Jul. 2023, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, The Hokkaido Geographical Society 2023 Best Paper Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
台湾の山岳国立公園における野営場の予約制管理制度：大雪山国立公園の野営指定地への導入のための研究
王婷;渡辺悌二

Mar. 2023, The Association of Japanese Geographers, Long-standing Member Service Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Jun. 2022, Japan Associate on Geographical Space, Japan Associate on Geographical Space Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
書籍『変わりゆくパミールの自然と暮らしー持続可能な山岳社会に向けてー』ブイツーソリューションの刊行に対して
Teiji Watanabe;Shigeru Shirasaka

Mar. 2022, The Association of Japanese Geographers, The Association of Japanese Geographers Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
山岳地域における自然環境保全に関する地理学的研究と地域社会への成果還元に対する貢献
Teiji Watanabe

Apr. 2018, Nepal Geographical Society, Lifetime Achievement Membership Award　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
WATANABE Teiji

Tourism-generated energy use characteristics and sustainability transitions
Yujie Sun, Sanjay Kumar Nepal, Teiji Watanabe
Tourism Geographies, 02 Oct. 2024
Scientific journal

Mapping Earth Hummocks in Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan Using UAV-SfM Framework
Yu Meng, Teiji Watanabe, Yuichi S. Hayakawa, Yuki Sawada, Ting Wang
Remote Sensing, 27 Sep. 2024
Scientific journal

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change Dynamics Associated with Mining Activities in Kitwe District and Adequacy of the Legal Framework on Mine Closure in Zambia
Kawisha Mutimba, Teiji Watanabe, Mohan Bahadur Chand
Earth, 31 Mar. 2024
Scientific journal

The Changing Ecology of a High Himalayan Valley: Challenges to the Sustainable Development of the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal
Alton C. Byers, Milan Shrestha, Andrew Zackary, Elizabeth A. Byers, Broughton Coburn, Teiji Watanabe, Mohan B. Chand
Sustainability, 15 Mar. 2024
Scientific journal

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Trail Repair Works Based on Three-Dimensional Monitoring around Mount Kurodake, Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan
Yusuke Kobayashi, Teiji Watanabe
Sustainability, 15, 17, 12794, 12794, MDPI AG, 24 Aug. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Corresponding author]
Scientific journal, Many mountainous, protected areas, such as national parks worldwide, face trail erosion; stakeholders have made significant efforts to manage eroded trails. However, their effectiveness has not been evaluated. This study aimed to (1) create digital elevation models of an eroded trail using structure-from-motion and multi-view-stereo photogrammetry in Daisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan; (2) conduct a six-year monitoring of the trails repaired by volunteers to reveal trail surface changes; and (3) discuss the effectiveness of the repair works. Palm-fiber bags were used on the trail section to stop the movement of the eroded soil. The results of the three-dimensional analysis identified a certain effectiveness of the repair work during 2017–2022. However, the effectiveness lasted for only approximately three years and was not permanent. Therefore, regular maintenance is necessary to ensure trail sustainability. In addition, the soil erosion rate calculated using the maximum erosion depth has increased from 0.52 mm y−1 (1923–1990) to 44.4 mm y−1 (2013–2022), suggesting the need for frequent observations. Trail maintenance through a combination of monitoring and repair work is vital, and the role of hikers/trekkers is becoming increasingly important.

Integrating geographical information systems, remote sensing, and machine learning techniques to monitor urban expansion: an application to Luanda, Angola
Armstrong Manuvakola Ezequias Ngolo, Teiji Watanabe
Geo-spatial Information Science, 03 Jul. 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
Scientific journal

Geomorphological significance of the morphometric characteristics of first-order basins in the Siwalik Hills in the Himalayas, Nepal
Motilal Ghimire, Teiji Watanabe, Ian S. Evans
Physical Geography, 1, 36, Informa UK Limited, 29 May 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Ecological Security Pattern Construction in Rural Settlements Based on Importance and Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Southeast Region of Chongqing, China
Denghui Xu, Xianhua Guo, Teiji Watanabe, Kezhong Liang, Jianing Kou, Xiaolan Jiang
Sustainability, 15, 9, 7477, 7477, MDPI AG, 02 May 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Corresponding author]
English, Scientific journal, With the development of urbanization, a large number of village settlements have disappeared. As important carriers of ethnic and cultural heritage, village settlements are important for the continuation of folk culture and farming spirit. Building a regional ecological security pattern helps to protect the integrity of village settlements and promote the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. In this work, the importance of ecosystem services was first obtained by using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model (In-VEST) and the revised universal soil loss equation model (RUSLE) to evaluate the regional ecosystem services in the southeastern region of Chongqing (SRC). Then, the ecological importance evaluation results were combined with the sensory evaluation results to derive ecological conservation importance areas and identify ecological source points in their high-value areas. Finally, the ecological corridors were obtained by the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR). The regional ecological security pattern was constructed, i.e., the triangular protection area strategy of “one screen, one belt, and three cores”. The results show the following: the total area of ecological source sites larger than 20 km2 in SRC is 436.02 km2, accounting for 2.28% of the area of SRC. The largest ecological patch is 69.93 km2, accounting for 16.04% of the total area of ecological source sites. Thirteen ecological source sites were identified as follows: four in Youyang County, three in Shizhu County, three in Wulong County, and one in Pengshui County. There are 78 ecological corridors with a total length of 4832.82 km, including 32 important ecological corridors with a length of about 1544.53 km and 46 potential ecological corridors with a length of about 3288.29 km. Based on the minimum cumulative model constructed by eight resistance factors, the spatial variation of the ecological resistance surface was analyzed, showing a trend of being high in the west and central part and low in the surrounding area. There are one high-value area of the resistance surface of Wulong County Nature Reserve and one high-value area of ecological sensitivity that overlap to the extreme, and which should be given sufficient protection attention. The core protected areas consist of three mountains including the Qiyao Mountain Range, the Wuling Mountain Range, and the Wulong County Nature Reserve. The ecological security pattern in SRC based on the mode of “source–ecological corridor–ecological node” can identify important ecological function areas, providing scientific guidance for sustainable development and ecological security protection in the ethnic village settlements in China.

Are Countries Ready for REDD+ Payments? REDD+ Readiness in Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal
Nabin Bhattarai, Bhaskar Singh Karky, Ram Avtar, Rajesh Bahadur Thapa, Teiji Watanabe
Sustainability, 15, 7, 6078, 6078, MDPI AG, 31 Mar. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, The Paris Agreement recognized the significant role of forests in climate change mitigating and adapting. It also emphasized the importance of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism as a vital tool for achieving the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This study aims to assess the REDD+ readiness of Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal in preparation for effectively implementing REDD+ at the national level. A total of 57 indicators across five categories were used to evaluate readiness: overall readiness, technical readiness, institutional readiness, financing readiness, and strategy and safeguard readiness. The indicator-based questionnaire was administered to government officials, NGOs, private sectors, and academics. The results showed that Nepal was slightly more advanced in overall readiness, owing in part to the longer readiness period of the World Bank-supported Terai Arc ER-P. India scored highly in technical readiness and has several sub-national programmes for REDD+ implementation. Bhutan had strong ratings for strategy and safeguard readiness but lower scores for institutional and financing readiness. Myanmar had consistent ratings across readiness areas, but a lower score for technical readiness. However, political and governance situations pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of REDD+ in Myanmar.

Review article: Snow and ice avalanches in high mountain Asia – scientific, local and indigenous knowledge
Anushilan Acharya, Jakob Friedrich Steiner, Khwaja Momin Walizada, Zakir Hussain Zakir, Salar Ali, Arnaud Caiserman, Teiji Watanabe
Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, Copernicus GmbH, 12 Jan. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal, Abstract. The cryosphere in high mountain Asia (HMA) not only sustains livelihoods of people residing downstream through its capacity to store water but also holds potential for hazards. One of these hazards, avalanches, so far remains poorly studied as the complex relationship between climate and potential triggers is poorly understood due to lack of long-term observations, inaccessibility, severe weather conditions, and financial and logistic constraints. In this study, available literature was reviewed covering the period from the late 20th century to June 2022 to identify research and societal gaps and propose future directions of research and mitigation strategies. Beyond scientific literature, technical reports, newspapers, social media and other local sources were consulted to compile a comprehensive, open access and version controlled database of avalanche events and their associated impacts. Over 681 avalanches with more than 3131 human fatalities were identified in eight countries of the region. Afghanistan has the highest recorded avalanche fatalities (1057) followed by India (952) and Nepal (508). Additionally, 564 people lost their lives while climbing peaks above 4500 m a.s.l., one third of which were staff employed as guides or porters. This makes it a less deadly hazard than in the less populated European Alps for example, but with a considerably larger number of people affected who did not voluntarily expose themselves to avalanche risk. Although fatalities are significant, and local long-term impacts of avalanches may be considerable, so far, limited holistic adaptation or mitigation measures exist in the region. These measures generally rely on local and indigenous knowledge adapted with modern technologies. Considering the high impact avalanches have in the region we suggest to further develop adaptation measures including hazard zonation maps based on datasets of historic events and modelling efforts. This should however happen acknowledging the already existing knowledge in the region and in close coordination with communities and local government and civil society stakeholders. More research studies should also be attempted to understand trends and drivers of avalanches in the region.

Knowledge Mapping on Nepal’s Protected Areas Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer
Liang Chang, Teiji Watanabe, Hanlin Xu, Jiho Han
Land, 19 Jul. 2022, [Peer-reviewed]
Scientific journal

Monitoring Campsite Soil Erosion by Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry: A Case Study of Kuro-dake Campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan
Ting Wang, Teiji Watanabe
Journal of Environmental Management, 314, 115106, 115106, Elsevier BV, Jul. 2022, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Forest Fire in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: A Major Challenge for Climate Action
Bhattarai, N, Dabal, S, Thapa, S, Pradbananga, S, Karky, B.S, Rawat, R.S, Windborst, K, Watanabe, T, Thapa, R.B, Avtar, R
Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 21, 1, 14, 31, Nepal Journals Online (JOL), Jun. 2022, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Forest fire has been one of the compelling issues in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. To promote regeneration, clearing fields for agriculture, hunting, and security reasons, local people deliberately set forests on fire. In this paper, active fire incidents, temperature, precipitation, and the changes of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Carbon monoxide (CO) value associated with forest fire were evaluated. The active forest fire incidents obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite are supplemented by the ERA5-land dataset to see the relation between precipitation and temperature with forest fires. MODIS and Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) sensor datasets were used to see the changes in AOD and CO in the region. MODIS sensor detected more than 30,462 active fires incidents in March and April 2021 in the study areas. Shan State of Myanmar recorded the maximum number of active fire incidents which is due to the practice of shifting cultivation and minimum in Bhutan due to the awareness campaigns and technology improvement. The temperature recorded in the study sites shows an increasing trend as compared to the reference period (2010-2020). Apart from Shan and Bago of Myanmar, precipitation in the study sites is also less during the study period. AOD and CO values show prominent peaks in a fire season which coincide with days of the maximum number of fire counts inferring the influence of forest fire on air quality. Developing countries like Nepal, India, Myanmar, and Bhutan are willing to take part in climate finance and are bound to accept expensive insurance premium due to forest fire incidents. Unless forest fires are effectively managed and mitigated, achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and global agendas, including United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration is onerous.

Three Recent and Lesser-Known Glacier-Related Flood Mechanisms in High Mountain Environments
Alton C. Byers, Dan H. Shugar, Mohan Bahadur Chand, Cesar Portocarrero, Milan Shrestha, David R. Rounce, Teiji Watanabe
Mountain Research and Development, 42, 2, International Mountain Society (IMS) and United Nations University, 03 May 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
English, Scientific journal

Introducing Management Actions to Unmanaged Campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan: A Discussion Based on a Reservation System in Taiwan’s National Parks
Ting Wang, Teiji Watanabe
Land, 11, 3, 337, 337, MDPI AG, 24 Feb. 2022, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, A limit on use is often practiced overnight in mountain national parks to reduce users’ environmental impact on campgrounds and cabins or huts, where they spend most of their time. This study aims to propose an appropriate management system to mitigate the problems observed in Daisetsuzan National Park’s unmanaged campsites. We looked into three mountain national parks in Taiwan to learn about an established campground reservation system. We collected information on campgrounds and cabins in these three national parks through a literature review and internet surveys. The distribution of campgrounds and cabins was mapped using ArcMap 10.8.1. They effectively reduced the distance between adjacent campgrounds and controlled each campground’s area. This was done by tolerating some informal sites among online reservable campgrounds. The results of the interview surveys with the three park managers showed that the reservation system helped reduce the crowding problem. Introducing a lenient reservation system, with the support of related stakeholders and park users, would be a promising option to mitigate soil erosion and overuse problems in campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park’s alpine zone and in other campsites in fragile environments worldwide.

Flood Assessment and Identification of Emergency Evacuation Routes in Seti River Basin, Nepal
Bhabana Thapa, Teiji Watanabe, Dhananjay Regmi
Land, 11, 1, 82, 82, MDPI AG, 05 Jan. 2022, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Sudden floods frequently occur in the Himalayas under changing climates. Rapid glacial melt has resulted in the formation of glacial lakes and associated hazards. This research aimed to (1) identify flood-prone houses, (2) determine pedestrian emergency evacuation routes, and (3) analyze their relationships to socioeconomic status in the Seti River Basin. Detailed hazard maps were created using field survey results from unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry and the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System. Questionnaire, focus-group, and key-informant surveys helped identify the socioeconomic situation. Inundation maps revealed that most residents are exposed to future flooding hazards without proper evacuation routes. Highly impoverished and immigrant households were at the highest risk in terms of income inequality and migration rate (p < 0.001) and were located on the riverside. The locations of 455 laborers’ houses were significantly correlated with inundation hazards (p < 0.001). Governmental and associated agencies must develop adequate plans to relocate low-income households. Group discussions revealed the need for stronger adaptive capacity-building strategies for future risk management. Pokhara requires better systematic and scientific land-use planning strategies to address this issue efficiently. A similar approach that combines flood modeling, proper evacuation route access, and socioeconomic survey is suggested for this river basin.

