulting distortions of the shape of the sensitivity kernels for a heterogeneous background model indicate the importance of the use of proper kernels to account of the heterogeneity in the real Earth. By combining a set of 2-D sensitivity kernels with 1-D vertical sensitivity kernels for a particular frequency range and taking the inverse Fourier transform, we can derive 3-D sensitivity kernels for surface waves in the time domain. Such 3-D kernels are useful for efficient forward modelling of surface waveforms incorporating finite-frequency effects, and will also enable us to perform direct inversion of surface waveforms into 3-D structure taking account of finite-frequency effects.

Seismic constraints on temperature of the Australian uppermost mantle
S Goes, FJ Simons, K Yoshizawa
EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS, 236, 1-2, 227, 237, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, Jul. 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, We derive estimates of temperature of the Australian continental mantle between 80 and 350 km depth from two published S-velocity models. Lithospheric temperatures range over about 1000 degrees C, with a large-scale correlation between temperature and tectonic age. In detail however, variations ranging from 200 to 700 degrees C occur within each tectonic province. At the current seismic resolution, strictly Proterozoic and Archean blocks do not have substantially different temperatures, nor does the Phanerozoic lithosphere east and west of the Tasman line. Temperatures close to an average (moist) MORB source mantle solidus characterize the eastern seaboard and its offshore. Differences between the temperatures derived from the two velocity models illustrate the importance of well-constrained absolute velocities and gradients for physical interpretation. The large range of lithospheric temperatures cannot be explained solely with documented variability in crustal heat production, but requires significant variations in mantle heat flow as well. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Probing into the Upper Mantle Using Surface Waves: Beyond the Geometrical Ray Theory
YOSHIZAWA KAZUNORI
地震, 57, 3, 393, 408, Seismological Society of Japan, Feb. 2005, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
Japanese, Scientific journal, 10206198

Multimode surface wave tomography for the Australian region using a three-stage approach incorporating finite frequency effects.
YOSHIZAWA K, KENNETT B L N
J Geophys Res, 109, B2, B02310.1-B02310.19, Feb. 2004, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal

New report charts course for future of geosciences
By Sam Adlen, Emily E. Brodsky, Taikan Oki, Aaron J. Ridley, Laura Sanchez, Claudia Simionato, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Uri Shamir
Eos, 85, 3, 25, 31, American Geophysical Union, 20 Jan. 2004, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

有限波長効果を考慮した新しい表面波トモグラフィー法の探究
吉澤和範
月刊地球, 25, 7, 524-529, 529, 海洋出版, Jul. 2003, [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
Japanese, In book

A reappraisal of regional surface wave tomography
BLN Kennett, K Yoshizawa
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 150, 1, 37, 44, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, Jul. 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, A three-stage inversion scheme for surface wave tomography working with multimode phase dispersion as a function of frequency provides a means of combining a wide range of data in a common framework. The phase average approximation is applied directly to phase slowness and there is no need to invoke perturbation arguments for the interpretation of path-averaged velocity models derived from waveform inversion of surface waves. By treating such wave speed profiles as summaries of path specific dispersion behaviour it is possible not only to combine results from different style of inversion but also to provide maximum exploitation of Love and Rayleigh wave information. Inversions of all suitable waveforms can be undertaken in terms of isotropic models. Dispersion information from all paths is combined to form multimode phase speed distributions as a function of frequency in linearized inversion which takes account of path bending and finite frequency effects. The final inversion for 3-D wave speed structure is based on a cellular inversion of the multimode frequency dispersion including angular effects in terms of a local stratified model including anisotropy. The smoothing from inclusion of finite frequency effects and damping of the linearized inversion for the phase speed distributions will control the smoothness of the 3-D shear wave speed model.

Determination of the influence zone for surface wave paths
K Yoshizawa, BLN Kennett
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 149, 2, 440, 453, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, May 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, An approximate description of the zone of influence around the propagation path for a surface wave is provided by investigating the Fresnel zones for the frequency range of interest. The influence zone about surface wave paths, over which surface waves are coherent in phase, is identified as approximately one-third of the width of the first Fresnel zone. A technique called Fresnel-area ray tracing (FRT) for surface waves has been used to estimate this region around the ray path for each frequency. The FRT technique is developed by combining two standard ray tracing methods, i.e. kinematic ray tracing (KRT) and dynamic ray tracing (DRT). To obtain the exact Fresnel area in a laterally heterogeneous structure would require the solution of a large number of KRT equations. In contrast, the FRT approach requires just a few ray tracing calculations. In the first step, the trajectory of the surface wave is computed by solving the KRT system for the phase-velocity distribution at the required frequency. In the next step, the behaviour of rays in the zone surrounding the KRT path is calculated by solving the DRT system twice; once from the source to the receiver and once more from the receiver to the source along the same trajectory. Finally, combining the solutions of these ray tracing systems using paraxial ray theory, the Fresnel area around a central ray can be estimated. Using FRT, stationary-phase fields can be constructed around a central ray path in a laterally heterogeneous structure. The influence zone around the ray path is then estimated from the stationary-phase function with simple assumptions concerning the perturbed wavefield. The estimate of the influence zone can be efficiently calculated in laterally heterogeneous structure by using the FRT technique, and allows an extension of current methods of surface wave analysis, which have commonly been based on geometrical ray theory and on the approximation of great-circle propagation. This approach allows the treatment of finite-width rays as well as deviations in propagation from the great circle induced by moderate lateral heterogeneity as revealed by recent tomography models. Such finite-width rays should be of major benefit in enhancing ray-based surface wave tomography.

