Jun. 2019, Karlovarské právnické dny (Karlsbader Juristentage), Author's Prize　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
3rd runner-up
Zuzana Adamová, Branislav Hazucha

Public Views on Copyright Non-transformative Uses: A Cross-Cultural Empirical Study　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Branislav Hazucha, Noriko Shimizu
Yoshiyuki Tamura and Takakuni Yamane (eds.), Frontiers of Intellectual Property Vol. I, 285, 312, Keiso Shobo Publishing, Oct. 2021, [Invited], [Lead author]
Japanese, In book

Autorské právo z pohľadu používateľov internetu v EÚ, USA a Japonsku (Copyright Law from a Viewpoint of Internet Users in the EU, US and Japan)
Branislav Hazucha
Zuzana Adamová (ed.), Nové technológie, internet a duševné vlastníctvo 5 (New Technologies, Internet and Intellectual Property 5), 67, 106, Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
Slovak, International conference proceedings, This paper aims to shed light on a conundrum faced by contemporary copyright law and policy in the digital environment that the general public completely ignores and disregards copyright law. To do so, it relies upon an empirical study examining how the general public perceives various commercial and private non-transformative uses of copyrighted works without any prior permission obtained from the concerned copyright holders. The study shows that, contrary to often presented views, the general public clearly recognizes copyright law and deems using of copyrighted works for commercial purposes or in massive way without any consent from the concerned authors as wrongful activity. This evidently confirms that intellectual property law, and especially copyright law, has solid and sound foundations in social norms recognized by the general public and is not any pure construct of law. However, there is a notable mismatch between public views and recent trends in copyright law which attempt to restrict various non-commercial private uses of copyrighted works. This explains why such restrictions, which have no underpinning in social norms, might be quite costly to enforce, especially when they try to change social conduct which is considered by the public as normal and rightful.

Vyhotovovanie rozmnoženín diel pre súkromnú potrebu: Nový náhľad na tradičnú problematiku (Private Copying: New Views on the Traditional Problem)
Branislav Hazucha
Zuzana Adamová (ed.), Nové technológie, internet a duševné vlastníctvo 4 (New Technologies, Internet and Intellectual Property 4), 11, 56, Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
Slovak, International conference proceedings, Although private copying existed even at the time when the first modern copyright laws were adopted, its relationship with copyright law has significantly changed over time. The causes of these considerable changes were the broadening of the scope of copyright protection and the introduction of reproduction technologies which allowed the general public to make copies of copyrighted works instantly, cheaply and in high quality. The outcome of all the changes is a quite negative approach of copyright law and policy towards private copying. This Paper questions several established premises upon which the current caselaw of the Court of Justice of the European Union on private copying is based. It shows that its foundations are difficult to substantiate by sound and reliable evidence provided by empirical studies. Contrary to those premises, empirical studies suggest mutually beneficial relationship between private copying and the commercial exploitation of copyrighted works by the right holders. In addition to analyzing recent empirical studies, the results of online surveys conducted in four countries with major economies (i.e. the U.S., China, Japan and Germany) are presented. They allow to better understand the copyright users’ habits, reasons and attitudes with regard to private copying.

Licenčné zmluvy a distribúcia autorských diel cez internet (Licensing Agreements and the Distribution of Copyrighted Works through the Internet)
Branislav Hazucha
Zuzana Adamová (ed.), Nové technológie, internet a duševné vlastníctvo 3 (New Technologies, Internet and Intellectual Property 3), 74, 112, Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
Slovak, Research society, The last few decades are characterized by the emergence of new ways for distributing copyrighted works. Contrary to the traditional distribution of copyrighted works which is based on tangible media, the new ways dematerialize distribution and employ digital communication networks. In addition, various contractual arrangements are used by copyright holders in order to strengthen their control over the uses of copyrighted works by consumers. These changes in distribution of copyrighted works question the foundations, upon which its traditional ways have been based, and especially the future of so-called secondary markets with copyrighted works in the digital virtual environment. This Paper thus examines the current law and case law concerning the relationship between licensing agreements and exhaustion of rights. It also analyses the views of concerned stakeholders and scholars on the role of the exhaustion of rights in the digital environment. Furthermore, the consumers’ attitudes towards contractual limitations on their possibility to resell legally acquired copies of copyrighted works on secondary markets are scrutinized.