Dilemma Faced by Management Staff in China’s Protected Areas
Liang Chang, Teiji Watanabe
Land, 10, 12, 1299, 1299, {MDPI} {AG}, Nov. 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
Scientific journal

A Novel Approach for Forest Fragmentation Susceptibility Mapping and Assessment: A Case Study from the Indian Himalayan Region
Amit Kumar Batar, Hideaki Shibata, Teiji Watanabe
Remote Sensing, 13, 20, 4090, 4090, {MDPI} {AG}, 13 Oct. 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Tourism-related facility development in sagarmatha (Mount everest) national park and buffer zone, nepal himalaya
Yujie Sun, Teiji Watanabe
Land, 10, 9, Sep. 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, The increase in the number of tourists to mountain regions poses both opportunities and challenges for sustainable mountain development. In order to achieve sustainable development, it is essential to examine societal, landscape, and population transformation in mountain regions. This study explores transformation in the context of the tourism-related facility in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) of Nepal as an example of the Himalayan region. Questionnaire surveys targeting the owners and managers of tourism-related facilities and interview surveys with various community leaders, officials, and school principals were conducted in the park in 2017– 2019. Both surveys show that the types, ownership, distribution, and capacity of facilities in the park have been transformed. Growth of tourist numbers, improvement of porters’ accommodation conditions, and migrant labor are the main factors driving the transformation. Tourism has also induced imbalanced development and unequal benefits among the villages in the park. The findings suggest that diversification of trekking routes and facility and service quality improvement could help to mitigate imbalanced development and unequal benefits. The in-depth examination of the transformation of tourism-related facilities augments the knowledge of the dynamic changes of facilities in mountain regions, which is vital for sustainable mountain development.

Topsoil microbial community structure responds to land cover type and environmental zone in the Western Pacific region
Yu Pin Lin, Rainer Ferdinand Wunderlich, Chiao Ming Lin, Norman Uphoff, Dirk S. Schmeller, Oleg V. Shipin, Teiji Watanabe, Ngadisih, Hussnain Mukhtar
Science of the Total Environment, 764, Apr. 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Soil encompasses diverse microbial communities that are essential for fundamental ecosystem functions such as biogeochemical cycling. To better understand underlying biogeochemical processes, it is necessary to know the structure of soil archaeal and bacterial communities and their responses to edaphic and climate variables within and across various land cover types (LCTs) and environmental zones (ENZs). Here we sampled eighty-nine sites across five ENZs and four LCTs within the Western Pacific region. Through leveraging the second-generation sequencing of topsoil samples, we showed that α-diversity (taxonomic diversity) of archaea strongly varied within LCTs, whereas bacterial α-diversity was significantly controlled by both LCT and ENZ. Soil archaea and bacteria showed global niche differentiation associated with contrasting diversity responses to latitude and differential responses of microbial diversity patterns to edaphic and climate variables within LCTs and ENZs. In contrast to α-diversity, microbial β-diversity (the compositional dissimilarity between sites) was majorly governed by ENZs, particularly for archaea (P < 0.01). Our results highlight the importance of LCTs and ENZs for understanding soil microbial contributions to nutrient dynamics and ecosystem resilience under land-use intensification and climate change.

Landslide susceptibility mapping and assessment using geospatial platforms and weights of evidence (WoE) method in the Indian himalayan region: Recent developments, gaps, and future directions
Amit Kumar Batar, Teiji Watanabe
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10, 3, Mar. 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, The Himalayan region and hilly areas face severe challenges due to landslide occurrences during the rainy seasons in India, and the study area, i.e., the Rudraprayag district, is no exception. However, the landslide related database and research are still inadequate in these landslide-prone areas. The main purpose of this study is: (1) to prepare the multi-temporal landslide inventory map using geospatial platforms in the data-scarce environment; (2) to evaluate the landslide susceptibility map using weights of evidence (WoE) method in the Geographical Information System (GIS) environment at the district level; and (3) to provide a comprehensive understanding of recent developments, gaps, and future directions related to landslide inventory, susceptibility mapping, and risk assessment in the Indian context. Firstly, 293 landslides polygon were manually digitized using the BHUVAN (Indian earth observation visualization) and Google Earth® from 2011 to 2013. Secondly, a total of 14 landslide causative factors viz. geology, geomorphology, soil type, soil depth, slope angle, slope aspect, relative relief, distance to faults, distance to thrusts, distance to lineaments, distance to streams, distance to roads, land use/cover, and altitude zones were selected based on the previous study. Then, the WoE method was applied to assign the weights for each class of causative factors to obtain a landslide susceptibility map. Afterward, the final landslide susceptibility map was divided into five susceptibility classes (very high, high, medium, low, and very low classes). Later, the validation of the landslide susceptibility map was checked against randomly selected landslides using IDRISI SELVA 17.0 software. Our study results show that medium to very high landslide susceptibilities had occurred in the non-forest areas, mainly scrubland, pastureland, and barren land. The results show that medium to very high landslide susceptibilities areas are in the upper catchment areas of the Mandakini river and adjacent to the National Highways (107 and 07). The results also show that landslide susceptibility is high in high relative relief areas and shallow soil, near thrusts and faults, and on southeast, south, and west-facing steep slopes. The WoE method achieved a prediction accuracy of 85.7%, indicating good accuracy of the model. Thus, this landslide susceptibility map could help the local governments in landslide hazard mitigation, land use planning, and landscape protection.

Monitoring of vegetation disturbance around protected areas in central tanzania using landsat time-series data
Atupelye W. Komba, Teiji Watanabe, Masami Kaneko, Mohan Bahadur Chand
Remote Sensing, 13, 9, 1800, 1800, {MDPI} {AG}, 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Understanding vegetation disturbance around protected areas (PAs) is critical as it significantly affects the sustainable conservation of wildlife. However, there is a lack of analyses of consistent long-term data on vegetation disturbance. In this study, the LandTrendr algorithm and Google Earth Engine were used to access satellite data and explore the vegetation dynamics history across the Ruaha–Rungwa landscape, Tanzania. We characterized vegetation disturbance patterns and change attributes, including disturbance occurrence trends, rate, and severity, by using each pixel’s normalized burn ratio index time series. Between 2000 and 2019, 36% of the vegetation was significantly disturbed by anthropogenic activities. The results of this study show that the disturbance trends, severity, and patterns are highly variable and strongly depend on the management approaches implemented in the heterogeneous landscape: Ruaha National Park (RNP), Rungwa–Kizigo–Muhesi Game Reserves (RKMGR), and the surrounding zones. The disturbance rates and severity were pronounced and increased toward the edges of the western RKMGR. However, the disturbance in the areas surrounding the RNP was lower. The characterization of the vegetation disturbance over time provides spatial information that is necessary for policy makers, managers, and conservationists to understand the ongoing long-term changes in large PAs.

Integrating land use/land cover change with change in functional zones’ boundary of the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, China
Juan Xiao, Teiji Watanabe, Xi Lu, Mohan Bahadur Chand, Deha Agus Umarhadi, Xinyu Chen, Ram Avtar
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 126, 103041, 103041, Elsevier {BV}, 2021, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, The boundaries of the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve's (EDLNNR) functional zones have been adjusted over time due to conditional changes. However, there is no systematic study being conducted on the EDLNNR's historical trend of land use/land cover (LULC). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relationship between changes in functional zones' boundary and spatio-temporal changes in the LULC from pre-establishment to the present time for adequate protection. The objective of this study is to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of LULC changes from 1979 to 2019 in the three functional zones of EDLNNR during the dry season. LULC transition matrix and landscape metrics at the landscape level were also used to investigate the land type dynamics and landscape fragmentation, respectively. An increase in the marsh area was observed in all three functional zones of EDLNNR. The built-up area was increased due to the conversion of agricultural land. The landscape metrics-based analysis showed that the EDLNNR was less fragmented in 2019 than the previous record in 2016, due to the adjustment action of the three functional zones' boundary of the EDLNNR in 2018. The excluded area of the EDLNNR was from its experimental zone, which includes densely populated areas and surrounding agricultural land and woodland. The spatio-temporal LULC change information can offer effective management and conservation of different functional zones of the EDLNNR. This study can also act as a case model for effective management of other protected areas worldwide.

High-resolution inventory of the glacial lakes in the Ngozompa Glacier basin, Everest Region, Nepal　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Chand, M, B, Watanabe, T
Bulletin of Nepal Hydrogeological Association, 5, 61, 69, Sep. 2020, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Reconstructing the history of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, East Nepal: An interdisciplinary approach
Alton C. Byers, Mohan Bahadur Chand, Jonathan Lala, Milan Shrestha, Elizabeth A. Byers, Teiji Watanabe
Sustainability (Switzerland), 12, 13, 01 Jul. 2020, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, An interdisciplinary field investigation of historic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Kanchenjunga region of Nepal was conducted between April and May, 2019. Oral history and field measurements suggested that at least six major GLOFs have occurred in the region since 1921. A remote sensing analysis confirmed the occurrence of the six GLOFs mentioned by informants, including two smaller flood events not mentioned that had occurred at some point before 1962. A numerical simulation of the Nangama GLOF suggested that it was triggered by an ice/debris avalanche of some 800,000 m3 of material, causing a surge wave that breached the terminal moraine and released an estimated 11.2 × 106 m3 ± 1.4 × 106 m3 of water. Debris from the flood dammed the Pabuk Khola river 2 km below the lake to form what is today known as Chheche Pokhari lake. Some concern has been expressed for the possibility of a second GLOF from Nangama as the result of continued and growing landslide activity from its right lateral moraine. Regular monitoring of all lakes and glaciers is recommended to avoid and/or mitigate the occurrence of future GLOF events in the region. Collectively, the paper demonstrates the benefits and utility of interdisciplinary research approaches to achieving a better understanding of past and poorly documented GLOF events in remote, data-scarce high mountain environments.

An analysis of urban land use/land cover changes in Blantyre City, Southern Malawi (1994-2018)
John Mawenda, Teiji Watanabe, Ram Avtar
Sustainability (Switzerland), 12, 6, 01 Mar. 2020, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Rapid and unplanned urban growth has adverse environmental and social consequences. This is prominent in sub-Saharan Africa where the urbanisation rate is high and characterised by the proliferation of informal settlements. It is, therefore, crucial that urban land use/land cover (LULC) changes be investigated in order to enhance effective planning and sustainable growth. In this paper, the spatial and temporal LULC changes in Blantyre city were studied using the integration of remotely sensed Landsat imageries of 1994, 2007 and 2018, and a geographic information system (GIS). The supervised classification method using the support vector machine algorithm was applied to generate the LULC maps. The study also analysed the transition matrices derived from the classified map to identify prominent processes of changes for planning prioritisation. The results showed that the built-up class, which included urban structures such as residential, industrial, commercial and public installations, increased in the 24-year study period. On the contrary, bare land, which included vacant lands, open spaces with little or no vegetation, hilly clear-cut areas and other fallow land, declined over the study period. This was also the case with the vegetation class (i.e., forests, parks, permanent tree-covered areas and shrubs). The post-classification results revealed that the LULC changes during the second period (2007-2018) were faster compared to the first period (1994-2007). Furthermore, the results revealed that the increase in built-up areas systematically targeted the bare land and avoided the vegetated areas, and that the vegetated areas were systematically cleared to bare land during the study period (1994-2018). The findings of this study have revealed the pressure of human activities on the land and natural environment in Blantyre and provided the basis for sustainable urban planning and development in Blantyre city.

Characteristics of pastoralism in Karakul, Tajik Pamirs in the northeastern part of Tajikistan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
SHIRASAKA, S, WATANABE Teiji
Geopgraphical Space, 12, 2, 97, 115, Dec. 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Development of Supraglacial Ponds in the Everest Region, Nepal, between 1989 and 2018
Mohan Bahadur Chand, Teiji Watanabe
Remote Sensing, 11, 9, May 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

The Mutual Relationship between Protected Areas and Their Local Residents: The Case of Qinling Zhongnanshan UNESCO Global Geopark, China
Liang Chang, Teiji Watanabe
Environments, 6, 5, May 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Impact of Recreational Activities on an Unmanaged Alpine Campsite: The Case of Kuro-Dake Campsite, Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan
Teiji Watanabe
Environments, 6, 3, 15 Mar. 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal, The Kuro-dake Campsite in Daisetsuzan National Park is situated in a fragile alpine setting. Since it opened in 1992, it has not been under formal management. With camping increasingly affecting the Kuro-dake Campsite, this study aims to gain deeper insights into the soil erosion and overcrowding at the campsite and to suggest a corresponding strategy for future management. A detailed topographic map was created using pole photogrammetry to understand the ground surface condition of the campsite in 2017. Aerial photographs taken in 2012 and 2017 were used to understand the long-term changes in the ground surface. Furthermore, questionnaire surveys with campers, interview surveys with organizations related to the park management and secondary data collection were conducted. Two gullies were identified on the topographic map of the campsite. From 2012 to 2017, the campsite size increased by 48 m2. The daily-use level on busy days is nearly seven times the mean daily-use level for the year. Some campers illegally pitch tents on nearby trails on such busy days. The questionnaire surveys in 2017 and 2018 (n = 346) show that most respondents oppose a future closure of the campsite and two-thirds oppose a use limit. The 2018 survey (n = 210) shows that 71% of respondents were not aware of the reservation system in national parks elsewhere; however, 76% agreed to a reservation system to secure their tent space. Introducing formal management oversight, along with a reservation system, is urgently needed.

An Analysis of the Causes of Deforestation in Malawi: A Case of Mwazisi
Susan Ngwira, Teiji Watanabe
Land, 8, 3, Mar. 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Pastoral Practices and Common Use of Pastureland: The Case of Karakul, North-Eastern Tajik Pamirs
Teiji Watanabe, Shigeru Shirasaka
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 12, 03 Dec. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
English, Scientific journal, This study describes pastoralism practiced in the Karakul village, Northeast of Tajikistan, and discusses its sustainability. Tajikistan introduced a market economy at independence in 1991, and pastoralism is now practiced on a family-unit basis. The families in Karakul graze livestock in their summer pastureland (jailoo) and move their livestock to winter pastureland around the village (kyshtoo). They make groups for pasturage with several families in jailoo and also in kyshtoo. Each group pastures their livestock every day, using a system called novad. In addition to jailoo and kyshtoo, they also practice pastoralism on two additional kinds of pastureland: küzdöö (spring pastureland) and bäärlöö (autumn pastureland). Still, now, the Karakul villagers use their pastureland as the commons: the Karakul village has not established private possession of pastureland even after a law enabled the division of common pastureland among individual families. Using the pastureland as the commons would be preferred by the local pastoralists. However, the free pasture access as the commons may result in a loss of sustainability as a trade-off. Regardless of privatization or the continued use of the commons, the possible development of the uneven use of the pastureland is inferred and should be avoided, and the introduction of a local management structure is urgently needed.