Non-linear waveform inversion for surface waves with a neighbourhood algorithm - application to multimode dispersion measurements
K Yoshizawa, BLN Kennett
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 149, 1, 118, 133, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD, Apr. 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, A ne technique for multimode dispersion Measurement has been developed by employing fully non-linear waveform inversion for a path-specific 1-D profile using a neighbourhood algorithm (NA). One-dimensional models derived from a waveform inversion are quite sensitive to the model parametrization and the reference model used to start the inversion. Willi different approaches to the parametrization of the shear wave speed profile, we can find models with significant differences in velocity variation with depth, which provide similar levels of Ill to the observed waveforms. Although the models differ. the Calculated phase dispersion for the first few modes of the surface waves are very close indeed. We therefore regard the 1-D models derived from the multimode waveform inversion as an implicit description of the path-specific dispersion for each of the modes. The inversion procedure using NA samples a substantial number of models and we select the 1-D wave speed model that achieves minimum misfit. Phase speeds for each mode branch are then Calculated From the model parameters with the minimum misfit. Because we use the 1-D models as a summary of the average multimode dispersion along the path, we do not need to make assumptions concerning the nature of anisotropy. We can employ simple isotropic models and the method can be applied to both Rayleigh and Love waves independently The new method is applied to sets of paths in the Australian region and provides stable measurements of multimode dispersion from a single seismogram. The multimode phase speeds Measured using the NA inversion call be used to retrieve phase velocity maps as a function of frequency for higher-mode branches as well as the fundamental mode, which will be crucial constraints oil 3-D Earth models.

Development and application of new techniques for surface wave tomography
Kazunori Yoshizawa
PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1, 204, Mar. 2002, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Doctoral thesis

Resolving power of surface wave polarization data for higher-order heterogeneities
K Yoshizawa, K Yomogida, S Tsuboi
GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, 138, 1, 205, 220, BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD, Jul. 1999, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, The resolving power of polarization data compared with that of phase data is investigated by employing both synthetic and observed data sets, using the linear relationship between the phase velocity perturbation and the phase or polarization anomaly. In order to investigate the intrinsic differences between phase and polarization data, a synthetic test is first undertaken using a white noise model with sufficiently uniform coverage of ray paths. This test shows that polarization data can retrieve higher-order heterogeneities of degrees up to 20 almost completely, despite damping and smoothing effects, whilst phase data can only retrieve those of degrees lower than 8 with reasonable damping. Next, about 4000 phase and 2500 polarization records are collected for minor- and major-are Rayleigh waves (R1 and R2) in the frequency range 4-12 mHz, To correct the Rayleigh wave polarization data, the misorientation of each station is estimated from the polarization of long-period P waves propagating mainly in the lower mantle. The phase and polarization data are then inverted for the phase velocity distribution in spherical harmonics with degrees up to 15. The phase velocity maps derived from the phase data are quite consistent with previous studies, whilst those from the polarization data show some discrepancies. For example, the correlation between the phase and polarization models is quite good for low even degrees such as 2, 4 and 6, but not for low odd degrees or degrees higher than 8. The gradients of amplitude spectra from the polarization data are smaller than those from the phase data, especially at degrees higher than 6, which suggests a slightly higher sensitivity of the polarization data to higher-order heterogeneities. Nevertheless, the overall spectral characteristics of both models are similar; that is, low-order heterogeneities are dominant whilst higher orders are clearly reduced. Further investigation using a synthetic test with the same uneven paths as the observed data shows the suppression of higher-order heterogeneities. Since the synthetic test with even paths retrieves higher-order heterogeneities sufficiently, this result strongly suggests the path averaging effect of uneven ray paths that is intrinsic in the ray theoretical approach used in this study as well as almost all the global inversions. Although inversions based on geometrical ray theory have some limited resolving power with the current status of global records, polarization data are indeed helpful in resolving higher-order lateral heterogeneities with the dense and uniform path coverage that is becoming available.

