研究者情報

マスター

アカウント（マスター）

• 氏名

  荒木　仁志(アラキ　ヒトシ), アラキ　ヒトシ

所属（マスター）

• 農学研究院　基盤研究部門　生物資源科学分野

所属（マスター）

• 農学研究院　基盤研究部門　生物資源科学分野

独自項目

syllabus

• 2021, 生態進化学特論, Ecology and Evolution, 修士課程, 農学院, 生態学、進化学、生物保全学
• 2021, 生物生態・体系学特論Ⅱ, Advanced Ecology and Systematics II, 修士課程, 農学院, 野生動植物の生態・進化と保全, 生物多様性
• 2021, 国際交流Ⅰ, Arts and Science Courses in English 1, 学士課程, 国際本部, 生態学、進化学、生物保全学
• 2021, 動物生態学概論, Introduction to Animal Ecology, 学士課程, 農学部, 生態、進化、保全、生物多様性
• 2021, 応用動物学, Applied Zoology, 学士課程, 農学部, 生態進化学、群集生態学
• 2021, 生物資源科学実験Ⅰ, Laboratory Work on Agrobiology and Bioresources I, 学士課程, 農学部, 基礎実験，野外実習
• 2021, 生物資源科学特講, Special Course of Agrobiology and Bioresources, 学士課程, 農学部, crop, physiology, pathology, horticulture, ornamental plants, landscape, animal ecology, entomology, genetics, evolution, cell biology, pathogen-plant interactions
• 2021, 基礎遺伝学, General Genetics, 学士課程, 農学部, 遺伝、生命現象、メンデル、ダーウィン、変異、進化、保全
• 2021, 環境と人間, Environment and People, 学士課程, 全学教育, サケ、回遊、人工ふ化放流、分類、気候変化、資源変動、生活史、個体群密度効果、生物多様性、バイオロギング、母川回帰、嗅覚、物質循環、海水適応、ゲノム、性統御、始原生殖細胞、流通、食品，機能性素材、アスタキサンチン，考古学、先住民族、市民運動

researchmap

プロフィール情報

所属

• 動物生態学研究室, 教授

学位

• 博士（理学）（九州大学）

プロフィール情報

• 公開用メールアドレス

  arakihagr.hokudai.ac.jp

• 姓

  荒木

• 名

  仁志

• ID各種

  201301075807419090

対象リソース

https://www.agr.hokudai.ac.jp/r/lab/animal-ecology
https://animalecologystaff.wixsite.com/hgs-lae/en

所属

• 動物生態学研究室, 教授

業績リスト

研究キーワード

• 魚類   環境DNA   人為改変   環境適応   生物進化   

研究分野

• ライフサイエンス / 多様性生物学、分類学
• ライフサイエンス / 生態学、環境学
• ライフサイエンス / 進化生物学

経歴

• 2013年04月 - 現在 北海道大学大学院 農学研究院 環境資源学部門 教授
• 2023年09月 - 2023年12月 カナダ・マギル大学理学部 理学部生物学科 客員教授
• 2008年01月 - 2013年03月 スイス水圏科学技術研究所 魚類生態進化学科 グループリーダー
• 2004年07月 - 2007年12月 オレゴン州立大学 動物学科 ポストドクトラル・リサーチアソシエイト
• 2001年04月 - 2004年06月 シカゴ大学 生態進化学科 ポストドクトラル・フェロー

学歴

• 1997年04月 - 2001年03月   九州大学   大学院 医学系研究科 分子生命科学専攻
• 1995年04月 - 1997年03月   九州大学   大学院 理学研究科 分子集団遺伝学専攻
• 1991年04月 - 1995年03月   九州大学   理学部   生物学科

委員歴

• 2022年04月 - 現在   サケ学研究会   事務局長
• 2018年08月 - 現在   日本進化学会   理事
• 2018年01月 - 現在   環境ＤＮＡ学会   理事
• 2020年04月 - 2022年03月   サケ学研究会   会長
• 2016年10月 - 2022年03月   サケ学研究会   幹事
• 2014年01月 - 2018年08月   日本進化学会   編集幹事

受賞

• 2007年 日本進化学会 研究奨励賞
   

  受賞者: 荒木仁志

論文

• Human activity-associated establishment of invasive mink population estimated using environmental DNA

  Toshihiro Takaba, Masayuki K. Sakata, Takashi Kanbe, Takashi Mitsuzuka, Shouko Inoue, Hiroki Mizumoto, Takahiro Nobetsu, Hitoshi Araki

  Biological Invasions 2024年07月31日
• A link between evolution and society fostering the UN sustainable development goals.

  Luc De Meester, Ella Vázquez-Domínguez, Rees Kassen, Félix Forest, Mauricio R Bellon, Britt Koskella, Rosa A Scherson, Licia Colli, Andrew P Hendry, Keith A Crandall, Daniel P Faith, Craig J Starger, R Geeta, Hitoshi Araki, Ehsan M Dulloo, Caroline Souffreau, Sibylle Schroer, Marc T J Johnson

  Evolutionary applications 17 6 e13728  2024年06月 

  Given the multitude of challenges Earth is facing, sustainability science is of key importance to our continued existence. Evolution is the fundamental biological process underlying the origin of all biodiversity. This phylogenetic diversity fosters the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change, and provides numerous resources to society, and options for the future. Genetic diversity within species is also key to the ability of populations to evolve and adapt to environmental change. Yet, the value of evolutionary processes and the consequences of their impairment have not generally been considered in sustainability research. We argue that biological evolution is important for sustainability and that the concepts, theory, data, and methodological approaches used in evolutionary biology can, in crucial ways, contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss how evolutionary principles are relevant to understanding, maintaining, and improving Nature Contributions to People (NCP) and how they contribute to the SDGs. We highlight specific applications of evolution, evolutionary theory, and evolutionary biology's diverse toolbox, grouped into four major routes through which evolution and evolutionary insights can impact sustainability. We argue that information on both within-species evolutionary potential and among-species phylogenetic diversity is necessary to predict population, community, and ecosystem responses to global change and to make informed decisions on sustainable production, health, and well-being. We provide examples of how evolutionary insights and the tools developed by evolutionary biology can not only inspire and enhance progress on the trajectory to sustainability, but also highlight some obstacles that hitherto seem to have impeded an efficient uptake of evolutionary insights in sustainability research and actions to sustain SDGs. We call for enhanced collaboration between sustainability science and evolutionary biology to understand how integrating these disciplines can help achieve the sustainable future envisioned by the UN SDGs.
• Environmental DNA unveils deep phylogeographic structure of a freshwater fish

  Tetsu Yatsuyanagi, Takashi Kanbe, Kazuya Fujii, Shouko Inoue, Hitoshi Araki

  Molecular Ecology 33 9 e17337  2024年04月 

  Abstract Phylogeography bears an important part in ecology and evolution. However, current phylogeographic studies are largely constrained by limited numbers of individual samples. Using an environmental DNA (eDNA) assay for phylogeographic analyses, this study provides detailed information regarding the history of Siberian stone loach Barbatula toni, a primary freshwater fish across the whole range of Hokkaido, Japan. Based on an eDNA metabarcoding on 293 river water samples, we detected eDNA from B. toni in 189 rivers. A total of 51 samples, representing the entire island, were then selected from the B. toni eDNA‐positive sample set for the subsequent analyses. To elucidate the phylogeographic structure of B. toni, newly developed eDNA metabarcoding primers (Barba‐cytb‐F/R) were applied to these samples, specifically targeting their haplotypic variation in cytochrome b. After a bioinformatic processing to mitigate haplotypic false positives, a total of 50 eDNA haplotypes were identified. Two regionally restricted, genetically distinct lineages of the species were revealed as a result of phylogeographic analyses on the haplotypes and tissue‐derived DNA from B. toni. According to a molecular clock analysis, they have been genetically isolated for at least 1.5 million years, suggesting their ancient origin and colonisation of Hokkaido, presumably in the glacial periods. These results demonstrate how freshwater fishes can alter their distributions over evolutionary timescales and how eDNA assay can deepen our understanding of phylogeography.
• Co-occurrence patterns of endangered Sakhalin taimen and introduced rainbow trout in Hokkaido, Japan, inferred by environmental DNA metabarcoding

  Takashi Kanbe, Hiroki Mizumoto, Takashi Mitsuzuka, Nobuyoshi Nakajima, Hitoshi Araki

  Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 33 12 1492 - 1500 2023年12月 

  The distribution of endangered aquatic organisms is difficult to estimate, and so is species interaction in aquatic environments. In this study, an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding assay was developed to identify Salmoninae species and the co-occurrence of two salmonid species: Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi, a critically endangered salmonid species) and invasive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Hokkaido, the second-largest main island of Japan. The newly developed eDNA metabarcoding assay was successful in identifying 16 different Salmoninae species in an aquarium test and to provide a semi-quantitative measure of eDNA concentration. The eDNA metabarcoding was then applied to 319 eDNA samples from 278 river systems in Hokkaido. The eDNA from Sakhalin taimen was identified in 17 river systems, of which nine also hosted rainbow trout according to the eDNA detections, suggesting a significantly disproportionate overlap of their distributions with Sakhalin taimen (P = 0.029). In addition, both species showed low eDNA concentrations (as a proxy of biomass) where they co-occur, presumably reflecting negative interactions between them. This study provides strong evidence that Sakhalin taimen is indeed endangered in Hokkaido. Rainbow trout have been widespread since their introduction to Hokkaido decades ago, and they are expected to spawn shortly after the spawning season of Sakhalin taimen. Therefore, the significant overlap of their distributions further increases the risk of extinction. The results encourage conservation efforts to limit the expansion of rainbow trout into rivers that currently support Sakhalin taimen.
• The eDNA Society International Meeting 2023, “moving from knowledge into practice”

  Hiroki Yamanaka, Hideyuki Doi, Hitoshi Araki, Kimiko Uchii, Toshifumi Minamoto

  Environmental DNA 2023年08月14日 

  Abstract With the aim to gather and synthesize knowledge regarding environmental DNA analysis and its applications, The eDNA Society International Meeting 2023 was held in Otsu, Shiga, Japan, from May 17th to 19th with more than 252 participants from 19 countries. During the three core days, there were three plenary sessions with nine leading researchers in the field as invited speakers, as well as general oral sessions, a poster session, workshops presented by the society's corporate companies, and opening and closing ceremonies. The meeting had been postponed multiple times due to the COVID‐19 pandemic but was finally held in‐person, with options for online attendance, in front of Lake Biwa. This is a memorial site where the first field test for eDNA analysis in Japan was conducted. Here, we report the record of the meeting by sharing the highlights of the three core days. The proposed meeting theme, “Moving from Knowledge into Practice,” was well achieved during the meeting with energetic participants and enthusiastic discussion, which was stimulated by interesting presentations and lectures spanning from basic technical developments to practical applications.
• Species traits and ecosystem characteristics affect species detection by eDNA metabarcoding in lake fish communities

  Hideyuki Doi, Shunsuke Matsuoka, Shin ichiro S. Matsuzaki, Mariko Nagano, Hirotoshi Sato, Hiroki Yamanaka, Saeko Matsuhashi, Satoshi Yamamoto, Toshifumi Minamoto, Hitoshi Araki, Kousuke Ikeda, Atsuko Kato, Kouichi Kumei, Nobutaka Maki, Takashi Mitsuzuka, Teruhiko Takahara, Kimihito Toki, Natsuki Ueda, Takeshi Watanabe, Kanji Yamazoe, Masaki Miya

  Freshwater Biology 68 8 1346 - 1358 2023年08月 [査読有り]
   

  Abstract Although environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an exceptionally useful and powerful tool for monitoring biodiversity, little is known about whether the traits of organisms and their ecosystem characteristics affect eDNA metabarcoding performance. Nationwide surveys can provide more detailed insights, yet such studies have rarely been conducted. In order to evaluate eDNA metabarcoding performance in broad‐scale monitoring, we examined the effects of species ecological/biological traits and ecosystem characteristics on species detection rates and the implications for community analysis. In addition, we tested the effects of sample mixing and transportation methods, including cooling and freezing, on eDNA metabarcoding. On a nationwide scale, we conducted eDNA metabarcoding for fish communities in 18 Japanese lakes. By comparing species records, we observed that certain traits, including body size, body shape, saltwater tolerance and habitat preference, influenced eDNA detection. In addition, the proportion of species detected decreased significantly with an increase in lake surface area owing to ecosystem size effect on species detection. We conclude that species traits, including habitat preference, body size and ecosystem size, should be considered when assessing the eDNA metabarcoding performance in broad‐scale monitoring.
• Application of eDNA methods to evaluate abundance and reproduction of winter-breeding freshwater mussels (Buldowskia iwakawai) in the Ishikari River floodplain

  J. Wu, J. N. Negishi, H. Izumi, T. Kanbe, H. Mizumoto, H. Araki

  Hydrobiologia 2023年 

  Freshwater mussels (Order Unionoida) can provide crucial ecological functions and services. However, many of them are endangered worldwide due to local extirpation and reproductive failure, which emphasizes the importance of mussel life cycle monitoring, including reproduction. Buldowskia iwakawai (Suzuki, 1939) is one such species native to the Ishikari floodplain oxbow lakes where its reproductive failure was recently reported. In this study, a species-specific environmental DNA (eDNA) assay was developed to monitor B. iwakawai abundance and winter reproduction in the laboratory and natural environment simultaneously even at times when natural lakes are covered by ice. A positive CPUE-eDNA correlation was observed across all the 14 lakes sampled prior to ice cover formation. The eDNA concentration significantly differed between gravid and non-gravid mussels in relation to their metabolic-rate differences in laboratory experiments, but the eDNA concentration increase was not detected in the intensively monitored lakes during the glochidia release period. PCR inhibition in natural water has been suggested, and reducing its effects combined with appropriate seasonal contexts has the potential to improve the applicability of this method. This research sheds new light on the applicability of the eDNA assay for monitoring mussel reproductive activities throughout their life cycle including the winter season.
• edna2021: The fourth annual meeting of The eDNA Society “Species distributions, and beyond”

  Hitoshi Araki, Takashi Kanbe, Hiroki Yamanaka, Yuki Minegishi, Noriyuki Koizumi

  Environmental DNA 4 3 487 - 491 2022年05月 [査読有り]
   

  The eDNA Society was founded in Japan in 2018 to develop eDNA science as a discipline that contributes to the human well-being and the sustainable use of ecosystems. Since then, the society has expanded attracting a wide variety of people from international universities, research institutes, consultant companies, and local/national governments. Here we report edna2021, the fourth annual meeting of The eDNA Society, which was held mainly online on November 20–21, 2021. We had c.a. 500 participants in total, from at least 15 countries. In the meeting, we discussed not only the technical aspects of environmental DNA but also its potential for various applications including its combinations with environmental RNA, sediment core samples, population genetic analyses, etc.
• Utilizing environmental DNA for wide-range distributions of reproductive area of an invasive terrestrial toad in Ishikari river basin in Japan