Preface: Environmental management and sustainable use of mountain protected areas in Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
WATANABE, Teiji, MOKUDAI, Kuniyasu
Chikyu Kankyo, 23, 1&2, 1, 2, Dec. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited]
Japanese

日本の山岳地域における保護地域制度の多様性とその意義　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
目代邦康, 渡邉 悌二
地球環境, 23, Dec. 2018, [Peer-reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

持続可能な維持管理に向けた登山道研究の進展：大雪山国立公園の事例　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡邉 悌二
地球環境, 23, Dec. 2018, [Peer-reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Assessment of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change and Forest Fragmentation in the Garhwal Himalayan Region of India
Amit Batar, Teiji Watanabe, Ajay Kumar
Environments, 4, 2, 19 Apr. 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Low-flow hydrology in the Nepal Himalayas: the Madi watershed
Khanal, N.R, Watanabe, T
Geographical Studies, 92, 1, 6, 16, Feb. 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Changing of trail erosion and estimating further erosion on Hokkaidaira of Daisetsuzan in Hokkaido, Japan
KOBAYASHI Yusuke, WATANABE Teiji
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2017, 100293, 100293, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2017
Japanese, 1. はじめに 大雪山国立公園では、主な登山道の表層は火山性の脆い物質に覆われ、さらに融雪期と登山シーズンが重なるという地域性から、登山道上の侵食や登山道周辺の植生上への土砂の堆積が深刻な問題のひとつとなっている。登山道侵食を理解する上で侵食断面を計測する2次元的な手法が従来から取られてきた。しかしながらこの手法では全体的な計測や経年変化の把握は難しい。そこで本研究ではUAV（ドローン）による撮影および3次元解析を行い、2014年から2016年の3年間の侵食量および堆積量の変化を明らかにした。また、登山道表面から基盤までの厚さを計測し、将来、侵食しうる規模について評価した。 2. 調査対象登山道 本研究では、大雪山北海岳から白雲岳方面にかけて広がる緩斜面上を南北に走る登山道を対象とした。登山者は例年9月が最も多い。大雪山国立公園の中でも、深さ1 m規模の大きな下方侵食が多発している区間である。 3. 計測方法 今回、7箇所の登山道上の侵食を計測した。ひとつの侵食の全体を計測できるよう、侵食の始点から終点の間に複数個のGCP（地上基準点）を設置し、GPSを用い地上座標を得た。UAVにはDJI Phantom2+Visionを、空撮用カメラにはRICOH GRを用いた。写真測量解析にはAgisoft Photoscanを、土量計測にはArc GISおよびEasy MeshMapを用いた。登山道表面から基盤までの厚さの計測にはPANDA2を合計14地点で用いた。   4. 結果と考察 計測対象とした7箇所の中で、最も侵食規模の大きな箇所の侵食量は274.67 m³であった。各計測箇所においては、全体の侵食量と登山道の傾斜度に明瞭な関係は見られない。また、2014年から2015年にかけて登山道に変化はほとんど見られない。しかし、2016年台風10号による大雨の影響で、下方侵食が1 cmから30 cmの範囲で進行した。今回、周氷河地形が発達する緩斜面上で下方侵食のほか側壁の崩壊が見られた。今後の下方侵食が発生しうる規模については、30 cmから100 cm以上と想定され、2016年台風10号のような大雨が今後も発生すると更に下方侵食が進行することが予想される。また、今回の大雨による活動層の融解の促進が見られた。このため登山道が泥濘化し、登山者が歩行場所を大きく変え、登山道が拡幅した場所も見られた。現在、大雪山国立公園では近自然工法に基づく登山道補修が積極的に行われている。実際の施工に際し、水道となる微地形の見極めが必要となることから、UAVおよびSfMを用いた計測は登山道管理において有効であると考えられる。しかし予算や人員が限られており、今後荒廃しやすい場所を優先的に補修するなど対策が必要である。   本研究の実施には科学研究費補助金「持続的観光への展開を目指した協働型登山道維持管理プラットフォームの構築」（課題番号15K12451，研究代表者：渡辺悌二）を使用した。

Direction and development of world's mountain science and the current status and issues of mountain science in Japan
WATANABE TEIJI, UENO KENICHI
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2017, 100337, 100337, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2017
Japanese, 海外の山岳科学
山岳科学に関連して，過去数10年間に，海外では多様な活動が行われてきている。国際地理学連合に関連した活動一つを例にあげても，カール・トロールと共に山岳コミッションをリードしてきたジャック・アイブスとブルーノ・メッセルリが世界各地で研究プロジェクトを展開し，山岳科学に関連した２つの国際学術誌を創刊し，いわゆる地球サミットで1992年に採択された「アジェンダ21」の中に，第13章として山の章（脆弱な生態系の管理：持続可能な山地開発）を設け，その10年後（2002年）の国連・国際山岳年（International Year of Mountains: IYM）の実現を促した。彼らは，ヒマラヤを中心とする南アジア地域の山岳環境問題を扱う，国際総合山岳開発センター（ICIMOD）の設立にも貢献し，同様のセンターが，アフリカ（African Mountain Association）と南米（Andean Mountain Association）にもつくられた。1997年には国際的ネットワークであるマウンテン・フォーラム（Mountain Forum）ができた。2002年のIYMを契機に，12月11日が国際山の日（International Mountain Day）となり，毎年異なるテーマを設定して山岳地域の問題を国際的に考える仕組みとして50カか国および多数の国際機関からなるマウンテン・パートナーシップ（Mountain Partnership）が設立された。
また，５年に１回スコットランド・パースで開かれている山の国際会議では，2010年と2015年の研究発表とを比較して，従来からの観察に基づく研究や保全を中心とした研究から，学際的研究や「変化」に焦点を充てた研究に移行してきていることが分析されている（Gleeson et al 2016）。一般的には，多くの国際的な山岳研究は，ここにきてFuture Earth（フューチャー・アース,）を強く意識したものが急増しているものと思われる。多くの国際的な動きの中で，例えば，Future Earthのコア・プログラムの一つである全球陸域研究計画（GLP）の直近のSSC会議では，Mountainsというワーキング・グループが設けられ，山を核にしてLand Scienceを進めていくことが合意されている。  
日本の現状と課題
山岳国家である日本においては，従来から多様な研究が山岳地域で盛んに行われてきた。また，2002年のIYMを契機に，研究者と市民（登山者の集まりからなる山岳団体，NGOなど）や公的機関との間で交流がある程度行われるようになった。しかし，そこでは，中高年齢者ばかりが関与していた。
特に最近は，日本の大学では，山に関わる学生・若手の著しい減少が深刻になってきている。これでは，山岳宗教をはじめとする多様な学問領域を維持することさえ困難になってしまう。 また，山岳地域の管理などに関わる人たちの高齢化の問題も顕著である。土地所有者の立場としての監督者である林野庁や都道府県・市町村，あるいは国立公園などでは環境省らが山岳地域の管理を行っているが，現場においては，地元山岳団体や環境NGOの役割が極めて大きく，こうした組織においても高齢化が大きな問題となっている。日本の登山者の年齢が過去数10年間にわたり中高年層に大きく偏っていることが指摘されているが，この数年に限ってみれば，「山ガール」から拡大した若年齢層の登山者もごくわずかではあるが増えてきていることが注目され，山岳地域の管理へのその「取り込み」を考えねばならない。
今後，少子高齢化のさらなる進行が予測されている日本において，山岳科学に関わる次世代の研究者の育成は急務の課題であるとともに，管理者・利用者側でも若年齢層の関与を拡大させることが重要になる。年齢構成を考えた組織をつくらなければ，持続的な山岳社会はできない。山岳科学の世界においては，まず，次の世代の人材を確保すること，そして次に人材育成を進めることが求められる。海外では主要な山岳研究がFuture Earthと結びつくようになってきているのに対して，日本ではまだ具体的な動きさえない。国際的な視野に立って活動ができる若手を確保・育成していくためにも，さまざまな国内問題の解決のためにも，これからの日本の山岳科学の枠組みを基礎から考えて行くことが重要であろう。2017年度には，国内の複数大学で大学連携山岳科学学位プログラムが始まり，その成果が期待されるが，より多くの国内外の大学で山岳科学が受講できるよう，たとえばeラーニングの整備などが求められる。

山岳科学の創出―山岳地域の諸問題を分野横断で俯瞰する―
松岡 憲知, 渡辺 悌二, 横山 智
E-journal GEO, 12, 1, 147, 150, 公益社団法人 日本地理学会, 2017
Japanese

Modeling Determinants of Urban Growth in Conakry, Guinea: A Spatial Logistic Approach　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Traore, A, Watanabe, T
Urban Science, 1, 2, 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Forest-Cover Change and Participatory Forest Management of the Lembus Forest, Kenya
Donald Kimutai, Teiji Watanabe
Environments, 26 Jul. 2016
Scientific journal

An assessment of conditions before and after the 1998 Tam Pokhari outburst in the Nepal Himalaya and an evaluation of the future outburst hazard
Damodar Lamsal, Takanobu Sawagaki, Teiji Watanabe, Alton C. Byers, Daene C. McKinney
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 30, 5, 676, 691, WILEY-BLACKWELL, Feb. 2016, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, On 3 September 1998, a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that originated from Tam Pokhari occurred in the Hinku valley of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. This study analyses the lake's geomorphic and hydrologic conditions prior to the outburst, and evaluates the conditions that could contribute to a future flood through photogrammetric techniques. We processed high-resolution Corona KH-4A (2.7m) and ALOS PRISM (2.5m) stereo-images taken before and after the GLOF event, and produced detailed topographic maps (2-m contour interval) and DEMs (5mx5m). We (re-) constructed lake water surfaces before (4410 +/- 5m) and after (4356 +/- 5m) the outburst, and reliably estimated the lake water surface lowering (54 +/- 5m) and the water volume released (19.5 +/- 2.2x10(6)m(3)) from the lake, showing good agreement with the results obtained from ground-based measurements. The most relevant conditions that may have influenced the catastrophic drainage of Tam Pokhari in 1998 include the presence of: (i) a narrow (75 +/- 6m), steep (up to 50 degrees) and high (120 +/- 5m) moraine dam; (ii) high lake level (8 +/- 5m of freeboard) and (iii) a steep overhanging glacier (>40 degrees). The lake outburst substantially altered the immediate area, creating a low and wide (>500m) outwash plain below the lake, a wide lake outlet channel (similar to 50m) and a gentle channel slope (similar to 3-5 degrees). Our new data suggest that the likelihood of a future lake outburst is low. Our results demonstrate that the datasets produced by photogrammetric techniques provide an excellent representation of micro-landform features on moraine dams, lake water surfaces and the changes in both over time, thereby allowing highly accurate pre- and post-GLOF (volumetric) change analysis of glacial lakes. Furthermore, it enables precise measurement of several predictive variables of GLOFs that can be useful for identifying potentially dangerous glacial lakes or prioritizing them for detailed field investigations. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Assessment of glacial lake development and prospects of outburst susceptibility: Chamlang South Glacier, eastern Nepal Himalaya
Damodar Lamsal, Takanobu Sawagaki, Teiji Watanabe, Alton C. Byers
GEOMATICS NATURAL HAZARDS & RISK, 7, 1, 403, 423, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, Jan. 2016, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, Chamlang South Tsho has been identified as one of the six high-priority glacial lakes in terms of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) danger in Nepal Himalaya, despite the fact that no detailed investigations of the lake had been hitherto undertaken. We conducted detailed mapping of the lake and its surroundings along with field surveys in October 2009 to determine the developmental history of Chamlang South Tsho and to assess its potential for GLOF. The lake expanded rapidly between 1964 (0.04km(2)) and 2000 (0.86km(2)) and has been stable ever since. Future lake expansion is improbable as its sides are confined by relatively stable landforms. The lake is 87-m deep with a water volume of approximately 34.9-35.6 x 10(6) m(3). Hanging glaciers on the steep surrounding mountain slopes and prominent seepage water in the terminal moraine dam could be potential triggers for a future outburst flood. Additionally, the debris-covered dead-ice dam, which is higher than the lake water level, is narrow and low; therefore, it could be overtopped easily by surge waves. Furthermore, the pronounced difference in elevation between the lake and the base of the terminal moraine dam makes the lake susceptible for a large flood.

Nomadic Livestock Grazing in the Northern Part of Tajikistan, Central Asia
Shirasaka Shigeru, Watanabe Teiji, Miyahara Ikuko
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2015, 100106, 100106, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2015
  The northern part of Tadzhikistan is under severe natural conditions due to its high altitudes. The local inhabitants can find only livestock farming as their subsistence. Sheep, goat, and yak are their domestic animals.       In 1920, the region called Tadzhikistan was integrated into the Soviet Union. Before the Soviet era, they had kept their pure nomadic life and just traveled from one pasture to another in a group.       After having been incorporated into the Soviet Union in the 1920's, the local nomads were forced to settle down in the highlands, over 3,000 meters above sea level, then their nomadism had transformed into "a certain type of transhumance."  There was a rapid transformation from nomadic pastoralism to livestock farming under the Soviet regime. The transition period of transformation that Central Asia went through after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union diverged greatly from the initial optimism that surrounded it. Livestock farming became a matter of individual enterprise. However, the Republic of Tadzhikistan still faces economic poverty.        Today, Kara-kul is shared by two types of the transhumance; ascending transhumance and horizontal.  