International Harmonization with Regulatory Competition: A Case of Intellectual Property Law
Branislav Hazucha
Shin-yi Peng, Han-Wei Liu & Ching-Fu Lin (eds.), Governing Science and Technology under the International Economic Order: Regulatory Divergence and Convergence in the Age of Megaregionals, 298, 317, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, [Invited], [International Magazine]
English, International conference proceedings, Over the last few decades, bilateral and regional free trade agreements have been frequently criticized for imposing too-high standards of intellectual property protection on developing countries by powerful developed economies. As those standards tend to be higher than the ones recognized and required on the international level, it is usually argued that such an approach can hinder developing countries in designing their national policies in a way that allows them to catch up with advanced countries in terms of economic development and technological progress. This chapter questions that criticism and shows that although bilateral and regional free trade agreements lead to international harmonization on ever-higher levels of intellectual property protection, they still provide enough room for regulatory competition between individual countries so that they can further their national policies in the field of innovation and technological progress. Individual countries can thus design their science and technology policies in the way which fits to the needs of their economies and industries.

Private Copying and Harm to Authors: Compensation versus Remuneration　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Hazucha Branislav
Law Quarterly Review, 133, 269, 295, Apr. 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
English, Scientific journal

Private Ordering and Consumers' Rights in Copyright Law : A View of Japanese Consumers
Hazucha Branislav
知的財産法政策学研究, 47, 261, 299, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科, 北海道大学情報法政策学研究センター, Nov. 2015, [Peer-reviewed]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Private ordering and consumers' rights in copyright law: A view of Japanese consumers
Branislav Hazucha, Hsiao-Chien Liu, Toshihide Watabe
Graeme B. Dinwoodie (ed.), Intellectual Property and General Legal Principles: Is IP a Lex Specialis?, 119, 155, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 27 Mar. 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
English, International conference proceedings

Copyright Law in Consumers’ Eyes: Empirical Studies on Complying with Copyright Law in Japan
Hazucha Branislav, Hsiao-Chien Liu, Toshihide Watabe
Copyright Law Journal, 40, 122, 157, 著作権法学会, Dec. 2014, [Lead author]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Copyright and New Technologies : Technology Providers as "New" Old Actors in Copyright Law and Policy
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual property law and policy journal, 1, 45, 81, Graduate School of Law, Research Institute for Information Law & Policy, Hokkaido University, Mar. 2014
English, This Article examines the role of technology providers as "new" o1d actors in the three recent institutional turns within copyright law and its enforcement in the digital environment. First, many international technical standards for reproduction or dissemination technologies, e.g. CDs. DVDs or Blu-ray Discs, have incorporated various proprietary technologies. including digital rights management technologies, at the expense of other creators, technology providers and consumers. Second, many commies around the world have adopted or are currently planning to adopt so-called three-strike rule regimes requiring internet service providers to disconnect frequent copyright infringers from the internet upon three allegations being made by affected copyright holders. In some countries, the courts have gone even further and have already imposed on internet service providers a variety of duties to monitor their networks under specific circumstances in order to prevent acts of copyright infringement committed by their internet users. Finally, some internet or online service providers have recently entered into agreements with major record labels or other copyright holders to allow unrestricted use of copyrighted works by their premium users. This Article enquires into the interaction between individual institutions and norms within all three institutional turns within copyright law and its enforcement in the digital environment, and their impacts on copyright law and the behavior of individual stakeholders at the present and in the future.

Copyright, Technological Switch and Prerecorded Media Sales(2)A Case of Music Industry in Japan
Hazucha Branislav
知的財産法政策学研究 = Intellectual property law and policy journal, 44, 183, 215, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科, Mar. 2014
Japanese

Copyright, Technological Switch and Prerecorded Media Sales(1)A Case of Music Industry in Japan
Hazucha Branislav
知的財産法政策学研究 = Intellectual property law and policy journal, 43, 145, 156, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科, Nov. 2013
Japanese

International Technical Standards and Essential Patents: From International Harmonization to Competition of Technologies (Part II)
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual Property Law & Policy Journal, 34, 35, 147, 176, 北海道大学グローバルCOEプログラム「多元分散型統御を目指す新世代法政策学」事務局, 北海道大学情報法政策学研究センター, Sep. 2011, [Invited]
Japanese, Scientific journal

International Technical Standards and Essential Patents: From International Harmonization to Competition of Technologies (Part I)
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual Property Law & Policy Journal, 35, 34, 111, 137, 北海道大学グローバルCOEプログラム「多元分散型統御を目指す新世代法政策学」事務局, 北海道大学情報法政策学研究センター, Jun. 2011, [Invited]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Intellectual property and cultural diversity: two views on the relationship between market and culture
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual property law and policy journal, 0, 28, 39, 90, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科21世紀COEプログラム「新世代知的財産法政策学の国際拠点形成」事務局, Mar. 2010
Japanese