  Hiroki Mizumoto, Osamu Kishida, Kotaro Takai, Naru Matsuura, Hitoshi Araki

  Biological Invasions 24 4 1199 - 1211 2022年04月 

  Understanding the distribution of invasive species and their reproductive area is crucial for their managements after invasion. While catch and observation surveys are still embraced, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been increasingly utilized as an efficient tool for identifying these species in the wild. In this study, we developed a Bufo-specific eDNA assay for detecting an invasive, toxic, and terrestrial toad species Bufo japonicus formosus in Hokkaido, Japan, and applied it to their reproductive area at watershed scale. The eDNA assay was field-validated in ponds where B. japonicus were observed, as well as in rivers downstream of the reproductive ponds. Thus, the assay provided us an opportunity to screen watersheds that include their reproductive area by collecting downstream water samples. Applying it to the Ishikari river basin, the largest river basin in Hokkaido (c.a., 14,330 km(2)), we detected toad eDNA at 32 out of 73 sampling sites. They are composed of eleven sites with species observation records nearby (all the sites with observation records within a 500 m radius) and 21 sites without such records. And those eDNA detections were from twelve out of 31 river systems in the entire river basin. A Bayesian, multiscale occupancy model supported high eDNA detectability among those sites. These results suggest that the eDNA assay can efficiently estimate the presence of reproductive area of the terrestrial toad even from a distant downstream of the watershed, and that it provides a powerful means of detecting new reproductive area and monitoring further spread of invasive species.
• Hokkaido-wide eDNA Monitoring for Sakhalin Taimen, Endangered Salmonid Species

  Hiroki Mizumoto, Hitoshi Araki

  Technical Report 17 2021年11月29日
• Time to adjust to a new feeding environment determines survival and growth of wild-caught white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius)

  Kouta Miyamoto, Miloš Đorđević, Hitoshi Araki

  Environmental Biology of Fishes 104 8 959 - 966 2021年08月 [査読有り]
   

  Hatcheries and breeding programs use wild-caught fish reared on artificial diets. Understanding how fish adjust to a new feeding environment in this context might contribute to improving survival and growth outcomes under artificial conditions. In this study, we examined the growth and survival of wild white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius) on a diet of commercial pellets in an artificial rearing environment. Our results revealed that pre-study fork length has a significant influence on pellet consumption, and thereby survival. The primary factor contributing to growth was the number of days until an initial increase in body weight. Post-mortem examination of deceased fish and their condition indicated that in all cases, the most likely cause of death was starvation. These results accordingly indicate that starvation tolerance and the ability to adjust to a new feeding environment are key factors in the survival of wild charr, whereas the time taken to acclimate is a key factor contributing to growth.
• 北海道の渓流魚を対象とした治山ダムの改良効果の検証：長期モニタリングによる検証と環境DNAの活用可能性

  速水将人, 石山信雄, 水本寛基, 神戸崇, 下田和孝, 三坂尚行, 卜部浩一, 長坂晶子, 長坂有, 小野理, 荒木仁志, 中嶋信美, 福島路生

  応用生態工学 24 1 61 - 73 応用生態工学会 2021年07月 [査読有り]
   

  河川上流域に多数設置された治山ダムは，渓流や森林の荒廃を防ぐ重要な役割を果たす一方で，渓流魚の河川内の自由な移動を阻害している．こうした状況に鑑み，河川生態系の保全を目的とした改良事業（魚道の設置，堤体の切り下げ）が国内の多くの治山ダムで実施されている．本研究では，北海道 3 河川に設置された治山ダムを対象に，魚道設置と切り下げによるダム改良工事が，その上下流の渓流魚類相に与える影響について，改良工事前後で行われた採捕調査によって検証した．同時に，ダム改良後の採捕結果と環境 DNA メタバーコーディングによる魚類相推定結果を比較し，治山ダム改良事業における環境 DNA メタバーコーディングを用いた魚類相推定の有効性を検討した．採捕調査の結果，治山ダムの改良事業によって，遡河回遊魚であるアメマスとサクラマスのダム上流への移動を可能にし，10 年後においても効果が確認された．環境 DNA メタバーコーディングでは，採捕された全 9 種に加え，採捕では確認されなか ったニジマスの計 10 種が検出され，治山ダム上下流に設定した各調査地点における遡河回遊魚のアメマス・サクラマスや，ハナカジカの採捕結果との一致率は 70-90 ％であった．環境 DNA メタバーコーディングを治山ダム改良事業に適用する場合，評価対象魚種の特性や過去の採捕記録を考慮する必要はあるものの，改良前の治山ダムにおける魚類の遡上阻害の推定や，改良後の河川の魚類相・生息状況の推定に有効であることが示唆された．但し，治山ダムの切り下げを例にとると，遡上阻害の改善効果が維持される期間は工法によって異なる可能性もあり，正確な評価には様々な河川・工法を対象としたさらなる研究の蓄積が必要である．
• Artificially increased habitat complexity reduces predation-induced mortality for juvenile salmon in simplified environments

  Kouta Miyamoto, Miloš Đorđević, Hitoshi Araki

  Environmental Biology of Fishes 104 2 203 - 209 2021年02月 [査読有り]
   

  Many river systems have been artificially modified for various reasons worldwide. Although simplified riverbeds due to artificial modifications often alter the species compositions and interactions, methods for mitigating habitat degradation in such rivers are underdeveloped. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tree branches on the survival of juvenile masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou under predation risk by piscivorous fish (White-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis) in artificially simplified environments. We found that 0.4 m2 or more of tree branches per 1.0 m2 of artificial concrete pond doubled the survival of juvenile salmon for 20 days. In addition, body sizes of predator and prey did not have a significant effect on salmon survival, whereas the number of branches did in this experiment. These results indicate that adding structural complexity can mitigate predation pressure by piscivorous fish in artificially simplified environments. This study provides important guidelines for the management and restoration of suitable habitats for stream salmonids in artificially simplified environments where the main predators are piscivorous fish.
• Effectiveness of check-dam improvement on freshwater fishes: Assessment based on long-term monitoring and environmental DNA applicability

  Masato Hayamizu, Nobuo Ishiyama, Hiroki Mizumoto, Takashi Kanbe, Kazutaka Shimoda, Naoyuki Misaka, Hirokazu Urabe, Akiko Nagasaka, Yu Nagasaka, Satoru Ono, Hitoshi Araki, Nobuyoshi Nakajima, Michio Fukushima

  Ecology and Civil Engineering 24 1 61 - 73 2021年
• An illustrated manual for environmental DNA research: Water sampling guidelines and experimental protocols

  Toshifumi Minamoto, Masaki Miya, Tetsuya Sado, Satoquo Seino, Hideyuki Doi, Michio Kondoh, Keigo Nakamura, Teruhiko Takahara, Satoshi Yamamoto, Hiroki Yamanaka, Hitoshi Araki, Wataru Iwasaki, Akihide Kasai, Reiji Masuda, Kimiko Uchii

  Environmental DNA 3 1 8 - 13 2021年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Environmental DNA (eDNA)-based assessments of macro-organisms have now become an essential approach for biomonitoring. eDNA survey methods have a number of advantages over conventional survey methods. However, the value of the data that will accumulate would be greatly enhanced by standardizing the analysis methods, which would allow us to compare data from multiple monitoring sites at different points in time. The eDNA Society (http://ednasociety.org/en/about), whose founding members consist of Japanese researchers conducting eDNA studies on macro-organisms, was established in 2018, with the aim of expanding eDNA technology and science. Here, we introduce our key publication, “Environmental DNA Sampling and Experiment Manual” (http://ednasociety.org/en/manual), which was published under the initiative of the eDNA Society. Detailed methods for the surveys and experiments are described in the manual, including the selection of sampling sites, sampling methods, filtration methods, DNA extraction, species-specific detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and fish eDNA metabarcoding. The manual assists users in conducting standardized surveys and quality experiments, and provides a basis for collecting comparable data. Given that the efficacy of methods can be context dependent and variable, and that procedures may sometimes conflict with standardization, it is difficult to ensure that all processes are equally effective. However, even in such cases, it is important to maintain sufficiently high data quality by setting the minimum standards to be followed. Implementation of such standardized methodologies will enable the systematic and frequent collection of flawless, comparable eDNA data from around the world; this will provide important fundamental information for biodiversity conservation, as well as the sustainable use of fisheries resources.
• An Environmental DNA Survey on Distribution of an Endangered Salmonid Species, Parahucho perryi, in Hokkaido, Japan

  Hiroki Mizumoto, Takashi Mitsuzuka, Hitoshi Araki

  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8 2020年11月06日 [査読有り]
   

  For protecting endangered species, precise understanding of their distribution is crucial. However, it is often very difficult to estimate at a large scale with conventional methods (e.g., casting nets or electrofishing for aquatic species) because of their low densities in the wild. Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi) is one of the largest and most critically endangered freshwater salmonid fishes in the world. In this study, we applied an environmental DNA (eDNA) detection system for this species to 120 rivers in Hokkaido, the second largest main island of Japan. We successfully detected eDNA from Sakhalin taimen in seven rivers (5.8%). Although these rivers were widely distributed across the island, > 95% of the total amounts of eDNA were detected from region-A and -I, indicating that local populations in the other regions of Hokkaido are very small and on the brink of extinction. In addition, principal component analyses based on the eDNA-based estimation of Sakhalin taimen distribution and GIS revealed their distribution determinants including limited topographic relief of watershed as well as presence of wetlands and lagoons. Our results suggest that eDNA-based detection systems are an efficient means of monitoring the population status of endangered freshwater species at large scales.
• Understanding seasonal migration of Shishamo smelt in coastal regions using environmental DNA

  Tetsu Yatsuyanagi, Hitoshi Araki

  PLoS ONE 15 10 October e0239912  2020年10月 [査読有り]
   

  Migratory organisms have their own life histories that efficiently link multiple ecosystems. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of migration ecologies of these organisms is essential for both species conservation and ecosystem management. However, monitoring migration at fine spatiotemporal scales, especially in open marine systems, often requires huge costs and effort. Recently, environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques that utilize DNA released from living organisms into their environment became available for monitoring wild animals without direct handling. In this study, we conducted an eDNA survey for understanding marine migration of an endemic fish species, Shishamo smelt (Spirinchus lanceolatus). We examined 1) seasonal habitat changes in coastal regions and 2) environmental factors potentially driving the migration of this species. The eDNA concentrations along a 100 km-long coastline exhibited spatiotemporal variation, suggesting that this species shifts their habitat away from nearshore areas between spring and summer. We also found a significantly negative association between the eDNA concentration and sea surface temperature. That finding suggests that the offshore migration of this species is associated with increased sea surface temperature. This study reveals new aspects of S. lanceolatus life history in coastal regions. Together with our previous eDNA study on the freshwater migration of S. lanceolatus, this study illustrates the potential of eDNA techniques for understanding the whole life history of this migratory species.
• Environmental DNA monitoring for short-term reproductive migration of endemic anadromous species, Shishamo smelt (Spirinchus lanceolatus)

  Tetsu Yatsuyanagi, Ryotaro Ishida, Masayuki K. Sakata, Takashi Kanbe, Hiroki Mizumoto, Yumi Kobayashi, Shoko Kamada, Satoko Namba, Hisaya Nii, Toshifumi Minamoto, Hitoshi Araki

  Environmental DNA 2 2 130 - 139 2020年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Monitoring reproductive migration is essential for the conservation of anadromous species. Shishamo smelt (Spirinchus lanceolatus) is endemic to Hokkaido, the northernmost large island in Japan. S. lanceolatus is an anadromous species that is known to migrate into rivers for a very short period in early winter. While this species has a special value for local fisheries, the catch amount has drastically declined in the last few decades. Information about S. lanceolatus reproductive migration dynamics is limited, which prevents them from being efficiently managed as a resource. In this study, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) methods as a noninvasive molecular tool for estimating presence/absence and abundance/biomass of S. lanceolatus during their migration into rivers. We developed a species-specific qPCR system for S. lanceolatus, examining (a) temporal variation in S. lanceolatus eDNA concentrations compared with catch data gathered by traditional methods and (b) variability of migratory patterns among river systems. In a core river for their spawning migration, we consistently detected S. lanceolatus eDNA throughout the spawning season, and the temporal distribution of eDNA concentration was consistent with that of the number of migrating S. lanceolatus estimated by catch survey data. In addition, we were able to detect S. lanceolatus eDNA even from rivers without any official record of their migration. Among rivers with eDNA detection, the relative eDNA concentrations varied, indicating that the population biomass differs largely among the river populations. Our study suggests that eDNA detection systems are useful for tracking reproductive migration of S. lanceolatus at fine spatio-temporal scales.
• When is it good to be shy? Experimental evaluation of predation of juvenile salmon by riparian wildlife

  Kouta Miyamoto, Hitoshi Araki

  Hydrobiologia 847 3 713 - 725 2020年02月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Animal behaviors are often well adapted to their environments. Predation risk avoidance is one of them. However, the fitness effects of behavioral variation associated with predation risks are poorly understood for aquatic organisms. In this study, we evaluated the effects of traits (origin and body size) and behaviors (regular defensive and post-stimulus behaviors) of masu salmon [Oncorhynchus masou masou (Brevoort, 1856)] on their predation risk. We first conducted aquarium experiments examining the behaviors of fish, followed by an evaluation of their survival after release in a semi-natural stream. After 56 days of the stream test, 48.3% of the released fish were lost. On-site camera trapping identified an ambush predator, the grey heron (Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758), as the most frequently visiting predator. By individually matching the fish behaviors in the aquarium test with their survival in the stream, we found that the most critical determinant for the survival of fish in a semi-natural stream was their regular defensive behavior (i.e., hiding behavior when they were NOT exposed to a mimicked bird attack), rather than their post-stimulus behavior. Our results indicate that regular defensive behavior can be most beneficial to prey survival, at least when they are faced with ambush predators.
• 市民参加型調査で集めた位置情報付き生物写真にサンプリングバイアスは存在するか?-市民と専門家の遡河性サケマス関連撮影データの比較から-

  佐橋玄記, 丸山緑, 有賀望, 森田健太郎, 岡本康寿, 向井徹, 水本寛基, 植田和俊, 藤井和也, 渡辺恵三, 大熊一正, 荒木仁志, 佐橋玄記, 丸山緑, 有賀望, 森田健太郎, 岡本康寿, 向井徹, 水本寛基, 植田和俊, 藤井和也, 渡辺恵三, 大熊一正, 荒木仁志

  保全生態学研究 25 2 2020年 [査読有り]
  
• Evaluation of an Environmental DNA Method as a Potential Tool for Monitoring Salmonid Fishes in the Wild

  Hitoshi Araki, Hiroki Mizumoto, Takashi Kanbe, Shunpei Sato

  Technical Report 15 164 - 167 2019年12月
• Effects of water depth and structural complexity on survival and settlement of white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis)

  Kouta Miyamoto, Hitoshi Araki

  Hydrobiologia 840 1 103 - 112 2019年09月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Both climate change and dam operations are affecting water levels in river systems worldwide and their influence can be especially drastic in upper streams, where juvenile salmonids hatch and grow. However, efficient means of mitigating such influence on salmonid populations have not been developed, at least not in a practical manner throughout the world. In this study, we investigated effects of declining water levels and structural complexity on populations of age-0 white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) in tank and pond experiments. Survival of the charr was lower in the shallow tanks (15 cm water depth) than in the deeper ones. Similarly, more fish survived in the tanks with artificial structures (cobbles with Ringlong tape) compared to those without them. The grey heron (Ardea cinerea) was the most frequently observed predator during the tank experiment, and settlement of fish in the shallow ponds increased when artificial structures were provided. These results suggest that declining water levels and the loss of structural complexity may lead to a decrease in populations of white-spotted charr by increasing predation risk and interference competition.
• Ongoing localized extinctions of stream-dwelling white-spotted charr populations in small dammed-off habitats of Hokkaido Island, Japan