Current Status of Tourism Business Development in the Sothern Part of Kyrgyz Republic, Central Asia
MIYAHARA Ikuko, SHIRASAKA Shigeru, WATANABE Teiji
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2015, 100203, 100203, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2015
本研究では、現地調査によって、中央アジアキルギス南部パミール高原のアライ谷における宿泊（ゲストハウス）事業の現状を明らかにし、2つの町におけるゲストハウスの在り方を比較し、さらに、今後の地域の観光発展における課題を述べた。

Glacier-related hazards and their assessment in the Tajik Pamir: A short review
Tetsuya Komatsu, Teiji Watanabe
Geographical Studies, 88, 117, 131, 2013, [Peer-reviewed]

Transhumance in the Southern Part of Kyrgyz and the Northern Part of Tajikistan
Shirasaka Shigeru, Watanabe Teiji, Liu Jie, Song Feng, Miyahara Ikuko
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2013, 140, 140, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2013
● 目的 世界のかなりの地域では厳しい気候条件の結果として、家畜飼養がたったひとつの合理的土地利用としてあらわれる。それにはさまざまな形態があり、定住して営む牧畜のひとつの形態が移牧transhumanceであると筆者らは定義する。 本稿では中央アジアのキルギス南部およびタジキスタン北部（パミール高原北部）における移牧をとりあげ、山地と人間との共生関係を考えたい。● 結果 厳しい気候条件のもとで営まれる家畜飼養には様々の形態があり、あるところでは定住した家畜飼養であり、あるところでは遊牧である。地球上には、山地の高度差を利用して、つまり低地と高地との気候の差異を利用した特色あるさまざまな営みがみられる。なかでも、移牧は低地と高地との気候の差異を利用した生業の代表である。 中央アジアのパミール高原北部は標高が高く、とくに厳しい自然環境のなかで牧畜にしか生業を見出しえない地域である。このパミール高原北部では、その主要家畜はヒツジ・ヤギ・乳牛・ウマであり、場所によってはヤクも飼育されている。 この地域は1920年代にソ連に組み込まれたが、それ以前の生業は遊牧であった。 ソ連時代になり、この地域の遊牧民はソホーズ に組み込まれて、定住を強制された。その結果、この地域の遊牧は定住して牧畜を営む「ある種の移牧」に変容した。 キルギス共和国南部のthe Alai Valleyはパミール高原の北部で3,200mの高地にあり、こんにち、そこでは、ほぼ水平に広く空間を利用する「ある種の移牧」がみられる。集落内に居住する人びとも、ある程度の家畜を所有しており、数家族から数十家族がまとまってヒツジ・ヤギを、冬季を除き毎日、周辺の山地に放牧すること（kezuu）もみられる。 一方、the Alai Valleyに接するタジキスタン北部のthe Kara-kul地域では、高低差を利用する、いわゆる正移牧ascending transhumanceが営まれている。 キルギス共和国もタジキスタン共和国も1991年にソ連の崩壊により独立したが、経済的貧困に直面している。本来であれば保護の対象とされるべき植物や動物という自然資源が消費されている。 このような自然資源の消費を阻止し、牧畜を生業として確立するための方策が求められている。

Place Names as an Ecotourism Resource for the Alai Valley of the Kyrgyz Pamir.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Watanabe,T, Anarbaev, M, Liu, Y, Sawagaki, T, Izumiyama, S, Miyahara, I, Komatsu, T
Geographical Studies, 88, 2, 102, 116, 2013, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Trekking Tourism and Environments in the Nepal Himalaya
Watanabe Teiji
Rikkyo University bulletin of studies in tourism, 14, 83, 98, Rikkyo University, Mar. 2012
Japanese

Geosite selection from viewpoint of protected-area management
Watanabe Teiji
Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 2012, 100223, 100223, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 2012
Geosites to be selected in protected areas should have a role in geoconservation. Promotion of research realted to geoconservation and involvement of the Ministry of the Environment for the geosite selection in the protected areas will be discussed. 

Changes in Surface Morphology and Glacial Lake Development of Chamlang South Glacier in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya since 1964　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Sawagaki, T, Lamsal, D, Watanabe, T, Byers, A
Global Environmental Research, 16, 1, 83, 94, 2012, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

ソ連邦崩壊後のパミールにおける家畜の移牧と環境問題
渡辺 悌二, 泉山 茂之, 澤柿 教伸, ガウナビナカ レンバイアテライテ, アナルバエフ マクサト
季刊地理学 = Quarterly journal of geography, 63, 1, 42, 43, 01 Mar. 2011, [Peer-reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

渡辺和之：羊飼いの民族誌―ネパール移牧社会の資源利用と社会関係:明石書店，2009年2月
渡辺 悌二
地学雑誌, 119, 4, 751, 752, Tokyo Geographical Society, 2010

Protected Areas and Tourism Development in the Kyrgyz Republic
WATANABE Teiji, ANARBAEV Maksat, IWATA Shuji
Geographical Studies, 2008, 83, 29, 39, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, 2008
Japanese

Introduction to the Special Issue on "Current Situations of Mountain Environments and their Agendas for Post-International Year of Mountains"
WATANABE Teiji, TSUKIHARA Toshihiro, IWATA Shuji
J. Geogr., 113, 2, 167, 168, Tokyo Geographical Society, 2004

Contemporary periglacial processes in the Swiss Alps: seasonal, inter-annual and long-term variations
N Matsuoka, A Ikeda, K Hirakawa, T Watanabe
PERMAFROST, VOLS 1 AND 2, 735, 740, A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS, 2003, [Peer-reviewed]
English, International conference proceedings, Comprehensive monitoring of periglacial weathering and mass wasting has been undertaken near the lower limit of the mountain permafrost belt. Seven years of monitoring highlight both seasonal and inter-annual variations. On the seasonal scale, three types of movements are identified: (A) small magnitude events associated with diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, (B) larger events during early seasonal freezing and (C) sporadic events originating from refreezing of meltwater during seasonal thawing. Type A produces pebbles or smaller fragments from rockwalls and shallow (<10 cm) frost creep on debris slopes. Types B and C are responsible for larger debris production and deeper (<50 cm) frost creep/gelifluction. Some of these events contribute to permanent opening of rock Joints and advance of solifluction lobes. Sporadic large boulder falls enhance inter-annual variation in rockwall retreat rates. On some debris slopes, prolonged snow melting occasionally triggers rapid soil flow, which causes inter-annual variation in rates of sod movement.

Slope Instability in the Mountain Permafrost Belt of the Alps
MATSUOKA Norikazu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, IKEDA Atsushi
J. Geogr., 109, 5, 746, 752, Tokyo Geographical Society, 25 Oct. 2000
English

Significance and Problems in the Enlargement of the Swiss National Park
WATANABE Teiji, SAWAGAKI Takanobu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, MATSUOKA Norikazu
Annals of the Hokkaido Geographical Society, 2000, 74, 15, 22, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, 2000, [Peer-reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

The Nangama Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Occurred on 23 June 1980 in the Kanchanjunga Area, Eastern Nepal
Watanabe Teiji, Khanal Narendra R., Gautam Madhab P.
Geographical Studies, 1998, 72, 13, 20, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, 1998
Japanese, ネパール最東部のカンチェンジュンガ・ヒマール地域では, 1980年にプチャン氷河の氷河湖が決壊したという報告があるが, 実際の発生地点や発生日など詳しいことはわかっていない。そこで, ここでは, 地形図・空中写真判読および地元の新聞記事の調査によって, この氷河湖決壊の発生場所, 発生日, 湖の大きさ, 下流への影響範囲などを調べた。
1997年に発行された5万分の1地形図と1992年撮影の空中写真を使って, タムール川上流部の湖の位置と高度を明らかにした。その結果, 調査流域には118の湖が確認された。このうち62の湖は, 氷河を上流に持たないタイプの湖で, かつて上流にあった氷河の融解時に形成されたものであると考えられる (分布高度:3, 960-5, 460m) 。いっぽう56の湖は, 現在も氷河の上やそばに位置しており, 氷河の融け水によって涵養されている (分布高度:4, 460-5, 450m) 。
問題の氷河湖決壊洪水については, これまでのところ, "1980年にタムール川上流のプカン氷河湖で決壊が生じ, 河川では水位が20m上昇し, 下流に被害を及ぼした"ということが報告されていたにすぎない。氷河湖決壊発生当時の2つの新聞記事を調べたところ, 発生日は1980年6月23日であることがわかった。またこの氷河湖決壊洪水の前後の地形図と写真を比較した結果, この氷河湖決壊は, タムール川の支流のパブク川に注ぐナンガマ氷河湖 (標高約4, 950m) の決壊によることがわかった。ナンガマ氷河湖は, 決壊する前の1978年には, およそ0.93km²の湖水面積を持っていたと推定される。この氷河湖の決壊によって湖から23km下流までは著しい堆積と侵食が繰り返されている。また新聞記事によれば, 洪水によって標高640mにあった橋が破壊されている。このことから, 洪水は発生地点から下流方向に少なくとも71kmにわたって被害を与えたと考えられる。
この氷河湖の周辺のタムール川 (パブク川) 最上流域だけでも, 小さな湖が多数形成され始めており, ネパール・ヒマラヤでの氷河湖の形成速度の大きさを考慮に入れると, 今後の氷河湖の成長のモニタリングおよび警報伝達・避難体制の確立を急ぐ必要があるといえる。

Monitoring of periglacial slope processes in the Swiss Alps: The first two years of frost shattering, heave and creep
Norikazu Matsuoka, Kazuomi Hirakawa, Teiji Watanabe, Kiichi Moriwaki
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 8, 2, 155, 177, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1997, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal, A synthetic monitoring system was developed in an attempt to evaluate geomorphic processes acting on periglacial rock and debris slopes in the Swiss Alps. The measured parameters include rock joint widening, soil heave and creep, and associated variables. Data loggers provide year-round records of these parameters. Observations for the first two years highlight rock weathering and soil movement caused by frost action. Rock temperature data demonstrate that the southern exposures and north-facing ridges experience multiple diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, while north-facing rockwalls are dominated by the seasonal freeze-thaw action. This contrast may account for the spatial variability in the size of rock debris released from rockwalls. Considerable amounts of joint widening were recorded at the onset of seasonal thawing, when meltwater percolated downward into the frozen bedrock. This observation emphasizes that moisture availability controls to a large degree the magnitude of frost action. Diurnal frost heave and creep prevail on crest debris slopes, while basal debris slopes experience large frost heave during seasonal freezing and thawing. Such a variation in the type of soil movement corresponds to the landform transition from small sorted stripes that predominate on the crest slopes to solifluction lobes on the basal slopes. © 1997 by John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.

The Mount Cook Rock Avalanche of 14 December 1991
渡辺 悌二
J. Geogr., 103, 1, plate7, plate8, Tokyo Geographical Society, 1994

Re-examination of the "Protalus Ramparts" in the Navajo Glacier Area, Colorado Front Range, U. S. A., and Reconstruction of the Navajo Glacier in the Late Pleistocene / Holocene Stades
WATANABE Teiji
J. Geogr., 102, 1, 60, 72, Tokyo Geographical Society, 25 Feb. 1993
Japanese

あいさつに関する調査からみたネパール人ポーターと外国人トレッカーの親しみやすさの違いについて
渡辺 悌二
北海道地理, 1993, 67, 41, 46, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, 1993
Japanese

Color Plate
WATANABE T.
The Quat. Res., 29, 1, i, ii, Japan Association for Quaternary Research, 1990

Relative dating methods mainly applied to glacial and periglacial deposits.
WATANABE Teiji
The Quat. Res., 29, 1, 49, 77, Japan Association for Quaternary Research, 1990
Japanese

Vegetation Landscape and Related Alpine Environmental Factors of the Kuranosuke Cique, Tateyama Range, Northern Japanese Alps
WATANABE Teiji
Geographical review of Japan. Ser.A, 59, 404, 425, The Association of Japanese Geographers, 1986
English, The vegetation landscape of the Kuranosuke Cirque, Northern Japanese Alps, was analysed from a geoecological viewpoint. First, the alpine zone of the cirque was physiognomically divided into the following four units on the basis of surface conditions: Pinus pumila-covered area, Alpine meadow, Bare ground, and Perennial snow patch (Fig. 4). Among various climatic, topographic and geologic factors which determine the vegetation landscape, the following six are chosen for the present analysis: 1) maximum snow depth, 2) snowmelt period, 3) surface material, 4) slope form, 5) mean slope gradient, and 6) surface processes such as gelifluction, alpine debris flows and rockfalls. Distributions of each factor in the cirque were mapped at the scale of 1:5, 000, on the basis of the air-photo interpretation and periodical field observations (Figs. 5 to 12). Grid analysis (50m×50m grid) allowed a systematic treatment of the data. The results of the mapping (Fig. 13) revealed that 1) Pinus pumila-covered area is subdivided into Pinus pumila-covered boulder area (P-I) and Pinus pumila-covered rubble area (P-II); and 2) Bare ground is subdivided into Wind-beaten bare ground (BG-I), Snowy bare ground (BG-II), Intermediately snowy boulder area (BG-IIIa), and Rock walls and Talus slopes (BG-IIIb), according to the conditions of maximum snow depth and surface material (Fig. 14). These six categories, together with Alpine meadow (AM) and Perennial snow patch (S), are called landscape units; which correspond to Ökotop defined by Troll (1971). Figure 15 summarizes the relation between each landscapee unit and six alpine environmental factors, and Figure 16 show, the spatial distribution of the landscape units on the cirque.
The results of this analysis clarified: 1) the mean gradient is not an important factor to classify landscape units 2) the mean value of maximum snow depth is effective to classify landscape units ; however, 3) the range of maximum snow depth of one landscape unit overlaps with that of another; 4) surface material, slope form, and surface processes play an important role to classify the landscape units which are not determined only by maximum snow depth, and 5) the lack of Pinus pumila community over Intermediately snowy boulder area (BG-IIIa) which has the maximum snow depth allowing its growth, is explained by the slow speed of invasion of this plant from the surrounding areas.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Applications in Agriculture and Environment
Ram Avtar, Teiji Watanabe, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Applications in Agriculture and Environment, 1, 199, 01 Jan. 2019
This book showcases how new and emerging technologies like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are trying to provide solutions to unresolved socio-economic and environmental problems. Unmanned vehicles can be classified into five different types according to their operation. These five types are unmanned ground vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned surface vehicles (operating on the surface of the water), unmanned underwater vehicles, and unmanned spacecraft. Unmanned vehicles can be guided remotely or function as autonomous vehicles. The technology has a wide range of uses including agriculture, industry, transport, communication, surveillance and environment applications. UAVs are widely used in precision agriculture; from monitoring the crops to crop damage assessment. This book explains the different methods in which they are used, providing step-by-step image processing and sample data. It also discusses how smart UAVs will provide unique opportunities for manufacturers to utilise new technological trends to overcome the current challenges of UAV applications. The book will be of great interest to researchers engaged in forest carbon measurement, road patrolling, plantation monitoring, crop yield estimation, crop damage assessment, terrain modelling, fertilizer control, and pest control., Others

