Research Themes

• UAV空中写真と衛星リモートセンシングを結合させた湿原環境モニタリング
  科学研究費助成事業
  01 Apr. 2021 - 31 Mar. 2025
  吉野 邦彦, 吉野 雅彦, 串田 圭司, 露崎 史朗
  １．今年度はマルチスペクトルカメラ搭載のUAV１機による釧路湿原内横断堤防両側の10か所の空撮を8月中下旬の数日間行った。各空撮区域にあたっては、地上解像度約3cmで撮影する高度50mから縦横約300m×500mの範囲を撮影した。撮影にあたっては、撮影画像の精密位置が記録されるように、DGPS（ディフェレンシャルGPS）測位を行い、撮影画像中心の位置が誤差数cmで納まる精密測位を行った。
  撮影画像は帰京後、各地区の画像約1000枚のマルチバンド画像を互いに張り合わせるモザイク処理を行い、一枚の画像ファイルとして作成した。使用したマルチスペクトルカメラは、波長帯がやや広い可視バンドの赤、緑、青の３バンドに加えて、波長帯が狭い青、緑、赤、レッドエッジ、近赤外域の５バンド波長帯で撮影する。このモザイク処理で作成された画像を用いて、OBS（オブジェクト・ベースト・セグメンテーション）処理を行い、全波長帯の画像を用いて、色調的に均質と見做される小領域ポリゴン抽出処理を行った。このポリゴンで囲まれた小領域は、本研究で定義する特定の植物群落カテゴリーの植物の生育領域である。この領域に生育する植物群落カテゴリーは、来年度、専門家と共に画像判読、現地調査による確認を通して決定しなければならない。
  ２．現地UAV空撮時期に合わせた地上解像度１m程度の高解像度衛星リモートセンシングデータ（２シーン）を購入した。１つは7月上旬の画像、もう一つは7月下旬と8月中旬の画像を合わせた画像である。7月上旬の画像は雲量が多いため、解析を断念したが、もう1つの画像は、湿原全体に渡り、ほぼ雲量０%の画像であった。この画像をUAV画像と同様にOBS処理を施し、均質領域ポリゴン抽出を行った。
  来年度、この画像とUAVモザイク画像を用いた湿原全体の詳細植生図を得るための準備を完了した。
  日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(B), 東京大学, 23K21773
• Clarifying the mechanisms of succession through belowground interactions on volcanoes
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
  Apr. 2022 - Mar. 2025
  Shiro Tsuyuzaki
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, 22K06397
• UAV空中写真と衛星リモートセンシングを結合させた湿原環境モニタリング
  科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
  Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2025
  吉野 邦彦, 露崎 史朗, 串田 圭司
  日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(B), 東京大学, Coinvestigator, 21H03648
• Plant Community Classification in the Biodiversity Hotspot of Kushiro Wetland using Super Multispectral Images
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
  01 Apr. 2016 - 31 Mar. 2020
  Yoshino Kunihiko
  We focused on Akanuma area, the high moor (biodiversity hotspot) area of Kushiro wetland as a study site. First, detailed vegetation maps for multiple years were created by UAV color aerial photographs, and vegetation changes over time were analyzed. Second, image changes in the multi-year satellite remote sensing images were analyzed and some changes were detected. Those changes were corresponding to the change areas of the UAV vegetation maps. Finally, the characteristics of spectral reflectance for plant community classification, training data for classification, were successfully estimated by using the area ratios of plant communities within the instantaneous fields of view of the pixels of satellite image which were projected on the UAV vegetation map. It was concluded that the detailed UAV vegetation map can be used as reference data for the plant community classification by hyperspectral satellite remote sensing images to draw detailed vegetation maps of the entire wetland.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), 16H02991
• Optimum specifications of remote sensing observation for conservation of wetland ecosystems
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
  Apr. 2012 - Mar. 2016
  Yoshino Kunihiko, KANDA Fusayuki, KUSHIDA Keiji, ADACHI Yasuhisa, TSUYUZAKI Shiro
  In this research project, the optimum specifications of remote sensing observation of wetland environment were chased for aiming the wetland ecosystem conservation. The high moor area of Kushiro wetland was selected as the study site and a very fine map of plant community was created by using high spatial resolution color aerial photos. By examining this fine map of plant community, about 1cm spatial resolution is helpful for visual interpretation of precise plant communities and the spatial resolution from 10cm to 30cm is required for accurately mapping of wetland plant communities.