  Kentaro Morita, Genki Sahashi, Masaki Miya, Shouko Kamada, Takashi Kanbe, Hitoshi Araki

  Hydrobiologia 840 1 207 - 213 2019年09月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Habitat fragmentation caused by damming can greatly reduce the population viability of aquatic organisms, with smaller fragmented populations at higher risk of extinction due to increased demographic, genetic, and environmental stochasticity. However, empirical evidence demonstrating that smaller natural populations are more vulnerable to extinction is limited. We studied the vulnerability to extinction of white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) populations in 30 dammed-off streams in Oshima Peninsula, southwestern Hokkaido Island, Japan, by comparing the incidence of charr populations in streams between 1999 and 2014. Using electrofishing and environmental DNA surveys, we identified three localized extinctions, with the probability of extinction increasing with decreasing watershed area (our surrogate for habitat size). We also found a new population in one dammed-off stream in which white-spotted charr were previously unknown, after installation of a fish ladder, indicating the capacity of white-spotted charr to recolonize reconnected habitat in a short period. Our results suggest that localized extinction of white-spotted charr in small dammed-off streams is ongoing, but that appropriate fish migration corridors can reduce localized extinction risk and increase the probability of species persistence.
• Spatiotemporal distribution of juvenile chum salmon in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Japan, inferred from environmental DNA

  Yuki Minegishi, Marty Kwok Shing Wong, Takashi Kanbe, Hitoshi Araki, Tomomi Kashiwabara, Minoru Ijichi, Kazuhiro Kogure, Susumu Hyodo

  PLoS ONE 14 9 e0222052  2019年09月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  To understand the ecology of juvenile chum salmon during early marine life after their downstream migration, we developed a quantitative PCR-based environmental DNA (eDNA) method specific for chum salmon and investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of eDNA in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Japan. Indoor aquarium experiments demonstrated the following characteristics of chum salmon eDNA: (1) the eDNA shedding and degradation were time- and water temperature-dependent and the bacterial abundance could contribute to the eDNA decay, (2) fecal discharge may not be the main source of eDNA, and (3) a strong positive Pearson correlation was found between the number of juveniles and the eDNA amounts. As we discovered strong PCR inhibition from the seawater samples of the bay, we optimized the eDNA assay protocol for natural seawater samples by adding a further purification step and modification of PCR mixture. The intensive eDNA analysis in the spring of 2017 and 2018 indicated that juvenile chum salmon initially inhabited in shallow waters in the shorefront area and then spread over the bay from January to June. The eDNA data also pointed out that outmigration of juvenile chum salmon to open ocean temporarily suspended in April, possibly being associated with the dynamics of the Oyashio Current as suggested by a previous observation. The eDNA method thus enables us large-scale and comprehensive surveys without affecting populations to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of juvenile chum salmon.
• 気候変動下における日本系サケの持続可能な保全管理のあり方とその研究課題

  帰山雅秀, 荒木仁志, 宮下和士, 永田光博, 佐々木義隆, 浦和茂彦

  海洋と生物 40 5 459 - 466 2018年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境変動下におけるサケの持続可能な資源管理：国際サーモン年に向けたプロローグ

  浦和茂彦, 荒木仁志, 宮下和士, 永田光博, 佐々木義隆, 帰山雅秀

  海洋と生物 40 4 315 - 318 生物研究社 2018年08月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• Modeling fitness changes in wild Atlantic salmon populations faced by spawning intrusion of domesticated escapees

  Marco Castellani, Mikko Heino, John Gilbey, Hitoshi Araki, Terje Svåsand, Kevin A. Glover

  Evolutionary Applications 11 6 1010 - 1025 2018年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Genetic interaction between domesticated escapees and wild conspecifics represents a persistent challenge to an environmentally sustainable Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. We used a recently developed eco-genetic model (IBSEM) to investigate potential changes in a wild salmon population subject to spawning intrusion from domesticated escapees. At low intrusion levels (5%-10% escapees), phenotypic and demographic characteristics of the recipient wild population only displayed weak changes over 50 years and only at high intrusion levels (30%-50% escapees) were clear changes visible in this period. Our modeling also revealed that genetic changes in phenotypic and demographic characteristics were greater in situations where strayers originating from a neighboring wild population were domestication-admixed and changed in parallel with the focal wild population, as opposed to nonadmixed. While recovery in the phenotypic and demographic characteristics was observed in many instances after domesticated salmon intrusion was halted, in the most extreme intrusion scenario, the population went extinct. Based upon results from these simulations, together with existing knowledge, we suggest that a combination of reduced spawning success of domesticated escapees, natural selection purging maladapted phenotypes/genotypes from the wild population, and phenotypic plasticity, buffer the rate and magnitude of change in phenotypic and demographic characteristics of wild populations subject to spawning intrusion of domesticated escapees. The results of our simulations also suggest that under specific conditions, natural straying among wild populations may buffer genetic changes in phenotypic and demographic characteristics resulting from introgression of domesticated escapees and that variation in straying in time and space may contribute to observed differences in domestication-driven introgression among native populations.
• Establishing an environmental DNA method to detect and estimate the biomass of Sakhalin taimen, a critically endangered Asian salmonid

  Hiroki Mizumoto, Hirokazu Urabe, Takashi Kanbe, Michio Fukushima, Hitoshi Araki

  Limnology 19 2 219 - 227 2018年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  For field ecologists, detecting a target species in the wild is a severe bottleneck to understanding its distribution and population status. Recently, environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques have been developed as a noninvasive monitoring tool for aquatic organisms. While applications of eDNA techniques for biomass estimation have been proposed, little is known about an applicable size range of the organisms, which might affect relationships between biomass and eDNA concentration. Here, we investigated eDNA from Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi), a giant salmonid species of northern Japan. This species is critically endangered and difficult to detect in the wild by conventional sampling methods. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we tested correlations between eDNA concentration and fish density using fish with a wide range of ages and body sizes in aquarium experiments. We found that our new primers and probe were truly species-specific, and that the eDNA concentration was significantly correlated with fish density and body size (p < 0.001). Furthermore, based on our calculation, the eDNA concentrations were rather constant among aquaria with fish in different age and size groups when their total weight was adjusted. These results suggest that eDNA concentrations can be an indicator of biomass of Sakhalin taimen, although further research is needed for its application in natural environments.
• Experimental evaluation of predation of stocked salmon by riparian wildlife: effects of prey size and predator behaviours

  Kouta Miyamoto, Theodore E. Squires, Hitoshi Araki

  MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH 69 3 446 - 454 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Predation after release is one of the major concerns of hatchery fish conservation and propagation. However, the relationships between the size of hatchery fish, the predator species and their behaviours in natural environments are largely unknown. To understand these relationships, we conducted predation experiments in outdoor tanks and a seminatural stream with exposure to local predators. Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) of two different size classes were used as experimental prey fish in the present study. Camera trap data showed that grey herons (Ardea cinerea) were the primary predator in the experimental system, and that most herons used shallow areas in the morning or evening while feeding. Increasing the density of stocked salmon led to increases in the number of occurrences of grey heron. More importantly, predation by grey herons resulted in a significantly lower survival rate of larger salmon compared with smaller salmon. The results indicate that it is important to understand local predators, adjust the optimum body size of hatchery fish at release and choose the appropriate stocking site and time of day for maximising the effectiveness of fish stocking.
• Sustainable management of chum salmon in changing environments

  Shigehiko Urawa, Hitoshi Araki, Kazushi Miyashita, Mitsuhiro Nagata, Yoshitaka Sasaki, Masahide Kaeriyama

  Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 84 5 921 - 921 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Environmental DNA for salmonid studies

  Hitoshi Araki, Takashi Kanbe, Hiroki Mizumoto, Shoko Kamada, Shunpei Sato

  Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 84 5 936 - 936 2018年 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Half a century of genetic interaction between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon: Status of knowledge and unanswered questions

  Kevin A. Glover, Monica F. Solberg, Phil McGinnity, Kjetil Hindar, Eric Verspoor, Mark W. Coulson, Michael M. Hansen, Hitoshi Araki, Oystein Skaala, Terje Svasand

  FISH AND FISHERIES 18 5 890 - 927 2017年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the best researched fishes, and its aquaculture plays a global role in the blue revolution. However, since the 1970s, tens of millions of farmed salmon have escaped into the wild. We review current knowledge of genetic interactions and identify the unanswered questions. Native salmon populations are typically genetically distinct from each other and potentially locally adapted. Farmed salmon represent a limited number of wild source populations that have been exposed to 12 generations of domestication. Consequently, farmed and wild salmon differ in many traits including molecular-genetic polymorphisms, growth, morphology, life history, behaviour, physiology and gene transcription. Field experiments have demonstrated that the offspring of farmed salmon display lower lifetime fitness in the wild than wild salmon and that following introgression, there is a reduced production of genetically wild salmon and, potentially, of total salmon production. It is a formidable task to estimate introgression of farmed salmon in wild populations where they are not exotic. New methods have revealed introgression in half of similar to 150 Norwegian populations, with point estimates as high as 47%, and an unweighted average of 6.4% across 109 populations. Outside Norway, introgression remains unquantified, and in all regions, biological changes and the mechanisms driving population-specific impacts remain poorly documented. Nevertheless, existing knowledge shows that the long-term consequences of introgression is expected to lead to changes in life-history traits, reduced population productivity and decreased resilience to future challenges. Only a major reduction in the number of escapees and/or sterility of farmed salmon can eliminate further impacts.
• Differentiated predation risk on hatchery-reared juvenile masu salmon by white-spotted charr with different body sizes

  Kouta Miyamoto, Hitoshi Araki

  FISHERIES SCIENCE 83 2 245 - 250 2017年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Predation after release is one of the major concerns of hatchery fish propagation. However, size-specific interaction between predator and prey on the survival of hatchery-released salmonid fish is largely unknown. To understand the size-selective predation risk, 24-h predation experiments were conducted on masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in tanks. Four ranges of fork length (FL) were examined for masu salmon as a prey, in combination with three ranges of FL for white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis as a predator. The results show that not only predator and prey sizes, but also interaction between prey size and predator size, strongly affected the survival rate of masu salmon. Predation on masu salmon with the FL exceeding 40% of the FL of white-spotted charr was rare in the experiment. A logistic regression suggests that 37% relative FL of masu salmon to white-spotted charr results in the 50% survival of masu salmon. Our results suggest that adjusting relative size of hatchery fish to the size of local fish predators at the time of hatchery release will have a significant impact on the survival of hatchery fish in the wild. From this perspective, site-specific, adaptive management might be important to improve the effectiveness of hatchery fish propagation.
• Understanding and monitoring the consequences of human impacts on intraspecific variation

  Makiko Mimura, Tetsukazu Yahara, Daniel P. Faith, Ella Vazquez-Dominguez, Robert I. Colautti, Hitoshi Araki, Firouzeh Javadi, Juan Nunez-Farfan, Akira S. Mori, Shiliang Zhou, Peter M. Hollingsworth, Linda E. Neaves, Yuya Fukano, Gideon F. Smith, Yo-Ichiro Sato, Hidenori Tachida, Andrew P. Hendry

  EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS 10 2 121 - 139 2017年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Intraspecific variation is a major component of biodiversity, yet it has received relatively little attention from governmental and nongovernmental organizations, especially with regard to conservation plans and the management of wild species. This omission is ill-advised because phenotypic and genetic variations within and among populations can have dramatic effects on ecological and evolutionary processes, including responses to environmental change, the maintenance of species diversity, and ecological stability and resilience. At the same time, environmental changes associated with many human activities, such as land use and climate change, have dramatic and often negative impacts on intraspecific variation. We argue for the need for local, regional, and global programs to monitor intraspecific genetic variation. We suggest that such monitoring should include two main strategies: (i) intensive monitoring of multiple types of genetic variation in selected species and (ii) broad-brush modeling for representative species for predicting changes in variation as a function of changes in population size and range extent. Overall, we call for collaborative efforts to initiate the urgently needed monitoring of intraspecific variation.
• The eco-evolutionary impacts of domestication and agricultural practices on wild species

  Martin M. Turcotte, Hitoshi Araki, Daniel S. Karp, Katja Poveda, Susan R. Whitehead

  PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 372 1712 2017年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Agriculture is a dominant evolutionary force that drives the evolution of both domesticated and wild species. However, the various mechanisms of agriculture-induced evolution and their socio-ecological consequences are not often synthetically discussed. Here, we explore how agricultural practices and evolutionary changes in domesticated species cause evolution in wild species. We do so by examining three processes by which agriculture drives evolution. First, differences in the traits of domesticated species, compared with their wild ancestors, alter the selective environment and create opportunities for wild species to specialize. Second, selection caused by agricultural practices, including both those meant to maximize productivity and those meant to control pest species, can lead to pest adaptation. Third, agriculture can cause nonselective changes in patterns of gene flow in wild species. We review evidence for these processes and then discuss their ecological and sociological impacts. We finish by identifying important knowledge gaps and future directions related to the eco-evolutionary impacts of agriculture including their extent, how to prevent the detrimental evolution of wild species, and finally, how to use evolution to minimize the ecological impacts of agriculture.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
• Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals local fish communities in a species-rich coastal sea

  Satoshi Yamamoto, Reiji Masuda, Yukuto Sato, Tetsuya Sado, Hitoshi Araki, Michio Kondoh, Toshifumi Minamoto, Masaki Miya

  SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 7 40368 - 40368 2017年01月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has emerged as a potentially powerful tool to assess aquatic community structures. However, the method has hitherto lacked field tests that evaluate its effectiveness and practical properties as a biodiversity monitoring tool. Here, we evaluated the ability of eDNA metabarcoding to reveal fish community structures in species-rich coastal waters. High-performance fish-universal primers and systematic spatial water sampling at 47 stations covering similar to 11 km(2) revealed the fish community structure at a species resolution. The eDNA metabarcoding based on a 6-h collection of water samples detected 128 fish species, of which 62.5% (40 species) were also observed by underwater visual censuses conducted over a 14-year period. This method also detected other local fishes (>= 23 species) that were not observed by the visual censuses. These eDNA metabarcoding features will enhance marine ecosystem-related research, and the method will potentially become a standard tool for surveying fish communities.
• Environmental DNA as a 'Snapshot' of Fish Distribution: A Case Study of Japanese Jack Mackerel in Maizuru Bay, Sea of Japan (vol 11, e0149786, 2016)

  Satoshi Yamamoto, Kenji Minami, Keiichi Fukaya, Kohji Takahashi, Hideki Sawada, Hiroaki Murakami, Satsuki Tsuji, Hiroki Hashizume, Shou Kubonaga, Tomoya Horiuchi, Masamichi Hongo, Jo Nishida, Yuta Okugawa, Ayaka Fujiwara, Miho Fukuda, Shunsuke Hidaka, Keita W. Suzuki, Masaki Miya, Hitoshi Araki, Hiroki Yamanaka, Atsushi Maruyama, Kazushi Miyashita, Reiji Masuda, Toshifumi Minamoto, Michio Kondoh

  PLOS ONE 11 4 e0153291  2016年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• Environmental DNA as a 'Snapshot' of Fish Distribution: A Case Study of Japanese Jack Mackerel in Maizuru Bay, Sea of Japan