十勝地域における「大規模農業」の軌跡とこれから　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
吉田国光, 渡邉 悌二, 地理, 63, 759, 32, 39, Aug. 2018
Japanese, Introduction commerce magazine

環境変動下における陸域変化研究の歩みと将来—Progress and future of land change science under changing environment—生命を育む地球環境の変動 : 将来予測と適応を目指して
柴田 英昭, 石原 正恵, 渡辺 悌二, 地球環境, 20, 2, 143, 150, 2015
東京 : 国際環境研究協会, Japanese

「大地の遺産100選」の選定作業と候補地
有馬貴之, 目代邦康, 岩田修二, 小泉武栄, 田林明, 松本淳, 新名阿津子, 大八木英夫, 菊地俊夫, 金田章裕, 長谷川直子, 中井達郎, 渡辺悌二, 日本地理学会発表要旨集, 84, 2013

Glacial surface lowering of debris-covered Imja and Chamlang-South glaciers in the Nepal Himalaya
Lamsal Damodar, Sawagaki Takanobu, Watanabe Teiji, Sakai Akiko, Summaries of JSSI and JSSE Joint Conference on Snow and Ice Research, 2013, 0, 102, 102, 2013
The Japanese Society of Snow and Ice / Japan Society for Snow Engineering, Japanese

A hundred remarkable Earth heritages in Japan ―A proposition from a geographical ponit of view
岩田修二, 菊地俊夫, 小泉武栄, 中井達郎, 松本 淳, 新名阿津子, 有馬貴之, 渡辺悌二, 目代邦康, E-journal GEO, 7, 2, 307, 320, 2012
2013.3.15, Japanese, Summary national conference

Digital terrain modelling using Corona and ALOS PRISM data to investigate the distal part of Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal
Damodar Lamsal, Takanobu Sawagaki, Teiji Watanabe, JOURNAL OF MOUNTAIN SCIENCE, 8, 3, 390, 402, Jun. 2011
This study used Corona KH-4A and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) PRISM images to generate digital terrain models (DTMs) of the distal part of Imja Glacier, where a few supraglacial ponds (similar to 0.07 km(2)) expanded into the large Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho, similar to 0.91 km(2)) between 1964 and 2006. DTMs and subsequently derived topographical maps with contour intervals of 1 m were created from the high-resolution images (Corona in 1964 and ALOS in 2006) in the Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS) platform. The DTMs and topographic maps provided excellent representation of the elevation and micro-topography of the glacier surface, such as its supra-glacial ponds/lake, surface depressions, and moraine ridges, with an error of about +/- 4 m (maximum). The DTMs produced from the Corona and ALOS PRISM images are suitable for use in studies of the surface change of glaciers. The topographical maps produced from the Corona data (1964) showed that part of the dead ice in the down-glacier area was even higher than the top of the lateral moraine ridges, while the glacier surface in the up-glacier area was noticeably lower than the moraine crests. This suggests more extensive melting of glacier ice in the up-glacier area before 1964. The average lowering of the glacier surface from 1964 to 2006 was 16.9 m for the dead-ice area west of the lake and 47.4 m for the glacier surface east of the lake; between 1964 and 2002, the lake surface lowered by 82.3 m. These figures represent average lowering rates of 0.4, 1.1, and 2.2 m/year for the respective areas., SCIENCE CHINA PRESS, English

Current status of tourism and roles of a proposed local guide association in Pasu, Northern Areas of Pakistan
Geographical Studies, 86, 41, 54, 2011

Survey of alpine steppe vegetation in the Koyondu Valley, Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve in the northern Tian Shan Mountains of the Kyrgyz Republic
荒瀬 輝夫, 泉山 茂之, 渡辺 悌二, マクサト アナルバエフ, Bulletin Shinshu University Alpine Field Center, 9, 75, 82, 2011
野生動物生態調査の一環として，天山山脈北麓コヨンド谷（キルギス共和国サリチャット・エルタシュ自然保護区）において，高山草原の植生調査を行った。併せて，植物資源の利用について住民への聞き取りを行なった。この地域では，ウマとヒツジの放牧が行なわれ，マルコポーロシープ（アルガリ）やオオカミ等の野生動物も生息しているが，野生生物，気象，生活の情報はほとんどない状況である。ベースキャンプ（標高3,400ｍ）周辺に帯状区をとり，約100ｍおきに右岸・左岸５地点ずつのプロット（２ｍ×２ｍ）を設けた。現地踏査による植物群落調査を2010年10月に行なった。その結果，5科12種の草本植物が確認され，低温や乾燥に適応した形態的特徴を有していた。植被率は 0～50％で，斜面方位によって植物群落の分布は異なり，右岸（北東斜面）では，川からの距離に伴って植被率が減少したが，左岸（南西斜面）ではその関係は認められなかった。現地では燃料として乾燥した家畜の糞が使われ，乾燥地における限られた植物資源をうまく利用した生活が観察された。 As a part of an ecological research project on wild animals in the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve, we surveyed alpine steppe vegetation in the Koyondu valley in the northern Tian Shan mountains of the Kyrgyz Republic. In addition, we interviewed the inhabitants about the utilization of plant resources. Horses and sheep are kept as livestock in the area and Marco-Polo sheep (argali)and wolves are known to inhabit the region, but the information of wildlife, weather conditions and inhabitants'livelihood in this region is hard to obtain.In October 2010, we established a transverse transect across a river near our base camp at an elevation of 3,400m, with five plots (2m ×2m per plot)on each bank.The 12 herbaceous species identified belonged to five families and all exhibited morphological adaptations to low temperatures and humidities. Percentage cover among plots ranged from 0 to 50%, with the distribution of plants varying as a function of the slope aspect. On the right bank, percentage cover was observed to decrease with distance from the river on the north-eastern slope, but this relationship was not observed on the south -western slope. Inhabitants of this arid area used the limited plant resources sustainably, and dried droppings from their livestock as fuel., 信州大学農学部, Japanese

Multidisciplinary assessmentd of trail degradation for framing future trail management: examination in Shei-Pa National Park, Taiwan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Managing Alipne Future II Proceedings of the Innsbruck Conference, 212, 221, 2011

A framework for Late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in Lake Karakul, eastern Pamir, focusing on lake-glacier landform interaction
Tetsuya Komatsu, Teiji Watanabe, Kazuomi Hirakawa, GEOMORPHOLOGY, 119, 3-4, 198, 211, Jul. 2010
This paper presents a framework for Late Quaternary lake-level fluctuation in the closed-basin lake "Lake Karakul" (eastern Pamir) on the basis of the stereoscopic observation of remote sensing data, field mapping and relative dating. The palaeoshorelines (approximately 60 in number) observed around the Lake Karakul can be classified into four groups: H Shorelines, M Shorelines, L Shorelines and LL Shorelines (in the descending order of height). The highest level of each of the above palaeoshoreline groups is 205 m, 85 m, 35 m and 10 m above the present lake level (3915 m asp. From the glacial landform developments and related valley-fill sedimentation patterns around the threshold of the present basin closure, the lake-level fluctuation defined by these palaeoshoreline groups was found to be a consequence of the water balance change within the closed basin. With respect to the timing of the palaeolake highstands, the relationship between lacustrine terraces and terminal moraines suggests the synchroneity of the highest stand of each palaeolake with the corresponding maximum glacier advance. The tentative chronology of the lake-level fluctuation was established from the synthesis of the style of geomorphic development and related glaciation, relative dating on moraine gravels, and the correlations to established glacial histories in and around the Pamir. The periods of the palaeolake highstands indicated by H, M. L and LL shorelines seem to be correlated with the antepenultimate glacial (MIS 8), penultimate glacial (MIS 6), early last glacial (MIS 4) and the late last glacial (MIS 2) periods, respectively. Based on this chronology, each of the 60 palaeoshorelines are expected to show stable lake surfaces during lake regressive stages toward the terminations from the glacial maxima of MIS 8, 6, 4 and 2. Given that the distinct landforms of each palaeoshoreline group were formed in association with the predominant stagnation or small re-transgression of the palaeolake, the short-term cooling and/or wetter episodes, which turned positive lake hydrologic balances from negative ones, were superimposed on the major palaeoclimate changes during the glacial termination periods. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, English

International Mountain Day and the 2002 IYM and beyond
渡辺 悌二, Geographical studies, 85, 69, 74, 2010
北海道地理学会, Japanese

Wolf depredation on livestock in the Pamir
渡辺 悌二, 泉山 茂之, Gaunavinaka Lebaiatelaite, Geographical studies, 85, 26, 36, 2010
北海道地理学会, English

International mountain day and the 2002 IYM and beyond　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
85, 69, 74, 2010

Rockfall Activity in the Kangchenjunga Area, Nepal Himalaya
Dhananjay Regmi, Teiji Watanabe, PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, 20, 4, 390, 398, Oct. 2009
Rockfall activity and related environmental factors (i.e. bedrock thermal regime and precipitation) were monitored through most of one year at elevations between 4600m and 6800m in the Kangchenjunga valley of the Nepal Himalaya to identify rockfall dynamics, estimate rockfall frequency for different aspects, and assess temporal and spatial variations in rockfall activity. Rockfall activity on north-facing slopes is mainly controlled by insolation relating to solar elevation and showed ail abrupt increase in the pre-monsoon season. Rockfall activity oil east-, west- and south-facing slopes is controlled by the duration and effectiveness of sunshine and accumulation of snow. The north-facing slope has a small diurnal range of rock surface temperatures and exhibits seasonal freeze-thaw, whereas the other aspects show frequent diurnal freeze-thaw. These differences result in seasonal rockfall activity on the north-facing slope and the infrequent release of large debris and year-round rockfall activity on the other aspects. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD, English

Evaluating the growth characteristics of a glacial lake and its degree of danger of outburst flooding: Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal
Teiji Watanabe, Damodar Lamsal, Jack D. Ives, NORSK GEOGRAFISK TIDSSKRIFT-NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY, 63, 4, 255, 267, 2009
The Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho) (1.03 km2 in 2007) is repeatedly cited as one of the most dangerous glacial lakes in the Himalaya with a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) claimed to be imminent. Knowledge of lake development and its dynamics, however, is limited and forecasts of a possible outburst are not scientifically based. Nevertheless, prospects for such a catastrophe are repeatedly exaggerated, attracting alarmist mass media coverage. The paper provides an assessment of the lake expansion rates from 1956 to 2007. Stage 1 (1956-1975), slowest: coalescence of several small supra-glacial ponds; Stage 2 (1975-1978), a short period of most rapid expansion; Stage 3 (1978-1997), slow: gradual expansion of single lake; and Stage 4 (1997-2007), renewed acceleration: mainly eastward expansion into the glacier surface. The lake's water level has fallen from 5041 m to 5004 m (1964-2006). The results show that there is no immediate danger of catastrophic outburst although the dynamics of up-glacier and down-valley lake expansion, fluctuation of lake water level, and dead-ice morphology changes should be continuously and comprehensively monitored. Alarmist prognostications based solely upon rapid areal expansion are counterproductive., TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS, English

Tourism in the Pamir-Alai Mountians, southern Kyrgyz Republic
Geographical Studies, 84, 3, 13, 2009

Inhabitation of larger mammals in the Alai Valley of the Kyrgyz Republic
Geographical Studies, 84, 14, 21, 2009

北海道におけるジオダイバーシティ
渡辺悌二, 北海道の自然, 47, 47, 39, 42, 2009

登山とジオダイバーシティ：「ジオ・ツアー登山」の視点　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
北海道の自然, 47, 59, 63, 2009

観光の視点からみた世界自然遺産　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
地球環境, 13, 1, 120, 129, 2008

地球温暖化と世界自然遺産の危機：ヒマラヤ，サガルマータ（エベレスト山）国立公園の事例　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
地球環境, 13, 1, 100, 110, 2008

パキスタン北部，ゴジャール，パスー村周辺での氷河観光開発計画　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
立教大学観光学部紀要, 9, 11, 26, 2007

Archiving Recent Geoscientific Studies in the Karakorum Range:Their Characteristics and Future Directions
Ogata Takayuki, Watanabe Teiji, Geographical Studies, 2007, 82, 65, 74, 2007
カラコルム山脈 (パキスタン北部), およびその周辺地域を対象とした地球科学的研究 (地理学および地質学) のうち, 1990年以降に主要な国際ジャーナルに発表された論文のリストを作成し, 最近の研究動向を展望した。合計58のジャーナルからリストアップされた132の論文を研究領域で大別すると, 地質学・地球物理学60, 自然地理学(生物地理学を除く)38, 生物地理学 (生物生態学などを含む) 7, 人文地理学 (文化生態学・民族学などを含む) 27であった。温暖化の影響を強く受けやすい山岳地域では, 地球環境科学のベースになる自然地理学的研究の必要性が極めて高いが, そのような学際的な立場に立った自然地理学的研究は多くないことがわかった。今後, 以下のような研究が特に必要となるであろう。
氷河の変動については, 広域のリモートセンシングと精密な野外観測を組み合わせた定量的な把握が重要であるが, 乾燥した中央アジア・パミールとモンスーンの影響を受けるヒマラヤとの関係の中にカラコルムを位置づけた視点が望まれる。永久凍土の融解がもたらす山地斜面の不安定化に対しては, 地表面変動の長期モニタリングが必要である。また, 水資源を山岳氷河・永久凍土に依存している乾燥地域においては, 温暖化によって引き起こされる水循環プロセスの変化が人間生活に決定的な影響をもたらす。涵養域 (高標高地域) と流出域 (低標高地域) からなる水収支の変化を流域単位で明らかにしなければならない。さらには, 地表付近の水環境の変化は, 高山植生や野生動物の生存に影響を与えるだけではなく, 家畜の放牧や灌漑農業といった, 人間活動を含めた山岳生態系全体に影響を与える。したがって, 氷河や永久凍土が存在する高山から, 集落や農地が成立する山麓までを統一的に視野に入れ, 自然環境と人間生活からなるシステムを総合的に明らかにする地生態学的研究が強く求められる。, The Hokkaido Geographical Society, Japanese