Eruption sequence of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano from P-wave back-projection: Atmospheric coupling mode and eruption cycles
吉澤和範, 吉澤和範, 垂水洸太郎, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2022, 2022

Seismic discontinuities beneath the Australian continent from Bayesian inversion using multimode surface waves and receiver functions
垂水洸太郎, 吉澤和範, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2022, 2022

線形および非線形インバージョンによる大陸マントルの3次元異方的S波速度構造モデルの比較
吉澤和範, 吉澤和範, 平亨, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2019, 2019

マルチモード表面波による上部マントル異方的構造の推定:オーストラリア周辺域への応用
西村祐香, 吉澤和範, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2019, 2019

オントンジャワ海台の上部マントルS波速度構造
一瀬建日, 末次大輔, 塩原肇, 杉岡裕子, 伊藤亜妃, 石川晃, 川野由貴, 吉澤和範, 石原靖, 田中聡, 大林政行, 利根川貴志, 吉光淳子, 小林拓史, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2019, 2019

モード分離波形を用いたマルチモード表面波の位相速度分布:eikonal tomographyへの適用
松澤仁志, 吉澤和範, LIN Fan-Chi, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2019, 2019

アレイ解析による北米大陸のマルチモード表面波位相速度分布
松澤仁志, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2018, 2018

η_κを用いた太平洋及びオーストラリア周辺域の上部マントル3次元鉛直異方性構造
奥山秀弥, 吉澤和範, 川勝均, 一瀬健日, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2018, 2018

マルチモード表面波を用いたオーストラリア周辺域の上部マントル方位異方性
西村祐香, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2018, 2018

リソスフェア・アセノスフェアのランダム微細不均質性とみかけのS波鉛直異方性
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2018, 2018

Trans-dimensional Bayesian inversionによる大陸域の地殻-上部マントル速度構造推定
平亨, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2018, 2018

新しい異方性パラメータη_κの表面波位相速度インバージョンへの影響
奥山秀弥, 吉澤和範, 川勝均, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2017, 2017

アレイ解析による表面波のモード波形分離法の開発
松澤仁志, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2017, 2017

震源間の位相速度解析によるローカルスケールの表面波位相速度分布の推定
吉澤和範, GINBOI Kuria, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集(CD-ROM), 2017, 2017

アレイ解析によるマルチモード表面波の位相速度計測
松澤仁志, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2016, 2016

表面波二点法解析による位相・振幅比データを用いた北米大陸下の3次元S波速度構造
浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2016, 2016

広帯域アレイを用いた日本海下の上部マントル3次元S波速度構造
成田涼, 浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 川勝均, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2016, 2016

リソスフェア内のランダム不均質性とみかけの鉛直異方性:表面波位相速度への影響
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2016, 2016

大陸域におけるリソスフェア内不連続面と鉛直異方性
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2015, 2015

2観測点間の表面波の位相及び振幅比のジョイントインバージョンによる北米大陸下の上部マントル構造
浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2015, 2015

北米大陸の内部をのぞく − アース・スコープ計画の10年 (T. Feder, "Scoping out the North American continent, 10 years on"の翻訳)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
吉澤 和範, パリティ, 29, 9, 46, 49, Aug. 2014, [Invited]
Japanese, Introduction commerce magazine

上部マントルS波鉛直異方性に対する地震表面波の分解能
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2014, 2014

2観測点間の表面波振幅比を用いた北米大陸の位相速度分布
浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2014, 2014

非線形波形フィッティングを用いた表面波振幅解析による北米大陸の減衰構造
浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2013, 2013

豪州大陸下のリソスフェア-アセノスフェア境界の地震学的検出
吉澤和範, KENNETT B. L. N., 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2013, 2013

USArrayを用いた北米大陸の減衰構造:2点法による表面波振幅解析
浜田広太, 吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2012, 2012

マルチモード表面波を用いたリソスフェア-アセノスフェア境界の推定
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2012, 2012

マルチモード表面波による豪州及び北米大陸の3次元上部マントル構造の復元
吉澤和範, KENNETT B.L.N., EKSTROEM G., 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2011, 2011

2011年東北沖巨大地震が明らかにした巨大地震の多様性
小山順二, 吉澤和範, 蓬田清, 都築基博, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2011, 2011

2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震における二重セグメント:その特異性と他の超巨大地震との比較
蓬田清, 小山順二, 吉澤和範, 都筑基博, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2011, 2011

マルチモード表面波の自動位相速度計測:大陸地域への応用
吉澤和範, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2010, 2010

「地震学夏の学校2007」総合報告
吉澤和範, 青山裕, 高橋浩晃, 日本地震学会ニュースレター, 19, 4, 9, 13, 2007
Japanese, Meeting report

日本列島周辺域の表面波方位異方性分析
吉澤和範, LITVINA Ekaterina, 日本地震学会秋季大会講演予稿集, 2006, 2006

2004年スマトラ沖地震で発生した地球を周回する表面波　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
吉澤 和範, なゐふる（日本地震学会広報誌）, 49, 6, 2005, [Invited]
Japanese, Introduction other