Rokuraku Case and Television on Demand in Japan: Law, Market, and the Role of Courts in Regulating New Technologies and Online Services
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual Property Law & Policy Journal, 26, 26, 113, 165, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科21世紀COEプログラム「新世代知的財産法政策学の国際拠点形成」事務局, Jan. 2010, [Invited]
Japanese, Scientific journal

Special feature: Process of policy formation and intellectual property law (3) Enablement of copyright infringement: a role of social norms in the regulation of dual-use technologies
Hazucha Branislav
Intellectual property law and policy journal, 0, 24, 25, 96, 北海道大学大学院法学研究科21世紀COEプログラム「新世代知的財産法政策学の国際拠点形成」事務局, Sep. 2009
Japanese

Copyright, Protection Measures and Their Acceptance by Consumers
Hazucha Branislav, 知的財産法政策学研究, 41, 179, 208, Feb. 2013
北海道大学グローバルCOEプログラム「多元分散型統御を目指す新世代法政策学」事務局, 北海道大学情報法政策学研究センター, Japanese

〔Major achievements〕Autorský zákon: Komentár (Copyright Law: A Commentary)
Adamova Zuzana, Hazucha Branislav, 1160
C. H. Beck, Apr. 2018, 9788089603589, 1160, 1160, Slovak, Scholarly book, ［Internationally co-authored］, [Peer-reviewed], [Joint work]

Cross-Sectional Review of Intellectual Property Laws from the Viewpoint of Fostering and Securing Public Domain
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
11 Jun. 2018 - 31 Mar. 2023
田村 善之, 中山 一郎, HAZUCHA B, 山根 崇邦, 鈴木 將文, 吉田 広志, 前田 健, 橘 雄介, 駒田 泰土, 上野 達弘, 奥邨 弘司, 金子 敏哉, 村井 麻衣子, 比良 友佳理, 孫 友容, 宮脇 正晴, 平澤 卓人, 小嶋 崇弘, Rademacher C
知的財産法の世界ではパブリック・ドメインとの境界線上での紛争が多発している。その背景には、製造・測定技術やバイオ技術の進歩に伴い、個別のユーザーのニーズにピンポイントに焦点を当てたイノヴェイションが可能となっていたり、インターネットとAIにより公知の情報の集積と解析が飛躍的に容易となっておりそこに付加価値を見出すサービスが創出されたりという側面があり、一概に否定的に評価すべきでもなく、単線的な処理を許さない。ところが、従来の知的財産法学の世界では、知的創作物や創作者概念と異なり、パブリック・ドメインは知的財産権の対象ではないものとして消極的に定義されるに止まり、スポットライトが当てられることは稀であった。
しかし、知的財産法が創作を奨励し産業や文化の発展を目的とする以上、その究極の目標はパブリック・ドメインを豊かにし、人々にその利用を享受させるところにあるはずであり、知的創作物の創作者に対する権利はそれを実現する手段に過ぎないはずである。本研究は、このようなパブリック・ドメインを中心に置いた知的財産法に対するものの見方を軸に、いかにしてパブリック・ドメインを豊かにし、その利用を確保するのかという観点から各種の知的財産法の構築を目指している。
とりわけ今年度は、パブリック・ドメインの確保と、創作物の保護が対立した場合、前者を優先するという発想をパブリック・ドメイン・アプローチと名付け、後者を優先する創作物アプローチと対比するという対立軸を打ち出すとともに、そのような発想の相違が知的財産法の各種論点においてどのような帰結の差異をもたらすかという研究に着手した。
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S), 18H05216

Public Views on Wrongfulness of Copyright Infringements
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
01 Apr. 2018 - 31 Mar. 2023
HAZUCHA B
The research project progressed in 3 main aspects. First, I continued in collecting and analysing legal and policy documents and academic literature on copyright infringements with the focus on non-transformative copying of copyrighted works. My research stay in France allowed me to trace necessary sources from the EU and France and to consult preliminary findings with French scholars. Second, based upon the results of such analysis, questionnaires with 5 coded vignettes were prepared in 4 languages, i.e. English, Japanese, French and German. Individual characteristics of each studied jurisdiction were considered during the coding of vignettes and the drafting of questionnaire. Third, online surveys were conducted in the US, Japan and France, and collected data preliminary analysed.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, 18K01380

Public Views on the Role of Parody in Copyright Law
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (A))
2019 - 2021
HAZUCHA B
In the fiscal year of 2019, the research was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Geiger at the Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies (CEIPI) of the University of Strasbourg in France. This allowed us to collect and analyse literature and case law on parody available in French language with regard to the French and EU laws. In addition, situations in the other studied countries (i.e. Japan, US and Germany) were also mapped. We were thus able to identify main factors used in parody cases by courts in the studied countries. These factors were then coded into 5 different vignettes in order to measure whether they play any role in public views on wrongfulness in parody cases. The vignettes were used for the preparation of questionnaires in 4 languages for online surveys.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (A)), Hokkaido University, 18KK0356