Using and conserving natural resources in the Shimshal village, Northern Areas of Pakistan, with strategy by not accepting a national park system
WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 69, 85, 85, 10 Mar. 2006
Japanese

Abandonment of agricultural land and its consequences: A case study in the Sikles Area, Gandaki Basin, Nepal Himalaya
Narendra Raj Khanal, Teiji Watanabe, Mountain Research and Development, 26, 1, 32, 40, Feb. 2006
This paper examines the extent, causes, and consequences of abandonment of agricultural land near the village of Sikles in the Nepal Himalaya. Socioeconomic information was collected in a household survey. Abandoned agricultural land and geomorphic damage were mapped at plot level for an area of 149.6 ha. Plot-level analysis showed that nearly 49% of all khet land and 37% of all bari land had been abandoned. About 10% of all khet land had been completely damaged by landslides and floods. Nearly 41% of all abandoned plots were subjected to different forms of geomorphic damage. The amount of geomorphic damage on plots abandoned earlier is greater than that on plots abandoned recently. Abandonment of agricultural land does not automatically lead to plant colonization because geomorphic damage is intensified prior to colonization. Abandoned land requires further management for plant colonization as well as for reducing the risk of geomorphic hazards. Prevailing government policies and acts are not effective in managing abandoned land. The phenomenon of abandoned agricultural land observed in the Nepal Himalaya is not unique: it is common in many mountain areas in the world. However, this phenomenon has recently led to pronounced socioeconomic and environmental problems in Nepal., English

Geoecological studies in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal Himalaya
WATANABE T., Global Environmental Research, 10, 1, 87, 98, 2006

Slow mass movement in the Kangchenjunga area, eastern Nepal Himalaya
Dhananjay Regmi, Teiji Watanabe, Island Arc, 14, 4, 400, 409, Dec. 2005
The rates of the accumulated and continuous displacement of solifluction lobes in the Kangchenjunga area, eastern Nepal Himalaya, were determined using glass fiber tubes and a strain probe. Ground temperature, precipitation and soil moisture were monitored at two sites, whose altitude differed by approximately 100 m, to understand the solifluction process. The average movement rate of the glass fiber tubes on a 31° slope at altitudes of 5412-5414 m a.s.l. was approximately 11mm/year, being almost threefold greater than that observed on a 22° slope at 5322-5325 m a.s.l. There was no significant difference in the depth of displacement at these sites. The continuous displacement measurement near the ground surface at 5414 m showed permanent downslope movement from early July. Such movement may be attributed to additional moisture supply during the monsoon season. The amplitude of the displacement cycle was highest at the ground surface, and decreased to virtually zero at and below 20 cm in depth. Probable factors leading to the relatively slow rates of downslope displacement at the surface and depth at the studied altitudes are the lack of concurrence of the freeze-thaw cycles and the high moisture condition in the soil, and the low moisture retention capacity of the soil because of steep slopes and superficial desiccation. The rate of displacement may be more pronounced at altitudes above 5600 m because of the freeze-thaw cycles during the summer season. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd., English

Morphological adaptation of Empetrum nigrum L., japonicum in the fellfield of Rebun Island, Hokkaido
TACHIBANA Miyuki, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 67, 270, 270, 10 Mar. 2005
Japanese

Khanal, N.R. and Watanabe, T (2005): Landslide and debris flow hazards induced by the heavy precipitation in Nepal. Proceedings of Himalaya International Symposium, Landslide Hazard in Orogenic Zone from the Himalaya to Island Arc in Asia, 111-118.*　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2005

Manual for Measuring the Volume of Mountain Trail Erosion by Digital, Photogrammetry
OTA Kenichi, WATANABE Teiji, Geographical Studies, 80, 80, 41, 51, 2005
The Hokkaido Geographical Society, Japanese

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wildlife Resources in the Tajik National Park, Republic of Tajikistan
WATANABE Teiji, Geographical Studies, 80, 80, 53, 59, 2005
The Hokkaido Geographical Society, Japanese

日本の環境冠大学院の課題と将来の役割ー筑波大学および北海道大学における経験からー
渡辺 悌二, 環境科学会誌, 18, 5, 551, 556, 2005
環境科学会, Japanese

ジオダイバーシティ保全とバイオダイバーシティ保全　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
地球環境, 10, 207, 216, 2005

「日本地誌１日本総論１（自然編）」<中村和郎・新井正・岩田修二・米倉伸之編>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
朝倉書店, 2005

Shrinkage of the permafrost in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal obsereved by the reiterated survey on the Nuptse Rock Glacier
ASAHI Katsuhiko, WATANABE Teiji, SHIRAIWA Takayuki, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 66, 193, 193, 10 Sep. 2004
Japanese

Conservation of the mountain hiking trails around Mt. Asahidake, Daisetsuzan National Park, central Hokkaido, Japan
OTA Kenichi, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 66, 192, 192, 10 Sep. 2004
Japanese

Topographic and climatic effects on the distribution of Empetrum nigrum L. subs. japonicum in the fellfield of Rebun Island, Hokkaido Japan
TACHIBANA Miyuki, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 66, 115, 115, 10 Sep. 2004
Japanese

Water-Induced Disasters in Nepal : Some Lessons for Mitigation Strategies
KHANAL Narendra Raj, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 65, 228, 228, 27 Mar. 2004
English

Long-term Monitoring of Trail Erosion around the Susoaidaira Area, Daisetsuzan National Park, Northern Japan
WATANABE Teiji, OTA Kenichi, GOTOH Tadashi, Annals of The Tohoku Geographycal Asocciation, 56, 4, 254, 264, 2004
The amount and rate of soil erosion on hiking trails were monitored around the Susoaidaira area, Daisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido, which experiences one of the heaviest visitations in mountain national parks of Japan. Method of Cole (1983) was used to understand the changes of the trail surface. Only four sites among nine sites delivered the results for the 10- to 13-year period.
The rates of soil erosion varied from site to site: 193.4 to 1, 402.5cm²/yr for the period of 10-13 years. Also, the amount and rates varied from year to year even at the same site. These results suggest that short-term monitoring of 1-3 years cannot provide the accurate amount/rate of erosion. Erosion rate derived from short-term monitoring becomes larger when heavy rainstorm comes as the case in 1999. Continuous supply of meltwater of snow in late spring and summer contributes to soil erosion in Daisetsuzan National Park; however, heavy rainfall should be a great contributor to the soil erosion as well.
It is emphasized that mid-term and long-term management of mountain national parks requires understanding of soil erosion derived from long-term monitoring. At the same time, repeat measurement at short intervals should be also placed in the long-term monitoring., The Tohoku Geographical Association, Japanese

Gautam, C. M. and Watanabe, T.:Ethnosilvicultural knowledge: A promising foundation for integrating non-timber forest products into forest management. Himalayan Journal of Sciences, 2, 55-58.*　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Research Activities Prior to and during International Year of Mountains and Future Direction of Mountain Research:International Perspective
WATANABE Teiji, YOSHINO Masatoshi, J. Geogr., 113, 2, 169, 179, 2004
This paper first outlines major mountain studies conducted in world's mountain areas outside Japan by Japanese scientists ; describes the initiatives of the United Nations University (UNU) leading to the establishment of the Japanese International Year of Mountains (IYM) National Committee and to the Japanese activities for IYM; examines major Japanese IYM activities; and, discusses the future directions of mountain sciences by Japanese reseachers under the framework of IYM and beyond.
At the end of the 19th century, Japanese reserchers started to broaden their study areas in many Asian countries including Taiwan, Nepal, Sikkim-India, and China. Mountain research by Japanese reserchers is nowadays conducted all over the world : however, such studies have not necessarily been adequately evaluated because of language difficulties.
Meanwhile, the United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo, has conducted mountain programs in developing countries during the last 25 years. The UNU with great financial support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan, has had weak connections with Japanese mountain scientists. During talks among Japanese scientists, mountaineers, and UNU officers, the Japanese side developed ideas about activities for IYM and created the IYM National Committee. The Japanese IYM National Committee launched in 2001 was composed of representatives from academic disciplines such as geography and forestry, and those from mountaineering groups. The committee itself had no function for conducting research projects. Its major tasks were to organize and hold many symposiums and forums, and to publicize the meaning and the importance of IYM through posters, leaflets, articles, and a home page (www.iym-japan.org).
More than 100 IYM-related articles were published in 2002. Several journals published special issues during the year, which include Global Environmental Research (Vol. 6, No. 1), Science Journal Kagaku (Vol. 72, No. 12), Journal of Geography (Vol. 111, No. 4), Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie (supplement volume 130), and Japan Map Center News (No. 358). The majority of IYM activities in Japan, however, focused on domestic problems, such as overuse in high mountain areas and decline of forestry, which were discussed in 26 symposiums and forums for IYM. As a result, international attention was not drawn to most Japanese IYM activities.
Japanese scientists may continue to focus on domestic problems such as overuse and forestry decline. With extensive experience accumulated in the past, however, more Japanese scientists should address various mountain problems in developing countries as well. To fulfill this goal, it will be important to establish mechanisms to share the results with related individuals and organizations abroad, especially in Asian countries. Participation in the International Mountain Partnership Program endorsed by Bishkek Global Mountain Summit, which targets another decade of international collaboration to tackle various mountain problems, will be another important component to be realized by Japanese., Tokyo Geographical Society

Gautam, K. H. and Watanabe, T.:Reliability of land use/land cover assessment in montane Nepal. A case study in the kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA). Mountain Research and Development, 24, 35-43.*　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004

Fragility of Mountain Geoecosystem and Present Situation and Agendas of Geoecological Studies.
WATANABE Teiji, J. Geogr., 113, 2, 180, 190, 2004
Japanese geographers have conducted geoecological studies in mountain areas at least since the 1960s. These studies can be classified into two major streams : traditional geoecological studies focusing on natural environments and applied geoecological studies including human impact on the natural environment. Three major agendas of post-IYM (International Year of Mountains) geoecological research for the next decade were discussed, which include (1) conservation of biodiversity and environmental assessment, (2) sustainable development and conservation, and (3) evaluation of global warming. Although the number of published papers of such studies and of symposia/fora have increased especially since the 1990s, the methodological development incorporating GIS into geoecological research still legs. Training and encouraging capable persons with knowledge of fragile mountain geoecosystem and/or with special talents in geoecosystem conservation are urgently needed in individuals and various institutions such as local governments, mountain communities, environmental assessment and engineering companies, travel agencies, mountain guide groups, and NGOs., Tokyo Geographical Society, Japanese

Iyngararasan, M., Li, T., Shrestha, S., Mool, P. K., Yoshino, M.and Watanabe, T.:The Challenges of Mountain Environments: Water, Natural Resources, Hazards, Desertification and the Implications of Climate Change. In Price, M.F., Jansky, L., and Iatseni・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2004
Iyngararasan, M., Li, T., Shrestha, S., Mool, P. K., Yoshino, M.and Watanabe, T.:The Challenges of Mountain Environments: Water, Natural Resources, Hazards, Desertification and the Implications of Climate Change. In Price, M.F., Jansky, L., and Iatsenia, A.A. (eds.) "Key Issues for Mountain Areas", United Nations University Press.

「山の世界」<梅棹忠夫・山本紀夫編>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
岩波書店, 2004

Rockfall in the Eastern Nepal Himalaya:A Case Study of the Kanchenjunga Area
REGMI Dhananjay, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 63, 292, 292, 29 Mar. 2003
Japanese

Gautam, K.H. and Watanabe, T. (2003): Concepts of reduced impact logging in the evolution of forest-harvesting codes of Nepal. International Expert Meeting on the Development and Implementation of National Codes of Practice for Forest Harvesting -Issue・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2003
Gautam, K.H. and Watanabe, T. (2003): Concepts of reduced impact logging in the evolution of forest-harvesting codes of Nepal. International Expert Meeting on the Development and Implementation of National Codes of Practice for Forest Harvesting -Issues and Options-. FAO/ITTO/IUFRO/Forestry Agencyof Japan and Chiba Prefectural Government, 341-345.*

Watanabe, T. and Otaki, Y. (2003): Study for conservation of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal: interaction between blue sheep and other animals. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mountains ・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2003
Watanabe, T. and Otaki, Y. (2003): Study for conservation of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal: interaction between blue sheep and other animals. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mountains (Eds. F.P. Neupane, K.M. Bajracharya and D.R. Bhuju) March 6-8, 2002 Kathmandu. Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu. 69-78.*

日本の山岳国立公園におけるツーリズムと自然環境保全：ヒマラヤから学ぶこと　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
地理科学, 58, 146, 156, 2003

「日本の地形２北海道」<小疇尚・野上道男・小野有五・平川一臣編>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
東大出版会, 2003

Silviculture for non-timber forest product management: challenges and opportunities for sustainable forest management
KH Gautam, T Watanabe, FORESTRY CHRONICLE, 78, 6, 830, 832, Nov. 2002
Recent concerns regarding non-timber forest product (NTFP) management are focused on raw material production, BLit NTFP ought to be viewed from the perspective of ecological processes, cultural heritage. livelihood of local people, economic values and incentives for forest management. This broader role for NTFP cannot be realised by simply domesticating a few species, Integration of NTFP in forest management is necessary in order to achieve sustainable forestry. Because forestry technologies are de eloped with timber values uppermost, it is vital to develop forest management technologies that take into account both timber and non-timber values. Global examples show that traditional knowledge could play a vital role while developing silvicultural regimes, and in situ experimentation will strengthen the regimes. Guidelines for ethnobotanical studies are briefly presented., CANADIAN INST FORESTRY, English

Need for geoecological approach to solve problems
WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 62, 16, 16, 26 Sep. 2002
Japanese