  As for the best timing of observation is from the last ten days of June to the middle ten days of July while groups of sedge are in flower, since flowers of sedge are helpful to tell species of sedge. However, the optimum spectral bands were not clarified due to the low quality of hyper-spectral image to be studied. The optimum spectral bands to observe wetland should be studied in further works.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), University of Tsukuba, Coinvestigator, 24310169
• Mechanisms determining the relationships between facilitation and biological invasion
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(C))
  2009 - 2011
  Shiro TSUYUZAKI
  Although facilitation that is one of the mechanisms of multi-species coexistence becomes remarkable with developing litter and microtopography, the ecosystem recovery delays when facilitation promotes biological invasion. To clarify the mechanisms, therefore, comparative experiments were conducted in the two fields where native or biologically-invasive species establish. The species attributes are closely related with the development of litter that was regulated by climate. I concluded that the establishment off species was determined more by litter development than light, soil and microtopography.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 21570011
• Interactions between biological invasion and scale-dependent environments in the early stages of succession
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(C))
  2005 - 2006
  Shiro TSUYUZAKI
  Biological invasion (BC) means that non-native species establishes in natural ecosystems via human impacts. In particular, BC is remarkable on severely-disturbed communities in the early stages of succession. The mechanisms are related to various spatial scales from microtopography to landscape. This study compares plant communities between Mount Usu where BC is not conspicuous and Mount Koma where BC is conspicuous, to clarify the significant differences between native and non-native species with different environmental scales. The abstracts of published papers are as follows : 1) On Mount Koma after the 1996 eruptions as well as Mount Usu, vegetative reproduction contributes revegetation more than sexual reproduction. In addition, microtopography is important to determine the community development. 2) Mycorrhizal colonization differs along elevational gradient. I confirmed that a few vascular plant species that have not been reported were inoculated by mycorrhiza. The contribution of mycorrhiza on the growth of larch was low. 3) Temporal changes in the characteristics of survival and germination on seedbank are greatly related to the experienced environments, such as temperature fluctuations. 4) BC species have higher survival rates than native species by higher morphological plasticity adapted to various disturbances and stresses, such as strong wind, drought and low nutrients.Based on those results, top-down and bottom-up analyses have been conducted on the interactions between different scales. Weather conditions have been measured by weather stations purchased by this grant on Mount Koma. By the combinations of those results, I completed that the quantification of the interactions on various life history stages (seed dispersal, germination, establishment and growth) under certain environmental gradients, e.g., ground surface moisture and microtopography.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 17570011
• The role of mycorrhiza on the invasion of seed plants on volcanoes
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(C))
  2001 - 2003
  Shiro TSUYUZAKI
  There are wide environmental gradients on volcanoes, e.g., thickness of volcanic deposits, indicating that the areas are convenient tools for the survey on the relationships between plants and mycorrhizae with different microtopography for long-term changes. Based on these consideration, I research the plant community dynamics on volcanoes. The major results are as follows :1.Permanent plots were set up in bareground, grassland and forest in some microhabitats, i.e., understory, rill, flat, etc., to examine the relationship between microhabitats and dominant plants. The microhabitat is most important factor on tree establishment in the early stages. Furthermore, the distribution of mycorrhizae is related to microtopography.2.All dominant seed plants and some other cohabitants were excavated to examine mycorrhizal colonization on roots in each plant community. The quantification of mycorrhizal colonization was made by the frequency of root fragments colonized by mycorrhizae, instead of mesh counting method, because preliminary experiment showed that counting is inappropriate. By this way, ectomycorrhizae colonized on a few herbs that have never been reported.3.Endomycorrhizae have been considered mostly to uptake phosphates from soil and supply the excess phosphates to plants in nutrient-poor environments. The total organic matter, total nitrogen, soluble phosphates, etc. were measured. Nitrogen increased with increasing elevation, and frequency of endomycorrhiza increased. While, there was no significant relationship between elevation and endomycorrhiza frequency.4.Based on those results and literatures, the characteristics of early volcanic succession were reviewed. In particular, biological invasion, e.g., Larix kaempferi on Mount Koma, and the importance of mycorrhizae for biological invasion were discussed.