Societal Impact　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yoshizawa K, IUGG report "Geosciences: The Future", 95, 100, Jul. 2003, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Meeting report

Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yoshizawa K, Yomogida K, Tsuboi S, IUGG report "Geosciences: The Future", 11, 21, Jul. 2003, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
English, Meeting report

Polarization anomaly of long-period P wave : Effect of high-velocity slabs?
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori, YOMOGIDA Kiyoshi, 日本地震学会講演予稿集 = Programme and abstracts, the Seismological Society of Japan, 1998, 2, 09 Oct. 1998
Japanese

Phase velocity distribution by Rayleigh wave polarization anomaly : the effect of mis-orientation of stations
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori, YOMOGIDA Kiyoshi, TSUBOI Seiji, 日本地震学会講演予稿集 = Programme and abstracts, the Seismological Society of Japan, 1997, 2, 15 Sep. 1997
Japanese

図説地球科学の事典
鳥海 光弘, 入船 徹男, 岩森 光, Wallis Simon, 小平 秀一, 小宮 剛, 阪口 秀, 鷺谷 威, 末次 大輔, 中川 貴司, 宮本 英昭, 7.8章 大陸マントル [吉澤和範]
朝倉書店, 2018, 9784254160727, Japanese, [Contributor]

Physics of the Earth　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Honda S, Iwamori H, Utada H, Okubo S, Kurita K, Tsuchiya T, Nakai S, Hiraga T, Miyatake T, Yoshizawa K, Chap 16-17
Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd., Jul. 2013, [Joint translation]

自然科学実験　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学自然科学実験編集委, 地学第5章：地震計で測る大地の震動
学術図書出版社, 2012, [Contributor]

Eikonal tomography of North American upper mantle using multi-mode surface waves　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kazunori Yoshizawa, Hitoshi Matsuzawa, Fan-Chi Lin
IAGA-IASPEI Joint Scientific Assembly 2021, 25 Aug. 2021, English, Poster presentation

The influence of multi-scale stochastic heterogeneity on surface-wave phase speeds and apparent radial anisotropy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Yunao Xu, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Takashi Furumura
IAGA-IASPEI Joint Scientific Assembly 2021, 22 Aug. 2021, English, Oral presentation

Radially anisotropic 3-D shear wave structure of the upper mantle beneath North America by multi-mode eikonal tomography　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hitoshi Matsuzawa, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Fan-Chi Lin
JpGU Meeting 2021, 04 Jun. 2021, English, Oral presentation

Three dimensional shear wave structure in the upper mantle beneath the oldest Pacific plate　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Takehi Isse, Hitoshi Kawakatsu, Shiobara Hajime, Nozomu Takeuchi, Hiroko Sugioka, YoungHee Kim, Hisashi Utada, Sang-Mook Lee, Kazunori Yoshizawa
AGU Fall Meeting 2020, Dec. 2020, English

Radially anisotropic 3-D S-wave model using multi-mode surface waves: Comparisons of linearized and nonlinear Bayesian approaches　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kazunori Yoshizawa, Toru Taira
AGU Fall Meeting 2020, Dec. 2020, English, Poster presentation

Multi-mode phase speed distribution in North America using eikonal tomography　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hitoshi Matsuzawa, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Fan-Chi Lin
AGU Fall Meeting 2020, Dec. 2020, English, Poster presentation

Multi-mode surface wave tomography with trans-dimensional hierarchical Bayesian inversion: application to Australia　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kazunori Yoshizawa, Toru Taira
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020, Jul. 2020, English, Poster presentation

Mapping azimuthal anisotropy in the Australasian upper mantle with multi-mode surface waves　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kazunori Yoshizawa, Yuka Nishimura
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020, Jul. 2020, English, Poster presentation

Multi-mode surface wave phase speed distribution in North America　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hitoshi Matsuzawa, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Fan-Chi Lin
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020, Jul. 2020, English, Poster presentation

Radially Anisotropic S-wave Structure of Australian Upper Mantle: Trans-dimensional Hierarchical Bayesian Inversions of Receiver Functions and Multi-mode Surface Waves　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Toru Taira, Kazunori Yoshizawa
American Geophysical Union 2019 Fall Meeting, 11 Dec. 2019, English, Poster presentation

Phase speed mapping of multi-mode surface waves with eikonal tomography using mode-branch waveforms　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
H. Matsuzawa, K. Yoshizawa, F.-C. Lin
Fall Meeting, Seismological Society of Japan, Sep. 2019, Japanese, Poster presentation
[Domestic Conference]

Azimuthal anisotropy in the upper mantle using multi-mode surface waves: Application to the Australian regio　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Y. Nishimura, K. Yoshizawa
Fall Meeting, Seismological Society of Japan, Sep. 2019, Japanese, Oral presentation
[Domestic Conference]