  Satoshi Yamamoto, Kenji Minami, Keiichi Fukaya, Kohji Takahashi, Hideki Sawada, Hiroaki Murakami, Satsuki Tsuji, Hiroki Hashizume, Shou Kubonaga, Tomoya Horiuchi, Masamichi Hongo, Jo Nishida, Yuta Okugawa, Ayaka Fujiwara, Miho Fukuda, Shunsuke Hidaka, Keita W. Suzuki, Masaki Miya, Hitoshi Araki, Hiroki Yamanaka, Atsushi Maruyama, Kazushi Miyashita, Reiji Masuda, Toshifumi Minamoto, Michio Kondoh

  PLOS ONE 11 3 e0149786  2016年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recent studies in streams and ponds have demonstrated that the distribution and biomass of aquatic organisms can be estimated by detection and quantification of environmental DNA (eDNA). In more open systems such as seas, it is not evident whether eDNA can represent the distribution and biomass of aquatic organisms because various environmental factors (e.g., water flow) are expected to affect eDNA distribution and concentration. To test the relationships between the distribution of fish and eDNA, we conducted a grid survey in Maizuru Bay, Sea of Japan, and sampled surface and bottom waters while monitoring biomass of the Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) using echo sounder technology. A linear model showed a high R-2 value (0.665) without outlier data points, and the association between estimated eDNA concentrations from the surface water samples and echo intensity was significantly positive, suggesting that the estimated spatial variation in eDNA concentration can reflect the local biomass of the jack mackerel. We also found that a best-fit model included echo intensity obtained within 10-150 m from water sampling sites, indicating that the estimated eDNA concentration most likely reflects fish biomass within 150 m in the bay. Although eDNA from a wholesale fish market partially affected eDNA concentration, we conclude that eDNA generally provides a 'snapshot' of fish distribution and biomass in a large area. Further studies in which dynamics of eDNA under field conditions (e.g., patterns of release, degradation, and diffusion of eDNA) are taken into account will provide a better estimate of fish distribution and biomass based on eDNA.
• An Individual-Based Diploid Model Predicts Limited Conditions Under Which Stochastic Gene Expression Becomes Advantageous

  Tomotaka Matsumoto, Katsuhiko Mineta, Naoki Osada, Hitoshi Araki

  FRONTIERS IN GENETICS 6 NOV 336 - 336 2015年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Recent studies suggest the existence of a stochasticity in gene expression (SGE) in many organisms, and its non-negligible effect on their phenotype and fitness. To date, however, how SGE affects the key parameters of population genetics are not well understood. SGE can increase the phenotypic variation and act as a load for individuals, if they are at the adaptive optimum in a stable environment. On the other hand, part of the phenotypic variation caused by SGE might become advantageous if individuals at the adaptive optimum become genetically less adaptive, for example due to an environmental change. Furthermore, SGE of unimportant genes might have little or no fitness consequences. Thus, SGE can be advantageous, disadvantageous, or selectively neutral depending on its context. In addition, there might be a genetic basis that regulates magnitude of SGE, which is often referred to as "modifier genes," but little is known about the conditions under which such an SGE-modifier gene evolves. In the present study, we conducted individual-based computer simulations to examine these conditions in a diploid model. In the simulations, we considered a single locus that determines organismal fitness for simplicity, and that SGE on the locus creates fitness variation in a stochastic manner. We also considered another locus that modifies the magnitude of SGE. Our results suggested that SGE was always deleterious in stable environments and increased the fixation probability of deleterious mutations in this model. Even under frequently changing environmental conditions, only very strong natural selection made SGE adaptive. These results suggest that the evolution of SGE-modifier genes requires strict balance among the strength of natural selection, magnitude of SGE, and frequency of environmental changes. However, the degree of dominance affected the condition under which SGE becomes advantageous, indicating a better opportunity for the evolution of SGE in different genetic models.
• IBSEM: An Individual-Based Atlantic Salmon Population Model

  Marco Castellani, Mikko Heino, John Gilbey, Hitoshi Araki, Terje Svasand, Kevin A. Glover

  PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138444  2015年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Ecology and genetics can influence the fate of individuals and populations in multiple ways. However, to date, few studies consider them when modelling the evolutionary trajectory of populations faced with admixture with non-local populations. For the Atlantic salmon, a model incorporating these elements is urgently needed because many populations are challenged with gene-flow from non-local and domesticated conspecifics. We developed an Individual-Based Salmon Eco-genetic Model (IBSEM) to simulate the demographic and population genetic change of an Atlantic salmon population through its entire life-cycle. Processes such as growth, mortality, and maturation are simulated through stochastic procedures, which take into account environmental variables as well as the genotype of the individuals. IBSEM is based upon detailed empirical data from salmon biology, and parameterized to reproduce the environmental conditions and the characteristics of a wild population inhabiting a Norwegian river. Simulations demonstrated that the model consistently and reliably reproduces the characteristics of the population. Moreover, in absence of farmed escapees, the modelled populations reach an evolutionary equilibrium that is similar to our definition of a 'wild' genotype. We assessed the sensitivity of the model in the face of assumptions made on the fitness differences between farm and wild salmon, and evaluated the role of straying as a buffering mechanism against the intrusion of farm genes into wild populations. These results demonstrate that IBSEM is able to capture the evolutionary forces shaping the life history of wild salmon and is therefore able to model the response of populations under environmental and genetic stressors.
• MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species

  M. Miya, Y. Sato, T. Fukunaga, T. Sado, J. Y. Poulsen, K. Sato, T. Minamoto, S. Yamamoto, H. Yamanaka, H. Araki, M. Kondoh, W. Iwasaki

  ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2 7 150088  2015年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We developed a set of universal PCR primers (MiFish-U/E) for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes. Primers were designed using aligned whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences from 880 species, supplemented by partial mitogenome sequences from 160 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). The primers target a hypervariable region of the 12S rRNA gene (163-185 bp), which contains sufficient information to identify fishes to taxonomic family, genus and species except for some closely related congeners. To test versatility of the primers across a diverse range of fishes, we sampled eDNA from four tanks in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium with known species compositions, prepared dual-indexed libraries and performed paired-end sequencing of the region using high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies. Out of the 180 marine fish species contained in the four tanks with reference sequences in a custom database, we detected 168 species (93.3%) distributed across 59 families and 123 genera. These fishes are not only taxonomically diverse, ranging from sharks and rays to higher teleosts, but are also greatly varied in their ecology, including both pelagic and benthic species living in shallow coastal to deep waters. We also sampled natural seawaters around coral reefs near the aquarium and detected 93 fish species using this approach. Of the 93 species, 64 were not detected in the four aquarium tanks, rendering the total number of species detected to 232 (from 70 families and 152 genera). The metabarcoding approach presented here is non-invasive, more efficient, more cost-effective and more sensitive than the traditional survey methods. It has the potential to serve as an alternative (or complementary) tool for biodiversity monitoring that revolutionizes natural resource management and ecological studies of fish communities on larger spatial and temporal scales.
• MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species

  M. Miya, M. Miya, Y. Sato, Y. Sato, T. Fukunaga, T. Sado, T. Sado, J. Y. Poulsen, J. Y. Poulsen, J. Y. Poulsen, K. Sato, T. Minamoto, T. Minamoto, S. Yamamoto, S. Yamamoto, H. Yamanaka, H. Yamanaka, H. Araki, H. Araki, M. Kondoh, M. Kondoh, W. Iwasaki, W. Iwasaki, W. Iwasaki

  Royal Society Open Science 2 7 2015年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  © 2015 The Authors. We developed a set of universal PCR primers (MiFish-U/E) for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes. Primers were designed using aligned whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences from 880 species, supplemented by partial mitogenome sequences from 160 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). The primers target a hypervariable region of the 12S rRNA gene (163–185 bp), which contains sufficient information to identify fishes to taxonomic family, genus and species except for some closely related congeners. To test versatility of the primers across a diverse range of fishes, we sampled eDNA from four tanks in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium with known species compositions, prepared dual-indexed libraries and performed paired-end sequencing of the region using high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies. Out of the 180 marine fish species contained in the four tanks with reference sequences in a custom database, we detected 168 species (93.3%) distributed across 59 families and 123 genera. These fishes are not only taxonomically diverse, ranging from sharks and rays to higher teleosts, but are also greatly varied in their ecology, including both pelagic and benthic species living in shallow coastal to deep waters. We also sampled natural seawaters around coral reefs near the aquarium and detected 93 fish species using this approach. Of the 93 species, 64 were not detected in the four aquarium tanks, rendering the total number of species detected to 232 (from 70 families and 152 genera). The metabarcoding approach presented here is non-invasive, more efficient, more cost-effective and more sensitive than the traditional survey methods. It has the potential to serve as an alternative (or complementary) tool for biodiversity monitoring that revolutionizes natural resource management and ecological studies of fish communities on larger spatial and temporal scales.
• Population genetics of non-genetic traits: Evolutionary roles of stochasticity in gene expression

  Katsuhiko Mineta, Tomotaka Matsumoto, Naoki Osada, Hitoshi Araki

  GENE 562 1 16 - 21 2015年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The role of stochasticity in evolutionary genetics has long been debated. To date, however, the potential roles of non-genetic traits in evolutionary processes have been largely neglected. In molecular biology, growing evidence suggests that stochasticity in gene expression (SGE) is common and that SGE has major impacts on phenotypes and fitness. Here, we provide a general overview of the potential effects of SGE on population genetic parameters, arguing that SGE can indeed have a profound effect on evolutionary processes. Our analyses suggest that SGE potentially alters the fate of mutations by influencing effective population size and fixation probability. In addition, a genetic control of SGE magnitude could evolve under certain conditions, if the fitness of the less-fit individual increases due to SGE and environmental fluctuation. Although empirical evidence for our arguments is yet to come, methodological developments for precisely measuring SGE in living organisms will further advance our understanding of SGE-driven evolution. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Genome-Wide Survey of Pseudogenes in 80 Fully Resequenced Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions

  Long Wang, Weina Si, Yongfang Yao, Dacheng Tian, Hitoshi Araki, Sihai Yang

  PLOS ONE 7 12 e51769  2012年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Pseudogenes (Psi s), including processed and non-processed Psi s, are ubiquitous genetic elements derived from originally functional genes in all studied genomes within the three kingdoms of life. However, systematic surveys of non-processed Psi s utilizing genomic information from multiple samples within a species are still rare. Here a systematic comparative analysis was conducted of Psi s within 80 fully re-sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, and 7546 genes, representing similar to 28% of the genomic annotated open reading frames (ORFs), were found with disruptive mutations in at least one accession. The distribution of these Psi s on chromosomes showed a significantly negative correlation between Psi s/ORFs and their local gene densities, suggesting a higher proportion of Psi s in gene desert regions, e. g. near centromeres. On the other hand, compared with the non-Psi loci, even the intact coding sequences (CDSs) in the Psi loci were found to have shorter CDS length, fewer exon number and lower GC content. In addition, a significant functional bias against the null hypothesis was detected in the Psi s mainly involved in responses to environmental stimuli and biotic stress as reported, suggesting that they are likely important for adaptive evolution to rapidly changing environments by pseudogenization to accumulate successive mutations.
• Stocking of captive-bred fish can cause long-term population decline and gene pool replacement: predictions from a population dynamics model incorporating density-dependent mortality

  Akiko Satake, Hitoshi Araki

  THEORETICAL ECOLOGY 5 2 283 - 296 2012年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Releasing captive-bred fish into natural environments (stocking) is common in fisheries worldwide. Although stocking is believed to have a positive effect on fish abundance over the short term, little is known about the long-term consequences of recurrent stocking and its influence on natural populations. In fact, there are growing concerns that genetically maladapted captive-bred fish can eventually reduce the abundance of natural population. In this study, we develop a simple model to quantitatively investigate the condition under which recurrent stocking has long-term effects on the natural population. Using a population dynamics model that takes into account a density-dependent recruitment, a gene responsible for the fitness difference between wild and captive-bred fish, and hybridization between them, we show that there is little or no contribution of recurrent stocking to the stock enhancement without a replacement of the wild gene pool by the captive-bred gene pool. The model further predicted that stocking of an intermediate level causes a reduction, rather than enhancement, of population size over the long term. The population decline due to stocking was attributed to the fitness disadvantage of captive-bred fish and strong overcompensation at recruitment stage. These results suggest that it would be difficult to simultaneously attain population size recovery and conservation of the local gene pool when captive-bred fish have fitness disadvantage in the wild, although caution is needed when applying the predictions from the simplified model to a specific species or population.
• Spatial and temporal variation in population genetic structure of wild Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) across Africa

  Etienne Bezault, Patricia Balaresque, Aboubacar Toguyeni, Yves Fermon, Hitoshi Araki, Jean-Francois Baroiller, Xavier Rognon

  BMC GENETICS 12 102 - 102 2011年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Background: Reconstructing the evolutionary history of a species is challenging. It often depends not only on the past biogeographic and climatic events but also the contemporary and ecological factors, such as current connectivity and habitat heterogeneity. In fact, these factors might interact with each other and shape the current species distribution. However, to what extent the current population genetic structure reflects the past and the contemporary factors is largely unknown. Here we investigated spatio-temporal genetic structures of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) populations, across their natural distribution in Africa. While its large biogeographic distribution can cause genetic differentiation at the paleo-biogeographic scales, its restricted dispersal capacity might induce a strong genetic structure at micro-geographic scales.Results: Using nine microsatellite loci and 350 samples from ten natural populations, we found the highest genetic differentiation among the three ichthyofaunal provinces and regions (Ethiopian, Nilotic and Sudano-Sahelian) (R-ST = 0.38 - 0.69). This result suggests the predominant effect of paleo-geographic events at macro-geographic scale. In addition, intermediate divergences were found between rivers and lakes within the regions, presumably reflecting relatively recent interruptions of gene flow between hydrographic basins (R-ST = 0.24 - 0.32). The lowest differentiations were observed among connected populations within a basin (R-ST = 0.015 in the Volta basin). Comparison of temporal sample series revealed subtle changes in the gene pools in a few generations (F = 0 - 0.053). The estimated effective population sizes were 23 - 143 and the estimated migration rate was moderate (m similar to 0.094 - 0.097) in the Volta populations.Conclusions: This study revealed clear hierarchical patterns of the population genetic structuring of O. niloticus in Africa. The effects of paleo-geographic and climatic events were predominant at macro-geographic scale, and the significant effect of geographic connectivity was detected at micro-geographic scale. The estimated effective population size, the moderate level of dispersal and the rapid temporal change in genetic composition might reflect a potential effect of life history strategy on population dynamics. This hypothesis deserves further investigation. The dynamic pattern revealed at micro-geographic and temporal scales appears important from a genetic resource management as well as from a biodiversity conservation point of view.
• Avoidance of Long Mononucleotide Repeats in Codon Pair Usage

  Tingting Gu, Shengjun Tan, Xiaoxi Gou, Hitoshi Araki, Dacheng Tian

  GENETICS 186 3 1077 - U490 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Protein is an essential component for life, and its synthesis is mediated by codons in any organisms on earth. While some codons encode the same amino acid, their usage is often highly biased. There are many factors that can cause the bias, but a potential effect of mononucleotide repeats, which are known to be highly mutable, on codon usage and codon pair preference is largely unknown. In this study we performed a genomic survey on the relationship between mononucleotide repeats and codon pair bias in 53 bacteria, 68 archaea, and 13 eukaryotes. By distinguishing the codon pair bias from the codon usage bias, four general patterns were revealed: strong avoidance of five or six mononucleotide repeats in codon pairs; lower observed/expected (o/e) ratio for codon pairs with C or G repeats (C/G pairs) than that with A or T repeats (A/T pairs); a negative correlation between genomic GC contents and the o/e ratios, particularly for C/G pairs; and avoidance of C/G pairs in highly conserved genes. These results support natural selection against long mononucleotide repeats, which could induce frameshift mutations in coding sequences. The fact that these patterns are found in all kingdoms of life suggests that this is a general phenomenon in living organisms. Thus, long mononucleotide repeats may play an important role in base composition and genetic stability of a gene and gene functions.
• Genome-wide investigation reveals high evolutionary rates in annual model plants