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 13640620
• Formation Mechanisms of Community Boundaries in Subalpine Coniferous Forests
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
  1998 - 1999
  KOHYAMA Takashi, TSUYUZAKI Shiro
  This study was carried out to examine the formation and dynamics of the mosaic landscape of forest stand types with clear boundaries in subalpine forests of Hokkaido, northern Japan.
  Main research site was set on the western slope of Mount On'nebetsu of Shiretoko Peninsula, eastern Hokkaido. The mosaic landscape made by pure stands of Picea glehnii, and mixed stands of Abies sachalinensis, P. glehnii and Betula ermanii was described. Detailed census of core of, and margin between these two stand types showed that the discontinuous stand boundaries were not related to the edaphic conditions that changed gradually along the boundaries. Dynamic sequence around boundaries was from Picea -pure stands to mixed stands. The replacement process was hypothesized to be related to species difference in tolerance against aggravation by snow deposit on crown together with wind. Another site investigated was a successional landscape on the slope of Mount Komagatake in southern Hokkaido. The dynamic pattern of the invasion of Larix kampferi was analysed using sequential aerial photographs.
  As a generalized modelling tool, a new simulator was proposed through this study. The model is based on the geographically extended model of stand-level tree size structure (Kohyama and Shigesada 1995) and on the shifting patch mosaic model of stands with tree size structure in gap-dynamic landscape of forest (Kohyama 1993). The response of latitudinal forest zonation was re-examined using the new simulator. Compared to the case without patch mosaic (I.e. Kohyama and Shigesada), the forest boundaries made by competitive interaction was predicted to move slightly faster, while still millennia time lag was the case after centennial global warming.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 10640605
• Maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity and three-dimensional structure in a northern forest.
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research
  1996 - 1999
  HIURA Tsutomu, KOHYAMA Takashi, HIGASHI Seigo, TODA Masanori, UEMURA Shigeru, TSUYUZAKI Shirou, MAEKAWA Koji, AOI Toshiki, OHGUSHI Takayuki, NAKANO Shigeru
  We investigated maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity in a deciduous broad-leaved forest, Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University. We Published 36 Scientific papers by this fund during 1996-2000. Our research target is very various: trees, insects, fishes, mammals, soil arthropods, and birds. Big-scale field manipulation and long-term observation were conducted in the experimental forest. These studies will be one of the most important Contribution to Ecology in Japan.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 08406011
• Life-history syndromes promoting the diversity of perennial herbaceous communities on the forest floor of northern deciduous forests
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
  1996 - 1997
  KOHYAMA Takashi, KUDO Gaku, UEMURA Shigeru, OHARA Masashi, SATO Toshiyuki
  Northern mixed forests in lowland Hokkaido is characterized by relatively high plant species diversity in forest floor herbaceous communities for their latitude of distribution. This study aimed to clarify the maintenance mechanisms of the species diversity of these forest ecosystems through comparative monitoring of morphological and phenological performance among co-occurring species.