Occurrence of Mountain Permafrost in the Poroshiri-dake Region, Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido : Consideration from Year-round Monitoring of Air and Ground Surface Temperatures
ISHIKAWA Mamoru, IWASAKI Shogo, SAWAGAKI Takanobu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi), 111, 4, 574, 582, 25 Aug. 2002
Year-round air and ground-surface temperature-monitoring indicated occurrences of mountain permafrost in the Hidaka Mountains, southern Hokkaido. The results of air temperature monitoring indicated that the temperature condition in the summit areas of the Hidaka Mountains is similar to that of the lower marginal limit of the discontinuous permafrost zone. Monitoring of the ground-surface temperatures shows that ground thermal regimes vary spatially with snow cover duration and thicknesses, and surficial materials. The permafrost underlies coarse blocky materials covered with thick seasonal snow cover within the Pleistocene cirques. These conditions suggest that mountain permafrost in the Hidaka Mountains is categorized as Mountain Side Permafrost (MSP), which is found beneath mountain slopes covered with thick seasonal snow cover where the mean annual air temperature is lower 0°C. The major controls on permafrost development and preservation are ground cooling before the onset of snow accumulations and cold air concentration through blocky materials. The presence of funnels emitting warm air throughout winter indicates that the cold air circulation plays an important role in the development and the preservation of MSP., Tokyo Geographical Society, Japanese

Movement, structure and thermal conditions of small rock glaciers located near the lower limit of the permafrost belt in the Swiss Alps
IKEDA Atsushi, MATSUOKA Norikazu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, SAWADA Yuki, FUKUI Kotaro, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 61, 126, 126, 01 Mar. 2002
Japanese

Study for conservation of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal
OTAKI Yoko, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 61, 152, 152, 01 Mar. 2002
Japanese

Tsukamoto, S., Asahi, K., Watanabe, T. and Rink, W.J.: "Timing of past glaciations in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal by optically-stimulated luminescence dating of tills", Quaternary International, 97/98: 57-67 (2002)*　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2002

Jansky, L., Ives, J.D., Furuyashiki, K. and Watanabe, T.: "Global mountain research for sustainable development", Global Environmental Change, 12(3): 215-223 (2002)*　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2002

「山岳地域の観光開発と温暖化：スイス・アルプスとネパール・ヒマラヤの例」　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
科学, 72, 12, 1271, 1275, 2002

『景観の分析と保護のための地生態学入門』<横山秀司>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古今書院, 2002

『景観の分析と 保護のための地生態学入門』<横山秀司>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古今書院, 2002

Genetic differences of rock glaciers and the discontinuous mountain permafrost zone in Kanchanjunga Himal, eastern Nepal
M Ishikawa, T Watanabe, N Nakamura, PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, 12, 3, 243, 253, Jul. 2001
A number of rock glaciers, including glacier-derived and talus-derived rock glaciers, were identified in Kanchanjunga. Himal, easternmost Nepal. DC resistivity imagings were applied to representative rock glaciers of both types. The distribution of resistivity values in the subsurface within these rock glaciers was significantly different. A massive glacial ice body was found within the glacier-derived rock glacier, suggesting this rock glacier originated from glacial dead ice (ice-cored rock glacier). The lower limits of discontinuous mountain permafrost zone in Kanchanjunga. Himal were inferred from the distribution of talus-derived rock glaciers (ice-cemented rock glaciers) and the estimated mean annual air temperature. The lower limit of the discontinuous mountain permafrost zone is 4800 m ASL on the north-facing slopes, while 5300 m ASL on the south- to east-facing slopes. These altitudes were considerably higher than those of the western. Himalaya, which are under dry continental climatic conditions. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., WILEY, English

Development of an ecotourism resource map and a phenology calendar in the Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, Nepal
YODA Akemi, WATANABE Teiji, REGMI Dhananjay, MAITA Akio, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 59, 157, 157, 2001
Japanese

Patterns of transhumance in the Ghunsa Valley, Kanchenjunga area, eastern Nepal
IKEDA Naho, ONO Yugo, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 59, 155, 155, 2001
Japanese

Wildlife conservation in the Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, eastern Nepal
WATANABE Teiji, OTAKI Yoko, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 59, 156, 156, 2001
Japanese

Our Tasks for the 2002 International Year of Mountains
ONO Yugo, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 60, 12, 12, 2001
Japanese

Regmi, D. and Watanabe, T. (2001): Some expected roles of the Kanchenjjunga Conservation Area Project. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Himalayan Environments: Mount・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2001
Regmi, D. and Watanabe, T. (2001): Some expected roles of the Kanchenjjunga Conservation Area Project. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Himalayan Environments: Mountain Sciences and Ecotourism/Biodiversity, Hokkaido University and Tribhuvan University, 167-172.*

Ishikawa, M., Watanabe, T., and Nakamura, N. (2001): Internal structure of the ice-cored rock glacier in kanchanjunga Himal, eastern Nepal. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2001
Ishikawa, M., Watanabe, T., and Nakamura, N. (2001): Internal structure of the ice-cored rock glacier in kanchanjunga Himal, eastern Nepal. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Himalayan Environments: Mountain Sciences and Ecotourism/Biodiversity, Hokkaido University and Tribhuvan University, 195-201.*

Yoda, A., Watanabe, T., Regmi, D., and Maita, A. (2001): What can visitors expect to see in the Kanvhanjunga area? - Developement of an ecotourism resource map and a phenology calendar -. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (e・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2001
Yoda, A., Watanabe, T., Regmi, D., and Maita, A. (2001): What can visitors expect to see in the Kanvhanjunga area? - Developement of an ecotourism resource map and a phenology calendar -. In Watanabe, T., Sicroff, S., Khanal, N.R., and Gautamn, M.P. (eds.): Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Himalayan Environments: Mountain Sciences and Ecotourism/Biodiversity, Hokkaido University and Tribhuvan University, 180-187.*

ネパール・ヒマラヤのツリーズムと自然・社会環境の変化
渡辺悌二, 黒部川扇状地, 26, 60, 65, 2001

Thermal condition and inner structure of active, inactive and fossil rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps
IKEDA Atsushi, MATSUOKA Norikazu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, AOYAMA Masafumi, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 57, 182, 183, 2000
Japanese

Relationship between rates of debris movement and establishment of alpine plant communities, Engadine, Swaiss Alps
WATANABE Teiji, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, MATSUOKA Norikazu, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 57, 194, 195, 2000
Japanese

Origin of the rockglaciers in the Kangchenjunga Himal, Nepal Himalaya
ISHIKAWA Mamoru, NAKAMURA Naohiro, WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 57, 438, 439, 2000
Japanese

Expected Tourism Growth in the Kanchanjunga Area, Eastern Nepal Himalaya, and Its Possible Impacts to Yak Herders and Mountain Environments: Lessons from Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park
WATANABE Teiji, IKEDA Naho, Geographical Studies, 1999, 73, 11, 22, 1999
Watanabe, T. and Ikeda, N.: "Expected tourism growth in the Kanchanjunga area, eastern Nepal Himalaya, and its possible impacts to yak herders and mountain environments: lessons from Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park", Annals of Hokkaido Geographical Society, 73:11-22 (1999)., The Hokkaido Geographical Society, Japanese

「 日本の万年雪」<土屋巌編著>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古今書院, 1999

Rock glaciers in the Khumbu Himal, eastern Nepal
ASAHI Katsuhiko, WATANABE Teiji, SHIRAIWA Takayuki, MATSUMOTO Hotaka, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 54, 282, 283, Sep. 1998
Japanese

ネパールの新しい地形図とその問題点
朝日 克彦, 渡辺 悌二, 地理, 43, 1, 81, 85,図巻頭2p, Jan. 1998
古今書院, Japanese

「大雪山国立公園，旭岳ロープウェイと姿見の池遊歩道の利用環境の改善の方向性」
渡辺悌二, 『北海道地理』, 72, 1, 11, 1998

Kattelmann, R. and Watanabe, T.: "Approaches to reducing the hazard of an outburst flood of Imja Glacier Lake, Khumbu Himal", In Chalise, S.R. and Khanal, N.R. eds.: Ecohydrology of high mountains areas, ICIMOD: 359-366 (1998) *　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998

Matsuoka, N., Hirakawa, K., Watanabe, T., Haeberli, W., and Keller, F.: "The role of diurnal, annual and millennial freeze-thaw cycles in controlling alpine slope instability", In Lewkowicz, A.G. and Allard, M. Eds.: Proceedings of the Seventh Internat・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998
Matsuoka, N., Hirakawa, K., Watanabe, T., Haeberli, W., and Keller, F.: "The role of diurnal, annual and millennial freeze-thaw cycles in controlling alpine slope instability", In Lewkowicz, A.G. and Allard, M. Eds.: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Permafrost (June 23-27, 1998, Yellowknife, Canada), Centre d'etudes noediques, Universite Laval, Sainte Foy: 711-717 (1998) *

Anita, M., Watanabe, T., Ishii, Y.: "Current state of forest degradation and fuelwood consumption in Palung Village, central Nepal", Proceedings of IUFRO Inter-Divisional Seoul Conference Forest Ecosystem and Land Use in Mountain Areas, Seoul, Korea: 5・・・　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998
Anita, M., Watanabe, T., Ishii, Y.: "Current state of forest degradation and fuelwood consumption in Palung Village, central Nepal", Proceedings of IUFRO Inter-Divisional Seoul Conference Forest Ecosystem and Land Use in Mountain Areas, Seoul, Korea: 576-581 (1998) *

Watanabe, T., Liu Dali, and Shiraiwa, T.: "Slope denudation and the supply of debris to cones in Langtang Himal, Central Nepal Himalaya", Geomorphology, 26: 185-197 (1998) *　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998

Watanabe, T., Khanal, N.R., and Gautam, M.P.: "The Nangama Glacial Lake outburst flood occurred on 23 June 1980 in the Kanchanjunga area, eastern Nepal", Annals of Hokkaido Geographical Society, 72:13-20 (1998) *　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998

Seven-year Deterioration of a Hiking Trail and Measures to Mitigate Soil Erosion, Mount Kurodake, Daisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
WATANABE Teiji, FUKASAWA Kyoko, Geographical Review of Japa,. Ser. A, Chirigaku Hyoron, 71A, 10, 753, 764, 1998
To stabilize the hiking trail near Mount Kurodake (43° 41' 40" N, 142° 55' 30" E), water bars and steps were installed on the trail between the 7th lift station and the mountaintop in 1989. Water bars, or cut-off drains, are formed by making a small trench, primarily reinforced with a pair of wooden boards (90%) or logs (5%). Most steps are made of either boards (95%) or logs (4%). The materials of the water bars and steps must have been merged into the profile of the trail when they were installed; however, many of them are now exposed due to severe soil erosion and form barriers to walking.
This study first examines the function of the water bars and steps seven years after their installa-tion, estimates soil erosion rates for the period from 1989 to 1996, discusses the sequence of soil ero-sion and trail widening, discusses major problems with the stabilization methods, and recommends some measures for future trail management.
Although none of the 40 water bars have broken, 67% of board water bars had ceased to function by 1996. About two-thirds of 300 board steps no longer function because they have slipped down and/or bent. The trail was widened an average of 72.5cm during the seven years. Net soil loss for five sites ranged from 380 to 3, 900cm², which gives a soil erosion rate of from 54 to 557 cm²/year.
The watar bars and steps installed in this area have the following problems: (1) their length is too short; (2) too few water bars and too many steps were installed; and (3) their angle against the trail is too shallow. A water bar should extend beyond trails, so that runoff bypassing bars can be avoided. However, trail widening was so rapid in the area that surface water bypassed the bars and steps, resulting in extensive scouring and gullying. The number of installed water bars is only 40 for a 1, 800 m-long trail, whereas steps number 317. Surface water had to flow on the trail for too great a distance from one water bar to the next, causing scouring and gully erosion at many sites. Water can be effectively drained when water bars are installed at an angle of 30-45° to a cross sec-tion of the trail. The actual angle in this area ranges from 4° to 22° (average: 12.3°), which led to silta-tion in the trench. The trench of the water bars was eventually buried by soil and litter, allowing sur-face water to flow over the water bars and to cause severe scouring.
Future trail management should include: (1) installation of additional water bars at a proper angle; (2) use of longer planks both for water bars and for steps; and (3) frequent, regular mainte-nance of the trail., The Association of Japanese Geographers, Japanese

Watanabe, T.: "Timing of the late Holocene debris supply and glacial fluctuations in Langtang Himal, central Nepal Himalaya", Mitteilung der VAW, ETH-Zurich, 158: 207-216 (1998) *　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1998

Contribution of geoecological studies for conservation and management of mountain national park areas
WATANABE Teiji, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 51, 26, 27, Mar. 1997
Japanese

Monitoring of periglacial slope processes in the Swiss Alps
MATSUOKA Norikazu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, MORIWAKI Kiichi, MATSUMOTO Hotaka, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 51, 66, 67, Mar. 1997
Japanese

Geoecological study for conseration and management of Meadake Moor, Mt. Yubari, northan Japan
WATANABE Teiji, HAYASHI Kyoko, ONO Yugo, ONO Satoru, TANIGUCHI Masami, 日本地理学会発表要旨集 = Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers, 51, 58, 59, Mar. 1997
Japanese

Watanabe, T. : "Estimates of the number of visitors impacting forest resouces in the national parks of the Nepal Himalaya", Quaterly J. Geog., 49(1) : 15-29 (1997)＊　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1997

Matsuoka, N., Hirakawa, K., Watanabe, T. and Moriwaki, K. : "Monitoring of periglacial slope processes in the Swiss Alps : the first two years of frost shattering, heave and creep", Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 8 : 155-177 (1997)＊　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1997

R. Kattelmann and T. Watanabe : "Approaches to reducing the hazard of an outburst fleed of Imja Glacier Lake, Khumbu Himal", Proc. of International Conference of Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas, 303-305 (1996)＊　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1996

T. Watanabe and D. Rothacher : "The 1994 Lugge Tsho glacial lake outburst flood, Bhutan Himalaya", Mountain Research and Development, 16 : 77-81 (1996)＊　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1996

T. Watanabe and Y. Ono : "Human impact on high mountains of Japan", 70-78 (M. Ralston, K. Hughey and K. O'Connor : Mountains of Esat Asia and the Pacific, Centre for Mountain Studies, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand) (1996)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1996

スイスアルプス・ベルニナ山地の周氷河環境
平川 一臣, 渡辺 悌二, 松岡 憲知, 森脇 喜一, 酒井 裕晃, HEABERLI Wilfried, KELLER Felix, 日本地理学会予稿集, 47, 430, 431, 01 Mar. 1995
Japanese