パブリック・ドメインの醸成と確保という観点からみた各種知的財産法の横断的検討
科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)
01 Apr. 2018 - 31 Mar. 2019
田村 善之, HAZUCHA B, 山根 崇邦, 吉田 広志, 村井 麻衣子, 比良 友佳理, 平澤 卓人, 小嶋 崇弘, 橘 雄介
知的財産法の世界ではパブリック・ドメインとの境界線上での紛争が多発している。その背景には、製造・測定技術やバイオ技術の進歩に伴い、個別のユーザーのニーズにピンポイントに焦点を当てたイノヴェイションが可能となっていたり、インターネットとAIにより公知の情報の集積と解析が飛躍的に容易となっておりそこに付加価値を見出すサービスが創出されたりという側面があり、一概に否定的に評価すべきでもなく、単線的な処理を許さない。ところが、従来の知的財産法学の世界では、知的創作物や創作者概念と異なり、パブリック・ドメインは知的財産権の対象ではないものとして消極的に定義されるに止まり、スポットライトが当てられることは稀であった。しかし、知的財産法が創作を奨励し産業や文化の発展を目的とする以上、その究極の目標はパブリック・ドメインを豊かにし、人々にその利用を享受させるところにあるはずであり、知的創作物の創作者に対する権利はそれを実現する手段に過ぎないはずである。本研究は、このようなパブリック・ドメインを中心に置いた知的財産法に対するものの見方を軸に、いかにしてパブリック・ドメインを豊かにし、その利用を確保するのかという観点から各種の知的財産法の構築を目指すものである。
本研究は、全く同じ目的で構成員を増やし大型化した同名の研究プロジェクトが基盤研究Ｓに採択されたために、重複を避けるために、開始初年度の途中、わずか2ヶ月余りで廃止することになった。しかし、短い期間とはいえ、早くも工業所有権法学会や、弁理士会の中央知的財産研究所を舞台とした成果発表を実現した。それと並行して、本研究により推進した本研究分担者との交流は、結果的に、基盤研究Ｓを実質的に前倒ししてスタートする役割を果たすこととなった。
日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(A), 北海道大学, 18H03610

Copyright Users' Views on Technological Protection Measures
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
01 Apr. 2015 - 31 Mar. 2018
Hazucha Branislav
This study examined the efficiency of technological protection measures (TPMs) and digital rights management systems (DRMs) employed in Japan and worldwide in order to prevent mass copying of copyrighted works. It scrutinised recent case law, policy documents and academic literature in this field. In addition, online surveys were conducted in 4 major economies (i.e. Japan, U.S., Germany and China). The collected data show several similarities, as well as differences between consumers’ attitudes towards individual restrictions imposed by TPMs and DRMs on their use of copyrighted works. The differences could be explained by divergences between economic and cultural conditions in the studied countries. For instance, the respondents from countries with more developed online markets for copyrighted works tended to be more sensitive to restrictions affecting the uses of digital copies downloaded from the internet than to those applying to comparable uses of traditional tangible copies.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), Hokkaido University, 15K16970

Development of Intellectual Property Law and Policy
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
Apr. 2013 - Mar. 2018
Tamura Yoshiyuki
The selection of metaphor significantly affects the overall process of designing intellectual property regimes. From this perspective, we can see a patent “right” at the stage where it has passed the registration by the Patent Office as a mere transit point within the broader process in which the requirements for excluding others from using the invention are reviewed step by step. As for the copyright law, problems of daily usage and orphan works has not reach beyond critical levels, thanks to “tolerated use” practices. However, civil liability attacks against platforms by copyright holders and strengthening criminal sanctions against users will bring excessive chilling effect on tolerated use . To secure fundamental sustainable solution, establishment of fair use and introduction of renewal registrations are arguably recommendable.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), Hokkaido University, 25245013

Designing an Efficient Legal Framework for Inducing a Copyright- and Consumer- Friendly Design of ICTs and ISs
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
2010 - 2012
HAZUCHA Branislav
This research discovered that the classical contours of copyright law (i.e. regulation of using copyrighted works for commercial purposes and in a large scale) have a strong expressive power toward the general public. On the other hand, the recent changes in copyright law, which focused on preventing various uses of copyrighted works by individuals even for private non-commercial purposes, lack the necessary expressive power towards the public and therefore are costly to enforce. The results of this research also showed the limits of approaches based on criminalization and deterrence, as well as the advantages of increasing the functionality of provided copyrighted works for obeying the copyright law by the public.
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), Hokkaido University, 22730101