  Main research sites were set at Tomakomai Experimental Forest at Tomakomai City and Nopporo Forest Park at Sapporo City. Due to the difference in winter snowfall, seasonal performance of plants at Tomakomai forest was delayd for ca, 1 month from Nopporo forest.Remarkable high alpha-diversity was recorded for forest-floor communities without dwarf bamboo cover. We monitored seasonal performance of the floor perennial herbs and ferns. Allometric characteristics showed convergent similarity among species, characterized by the dominance of foliage allocation throughout seasons. To quantify the fine-scale vertical structure of foliage, a new technique of'disc-contact method'was designed and applied to a floor community at Tomakomai forest. Reproductive performance was monitored with special reference to dynamic spatial pattern of monocarpic species Cardicrinum cordatum(Liliaceae). The effect of grazing on herbaceous communities was recorded for the summer pasture system of horses in forest. Regional scaling-up of community structure was recorded in detail around Nopporo forest for ferns.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 08454247
• 火山遷移初期過程における実生侵入定着様式
  科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A))
  1996 - 1996
  露崎 史朗
  火山における微環境の変化と実生の定着様式との対応関係を明らかにするために、主として北海道有珠山において永久調査区法・バイオマス測定・個体追跡・環境要因測定等の調査実験を行い、結果を以下のように得た。微環境は、植生発達を伴い大きく変化し、それに対応して実生の定着率が規定されている。火山において実生死亡率は非常に高く、個体にとって発芽に要する期間常に安定したセイフサイトを獲得することが生存および繁殖にとって重要なものである。一方、定着に成功すれば、実生生長には栄養分が必要不可欠である。しかしながら、有珠山では土壌栄養は、灼熱損料でわずかに数パーセントと非常に低かった。したがって、種子の定着には、地表の凹凸などの微環境とこれに関与する要因である斜面斜度、土壌粒径分布、土壌移動強度などの物理的要因が重要なものであることが示唆された。一方、定着に成功した実生は、生長に必要な光及び栄養分獲得、そして土壌移動に耐えるためにも地下器官を大きく発達させることが予測された。実生の生長には土壌要因、光要因ともに重要であるが、土壌栄養は貧栄養状態でほぼ均一に分布しているため、光環境によって実生の成長量更には死亡率が規定されていた。実生追跡調査によって得られたデータ(各プロットのアロ-ケーションデータ、実生個体数、死亡率)、さらに、有珠山における12年間以上の追跡調査データをもとに、各植物の動態および環境変動を定量化し、オ-ディネーション分析を行い個々の環境要因の植生発達への寄与率を定量化した。その結果、植生回復初期には土壌移動が主たる植生発達規定要因となるが、時間の経過につれ、その外の要因が個々のサイトによって重要なものとなっていくことが示唆された。
  文部科学省, 奨励研究(A), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 08740596
• Climate Change Response of Siberian Permafrost Studies on Effects to Cryosphere-Biosphere
  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
  1995 - 1996
  FUKUDA Masami, FEDOROV A.N, SIDORENKO V.S, BINOKUROVA A.A, ZIMOV A.S, GRIGORIEV M.N, KUNITSTKY V.V, RUSAKOV V.G, IVANOV B.B, ISHIZAKI Takeshi, TSUYUZAKI Shiro, YASUNAGA Tomohide, TAKAHASHI Hideki, SATO Toshiyuki, WATABE Hideki, TODA Masanori
  Eastern Siberian Permafrost responses to the climate change actively as well as passively. The lareg scale ground ice in permafrost termed as Edoma locally contains highly concentrated Methane in it. In the process of thawin, Methane tends so emit to atmosphere resulting the future warming. The Genesis of Edoma was investigated based upon the ice analyzes and carbon dating. The results suggest that Edoma accumulated during the Karginsky Interstadial noted as between 40,000 yBP-23000 yBP.The process of accumulation is as syngenetic ice-wedge development under the environment of alternation of cold-dry and warm-humid periods during last Interstadial.
  Estimated flux of Methane from thawing Edoma is a magnitude of 10^9 g/year.
  Tundra environment is ideal source of Methane flux under anaerobic condition during summer time. On-the-spot measurements of Methane flux was made in lowland Kolymer River. Based upon the results, an empirical equation was yielded indicating the functional relation between daily flux and degree-cm factors, which is termed as the production of the active layr thickness and the mean ground temperature. The other factors controlled the flux are the chemical composition of ground water and type of vegetation covered the wetland.
  Biological environment was also conducted as to reconstruct paleo-environment using Pollen analysis. The variety of species of plant was compared with those of Hokkaido. There are many common species were found indicating highly developed plan community over tundra environment. The wide distribution plan species may be resulted in the noncoverage of ice sheet in eastern Siberia during last Glacial Period.
  new species of Drosophilae were reported by biological group. The cold adaptation of small animals were categorized based upon the geographical distribution of Drosophilae.