  Jia-Xing Yue, Jinpeng Li, Dan Wang, Hitoshi Araki, Dacheng Tian, Sihai Yang

  BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 10 242 - 242 2010年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Background: Rates of molecular evolution vary widely among species. While significant deviations from molecular clock have been found in many taxa, effects of life histories on molecular evolution are not fully understood. In plants, annual/perennial life history traits have long been suspected to influence the evolutionary rates at the molecular level. To date, however, the number of genes investigated on this subject is limited and the conclusions are mixed. To evaluate the possible heterogeneity in evolutionary rates between annual and perennial plants at the genomic level, we investigated 85 nuclear housekeeping genes, 10 non-housekeeping families, and 34 chloroplast genes using the genomic data from model plants including Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula for annuals and grape (Vitis vinifera) and popular (Populus trichocarpa) for perennials.Results: According to the cross-comparisons among the four species, 74-82% of the nuclear genes and 71-97% of the chloroplast genes suggested higher rates of molecular evolution in the two annuals than those in the two perennials. The significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rate between annuals and perennials was consistently found both in nonsynonymous sites and synonymous sites. While a linear correlation of evolutionary rates in orthologous genes between species was observed in nonsynonymous sites, the correlation was weak or invisible in synonymous sites. This tendency was clearer in nuclear genes than in chloroplast genes, in which the overall evolutionary rate was small. The slope of the regression line was consistently lower than unity, further confirming the higher evolutionary rate in annuals at the genomic level.Conclusions: The higher evolutionary rate in annuals than in perennials appears to be a universal phenomenon both in nuclear and chloroplast genomes in the four dicot model plants we investigated. Therefore, such heterogeneity in evolutionary rate should result from factors that have genome-wide influence, most likely those associated with annual/perennial life history. Although we acknowledge current limitations of this kind of study, mainly due to a small sample size available and a distant taxonomic relationship of the model organisms, our results indicate that the genome-wide survey is a promising approach toward further understanding of the mechanism determining the molecular evolutionary rate at the genomic level.
• No evidence for large differences in genomic methylation between wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

  Michael S. Blouin, Virginie Thuillier, Becky Cooper, Vindhya Amarasinghe, Laura Cluzel, Hitoshi Araki, Christoph Grunau

  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 67 2 217 - 224 2010年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  When salmonid fish that have been raised in hatcheries spawn in the wild, they often produce fewer surviving adult offspring than wild fish. Recent data from steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River (Oregon, USA) show that even one or two generations of hatchery culture can result in dramatic declines in fitness. Although intense domestication selection could cause such declines, it is worth considering alternative explanations. One possibility is heritable epigenetic changes induced by the hatchery environment. Here, we show, using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism, that hatchery and wild adult steelhead from the Hood River do not appear to differ substantially in overall levels of genomic methylation. Thus, although altered methylation of specific DNA sites or other epigenetic processes could still be important, the hatchery environment does not appear to cause a global hypo- or hypermethylation of the genome or create a large number of sites that are differentially methylated.
• Multilocus analysis of genetic divergence between outcrossing Arabidopsis species: evidence of genome-wide admixture

  Wei-Kuang Wang, Chuan-Wen Ho, Kuo-Hsiang Hung, Kuo-Hsiung Wang, Chi-Chun Huang, Hitoshi Araki, Chi-Chuan Hwang, Tsai-Wen Hsu, Naoki Osada, Tzen-Yuh Chiang

  NEW PHYTOLOGIST 188 2 488 - 500 2010年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  P>Outcrossing Arabidopsis species that diverged from their inbreeding relative Arabidopsis thaliana 5 million yr ago and display a biogeographical pattern of interspecific sympatry vs intraspecific allopatry provides an ideal model for studying impacts of gene introgression and polyploidization on species diversification.Flow cytometry analyses detected ploidy polymorphisms of 2x and 4x in Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. kamchatica of Taiwan. Genomic divergence between species/subspecies was estimated based on 98 randomly chosen nuclear genes. Multilocus analyses revealed a mosaic genome in diploid A. l. kamchatica composed of Arabidopsis halleri-like and A. lyrata-like alleles.Coalescent analyses suggest that the segregation of ancestral polymorphisms alone cannot explain the high inconsistency between gene trees across loci, and that gene introgression via diploid A. l. kamchatica likely distorts the molecular phylogenies of Arabidopsis species. However, not all genes migrated across species freely. Gene ontology analyses suggested that some nonmigrating genes were constrained by natural selection.High levels of estimated ancestral polymorphisms between A. halleri and A. lyrata suggest that gene flow between these species has not completely ceased since their initial isolation. Polymorphism data of extant populations also imply recent gene flow between the species. Our study reveals that interspecific gene flow affects the genome evolution in Arabidopsis.
• Is hatchery stocking a help or harm? Evidence, limitations and future directions in ecological and genetic surveys

  Hitoshi Araki, Corinne Schmid

  AQUACULTURE 308 SUPPL.1 S2 - S11 2010年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Hatchery fish stocking for stock enhancement has been operated at a massive and global scale. However, the use of hatchery fish as a means of stock enhancement is highly controversial, and little is known about its effects on wild stock and consequences for stock enhancement. Here we review the scientific literature on this subject in order to address a fundamental - question is hatchery stocking a help or harm for wild stock and stock enhancement? We summarized 266 peer-reviewed papers that were published in the last 50 years, which describe empirical case studies on ecology and genetics of hatchery stocks and their effects on stock enhancement. Specifically, we asked whether hatchery stock and wild stock differed in fitness and the level of genetic variation, and whether stocking affected population abundance. Seventy studies contained comparisons between hatchery and wild stocks, out of which 23 studies showed significantly negative effects of hatchery rearing on the fitness of stocked fish, and 28 studies showed reduced genetic variation in hatchery populations. None of these studies suggested a positive genetic effect on the fitness of hatchery-reared individuals after release. These results suggest that negative effects of hatchery rearing are not just a concern but undeniably present in many aquaculture species. In a few cases, however, no obvious effect of hatchery rearing was observed, and a positive contribution of hatchery stock to the abundance of fish populations was indicated. These examples suggest that there is a chance to improve hatchery practices and mitigate the negative effects on wild stocks, although scientific data supporting the positive effect on stock enhancement are largely missing at this moment. Technically, microsatellite-based parentage assignments have been proven as a useful tool for the evaluation of reproductive fitness in natural settings, which is a key for stock enhancement by hatchery-based stocking. We discuss implications of these results, as well as their limitations and future directions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Carry-over effect of captive breeding reduces reproductive fitness of wild-born descendants in the wild

  Hitoshi Araki, Becky Cooper, Michael S. Blouin

  BIOLOGY LETTERS 5 5 621 - 624 2009年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Supplementation of wild populations with captive-bred organisms is a common practice for conservation of threatened wild populations. Yet it is largely unknown whether such programmes actually help population size recovery. While a negative genetic effect of captive breeding that decreases fitness of captive-bred organisms has been detected, there is no direct evidence for a carry-over effect of captive breeding in their wild-born descendants, which would drag down the fitness of the wild population in subsequent generations. In this study, we use genetic parentage assignments to reconstruct a pedigree and estimate reproductive fitness of the wild-born descendants of captive-bred parents in a supplemented population of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The estimated fitness varied among years, but overall relative reproductive fitness was only 37 per cent in wild-born fish from two captive-bred parents and 87 per cent in those from one captive-bred and one wild parent (relative to those from two wild parents). Our results suggest a significant carry-over effect of captive breeding, which has negative influence on the size of the wild population in the generation after supplementation. In this population, the population fitness could have been 8 per cent higher if there was no carry-over effect during the study period.
• Genomewide Association between Insertions/Deletions and the Nucleotide Diversity in Bacteria

  Liucun Zhu, Qiang Wang, Ping Tang, Hitoshi Araki, Dacheng Tian

  MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 26 10 2353 - 2361 2009年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Spontaneous mutations are not randomly distributed throughout a genome. Although mutation hotspots are found on genomes of a variety of species, mechanisms that generate the hotspots are not well understood. In eukaryotes, strong association between a regional nucleotide Substitution rate and insertions/deletions (indels) was reported in a previous study, and the "indel-induced mutation" hypothesis was proposed. However, it is unknown whether the association exists even in prokaryote genomes. In this study, we conducted a systematic survey for the association in 262 complete genomes from 73 bacterial species. In these bacteria, the level of nucleotide diversity was negatively correlated with the distance from the closest indel, which is consistent with the eukaryote data. The same pattern was observed even after excluding noncoding sequences, indicating that the difference in functional constraints among genomic regions is not a primary cause of the correlation. In addition, the increase of nucleotide substitution rate was detected disproportionally on a lineage carrying a derived indel mutation, confirming the indel-nucleotide diversity association in the bacterial genomes. In some cases, the level of nucleotide diversity was more than 100 times higher in regions close to indels than in distant regions. Although further understanding of the molecular mechanism is required to test the hypothesis, these results suggest that the same mechanism for the indel-nucleotide diversity associations might exist in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and play an important role in molecular evolution.
• Grouped nucleotide polymorphism: A major contributor to genetic variation in Arabidopsis

  Jianchang Du, Tingting Gu, Hao Tian, Hitoshi Araki, Yong-Hua Yang, Dacheng Tian

  GENE 426 1-2 1 - 6 2008年12月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  While information for single nucleotide polymorphism is accumulating in many organisms, little is known about the magnitude and the occurrence of nucleotide dimorphism or higher order structural polymorphisms (grouped nucleotide polymorphisms or GNPs). To address these questions, we systematically investigated the genetic variations of 996 loci in 96 Arabidopsis accessions. Our data suggest that GNP loci are highly frequent in the genomes (40.4% of 996 loci), and that 66.7% of genetic variation in 996 loci is attributed to GNPs. The frequency distribution and the linkage analysis of GNP loci demonstrate that GNPs occurred randomly, locally, ceaselessly and independently in general, although they are particularly abundant in the region near centromeres. The age distribution of GNP loci shows that the majority of these loci are under a transient phase of neutral evolution. The characteristics of GNPs imply that a molecular isolation exists in GNP loci, and most likely the indels caused isolation, which could explain how GNPs are generated and maintained. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• The pattern of insertion/deletion polymorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana

  Wen Zhang, Xiaoqin Sun, Huizhong Yuan, Hitoshi Araki, Jue Wang, Dacheng Tian

  MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS 280 4 351 - 361 2008年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Little is known about variation of nucleotide insertion/deletions (indels) within species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated indel polymorphism patterns between two genome sequences and among 96 accessions at 1215 loci. Our study identified patterns in the variation of indel density, size, GC content and distribution, and a correlation between indels and substitutions. We found that the GC content in indel sequences was lower than that in non-indel sequences and that indels typically occur in regions with lower GC content. Patterns of indel frequency distribution among populations were more consistent with neutral expectation than substitution patterns. We also found that the local level of substitutions is positively correlated with indel density and negatively correlated with their distance to the closed indel, suggesting that indels play an important role in nucleotide variation.
• Single-nucleotide mutation rate increases close to insertions/deletions in eukaryotes

  Dacheng Tian, Qiang Wang, Pengfei Zhang, Hitoshi Araki, Sihai Yang, Martin Kreitman, Thomas Nagylaki, Richard Hudson, Joy Bergelson, Jian-Qun Chen

  NATURE 455 7209 105 - U70 2008年09月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Mutation hotspots are commonly observed in genomic sequences and certain human disease loci(1-7), but general mechanisms for their formation remain elusive(7-11). Here we investigate the distribution of single- nucleotide changes around insertions/ deletions ( indels) in six independent genome comparisons, including primates, rodents, fruitfly, rice and yeast. In each of these genomic comparisons, nucleotide divergence ( D) is substantially elevated surrounding indels and decreases monotonically to near-background levels over several hundred bases. D is significantly correlated with both size and abundance of nearby indels. In comparisons of closely related species, derived nucleotide substitutions surrounding indels occur in significantly greater numbers in the lineage containing the indel than in the one containing the ancestral ( non- indel) allele; the same holds within species for single- nucleotide mutations surrounding polymorphic indels. We propose that heterozygosity for an indel is mutagenic to surrounding sequences, and use yeast genome- wide polymorphism data to estimate the increase in mutation rate. The consistency of these patterns within and between species suggests that indel- associated substitution is a general mutational mechanism.
• Fitness of hatchery-reared salmonids in the wild

  Hitoshi Araki, Barry A. Berejikian, Michael J. Ford, Michael S. Blouin

  EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS 1 2 342 - 355 2008年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Accumulating data indicate that hatchery fish have lower fitness in natural environments than wild fish. This fitness decline can occur very quickly, sometimes following only one or two generations of captive rearing. In this review, we summarize existing data on the fitness of hatchery fish in the wild, and we investigate the conditions under which rapid fitness declines can occur. The summary of studies to date suggests: nonlocal hatchery stocks consistently reproduce very poorly in the wild; hatchery stocks that use wild, local fish for captive propagation generally perform better than nonlocal stocks, but often worse than wild fish. However, the data above are from a limited number of studies and species, and more studies are needed before one can generalize further. We used a simple quantitative genetic model to evaluate whether domestication selection is a sufficient explanation for some observed rapid fitness declines. We show that if selection acts on a single trait, such rapid effects can be explained only when selection is very strong, both in captivity and in the wild, and when the heritability of the trait under selection is high. If selection acts on multiple traits throughout the life cycle, rapid fitness declines are plausible.
• Molecular evolution of pathogenicity-island genes in Pseudomonas vitidiflava

  Hitoshi Araki, Flideki Innan, Martin Kreitman, Joy Bergelson

  GENETICS 177 2 1031 - 1041 2007年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas viridiflava possesses two pathogenicity islands (PAIs) that share many gene homologs, but are structurally and phenotypically differentiated (T-PAI and S-PAI). These PAIs are paralogous, but only one is present in each isolate. While this dual presence/absence polymorphism has been shown to be maintained by balancing selection, little is known about the molecular evolution of individual genes on the PAIs. Here we investigate genetic variation of 12 PAI gene loci (7 on T-PAI and 5 on SPAI) in 96 worldwide isolates of R viridiflava. These genes include avirulence genes (hopPsyA and avrE), their putative chaperones (shcA and avrF), and genes encoding the type III outer proteins (hrpA, hrpZ, and hrpW). Average nucleotide diversities in these genes (pi = 0.004-0.020) were close to those in the genetic background. Large numbers of recombination events were found within PAIs and a sign of positive selection was detected in avrE. These results suggest that the PAI genes are evolving relatively freely from each other on the PAIs, rather than as a single unit tinder balancing selection. Evolutionarily stable PAIs may be preferable in this species because preexisting genetic variation enables P. viridiflava to respond rapidly to natural selection.
• Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild

  Hitoshi Araki, Becky Cooper, Michael S. Blouin

  SCIENCE 318 5847 100 - 103 2007年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Captive breeding is used to supplement populations of many species that are declining in the wild. The suitability of and long-term species survival from such programs remain largely untested, however. We measured lifetime reproductive success of the first two generations of steelhead trout that were reared in captivity and bred in the wild after they were released. By reconstructing a three-generation pedigree with microsatellite markers, we show that genetic effects of domestication reduce subsequent reproductive capabilities by similar to 40% per captive-reared generation when fish are moved to natural environments. These results suggest that even a few generations of domestication may have negative effects on natural reproduction in the wild and that the repeated use of captive-reared parents to supplement wild populations should be carefully reconsidered.
• Intraspecific genetic variations, fitness cost and benefit of RPW8, a disease resistance locus in Arabidopsis thaliana

  Undral Orgil, Hitoshi Araki, Samantha Tangchaiburana, Robert Berkey, Shunyuan Xiao

  Genetics 176 4 2317 - 2333 2007年08月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The RPW8 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana confers broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew pathogens. In many A. thaliana accessions, this locus contains two homologous genes, RPW8.1 and RPW8.2. In some susceptible accessions, however, these two genes are replaced by HR4, a homolog of RPW8.1. Here, we show that RPW8.2 from A. lyrata conferred powdery mildew resistance in A. thaliana, suggesting that RPW8.2 might have gained the resistance function before the speciation of A. thaliana and A. lyrata. To investigate how RPW8 has been maintained in A. thaliana, we examined the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in RPW8 from 51 A. thaliana accessions, related disease reaction phenotypes to the evolutionary history of RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, and identified mutations that confer phenotypic variations. The average nucleotide diversities were high at RPW8.1 and RPW8.2, showing no sign of selective sweep. Moreover, we found that expression of RPW8 incurs fitness benefits and costs on A. thaliana in the presence and absence of the pathogens, respectively. Our results suggest that polymorphisms at the RPW8 locus in A. thaliana may have been maintained by complex selective forces, including those from the fitness benefits and costs both associated with RPW8. Copyright © 2007 by the Genetics Society of America.
• A molecular isolation mechanism associated with high intra-specific diversity in rice

  Sihai Yang, Ke Jiang, Hitoshi Araki, Jing Ding, Yong-Hua Yang, Dacheng Tian

  GENE 394 1-2 87 - 95 2007年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  High levels of inter-specific diversity are expected due to genetic isolation, the reproductive or geographical barriers, which lead to the accumulation of nucleotide variation. However, high levels of genetic variation are repeatedly observed even within species, notably at loci of the human major histocompatability complex and of plant resistance genes. Are molecular isolations responsible for the high intra-specific variation? To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide survey of the relationship between the possible factors that could cause genetic isolation, and the level of polymorphism, based on two rice genome comparisons. Here, we show that the levels of polymorphism in rice genes are positively correlated with the proportions of non-alignable flanking sequences, and that the correlation is observed even in single-copy genes. The physical locations of the genes were also investigated, and a strong association between the asymmetric architecture of genomes and the levels of polymorphism was revealed. These results suggest that the flank heterogeneity and the asymmetric architecture between genomes serve as isolation mechanisms at the molecular level that result in accumulation of higher genetic variation. This mechanism is of fundamental importance to understand natural genetic variation within species. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Highly asymmetric rice genomes

  Jing Ding, Hitoshi Araki, Qiang Wang, Pengfei Zhang, Sihai Yang, Jian-Qun Chen, Dacheng Tian

  BMC GENOMICS 8 2007年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Background: Individuals in the same species are assumed to share the same genomic set. However, it is not unusual to find an orthologous gene only in small subset of the species, and recent genomic studies suggest that structural rearrangements are very frequent between genomes in the same species. Two recently sequenced rice genomes Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare and O. sativa L. var. 93-11 provide an opportunity to systematically investigate the extent of the gene repertoire polymorphism, even though the genomic data of 93-11 derived from whole-short-gun sequencing is not yet as complete as that of Nipponbare.Results: We compared gene contents and the genomic locations between two rice genomes. Our conservative estimates suggest that at least 10% of the genes in the genomes were either under presence/absence polymorphism (5.2%) or asymmetrically located between genomes (4.7%). The proportion of these "asymmetric genes" varied largely among gene groups, in which disease resistance (R) genes and the RLK kinase gene group had 11.6 and 7.8 times higher proportion of asymmetric genes than housekeeping genes ( Myb and MADS). The significant difference in the proportion of asymmetric genes among gene groups suggests that natural selection is responsible for maintaining genomic asymmetry. On the other hand, the nucleotide diversity in 17 R genes under presence/absence polymorphism was generally low ( average nucleotide diversity = 0.0051).Conclusion: The genomic symmetry was disrupted by 10% of asymmetric genes, which could cause genetic variation through more unequal crossing over, because these genes had no allelic counterparts to pair and then they were free to pair with homologues at non-allelic loci, during meiosis in heterozygotes. It might be a consequence of diversifying selection that increased the structural divergence among genomes, and of purifying selection that decreased nucleotide divergence in each R gene locus.
• A potential bias in the temporal method for estimating N-e in admixed populations under natural selection

  Hitoshi Araki, Robin S. Waples, Michael S. Blouin

  MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 16 11 2261 - 2271 2007年06月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Indirect genetic methods are frequently used to estimate the effective population size (N-e) or effective number of breeders (N-b) in natural populations. Although assumptions behind these methods are often violated, there have been few attempts to evaluate how accurate these estimates really are in practice. Here we investigate the influence of natural selection following a population admixture on the temporal method for estimating N-e. Our analytical and simulation results suggest that N-e is often underestimated in this method when subpopulations differ substantially in allele frequencies and in reproductive success. The underestimation is exacerbated when true N-e and the fraction of the low-fitness group are large. As an empirical example, we compared N-b estimated in natural populations of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using the temporal method (N-b[temp]) with estimates based on direct demographic methods (N-b[demo]) and the linkage disequilibrium method (N-b[LD]). While N-b[LD] was generally in close agreement with N-b[demo], N-b[temp] was much lower in sample sets that were dominated by nonlocal hatchery fish with low reproductive success, as predicted by the analytical results. This bias in the temporal method, which arises when genes associated with a particular group of parents are selected against in the offspring sample, has not been widely appreciated before. Such situations may be particularly common when artificial propagation or translocations are used for conservation. The linkage disequilibrium method, which requires data from only one sample, is robust to this type of bias, although it can be affected by other factors.
• Contrasting patterns of evolution between allelic groups at a single locus in Arabidopsis

  Jing Ding, Houlong Cheng, Xinqing Jin, Hitoshi Araki, Yonghua Yang, Dacheng Tian

  GENETICA 129 3 235 - 242 2007年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Heterogeneities in evolutionary pattern among different loci are commonly observed. To see whether the heterogeneity can also be observed among allelic groups in a single locus, we investigated the coding sequence and the flanking regions of Rpp13, a disease resistance gene in up to 60 accession lines from worldwide populations in Arabidopsis thaliana. An extraordinarily high level of polymorphism (pi=0.098) and four distinct clades were found in the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region in this gene. No obvious geographic relationship with the clades was observed, and such clades were not observed in the other regions in and around this gene. The average genetic diversity among the clades ranged from 10 to 14.6% in the LRR. The levels of polymorphism within each clade varied largely, and significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rates among clades was detected. A statistically significant departure from neutrality was also detected by Fu & Li's tests. These results suggest that both directional and diversifying selection are working on this locus, and that natural selection can cause heterogeneity in evolutionary rate, even among allele groups in a locus.
• Effective population size of steelhead trout: influence of variance in reproductive success, hatchery programs, and genetic compensation between life-history forms

  Hitoshi Araki, Robin S. Waples, William R. Ardren, Becky Cooper, Michael S. Blouin

  MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 16 5 953 - 966 2007年03月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The effective population size is influenced by many biological factors in natural populations. To evaluate their relative importance, we estimated the effective number of breeders per year (N-b) and effective population size per generation (N-e) in anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River, Oregon (USA). Using demographic data and genetic parentage analysis on an almost complete sample of all adults that returned to the river over 15 years (> 15 000 individuals), we estimated N-b for 13 run years and N-e for three entire generations. The results are as follows: (i) the ratio of N-e to the estimated census population size (N) was 0.17-0.40, with large variance in reproductive success among individuals being the primary cause of the reduction in N-e/N; (ii) fish from a traditional hatchery program (H-trad: nonlocal, multiple generations in a hatchery) had negative effects on N-b, not only by reducing mean reproductive success but also by increasing variance in reproductive success among breeding parents, whereas no sign of such effects was found in fish from supplementation hatchery programs (H-supp: local, single generation in a hatchery); and (iii) N-b was relatively stable among run years, despite the widely fluctuating annual run sizes of anadromous adults. We found high levels of reproductive contribution of nonanadromous parents to anadromous offspring when anadromous run size is small, suggesting a genetic compensation between life-history forms (anadromous and nonanadromous). This is the first study showing that reproductive interaction between different life-history forms can buffer the genetic impact of fluctuating census size on N-e.
• Reproductive success of captive-bred steelhead trout in the wild: Evaluation of three hatchery programs in the Hood River

  Hitoshi Araki, William R. Ardren, Erik Olsen, Becky Cooper, Michael S. Blouin

  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 21 1 181 - 190 2007年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Population supplementation programs that release captive-bred offspring into the wild to boost the size of endangered populations are now in Place for many species. The use of hatcheries for supplementing salmonid populations has become particularly popular Nevertheless, whether such programs actually increase the size of wild populations remains unclear, and predictions that supplementation fish drag down the fitness of wild fish remain untested. To address these issues, we performed DNA-based parentage analyses on almost complete samples of anadromous steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River in Oregon (U.S.A.). Steelhead from a supplementation hatchery (reared in a supplementation hatchery and then allowed to spawn naturally in the wild) had reproductive success indistinguishable from that of wild fish. In contrast, fish from a traditional hatchery (nonlocal origin, multiple generations in hatcheries) breeding in the same river showed significantly lower fitness than wild fish. In addition, crosses between wild fish and supplementation fish were as reproductively successful as those between wild parents. Thus, there was no sign that supplementation fish drag down the fitness of wild fish by breeding with them for a single generation. On the other band, crosses between hatchery fish of either type (traditional or supplementation) were less fit than expected, suggesting a possible interaction effect These are the first data to show that a supplementation program with native brood stock can provide a single-generation boost to the size of a natural steelhead population without obvious short-term fitness costs. The long-term effects of population supplementation remain untested.
• Presence/absence polymorphism for alternative pathogenicity islands in Pseudomonas viridiflava, a pathogen of Arabidopsis

  Hitoshi Araki, Dacheng Tian, Erica M. Goss, Katrin Jakob, Solveig S. Halldorsdottir, Martin Kreitman, Joy Bergelson

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 15 5887 - 5892 2006年04月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  The contribution of arms race dynamics to plant-pathogen coevolution has been called into question by the presence of balanced polymorphisms in resistance genes of Arabidopsis thaliana, but less is known about the pathogen side of the interaction. Here we investigate structural polymorphism in pathogenicity islands (PAIs) in Pseudomonas viridiflava, a prevalent bacterial pathogen of A. thaliana. PAIs encode the type III secretion system along with its effectors and are essential for pathogen recognition in plants. P. viridiflava harbors two structurally distinct and highly diverged PAI paralogs (T- and S-PAI) that are integrated in different chromosome locations in the P. viridiflava genome. Both PAIs are segregating as presence/absence polymorphisms such that only one PAI ([T-PAI, ∇S-PAI] and [∇T-PAI, S-PAI]) is present in any individual cell. A worldwide population survey identified no isolate with neither or both PAI. T-PAI and S-PAI genotypes exhibit virulence differences and a host-specificity tradeoff. Orthologs of each PAI can be found in conserved syntenic locations in other Pseudomonas species, indicating vertical phylogenetic transmission in this genus. Molecular evolutionary analysis of PAI sequences also argues against "recent" horizontal transfer. Spikes in nucleotide divergence in flanking regions of PAI and ∇-PAI alleles suggest that the dual PAI polymorphism has been maintained in this species under some form of balancing selection. Virulence differences and host specificities are hypothesized to be responsible for the maintenance of the dual PAI system in this bacterial pathogen. © 2006 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
• Unique evolutionary mechanism in R-genes under the presence/absence polymorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana

  Jingdan Shen, Hitoshi Araki, Lingling Chen, Jian Qun Chen, Dacheng Tian

  Genetics 172 2 1243 - 1250 2006年02月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  While the presence/absence polymorphism is commonly observed in disease resistance (R-) genes in Arabidopsis, only a few R-genes under the presence/absence polymorphism (R-P/A) have been investigated. To understand the mechanism of the molecular evolution of R-P/A, we investigated genetic variation of nine R-P/A in A. thaliana from worldwide populations. The number of possessed R-genes varied widely among accessions (two to nine, on average 4.3 ± 1.6/accession). No pair of accessions shared the same haplotype, and no clear geographic differentiation was observed with respect to the pattern of presence/absence of the R-genes investigated. Presence allele frequencies also varied among loci (25-70%), and no linkage disequilibrium was detected among them. Although the LRR region in regular R-genes is known to be highly polymorphic and has a high Ka/Ks ratio in A. thaliana, nucleotide sequences of this region in the R-P/A showed a relatively low level of genetic variation (π = 0.0002-0.016) and low Ka/Ks (0.03-0.70, <1). In contrast, the nucleotide diversities around the deletion junction of R-P/A were constantly high between presence and absence accessions for the R-genes (Dxy = 0.031-0.103). Our results suggest that R-P/A loci evolved differently from other R-gene loci and that balancing selection plays an important role in molecular evolution of R-P/A. Copyright © 2006 by the Genetics Society of America.
• Unbiased estimation of relative reproductive success of different groups: Evaluation and correction of bias caused by parentage assignment errors

  Hitoshi Araki, Michael S. Blouin

  Molecular Ecology 14 13 4097 - 4109 2005年11月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Parentage assignment is widely applied to studies on mating systems, population dynamics and natural selection. However, little is known about the consequence of assignment errors, especially when some parents are not sampled. We investigated the effects of two types of error in parentage assignment, failing to assign a true parent (type A) and assigning an untrue parent (type B), on an estimate of the relative reproductive success (RRS) of two groups of parents. Employing a mathematical approach, we found that (i) when all parents are sampled, minimizing either type A or type B error insures the minimum bias on RRS, and (ii) when a large number of parents is not sampled, type B error substantially biases the estimated RRS towards one. Interestingly, however, (iii) when all parents were sampled and both error rates were moderately high, type A error biased the estimated RRS even more than type B error. We propose new methods to obtain an unbiased estimate of RRS and the number of offspring whose parents are not sampled (zWz), by correcting the error effects. Applying them to genotypic data from steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we illustrated how to estimate and control the assignment errors. In the data, we observed up to a 30% assignment error and a strong trade-off between the two types of error, depending on the stringency of the assignment decision criterion. We show that our methods can efficiently estimate an unbiased RRS and zWz regardless of assignment method, and how to maximize the statistical power to detect a difference in reproductive success between groups. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Genetic coadaptation of the amylase gene system in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence for the selective advantage of the lowest AMY activity and of its epistatic genetic background