Effects of laminated random heterogeneity on surface wave propagation and apparent radial anisotropy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Y. Xu, K. Yoshizawa, T. Furumura
Fall Meeting, Seismological Society of Japan, Sep. 2019, English, Oral presentation
[Domestic Conference]

Comparisons of anisotropic 3D S wave speed models derived from linearized and non-linear inversions of multi-mode surface waves　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. Yoshizawa, T. Taira
Seismological Society of Japan, Sep. 2019, Japanese, Poster presentation
[Domestic Conference]

Multi-mode Phase Speed Measurements of Surface Waves with a Hybrid Array-based Method: Application to USArray　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
H. Matsuzawa, K. Yoshizawa
IUGG General Assembly, Jul. 2019, English, Poster presentation
[International presentation]

Trans-dimensional Bayesian Inversions for Australian Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Using Multi-mode Surface Waves and Receiver Functions　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
T. Toru, K. Yoshizawa
IUGG General Assembly, Jul. 2019, English, Poster presentation
[International presentation]

Radial and Azimuthal Anisotropy in the Australian Upper Mantle: Tectonic Implications for Tasman Line and Suture Zone　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Y. Nishimura, K. Yoshizawa, B.L.N. Kennett
IUGG General Assembly, Jul. 2019, English, Poster presentation
[International presentation]

Quantitative Estimation of Apparent Radial Anisotropy in the Lithosphere and Asthenosphere: Effects of Multi-scale Heterogeneity　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. Yoshizawa, Y. Xu, T. Fukumura
IUGG General Assembly, Jul. 2019, English, Poster presentation
[International presentation]

Fine-scale random heterogeneity and apparent radial anisotropy of S-waves in the lithosphere and asthenosphere　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
Seismological Society of Japan 2018 Fall Meeting, 10 Oct. 2018, Japanese, Oral presentation
[Domestic Conference]

Mapping the upper mantle beneath North American continent with joint inversion of surface-wave phase and amplitude　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
K. Yoshizawa, K. Hamada
American Geophysical Union 2017 Fall Meeting, 14 Dec. 2017, English, Oral presentation
[International presentation]

Seismic Tomography and Tectonics　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
Summer School of Seismology, 12 Sep. 2017, Japanese, Public discourse
[Invited], [Domestic Conference]

A seismological constraint on the asthenosphere: mapping radial anisotropy with multi-mode surface waves　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017, 20 May 2017, English, Invited oral presentation
[Invited], [International presentation]

Lithosphere-asthenosphere transition, mid-lithosphere discontinuity and radial anisotropy from multi-mode surface wave tomography　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
American Geophysical Union 2015 Fall Meeting, Dec. 2015, English, Invited oral presentation
[Invited], [International presentation]

Mapping the upper mantle with multi-mode surface waves: Lithosphere-ashtenosphere transition and radial anisotropy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
The 14th International Symposium on Study of the Earth's Deep Interior, 04 Aug. 2014, English, Invited oral presentation
the Shonan Village Center, Kanagawa, Japan, [Invited], [International presentation]

The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Transition and Radial Anisotropy Beneath Australian Continent
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
Asia and Oceania Geoscieces Society 11th Annual Meeting, 30 Jul. 2014, English, Invited oral presentation
Royton Sapporo Hotel, Japan, [Invited], [International presentation]

Radially anisotropic shear wave model of North America from multi- mode surface tomography using USArray　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
JpGU Meeting 2010, May 2010, English, Invited oral presentation
[Invited], [International presentation]

地球惑星科学実験3　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部
Oct. 2020 - Present

地球惑星科学のための古典力学演習　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部

地球惑星科学のための古典力学　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部

地震学特論　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学大学院理学院

地球惑星科学のフロンティア　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学

現代地球惑星科学概論２　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部

自然科学実験（地球惑星科学）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学

地球惑星科学実験II　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部

地震学　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道大学理学部

大陸プレート底面の高精度イメージングの研究：ベイズ推定による地震学的アプローチ
科学研究費助成事業
01 Apr. 2023 - 31 Mar. 2026
吉澤 和範
日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, 23K03539