  The forest fire of Taiga was evaluated as the one of the cause of warming due to the Carbon Dioxycide emission. Total carbon production of Taiga forest was estimated using the measurement of photosynsesis rate at the sites in Taiga near Yakutsk.
  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research, Hokkaido University, Coinvestigator, 07041078
• 火山における植物群集の発達機構
  科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A))
  1994 - 1994
  露崎 史朗
  火山における植物群集発達機構を明らかにするために主として有珠山において調査研究を行った。合わせて米国セントヘレンズ山噴火後の植生発達様式との比較研究を行った。本年度の主な成果は以下の通り。1.火山灰堆積地において微環境と実生の定着様式には強い対応関係が認められた。特に、地表面が軽石で覆われた所及びガリ-やリルの内部に実生は多かった。従って、実生出現には物理的なsafe siteの供給が必要不可欠なものと考えられた。2.実生の多かった所の土壌栄養分(灼熱損量・NPK等)は実生の少なかった所と比べて必ずしも高い値は示さず、土壌栄養的なものよりもむしろ物理的要因が実生の定着には重要なものと考えられた。3.旧表土中に生存する埋土種子集団を効率良く土壌中から抽出する方法を考案した。また、本手法は旧表土ばかりでなく、草地土壌等においても適用可能であることを示した。4.Canonical correspondence analysisによる植生解析にあたり、植物個体数及び被度を用い比較した所、異なる環境要因が両者を規定していることが明らかとなった。このことは各植物種の栄養繁殖と種子繁殖の違いに起因しているものと考えられた。更に、種子侵入には周辺植物供給起源の質及び量が、植物発達には地表面の安定性が重要なものと考えられた。5.有珠山とセントヘレンズ山では噴火に伴う撹乱強度の類似した生息地では群集構造的に類似した植生が発達しており、撹乱は初期植生構造を大きく規定しているものと考えられた。
  文部科学省, 奨励研究(A), 新潟大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 06740577
• 火山遷移における埋土種子集団の生存特性及び植生回復への寄与様式
  科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)
  1992 - 1992
  露崎 史朗
  日本学術振興会, 奨励研究(A), 新潟大学, 04854068
• 火山における植物の侵入定着様式と多種共存機構
  科学研究費補助金(重点領域研究)
  1992 - 1992
  露崎 史朗
  これまでの調査研究によって、4つの植物供給起源を明示し、これらの植物の生活型・供給起源と回復様式との対応様式を確定し、さらに、有珠山火口原域における種子の定着域を微地形レベルで明らかにした。本科研においては永久調査区内において種子の定着位置及び発芽位置を調査し実生にとってのセイフサイトが種子にとってのセイフサイトになりうることを示し、また、散布された種子と微地形との対応関係を明らかにした。特に、種子発芽にとって不利である粒径の大きな土壌上において種子がトラップされやすいため、結果的に微地形変化の大きな所で植生回復が早く進むことを示した。さらに、散布種子を土壌中から回収し同定選別を行い、これらの種子を実験室において光条件を変えて発芽試験にかけて最適発芽温度及び光条件を決定した(温度可変インキュベータを本科研にて購入)。次に、発達した大型多年生草本の光合成能力を野外において階層別に測定し、さらに最下層植物の光合成能を裸地に定着しているものと比較し、これらの植物が下層形可能な要因を探る(調査実験継続中)。これらの結果と今までの結果を合わせることによって、植物群集の垂直方向への発達様式とその要因を考察した。有珠山においては、現在でもなお個体数は激しく変動しており安定した変動傾向を得るためにも今後とも継続調査を行うことが重要であるが少なくともこれまでに上記のような結果を本科研によって得ることができた。
  文部科学省, 重点領域研究, 新潟大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 04264208
• 火山における植物の侵入定着様式と回復機構
  科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(特別研究員)
  1990 - 1990
  露崎 史朗
  日本学術振興会, 奨励研究(特別研究員), 北海道大学, 02954012
• 撹乱地(火山・スキー場・湿原等)における植物群集構造・動態の解明　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
  1984
  Competitive research funding
• Structure and dynamics of plant communities after disturbances　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
  1984
  Competitive research funding