Recent Development of Mountain Geoecology in the United States
WATANABE Teiji, Journal of geography, 101, 7, 540, 555, 1992
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来, English

横山智・湖中真哉・由井義通・綾部真雄・森本泉・三尾裕子 編『フィールドから地球を学ぶ』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡辺悌二, 山岳乾燥地帯のパミールの人びとはどのように暮らしているのだろうか
古今書院, 2023, [Contributor]

公益法人日本地理学会編『地理学事典』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡辺悌二, 景観地理学・景観生態学
丸善出版, 2023, [Contributor]

Changing Nature and People's Life in the Pamir
Teiji Watanabe, ShigeruShirasaka
ブイツーソリューション, Oct. 2021, 10240094, [Editor]

漆原和子・藤塚吉浩・松山 洋・大西宏治編『図説世界の地域問題100』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡辺悌二, 中央アジアにおける野生動物の保護と観光狩猟
ナカニシヤ出版, 2021, [Contributor]

漆原和子・藤塚吉浩・松山 洋・大西宏治編『図説世界の地域問題100』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡辺悌二, 南アジアの高山における氷河の変化とその社会問題
ナカニシヤ出版, 2021, [Contributor]

矢ケ﨑典隆 ・加賀美雅弘 ・牛垣雄矢編『地理学基礎シリーズ３ 地誌学概論 第２版』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡邉 悌二, Focus 3, 中央アジアの環境問題
朝倉書店, 2020, [Contributor]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Applications in Agriculture and Environment　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
AVTAR Ram, WATANABE Teiji
Springer, 2020, [Joint editor]

沼野 充義・望月 哲男・池田 嘉郎 代表編集『ロシア文化事典』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡邉 悌二, 森
丸善, 2019, [Contributor]

加賀美雅弘編『世界地誌シリーズ9 ロシア』　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
渡邉 悌二, ロシアの天然資源と開発 ，シベリア鉄道とバム鉄道(第二シベリア鉄道)の恩恵
朝倉書店, Sep. 2017, [Contributor]

Mountains　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
WATANABE Teiji, kenichi Ueno
Maruzen, Jul. 2017, [Joint translation]

Mapping Transition in the Pamirs: Changing Human-Environmental Landscapes　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Kreutzmann, H. anf, WATANABE, T
Springer, Dec. 2016, [Editor]

「日本地誌第３巻北海道」<山下克彦・平川一臣・谷内 達編>　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
朝倉書店, 2011

「自然公園シリーズ１ 登山道の保全と管理」　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
古今書院, 2008

Local Environmental Movements:A Comparative Study of the United States and Japan　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
University of Kentucky Press, 2008

Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Island Press, 2005

中央アジアの持続的自然資源管理に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

パキスタン北部，カラコラムの自然環境調査　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

台湾の国立公園管理に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2007

Connectivity of human and nature in the Himalaya: Comparison among three W-E regions
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
05 Apr. 2021 - 31 Mar. 2025
渡邉 悌二, 古川 不可知, 韓 志昊, 渡辺 和之, 相馬 拓也, アバタル ラム
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Hokkaido University, 21H04371

アジアの山岳社会の持続性：巨大山塊の南北比較　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))
Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2020
渡邉 悌二
文部科学省, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding

持続的観光への展開を目指した協働型登山道維持管理プラットフォームの構築　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
科学研究費補助金(挑戦的萌芽研究)
Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2018
渡邉 悌二
文部科学省, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding

Establishing Sustainable Society for Poverty Reduction in Central Asia
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2015
WATANABE TEIJI, SAWAGAKI Takanobu, ARASE Teruo, MIYAHARA Ikuko, IZUMIYAMA Shigeyuki, MIZUSHIMA Kazuo, OCHIAI Yasuhiro, SHIRASAKA Shigeru, ANARBAEV Maksat, KASHIROV Kokul, ZIKIROV Kursandkul, JIU Jie
Poverty in the study areas creates heavy dependency on natural resources including wildlife. The locals have been adapting to socio-political changes in the past two decades by diversifying the forms of pastoralism. Tourism is new, and only limited households are involved in it. Most locals do not understand the need of sustainability, and the effects and significance of geo-ecotourism development. Sustaining the diversified pastoralism is a must for future sustainability in the study areas. The current total number of livestock is much smaller than that in the Soviet time, and the locals can now decide their pastoral practice by themselves, which has led to non-overgrazed situations. However, the diversified pastoralism has resulted in inequality of pastureland use, which may cause land degradation in the near future.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 23251001

ELA reconstruction of the late Pleistocene glaciation in Japan by the coupling of geomorphological interpretation and glacier dynamics
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2010 - 2012
SAWAGAKI Takanobu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, WATANABE Teiji, AOKI Tatsuto, YAMAGUCHI Satoru
We tried to develop a new method to reconstruct the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of past glaciers (paleo-ELA) without the concept of accumulation are ratio (AAR). The new method, called glacier snapshot model (GS model), involves a combination of geomorphological interpretation and a glacier flow model that is based on the concept of the relationship between surface mass balance and flux divergence at each grid. The results obtained for the current glaciers indicate that the GS model can reconstruct the ELA well and that thus the reconstructed ELA does not depend on the selection of flow parameter values. The results obtained for past glaciers showed that calculated paleo-ELA depend on the surface topography of the past glacier; that is, the position of the reconstructed paleo-ELA varied with the method of reconstructing surface topography. Moreover, some of the calculation results for glaciers with large variations in ice thickness showed multiple paleo-ELA. These results indicate that method to reconstruct the surface topography of the past glacier is the key to paleo-ELA reconstruction.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 22500981

Social transformation and sustainable natural resourGes use in the Pamir after the Soviet era
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(A))
Apr. 2008 - Mar. 2011
Teiji WATANABE, 平川 一臣, 岩田 修二, 水嶋 一雄, 落合 康浩, 泉山 茂之
(抄録なし)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(A), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 20251001

Changing Social Conditions and Their Impacts on Sheep Transhumance in Romania and Bulgaria
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2007 - 2009
YOSHINO Kazuko, SHIRASAKA Shigeru, WATANABE Teiji
On the north-facing slope of South Carpathian Mountains, intermediate-stationed transhumance of sheep has been seen as tradition since the time of Socialist Regime. Land degradation occurred after 1985 and continuously had been seen by 2005, in the areas with altitudes of 1000m a.s.l.
Since EU joining in 2007, land degraded areas have covered by grass gradually in the parts with altitudes of 1000m a.s.l.
On the top of mountains around 2000m, only small number of lambs has moved in summer, during the 20 years. As a result, the trees invaded into grass land. This is an evidence of degradation of inter mediate transhumance of sheep.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Hosei University, 19401003

Establishment of geoecological research framework for mountain resources management in South and Central Asia
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))
Apr. 2005 - Mar. 2008
Teiji WATANABE, 平川 一臣, 澤柿 教伸, 岩田 修二, 水嶋 一雄
This study aimed to find an approach to contribute to sustainable natural resources use in arid high mountain areas of South and Central Asia, by which sustainability in human ecosystem can be secured. The intensive field studies were conducted in the Shimal-Passu areas of Northern Areas of Pakistan (Karakorum), and in the Tajik Pamirs (Tajikistan) and Pamir-Alai Mountains (Kyrgyz Republic).In the Shimshal area, the government and the community have conflict regarding the wildlife conservation. Our observation on climate shows that the necessity in the continuation of grazing in the park ar...
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 17401002

ヒマラヤ・カラコルム・パミールにおける温暖化と山岳景観の変化の関係，および山岳自然資源の持続的利用と管理について　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
科学研究費補助金
2004
Competitive research funding

Mountain landscape changes and sustainable use/management of natural resources in the Himalaya, Karakorum, and Pamir　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2004
Competitive research funding

Study on the Late Quaternary Glaciations in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
2001 - 2003
WATANABE Teiji, SAWAGAKI Takanobu, HIRAKAWA Kazuomi
This study investigated spatial distribution and stratigraphy of glacial landforms, glacial sediments and marker tephras in the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan. Particularly, the present geological processes and climatological conditions in the alpine regions are paid attention to apply their features to reconstruct glacial and periglacial environments during the last glacial period. In addition, precise chronology of the glaciations in the Hidaka Mountains was investigated using some key marker tephras. The glacial and periglacial conditions in the Japanese high mountains were discussed comparing with several legions in Switzerland and Canada, wheie typical present examples are distributed.
Microstructures of glacial sediments obtained from the field were analyzed to reconstruct the former subglacial condition in the Hidaka Mountains. As a result, it is strongly suggested that a deformable unconsolidated sediment layer and an underlying fiozen layer might be existed beneath the ice mass during the last glaciation.
We also have successed the first measurement of the present air and ground temperatures at the summit area of the Hidaka Mountains through a year. According to the ground temperature regime, active permafrost is confirmed in this region. These data allow us to discuss not only the present state but also the pareo-environment in the high mountain ranges in Hokkaido.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, 13680098

Integrated studies on Himalayan uplift and climatic changes - A case of Kathmandu Nappe
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
1999 - 2001
ARITA Kazunori, SAKAI Tetsuya, TAKAGI Hideo, WATANABE Teiji, SAKAI Harutaka, KIMURA Kazuo
We studied uplift processes and the resultant climatic and environmental changes since the Late Miocene in central Nepal including the Kathmandu basin, which is located on the Kathmandu Nappe and is archives of paleoclimate in the Himalaya, from interdisciplinay viewpoints such as geology, sedimentology, magnetostratigraphy, pollen and diatom analyzes, geomorphology and glaciology.
Main results are as follows:
1. Kathmandu Nappe consists of a single thrust sheet. It is edged by the underlying Main Central Thrust zone and cut on the north by an out-of-sequence thrust which has resulted in the rapid uplift since the latest Miocene of the Higher Himalaya to the north.
2. The Main Central Thrust zone has been a normal fault in brittle condition since 3 Ma, although it has been thrust zone in ductile condition until 9 〜 6Ma.
3.The stratigraphy of the upper Pliocene to Pleistocene Paleo-Kathmandu lake deposits has been established and the vertical and lateral changes of their sedimentary fades have been elucidated. But it is still unsolved whether the changes has been caused by mountain uplift or by fluctuation of water-level due to climatic changes.
4. The changes of the sedimentary environment and paleoclimate in the Kathmandu basin has been made clear.
5. The pollen analysis shows that the Kathmandu area has been cooler and more dry than the present around 25 ka.
6. The Paloe-Kathmandu lake has been the largest with a maximum shore-level upto 1440 m above sea level around 30 ka and then has been gradually reduced.
7. The temperature at the Last glacial maximum in the Sub-Himalaya to the south of Kathmandu was 7-8℃ lower and more dry than the present. Thereafter it has been gradually warm with cyclic humid climate and became to the present climate around 5 ka.
8. Three borings upto 221 m, 65 m and 5 m depth were performed in the Kathmandu basin.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 11691112

Study on paleoenvironment during the Last Glacial in the Tokachi Plain and Hidaka Range
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
1998 - 2001
HIRAKAWA Kazuomi, YAMAGATA Kotaro, KURASHIGE Yoshimasa, WATANABE Teiji
1. On the basis of tephrochronology, sedimentation and downcutting by rivers are examined in some rivers of Tokachi Plain and Hidaka Mountains, particularly for the Oxygen Isotope Stage 5〜3.
2. Eolian dust had been produced and transported from the bare ground of Hidaka Mountains to Tokachi Plain during the Last Glacial, indicating the tundra environment of the Mountains.
3. Paleohydrological study of fluvial gravels reveals that the discharge of rivers during the Last Glacial should have been almost same as that of at present. This result indicates that a sedimentation during the Last Glacial had been resulted from the abundant supply of load.
4. Mountain permafrost was examined by the indicative landform of rockglacier and the present climatic condition obtained from own observation. Permafrost is possibly distributed at present in the summit area of the Hidaka Mountains around Mt. Poroshiri.
5. Fossil periglacial phenomena in the Tokachi plain was examined with special reference to permafrost condition of the Last Glacial. Past climate was examined in relation to summer temperature.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), HOKKAIDO UNVERSITY, 10680095

Geoecological Study of the Mountain Landscapes in Japan
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
1997 - 1999
KOAZE Takashi, TAKAHASHI Nobuyuki, YOKOYAMA Hideji, UMEMOTO Tohru, WATANABE Teiji
The aim of this project is to investigate the mountain landscapes from the viewpoints of physical geography, geoecology, and landscape ecology. We selected two mountain areas from the northeastern Japan for investigation and both of them are parts of the national parks ;
・Daisetsuzan National Park (Central Hokkaido Island) : Main study area : Daisetsuzan (2290m a.s.l.)
・Chubu-sangaku National Park (Central Honshu Island) : Main study areas : Jonendake (2857m a.s.l.) and Tateyama (3015m a.s.l.) in Northern Japan Alps.
These areas have some glaciated landscapes formed during the glacial stages and periglacial landscapes under the present climate. These landscapes are maintained by a unique climate : extremely heavy snowfalls and very strong westerly winds. The vegetation in this areas shows the typical alpine and subalpine features. Some of plant species seen in these areas are endemic and about to be vanished under the pressure of human impacts such as tourism, mountaineering, and forestry. Furthermore, such human interventions generate the soil erosion which may develop into a total collapse of the local landscape system especially in strikes of typhoons and other sever storms.
We performed three kinds of field observation ;
・Mapping of landform and vegetation
Landform and vegetation were surveyed geoecologically in some places of Daisetsuzan and Jonendake in order to clarify the dynamics of natural landscapes and to assess human interferences. We focused on the forest limit-like boundary between Abies forest and Pinus pumila bush, the windy bare ground, and mountain trails.
・Meteorological and soil temperature observation
Thermometers and an anemometer with data loggers were used to obtain long period air temperature, soil temperature, and wind velocity in order to evaluate environmental stresses upon the vegetation and the land surface. About two years of data have been obtained and we will continue the observation in the future.
・Monitoring the activity of tourists
Human flux was observed in Murodo tourism complex area of Tateyama, the most crowded spot in Japanese high mountains during the high season of two summers.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), MEIJI UNIVERSITY, 09480022

山岳国立公園管理に関する研究　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1990
Competitive research funding

Mountain national park management　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1990
Competitive research funding