Evolution, Deformation and Dynamics of the Indo-Australian Plate: A New Seismological Approach
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
08 Mar. 2023 - 31 Mar. 2025
吉澤 和範, MOHANTY DEBASIS
本研究では，インド・オーストラリアプレート下の種々の地震波解析研究を通じて，当該地域下の高精度な上部マントル構造モデルの構築と，プレートの進化・変形やダイナミクスの解明を目指している．本年度は，新しいマルチモード表面波トモグラフィーモデルの構築に必要となる，高次モードを含む表面波位相速度の解析に向けて，インド洋周辺域の地震観測点（定常観測点や臨時観測点を含む）の大量の波形データの収集とそれらの解析に向けた作業を行った．さらに，3次元トモグラフィーモデルの構築とは独立に当該地域下の地震学的構造とダイナミクスについて精査するために，インド・オーストラリアプレート系の一部であるインド・ビルマ地域（IBR）でのＳ波スプリッティング解析を行い，地殻・マントルの運動や変形と地震学的構造との関連性について検証した．その結果，IBRの地下では，地殻とマントルが分離して運動している可能性を示唆する結果が得られた．当該地域下の地殻は，プレート沈み込みに伴う圧縮応力の影響を受けている一方，マントル側はインド亜大陸リソスフェアの沈み込みに伴うアセノスフェア内の引きずりの影響を受けていると考えられる．この研究成果は現在，国際学術誌への投稿に向けて準備を進めている．また，本研究で必要となる大量の地震波形データおよび解析処理後のデータの保存のため，既存のファイルサーバーを増強するためのハードディスクや円滑な解析作業のための新しいコンピューター等を購入した．
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, Hokkaido University, 22KF0012

ベイズ推定による上部マントル不連続面の高精度マッピングの研究
科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
01 Apr. 2020 - 31 Mar. 2023
吉澤 和範
本研究では，マルチモード表面波や実体波レシーバ関数等の複数の観測情報を用いて，ベイズ推定に基づく非線形インバージョン法に適用することで，上部マントル内部に存在するMLD (Mid-Lithosphere Discontinuity）やLAB (Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary)，Lehmann面等の主要な不連続面の空間分布を含む，高精度なリソスフェア－アセノスフェア構造の推定法の確立を目指している．本年度はその基礎となるP波レシーバ関数とマルチモード表面波の同時インバージョンを行う手法を豪州大陸の複数観測点に適用した結果を国際学術誌に発表した．この手法により，豪州の安定大陸下に複数のMLDが観測されると共に，LABやその下のレーマン面（アセノスフェアの底に相当すると考えられる）も検出された．今後，より高密度な観測網に適用するすることで，高精度な空間マッピングへの実用化が期待される．また，ベイズ推定法による表面波トモグラフィーの研究も行い，既存の線形インバージョンモデルとの比較も行った．ベイズ推定モデルでは，データ誤差の空間変化を考慮することができ，より精度の高い3次元構造解析が可能となることが示された．さらに，S波速度モデルの高精度復元に不可欠なマルチモード表面波の新しい位相速度マッピング法（稠密アレイを用いたeikonal tomography法）の北米大陸への応用も行った．また，上部マントル内のマルチスケールのランダム不均質性が，特に中～長周期表面波の波動場や内部境界面・鉛直異方性の推定に与える影響の定量的検証も進めた．一方，内部不連続面の更なる高精度推定に向け，S波レシーバ関数の活用に向けた波形解析法の基礎研究も行い，次年度以降の応用に向けて準備を進めている．これら一連の研究成果の一部は，国内外の主要学会にて成果発表を行った．
日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, 20K04096

Study on the mechanism of continental breakup at the eastern margin of Gondwanaland by numerical simulations
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
01 Apr. 2018 - 31 Mar. 2021
Yoshida Masaki
We performed numerical simulations of 3D global mantle convection to investigate the mantle convection pattern and surface tectonic condition at ca. 100 Ma. We found that an extensive subduction zone developed preferentially along the eastern margin of Gondwanaland when the temperature anomaly of the lower mantle was considered at the initial state of the simulation. In addition, we performed a series of 2D numerical experiments of visco-elasto-plastic thermo-chemical convection to investigate the localization of strain in the extending continental lithosphere. We found that the time taken for seafloor subsidence and subsequent continental breakup under extensional stress is less than ca. 20 million years. During continental rifting, high-shear zones developed under the base of the deforming continental lithosphere. The present results supported one of the proposed hypotheses, where the breakup at the eastern margins of Gondwanaland occurred via trench retreat.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Competitive research funding, 18K03811

High-resolution imaging of lithospohere and asthenosphere incorporating fine-scale heterogeneity
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
01 Apr. 2017 - 31 Mar. 2020
Yoshizawa Kazunori
The effects of fine-scale quasi-laminate heterogeneity in the upper mantle on surface wave phase speeds are investigated through numerical simulations of seismic wavefields. The results indicated that Rayleigh wave phase speeds could be reduced depending on the horizontal scale of the quasi-laminate heterogeneity and the strength of their velocity fluctuations. This indicates that the quasi-laminate heterogeneity can cause non-negligible apparent anisotropy in the lithosphere. We also developed a new method of trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion for high-resolution imaging of the upper mantle structure, incorporating multi-mode surface waves and P-wave receiver functions. The method has been applied to major permanent seismic stations in the Australian continent, and we could successfully detect multiple discontinuities in the upper mantle, including Mid-Lithosphere Discontinuities, Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary and the Lehmann Discontinuity.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 17K05623