  H. Araki, S. Yoshizumi, N. Inomata, T. Yamazaki

  Journal of Heredity 96 4 388 - 395 2005年07月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, an amylase isozyme with the lowest α-amylase activity (AMY1,1) is predominant. To evaluate the selective significance of AMY1,1 and its regulatory factor(s), we examined selection experiments in laboratory populations on two distinct food environments. After 300 generations, AMY1,1 became predominant (89%) in a glucose (a product of AMY)-rich environment, while an isozyme with higher α-amylase activity, AMY1,6, became predominant (83%) in a starch (substrate)-rich environment. We found that the identical alleles of the amylase (Amy) gene, which encodes each of AMY 1,1 and AMY1,6, were shared between the two populations in the different food environments, employing the nucleotide sequencing of the duplicated Amy genes. Nevertheless, AMY1,6 homozygotes selected in the starch-rich environment had a twofold higher AMY enzyme activity than those selected in the glucose-rich environment, suggesting a coadaptation of the coding region and its regulatory factor(s) on the genetic background. Such a difference in AMY enzyme activity was not detected between AMY1,1 homozygotes, suggesting that the effect of the genetic background is epistatic. Our results indicate that natural selection is working on the Amy gene system as a whole for flies to adapt to the various food environments of local populations. © The American Genetic Association. 2005. All rights reserved.
• Genome-wide identification of NBS genes in japonica rice reveals significant expansion of divergent non-TIR NBS-LRR genes

  T. Zhou, Y. Wang, J. Q. Chen, H. Araki, Z. Jing, K. Jiang, J. Shen, D. Tian

  Molecular Genetics and Genomics 271 4 402 - 415 2004年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  A complete set of candidate disease resistance (R) genes encoding nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) was identified in the genome sequence of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Nipponbare). These putative R genes were characterized with respect to structural diversity, phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal distribution, and compared with those in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found 535 NBS-coding sequences, including 480 non-TIR (Toll/IL-1 receptor) NBS-LRR (Leucine Rich Repeat) genes. TIR NBS-LRR genes, which are common in A. thaliana, have not been identified in the rice genome. The number of non-TIR NBS-LRR genes in rice is 8.7 times higher than that in A. thaliana, and they account for about 1% of all of predicted ORFs in the rice genome. Some 76% of the NBS genes were located in 44 gene clusters or in 57 tandem arrays, and 16 apparent gene duplications were detected in these regions. Phylogenetic analyses based both NBS and N-terminal regions classified the genes into about 200 groups, but no deep clades were detected, in contrast to the two distinct clusters found in A. thaliana. The structural and genetic diversity that exists among NBS-LRR proteins in rice is remarkable, and suggests that diversifying selection has played an important role in the evolution of R genes in this agronomically important species. (Supplemental material is available online at http:// gattaca.nju.edu.cn.) © Springer-Verlag 2004.
• Pseudomonas viridiflava and P. syringae - Natural pathogens of Arabidopsis thaliana

  Katrin Jakob, Erica M. Goss, Hitoshi Araki, Tam Van, Martin Kreitman, Joy Bergelson

  Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 15 12 1195 - 1203 2002年12月01日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  We report the isolation and identification of two natural pathogens of Arabidopsis thaliana, Pseudomonas viridiflava and Pseudomonas syringae, in the midwestern United States. P. viridiflava was found in six of seven surveyed Arabidopsis thaliana populations. We confirmed the presence in the isolates of the critical pathogenicity genes hrpS and hrpL. The pathogenicity of these isolates was verified by estimating in planta bacterial growth rates and by testing for disease symptoms and hypersensitive responses to A. thaliana. Infection of 21 A. thaliana ecotypes with six locally collected P. viridiflava isolates and with one P. syringae isolate showed both compatible (disease) and incompatible (resistance) responses. Significant variation in response to infection was evident among Arabidopsis ecotypes, both in terms of symptom development and in planta bacterial growth. The ability to grow and cause disease symptoms on particular ecotypes also varied for some P. viridiflava isolates. We believe that these pathogens will provide a powerful system for exploring coevolution in natural plant-pathogen interactions.
• Signature of balancing selection in Arabidopsis

  Dacheng Tian, Hitoshi Araki, Eli Stahl, Joy Bergelson, Martin Kreitman

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 17 11525 - 11530 2002年08月20日 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Natural selection and genetic linkage cause DNA segments to have genealogical histories resembling those of the selected sites. When a polymorphism maintained by selection is old, it will have an island of enhanced sequence variability surrounding it, which represents a detectable "signature of selection." We investigate the structure of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 20-kb interval containing the Arabidopsis thaliana disease resistance gene RPS5, a locus containing common alleles for the presencej presence/absence of the entire locus. The alleles are considerably diverged at surrounding sites, indicative of an old polymorphism maintained by selection. The island of "enhanced" variability extends several kilobases to either side of the RPS5 deletion junction, and these SNPs are in nearly complete linkage disequilibrium with the RPS5 insertion/deletion. At a distance of 10 kb to either side of the locus, however, we find low levels of polymorphism and the absence of linkage disequilibrium between individual SNPs and RPS5 alleles. Our results show that the interval of enhanced variability surrounding this balanced polymorphism in Arabidopsis is large enough to be readily detected, but small enough to span the focal gene and few others. For this species it should be possible to identify the complete set of genes with long-lived polymorphisms, a potentially important subset of genes segregating for functional variants.
• Molecular evolution of duplicated amylase gene regions in Drosophila melanogaster: Evidence of positive selection in the coding regions and selective constraints in the cis-regulatory regions

  Hitoshi Araki, Nobuyuki Inomata, Tsuneyuki Yamazaki

  Genetics 157 2 667 - 677 2001年 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  In this study, we randomly sampled Drosophila melanogaster from Japanese and Kenyan natural populations. We sequenced duplicated (proximal and distal) Amy gene regions to test whether the patterns of polymorphism were consistent with neutral molecular evolution. Fst between the two geographically distant populations, estimated from Amy gene regions, was 0.084, smaller than reported values for other loci, comparing African and Asian populations. Furthermore, little genetic differentiation was found at a microsatellite locus (DROYANETSB) in these samples (Gst′ = -0.018). The results of several tests (Tajima's, Fu and Li's, and Wall's tests) were not significantly different from neutrality. However, a significantly higher level of fixed replacement substitutions was detected by a modified McDonald and Kreitman test for both populations. This indicates that positive selection occurred during or immediately after the speciation of D. melanogaster. Sliding-window analysis showed that the proximal region 1, a part of the proximal 5′ flanking region, was conserved between D. melanogaster and its sibling species, D. simulans. An HKA test was significant when the proximal region 1 was compared with the 5′ flanking region of Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), indicating a severe selective constraint on the Amy proximal region 1. These results suggest that natural selection has played an important role in the molecular evolution of Amy gene regions in D. melanogaster.
• Bottleneck effect on evolutionary rate in the nearly neutral mutation model

  Hitoshi Araki, Hidenori Tachida

  Genetics 147 2 907 - 914 1997年10月 [査読有り][通常論文]
   

  Variances of evolutionary rates among lineages in some proteins are larger than those expected from simple Poisson processes. This phenomenon is called overdispersion of the molecular clock. If population size N is constant, the overdispersion is observed only in a limited range of 2Nσ under the nearly neutral mutation model, where σ represents the standard deviation of selection coefficients of new mutants. In this paper, we investigated effects of changing population size on the evolutionary rate by computer simulations assuming the nearly neutral mutation model. The size was changed cyclically between two numbers, N1 and N2 (N1 > N2), in the simulations. The overdispersion is observed if 2N2σ is less than two and the state of reduced size (bottleneck state) continues for more than ~0.1/u generations, where u is the mutation rate. The overdispersion results mainly because the average fitnesses of only a portion of populations go down when the population size is reduced and only in these populations subsequent advantageous substitutions occur after the population size becomes large. Since the fitness reduction after the bottleneck is stochastic, acceleration of the evolutionary rate does not necessarily occur uniformly among loci. From these results, we argue that the nearly neutral mutation model is a candidate mechanism to explain the overdispersed molecular clock.

MISC

• 回遊魚を指標とした森里川海のつながりと自然共生 平成29~令和元年度

  福島路生, 中嶋信美, 山川茜, 速水将人, 荒木仁志, 飯塚毅, RAND P.S. 国立環境研究所研究プロジェクト報告 SR(Web) (138) 2021年
• 市民参加型調査で集めた位置情報付き生物写真にデータバイアスは存在するか?

  佐橋玄記, 丸山緑, 有賀望, 森田健太郎, 岡本康寿, 向井徹, 水本寛基, 植田和俊, 藤井和也, 渡辺恵三, 大熊一正, 荒木仁志, 佐橋玄記, 丸山緑, 有賀望, 森田健太郎, 岡本康寿, 向井徹, 水本寛基, 植田和俊, 藤井和也, 渡辺恵三, 大熊一正, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 67th 2020年
• 環境DNAを用いた生物分布推定とシシャモ遡上分布への応用

  八柳哲, 荒木仁志 水産海洋研究 84 (3) 2020年
• 環境DNAに基づく希少種・外来種の分布動態評価技術の開発と実践

  荒木仁志, 山中裕樹, 内井喜美子, 加三千宣, 土居秀幸 個体群生態学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 36th 2020年
• 環境DNAを用いたナガレモンイワナのハプロタイプ解析

  水本寛基, 亀甲武志, 荒木仁志 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 54th (CD-ROM) 2020年
• 環境DNA手法のコウモリ調査への応用

  岩澤大地, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 66th 2019年
• 治山ダムの魚道設置や切り下げによる魚類の応答と魚類相の変化

  速水将人, 長坂晶子, 長坂有, 福島路生, 下田和孝, 卜部浩一, 川村洋司, 小野理, 中嶋信美, 荒木仁志, 水本寛基 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 66th 2019年
• 環境DNAを用いた魚類の現存量推定

  卜部浩一, 水本寛基, 山口文, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 66th 2019年
• 環境DNAから探る,日本固有種シシャモの遡上と分布

  八柳哲, 神戸崇, 水本寛基, 小林由美, 坂田雅之, 源利文, 石田良太郎, 新居久也, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 66th 2019年
• 札幌・豊平川の野生サケと市民の持続可能な共存に向けて~市民活動・札幌ワイルドサーモンプロジェクト~

  丸山緑, 水本寛基, 有賀望, 岡本康寿, 森田健太郎, 荒木仁志 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 21st 2019年
• 環境DNA手法のコウモリ調査への応用

  岩澤大地, 荒木仁志 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 21st 2019年
• 環境DNAを用いた絶滅危惧種イトウの遺伝的多様性・分布・生態系同時評価手法の開発

  荒木仁志 旭硝子財団研究助成成果発表会 2019 2019年
• 環境DNAを用いた絶滅危惧種イトウの遺伝的多様性・分布・生態系同時評価手法の開発

  荒木仁志 旭硝子財団助成研究成果報告(Web) 2019 2019年
• 環境DNAを用いた水圏生物研究

  荒木仁志, 水本寛基 Salmon情報 (12) 27‐28 2018年03月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAが拓く魚類生態研究の未来 環境DNAを通して観る北海道の水圏生物

  荒木仁志, 水本寛基 海洋と生物 40 (1) 35‐39 2018年02月15日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAを通して観る北海道の水圏生物—Understanding aquatic biodiversity in Hokkaido using environmental DNA—特集 環境DNAが拓く魚類生態研究の未来

  荒木 仁志, 水本 寛基 海洋と生物 = Aquabiology 40 (1) 35 -39 2018年02月
• 環境DNA技術を用いたイトウの季節回遊行動の推定

  水本寛基, 荒木仁志, 宮正樹 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 65th ROMBUNNO.F01‐10 (WEB ONLY) 2018年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAから見る絶滅危惧種イトウの回遊行動

  水本寛基, 荒木仁志, 宮正樹 水産海洋研究 81 (4) 308 2017年11月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAを通して観る北海道の水圏生物

  荒木仁志, 神戸崇, 水本寛基, 鎌田祥子, 南波聡子, 宮正樹 水産海洋研究 81 (4) 307 2017年11月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海洋深層水中の微量DNAを用いた魚類相推定

  荒木仁志, 宮正樹, 池田実, 矢部衞 海洋深層水研究 18 (2) 58 2017年10月10日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAを通して観る,北の海の生物と多様性

  荒木仁志, 神戸崇, 水本寛基, 鎌田祥子, 南波聡子, 矢部衞, 大橋優季, 池田実, 峰岸有紀, 佐土哲也, 宮正樹 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 50th 139 2017年09月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAを用いた絶滅危惧種イトウの遺伝的多様性・分布・生態系同時評価手法の開発

  荒木仁志 旭硝子財団研究助成成果発表会 2017 202‐203 2017年07月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNA : 水から垣間見る魚類相と生物多様性

  荒木 仁志 アクアネット = Aqua net : 産地と消費地をネットする水産情報誌 20 (2) 46 -50 2017年02月
• サケの性的サイズ二型:野生魚と放流魚の違い

  森田健太郎, 佐藤俊平, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 64th 2017年
• 環境DNAを用いた生物フロンティアの開拓

  荒木仁志, 神戸崇, 鎌田頌子, 宮正樹, 佐土哲也, 池田実, 佐藤行人, 峰岸有紀, 永野優季, 矢部衞 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 18th ROMBUNNO.O‐1E‐1 (WEB ONLY) 2016年08月25日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAを用いたニホンザリガニ生息場の推定における季節影響

  池田幸資, 土居秀幸, 田中一典, 川井唯史, 荒木仁志, 高原輝彦, 源利文, 鈴木透, 小泉逸郎, 根岸淳二郎 土木学会年次学術講演会講演概要集(CD-ROM) 71st ROMBUNNO.VII‐122 2016年08月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 海洋生物の資源量推定 遺伝子マーカーを用いた有効集団サイズ推定について

  荒木仁志 月刊海洋 48 (8) 334‐339 2016年08月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 絶滅危惧淡水魚イトウの産卵遡上の特徴

  福島路生, RAND P.S, 水本寛基, 荒木仁志 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 63th P2‐322 (WEB ONLY) 2016年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAと音響ビデオカメラから見るイトウ遡上量の経日変化

  水本寛基, 荒木仁志, 福島路生, 卜部浩一 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 63th T20‐3 (WEB ONLY) 2016年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNA研究の実践と課題:生態学フロンティアへの挑戦

  荒木仁志, 神戸崇, 鎌田頌子, 源利文, 佐藤行人, 宮正樹 日本生態学会大会講演要旨(Web) 63th T20‐1 (WEB ONLY) 2016年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNA解析のインパクト

  岩崎渉, 岩崎渉, 岩崎渉, 佐藤行人, 源利文, 山中裕樹, 荒木仁志, 宮正樹 実験医学 34 (1) 103 -107 2016年01月01日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 北の海に未知なる生命と生物多様性を探る

  荒木仁志, 宮正樹, 池田実, 矢部衞, 永野優季, 神戸崇, 鎌田頌子, 佐土哲也, 峰岸有紀, 佐藤行人, 佐藤俊平, MASLENIKOV Katherine 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 17th ROMBUNNO.W6‐2 (WEB ONLY) 2015年08月20日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• MiFish, a set of universal primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of > 230 species from aquarium tanks and coral reefs in the subtropical western North Pacific

  Masaki Miya, Yukuto Sato, Tsukasa Fukunaga, Tetsuya Sado, Keiichi Sato, Toshifumi Minamoto, Satoshi Yamamoto, Hiroaki Yamanaka, Hitoshi Araki, Michio Kondoh, Wataru Iwasaki GENOME 58 (5) 257 -257 2015年05月 [査読有り][通常論文]
  