Pacific Array
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research
Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2018
Kawakatsu Hitoshi, SHIOBARA Hajime, ISSE Takehi, NISHIDA Kiwamu, UTADA Hisashi, SUETSUGU Daisuke, SUGIOKA Hiroko, YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
We have proposed a next generation large-scale array experiment in the ocean called Pacific Array. Recent advances in ocean bottom broadband seismometry, together with advances in the seismic analysis methodology, have enabled us to resolve the regional 1-D structure of the entire lithosphere/asthenosphere system, including seismic anisotropy, with deployments of ~15 broadband ocean bottom seismometers. Having ~15 BBOBSs as an array unit for a ~1-year deployment, and repeating such deployments in a leap-frog way or concurrently (an array of arrays) for a decade or so would enable us to cover a large portion of the Pacific basin. With this JSPS support, we took a leadership to organize international collaborations; as a result, three array deployments are funded so far in various countries (US, Japan, and Korea).
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research, The University of Tokyo, Coinvestigator not use grants, 15K13558

Geodynamics in Far East
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2013 - 2017
Takahashi Hiroaki, ICHIYANAGI Masayoshi, YAMAGUCHI Teruhiro, GORDEEV Evgeny, BYKOV Victor, GERASIMENKO Mikhail, SHESTAKOV Nikolay, VASILENKO Nikolay, PRYTKOV Alexandr, LEVIN Yuri, VALENTINE Mikhaylov, KOSTYLEV Dmitrii, CHEBROV Danila, SEROVETNIKOV Sergey
Seismic and GNSS observation had been carried out in northeastern Asia with Russian institutions. Significant regional post-seismic crustal deformation has been detected. Postseismic displacements exceeded co-seismic one in Prymorie stations. Detailed seismic tomographic image using broadband seismograms clearly detected seismic velocity structure beneath Japan Sea. Viscoelastic structure estimation using geodetic and seismic information was performed. Misfit between calculated and observed postseismic displacements might request to construct more complex structure. Our model allow to estimate regional postseismic signals due to historical past great earthquakes in Japan Islands. Estimated viscoelastic parameters had predicted great subduction earthquakes around Japan generated regional and long-term deformation in northeast Asia. This fact suggested current crustal deformation field in continent has been strongly affected by distant subduction earthquakes.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Hokkaido University, Competitive research funding, 25257204

High-resolution mapping of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary with seismic wave analysis
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2014 - 2016
Yoshizawa Kazunori, Kennett Brian L. N., HAMADA KOUTA, NARITA RYOU, MATSUZAWA HITOSHI
Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries beneath continental and oceanic regions are estimated from high-resolution 3-D S wave speed models derived from simultaneous inversions of multi-mode Love and Rayleigh waves. We also investigated the effects of arbitrary selection of independent parameters for radial anisotropy of shear waves. New radial anisotropy models in Australia and Pacific regions exhibit conspicuous radial anisotropy with SH>SV in the asthenosphere, indicating the effects of strong shear at the base of the fast drifting lithosphere. We also found that the estimated depths of Mid-Lithosphere Discontinuity (MLD) in the continental lithosphere from S-wave receiver functions coincide well with the inflection point of vertical profiles of radial anisotropy, which is likely to be related to the existence of fine-scale laminated random heterogeneities in the lithosphere.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 26400443

A study on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary using multi-mode surface waves
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2012 - 2013
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
We developed a new method for estimating the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) from a 3-D shear wave model and its vertical velocity gradient, derived from multi-mode surface waves. The method is applied to a new anisotropic model of Australia, and the 3-D distribution of LAB, including its depth and thickness, has been estimated successfully. The estimated LAB beneath Australia has been discussed in detail in comparison with the radial anisotropy and earlier results from body-wave receiver functions. We have also developed a new technique for measuring inter-station phase and amplitude of surface waves based on a fully nonlinear waveform fitting. The new method has been applied to USArray, and a preliminary high-resolution phase speed models of North America was constructed. The new method allows us to collect a large number of short inter-station paths (less than 1000km), which can be of great help to enhance the horizontal resolution of shear wave models.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 24740298

地球物理学的観測による北東アジア地域の新たなテクトニック・フレームの構築
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2009 - 2012
TAKAHASHI Hiroaki
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Competitive research funding

Challenges for a 3-D anelastic attenuation structure from multi-mode surface waves with nonlinear waveform analysis
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2010 - 2011
YOSHIZAWA Kazunori
For the reconstruction of high-resolution attenuation structure of the upper mantle, surface wave phase and amplitude data are collected using recent high-density seismic networks in continental regions. A preliminary surface-wave attenuation model of North America revealed the high attenuation beneath western US(incl. hotspot and rift zone), whereas low attenuation is seen beneath stable cratons and plateau, suggesting clear correlation between the velocity and attenuation structures on a large scale. Furthermore, refined shear velocity models in continental regions revealed anomalously strong radial anisotropy beneath LAB of central Australia, which is likely to be caused by the strong shear beneath the fast moving Australian plate.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research, Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 22654053