• 環境DNAメタバーコーディング解析のためのパイプライン開発

  佐藤行人, 荒木仁志, 宮正樹, 佐土哲也, 峰岸有紀, 岩崎渉 日本進化学会大会プログラム・講演要旨集(Web) 17th 2015年
• 魚類環境DNA用ユニバーサルプライマーの開発と次世代シーケンサを用いた環境水分析法の確立

  宮正樹, 佐藤行人, 福永津嵩, 佐土哲也, 佐藤圭一, 源利文, 山中裕樹, 荒木仁志, 岩崎渉 日本魚類学会年会講演要旨 47th 26 2014年11月14日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 遺伝子発現の確率的な挙動が生物集団へ与える影響

  峯田克彦, 松本知高, 長田直樹, 荒木仁志 日本分子生物学会年会プログラム・要旨集(Web) 35th 1P-0013 (WEB ONLY) 2012年 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• DNA親子鑑定法を用いた種苗放流魚の自然繁殖力に関する保全遺伝学的考察 (The 10th International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture特集 Roles of aquaculture genetics in addressing global food crisis)

  荒木 仁志 水産育種 39 (1) 31 -35 2009年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
   

  Abstract:In June 2009. I gave a talk about our recent studies on the Hood River steelhead trout at the ISGA X (the 10th International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture) in Bangkok. Thailand. In this project. I and group members of Blouin lab in Oregon State University conducted genetic evaluations of reproductive success in hatchery-born fish in the wild. This article is a review summary of my presentation. We used a DNA-based parentage assignment method. in which 8 highly polymorphic microsatellite makers were genotyped in order to reconstruct the pedigree of entire populations and estimate individual reproductive success (number of adult offspring returned to the river). We found (1) number of generations in which hatchery fish spent in captivity has a strong negative impact on their natural reproductive success. and that (2) there is a carry-over effect of captive breeding that reduces the reproductive success of wild-born fish. which had captive-reared parents spawned in the wild. These findings strongly suggest a possible negative effect of hatchery stocking on the conservation of the wild population. In addition. I demonstrate that modern molecular tools and methods can provide much more insights into fish genetics and breeding science than ever obtained or expected.
• キイロショウジョウバエのケージ集団を用いたアミラーゼ遺伝子についての選択実験に関する分子集団遺伝学的解析 II

  荒木仁志, 吉住敏, 猪股伸幸, 山崎常行 日本遺伝学会大会プログラム・予稿集 71st 114 1999年09月24日 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• キイロショウジョウバエのケージ集団を用いたアミラーゼ遺伝子についての選択実験に関する分子集団遺伝学的解析

  荒木仁志, 吉住敏, 猪股伸幸, 松尾義則, 山崎常行 日本遺伝学会大会プログラム・予稿集 70th 105 1998年09月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  
• 自然淘汰と個体数変動の遺伝子置換速度への影響についての理論的研究

  荒木仁志, 舘田英典 日本遺伝学会大会プログラム・予稿集 67th 86 1995年10月 [査読無し][通常論文]
  

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

• 通し回遊魚の河川沿岸域利用実態の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業

  研究期間 : 2023年04月 -2027年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, 峰岸 有紀, 仲岡 雅裕
• 環境核酸を用いた絶滅危惧種イトウの有効集団サイズ・遺伝子発現推定技術の開発と実践

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業

  研究期間 : 2023年06月 -2026年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, 坂田 雅之
• 環境DNAを用いたサケ科魚類および回遊性魚類の種内多型解析手法の開発

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2020年04月 -2023年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志

   

  本研究プロジェクトは、生態学分野の新しいツールの一つである「環境DNA」を用いて魚類の生物分布や遺伝的多様性を同時検出・評価することを目的としている。水圏では、水を汲みその中に含まれるDNAを解析する環境DNA技術は捕獲や目視によらない非侵襲的な種判別技術として目覚ましい発展を遂げている。しかしそのDNAには種内多型情報も含まれるため、これに基づく集団遺伝解析への応用可能性がある。そこで本研究では回遊性魚類を主なターゲットに環境DNA技術を核ゲノム中のマイクロサテライトマーカーに適用し、同マーカーの種内多型情報に基づく集団遺伝解析手法の確立をめざす。 R3年度は北海道・千歳川における定期採水を継続すると共に、そこで得られた環境DNAサンプルを分析、サケ由来の環境DNAの検出を行うと同時に種内多型を検出するためのマイクロサテライトマーカーの開発を行った。その結果、作成した22個のマーカー候補のうち21個についてはサケの種内多型を確認でき、18個については千歳川由来の環境DNAからも対立遺伝子のPCR増幅が見られることが分かった。ただし一部のマーカーは他のサケ科魚類でも僅かながら誤増幅が起こることも判明したため、これらの種が共存しうる河川での使用時には注意が必要となる。一方、これまで研究室で収集した北海道内広域サンプルの解析の結果から、地域変異差の大きい純淡水魚を対象とした環境DNA解析では、ハードルの高い核DNAではなく、相対的に収集の容易なミトコンドリアDNAを用いた種内多型解析が可能な場合あることが分かってきた。今後はこれら回遊魚・純淡水魚を含めた環境DNA解析を行うことで、この技術の種内多型解析研究への応用可能性を広く明らかにしていく。なお、これらの結果は2021年11月に研究代表者が主催した国際学会、環境DNA学会第四回大会において発表を行った。
• 北方四島における動物相の継続的モニタリング―エゾシカとヨーロッパミンクに注目して

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

  研究期間 : 2020年04月 -2023年03月 

  代表者 : 大舘 智志, 荒木 仁志, 河合 久仁子

   

  内容 昨年度（令和3年）は、令和2年度に続いて新型コロナ対策のために北方領土に渡航することができなかった。そのかわりに研究計画にも述べてあるように北方領土に隣接した北海道東部の根室市や浜中町に哺乳動物相の捕獲調査を行った。それによると令和3年度は真無盲腸目のトガリネズミ類の個体数密度が低く、特にオオアシトガリネズミの密度がかなり減っていた。一方で浜中町ではイタチ科のラッコが海で繁殖しているのを確認した。ニホンジカについては道東地域では例年通りの高密度であった。一方、現地に直接おもむけない北方領土についての情報は国後島のクリリスク自然保護区の所長や所員から得た。それによると2021年の春の段階ではエゾシカが国後島に数頭存在しているのが確認されたが、色丹島や歯舞諸島などの他の北方領土では確認されていない。また国後島でも繁殖は確認されていない。国後島のヨーロッパミンクについては情報不足ではあるが生息していることは確かであった。事前に採集してある国後島と択捉島の環境DNAの分析では、哺乳類についてはエゾシカとヨーロッパミンクは検出されなかった。一方、淡水魚類については淡水性のサケ・マス類などが検出された。 意義 北方領土に隣接する北海道東部では例年通りにシカの密度は高かった。このことはいつでも北方領土へのさらなるシカの移住が起こりうることを示している。また国後島ではシカは前年に確認した個体が生存していると思われるが、繁殖していないということは、まだ当地でシカが増加するという段階にはないことを示している。一方、ヨーロッパミンクは現地調査ができない状況が最大の研究上の障害であることが明確になった。 重要性 モニタリングは継続することが重要であるが、現地に赴けない状況下では現地の協力機関や協力者との密な情報のやり取りにより必要な知見をえることができる。
• 絶滅危惧種イトウの環境ＤＮＡによる遺伝的多様性、個体群構造と分布の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費

  研究期間 : 2017年11月 -2020年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, CAMPBELL MATTHEW

   

  本研究は日本最大の淡水魚で絶滅危惧種であるイトウの生態に関する新たな知見を得るため、昨今進展目覚ましい環境ＤＮＡを用いた手法を核ＤＮＡの種内多型に応用する技術開発を目標としている。現在環境ＤＮＡ技術は主に細胞内小器官の一つであるミトコンドリアのＤＮＡを基に解析されているが、ミトコンドリアＤＮＡは一般に種内多型に乏しく、同一種内でおこる変異の多くを反映していない。そこで、環境水中の核ＤＮＡ情報をより高密度で集積することにより、「一すくいの水から希少種・野外集団の遺伝的多様性評価」へとつなげるのが本研究プロジェクトの狙いである。この技術開発が実現すれば、イトウに限らず希少種を捕獲したり傷つけたりすることなく彼らの遺伝的多様性を評価できるばかりか、過去のボトルネック、集団間の遺伝的交流といった歴史についても推定が可能となることが期待される。 これにはRAD-seqと呼ばれる手法を用い、本解析に適したゲノムスケールでの核DNAマーカー探索を行う必要があるため、H29年度はこの解析を実施するためのサンプル収集と予備的な解析を実施した。共同研究者であるマシュー・キャンベル（JSPS外国人特別研究員）の着任がH29年10月末であったことから、昨年度は5カ月間という限られた期間ではあったが、研究協力者らの協力の下、約30個体のイトウ組織サンプルからのDNA抽出が実現し、これらのサンプルを基にRAD-seq法による核DNAマーカー開発の準備が整いつつある。
• 環境DNAを用いた回遊性魚類分布推定と河川工作物の影響評価

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2017年04月 -2020年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, 福島 路生

   

  本研究プロジェクトは、生態学分野において発展目覚ましい「環境DNA」を用いて、地域特異性の高い回遊性魚類の生物分布や季節性、河川工作物の影響を客観的かつ網羅的に解明することを目的としている。河川工作物には大規模なダムから大小さまざまな堰堤・カルバートなど様々なものがあり、また新たに魚道を新設した場所など、その形態は多岐にわたる。これら個別の状況を体系立てて整理し、環境DNAメタバーコーディングと呼ばれる手法により、工作物上下の魚類相を明らかにするのが目下の目標となっている。 H30年度はH29年度に引き続き国立環境研究所の協力の下、胆振・日高地方をはじめ北海道内約100河川（二年合計では250河川）において本解析に供する河川水サンプルの収集を行った。これらのサンプルは申請者（荒木）の所属する北海道大学農学部において継続して解析中だが、初年度に調査を行った道北・道東地方の河川水からは回遊魚であるサケやサクラマス、カラフトマスはもちろんのこと、絶滅危惧種イトウや希少種エゾホトケを含む多数の魚種由来の環境DNA検出が見られている。 これらの研究成果は日本生態学会（神戸大会）や環境DNA学会（東京）で発表したほか、環境アセスメント協会や魚道研究会、猿払イトウ保全協議会シンポジウムでの招待講演等でも発表を行い、専門家・一般市民を交えての情報交換を行った。 最終年度となるH31年度にはこれらの結果をもとに河川工作物上下比較による各魚種の遡上阻害の有無を評価する予定だが、サケ、イトウ、サクラマス、シシャモについては種特異的な環境DNA定量プライマー開発に基づく生物量推定も進めており、上記サンプルの一部を用いて定性的のみならず定量的な評価を可能にする。
• 遺伝的多様性維持機構の解明：ヤチネズミ個体群の空間構造と個体数変動に着目して

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 

  代表者 : 齊藤 隆, 荒木 仁志

   

  mtDNAとncDNAの多様性は，理論上，mtDNAの方が著しく低くなると予想されている。これを実証するために，哺乳類，鳥類個体群の観察と個体群構造の分析を行った。その結果，予測とは異なり，多くの個体群でmtDNAの多様性がncDNAよりも高かった。これは，突然変異率がmtDNAでより高いという性質で説明できたが，データの大きなばらつきは個体数変動の結果であると考えられた。哺乳類，鳥類間の違い（哺乳類でmtDNAの多様性がより高い）は，分散行動の性差の違いで説明できた。これらの結果は，遺伝的多様性の維持機構において個体群構造が重要な機能を持つという報告者の仮説を支持するものである。
• 野生サケとは何か？ 河川遡上期を決める 遺伝的基盤と資源量 への貢献度の解明

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, 森田 健太郎, 佐藤 俊平, 小泉 逸郎, O' Malley Kathleen

   

  サケは日本人には身近な魚だが、その大半は人工飼育されたサケ稚魚の放流に頼っている。一方、川で生まれた野生魚についてはその実態がよく分かっていない。そこで本研究では、サケの産卵遡上に注目し、遡上時期と関わる遺伝子の違いを探った。その結果、サケ遡上河川の一部では前期遡上群と後期遡上群が明確に分かれており、これらの間に遺伝的な違いが生じていることが分かった。また、人工飼育魚を他の河川から移植している川では、現在は野生サケが繁殖しているものの遺伝的には移植元の河川とよく似た組成となっていた。これらの結果は、サケには遡上時期によって遺伝的に明確な差異があり、別々の管理・保全が必要なことを示唆している。
• 環境DNAを用いた回遊性サケ科魚類の非侵襲的モニタリングとバイオマス推定

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究

  研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志, 近藤 倫生, 土居 秀幸, 佐藤 俊平, 高原 輝彦, 源 利文

   

  野生生物のモニタリングや生物資源の正確な把握は生物資源保全学上の急務となっているが、実証的な研究には様々な制限が伴う。殊に水圏に生息する生物はその捕獲が困難で、これまでごく限られた情報を基にその資源量推定を行ってきた。 本研究では水から周辺生物のDNAを検出する環境DNAと呼ばれる技術を用いて、サケ科魚類を対象に、野外で捕獲に頼らず資源量を推定する新しい手法の開発に取り組んだ。その結果、管理環境下では検出された環境DNA量が生物量を反映しており、野外においても河川・海洋を問わず、回遊魚であるサケの季節消長や空間分布をある程度正確に検出できることが明らかになった。
• シロイヌナズナの抵抗性遺伝子と病原体抗原遺伝子の共進化に関する研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費

  研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志

   

  シロイヌナズナで見つかっている病原体認識遺伝子、R遺伝子は、LRRと呼ばれるシグナル伝達に関わると思われる領域を持ち、バクテリアの持つAvr遺伝子の産物を特異的に認識して免疫反応を引き起こす。しかしながら、R遺伝子、Avr遺伝子の分子進化上の対応関係については未だ明らかにされていない。本研究は、シロイヌナズナのR遺伝子の一つ、RPS5の種内変異を解析すると共に、自然界における主要な病原体と思われるPseudomonas viridiflavaのAvr遺伝子を同定し、種内変異を基にR遺伝子との共進化のパターンについて解析を行うことにより、植物の抵抗性遺伝子とバクテリアの抗原遺伝子の間の相互作用、植物の免疫システムの獲得プロセスを解明することを目的としている。 本年度は、昨年度より研究代表者が共同研究者であるシカゴ大学生態進化学講座のメンバーと共に携わってきたRPS5の種内変異の解析を行い、この遺伝子が、これまで一般に受け入れられていた「軍拡競争仮説」の予測に反して分子進化上、長期にわたって「病原体抵抗性・非抵抗性」の種内多型を選択的に維持していることを示した。また、自家受精型であるこのシロイヌナズナにおいて、上記の遺伝子で選択的種内多型を維持したことがゲノム上の隣接する遺伝子に与える影響を、周辺部位のDNA多型から推定したところ、その影響の範囲がおよそ10KB以内であったことも示した。さらに、バクテリアの一種、Pseudomonas viridiflava及びPseudomonas syringaeがシロイヌナズナに寄生する天然の寄生バクテリアであることを示すに当たって、寄生に不可欠なプロセスに関与する複数の遺伝子がこれらのバクテリアに存在することを示した.。
• キイロショウジョウバエのアミラーゼ遺伝子におけるエサ環境と適応度に関する研究

  日本学術振興会：科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費

  研究期間 : 1999年 -2000年 

  代表者 : 荒木 仁志