Investigation of fine-structure of stagnant slab using by a new broad-band seismic network in the Far Eastern Siberia
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(特定領域研究)
2004 - 2008
Minoru KASAHARA, Kiyoshi YOMOGIDA, Hiroki MIYAMACHI, Yuuichiro TANIOKA, Hiroaki TAKAHASHI, Kazunori YOSHIZAWA, Rak Se SEN, Vladimir BORMOTOV
潜り込んだ太平洋プレートのスタグナント(滞留)しているロシア極東地域に、8箇所の広帯域地震観測点の新設を目標に進めてきたが、3年目に完成し、さらに1箇所追加で、カムチャッカに設置できた。観測は、ロシア科学アカデミー・地球物理局・サハリン支所の定常観測点を利用できており、それぞれの観測点での維持管理は、順調にすすみ、全地球で発生するM5.5以上の地震データと、M4.5以上の千島海溝付近の地震データは、日本側に提供されて、日本側のデータセンターに保存され、研究に供されている。これらのデータは、世界の地震コミュニティに公開する予定である。
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 特定領域研究, 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 16075201

表面波の有限波長トモグラフィー法を用いた3次元上部マントル異方性構造の研究
科学研究費補助金(若手研究(B))
2005 - 2006
吉澤 和範
本研究では,研究代表者がこれまで開発を進めてきた表面波の有限波長トモグラフィー法を,異方性媒体の場合にまで拡張し,高分解能な上部マントル内部の3次元異方的不均質構造を復元することを目的としている.今年度は,高密度な広帯域地震観測網が展開されている北西太平洋地域の地震波形データに対して独自のトモグラフィー手法を適用し,この地域直下の上部マントルの方位異方性分布の復元を行った.同時に,比較的観測点密度が低く,これまでトモグラフィーモデルの分解能に限界のあった北海道北部(苫前町)に,新たな広帯域地震観測点を設置し連続観測も行った.これまで進めてきた地震波解析により,北西太平洋地域を通過するレイリー波の位相速度データを十分収集することができたので,これらを用いて,日本列島及びその周辺域を含む北西太平洋の位相速度分布及び方位異方性分布の復元を行った.この結果,周期約100秒以下の基本モードレイリー波位相速度(深さ約150km以浅のS波速度構造に相当)の方位異方性分布が,GPS観測から判明しているユーラシアプレート東縁部の運動方向と整合的であることや,北海道北西部のユーラシアプレート及び北米プレートの境界を境にして方位異方性の方向が急激に変化すること等が分かった.これらの観測事実は,ユーラシアプレート東縁部の移動方向に沿った流れ場がその直下の上部マントル内部に存在することや,二つのプレー...
文部科学省, 若手研究(B), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 17740283

短周期マルチモード表面波の散乱・回折効果を考慮した次世代トモグラフィー法の研究
科学研究費補助金(若手研究(B))
2003 - 2004
吉澤 和範
本研究では,より詳細かつ正確な上部マントル内部の3次元不均質構造を探るために,不均質媒体を伝播する表面波の散乱・回折といった複雑な効果を考慮した新しいインバージョン法の開発と応用を主な目的としている.昨年度に引き続き,新手法の新しい理論とその数値計算手法の開発を行い,その成果は既に主要国際誌に投稿している.この方法では,波線周辺領域からの散乱波の影響も考慮するため,従来の波線理論に基づく手法に比べて膨大な計算量が必要となる.今年度は,計算効率の向上を図るために,昨年度購入した高速PCクラスタサーバーに,さらにメモリとCPUの増設を行い,より高速な大規模計算を可能とした.これを活用しオホーツク海からオーストラリア大陸までにいたる西太平洋地域の地震波形データの解析を行い,初期的な3次元不均質モデルの復元を行った.また,新しい有限波長トモグラフィー法による分解能に関するテストも行い,従来の方法に比べて分解能と信頼性の高いモデルが得られることが明らかとなった.さらに海洋研究開発機構の研究者と共同で,本研究に関連した有限波長トモグラフィー法を応用して,フィリピン海プレートの3次元S波速度構造の復元を行った.これら本研究に関連する研究成果は,AGU秋季大会(米国・サンフランシスコ)や,日本地球惑星科学関連合同大会(幕張),日本地震学会秋季大会(福岡)において発表を行った.さらに,本研究に...
文部科学省, 若手研究(B), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 15740266

表面波偏向面異常を用いた波形インバージョンによる上部マントル3次元構造
科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費
1998 - 1998
吉澤 和範
日本学術振興会, 特別研究員奨励費, 広島大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 98J00623