SEARCH

Search Details

Hiruma Shingo

Faculty of Information Science and Technology Systems Science and Informatics System SynthesisAssociate Professor

Researcher basic information

■ Degree
  • 博士(情報科学), 北海道大学情報科学院, Mar. 2021
■ URL
researchmap URLホームページURL■ Various IDs
Researcher number
  • 90909847
ORCID IDJ-Global ID■ Research Keywords and Fields
Research Keyword
  • 電磁界解析
  • Topology optimization
  • Model order reduction
  • Finite element method
Research Field
  • Manufacturing Technology (Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chemical Engineering), Power engineering
■ Educational Organization

Career

■ Career
Career
  • Apr. 2025 - Present
    北海道大学大学院情報科学研究院, 准教授
  • Apr. 2025 - Mar. 2026
    京都大学大学院工学系研究科, 非常勤講師
  • Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2025
    京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻, 助教
  • Apr. 2019 - Mar. 2021
    日本学術振興会 特別研究員(DC1)
Committee Memberships
  • Jun. 2025 - Present
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 北海道支部 会計幹事
  • Apr. 2025 - Present
    電磁界解析の高度利用とAIの活用による回転機の先進最適化・性能評価技術調査専門委員会
  • Apr. 2025 - Present
    一般社団法人 電気学会, イノベーション創出を目指した先駆的電磁界解析技術調査専門委員会
  • Jun. 2025 - Jun. 2026
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 令和8年全国大会グループ委員会
  • Jun. 2024 - Jun. 2025
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 一般社団法人 電気学会, 令和7年全国大会グループ委員会
  • Apr. 2022 - Mar. 2025
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 電磁界解析を用いた革新技術開発調査専門委員会
  • May 2023 - Jun. 2024
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 令和6年全国大会グループ委員会
  • Jun. 2022 - Jun. 2023
    一般社団法人 電気学会, 令和5年全国大会グループ委員会

Research activity information

■ Awards
  • Jun. 2025, Galileo Ferraris' Contest The Advisory Board and the Organizing Committee Award The Novelty Category First position in Academic Teams
    佐藤佑樹;佐々木秀徳;丸尾昭人;比留間真悟
  • Dec. 2021, IEEE札幌支部, Encouragement Award
    Model Order Reduction for Linear Time-Invariant System with Symmetric Positive-Definite Matrices: Synthesis of Cauer-Equivalent Circuit
    Shingo Hiruma;Hajime Igarashi
  • Mar. 2019, 一般社団法人 精密工学会, 精密工学会北海道支部学生奨励賞
  • 2019, 一般社団法人 日本シミュレーション学会, Encouragement Award
  • 2018, 一般社団法人 電気学会, 電気学会電子・情報・システム部門大会 奨励賞
  • 2018, 一般社団法人 シミュレーション学会, Student Presentation Award
  • Mar. 2017, 一般社団法人 電気学会, 電気学会北海道支部賞
  • 2017, Compumag2017, The Rita Trowbridge Prize 2017 Commendation as one of the three finalists in the category for the Best Paper presented by a young researcher
  • Jan. 2017, 一般社団法人 電気学会, 優秀論文発表A賞
■ Papers
  • Effective reluctivity of an insulated magnetic spherical particle excited by an axisymmetric polar magnetic field
    Joonas Vesa; Shingo Hiruma; Timo Tarhasaari; Tetsuji Matsuo
    COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, 1, 19, Emerald, 02 Jul. 2026, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal, Purpose

    The purpose of this study is to provide a formula for the homogenized reluctivity of an electrically insulated spherical conductive magnetic particle. The insulated particle is excited by azimuthally symmetric boundary conditions for the magnetic field in the polar direction. Otherwise, the boundary conditions are arbitrary.

    Design/methodology/approach

    A magnetodynamic formulation of Maxwell’s equations is considered inside the particle. An electrostatic formulation is considered inside the insulation. The homogenized reluctivity is derived using mathematical methods based on analytical solutions of the formulations. The leading principle in the derivation of the homogenized reluctivity is energy consistency.

    Findings

    The most important finding is the formula for the homogenized reluctivity. Furthermore, considering an orthogonal decomposition of the magnetic flux density in terms of spherical harmonics, it turns out that homogenization only distinguishes the first mode of the flux density, regardless of which modes are excited by the boundary conditions. This result is somewhat expected, but it forces us to lump the energy exchange of the higher modes into the homogenized magnetic field strength. The treatment also exposes some of the mathematical structures required for homogenization.

    Originality/value

    The formula for the homogenized reluctivity is novel. It admits arbitrary but rotationally symmetric boundary conditions for the magnetic field strength at the outer boundary of the insulation in the polar direction. Industrial applications of the developed methods include powder-like materials such as soft magnetic composites. New perspectives on homogenization are provided.
  • Application of A-Input Cauer Ladder Network Method to Model Order Reduction of Induction Motors
    Taro Taniguchi; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune; Tetsuji Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Jul. 2026, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Electro-Magnetic Decoupling Preconditioner for Eddy Current Problems With External Circuit Coupling
    S. Hiruma; T. Mifune; T. Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Jul. 2026, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Cauer ladder network representation of eddy-current fields using the partial element equivalent circuit method
    Matteo Emiliani; Luca Di Rienzo; Shingo Hiruma; Isacco Figoni; Carlo de Falco; Tetsuji Matsuo
    COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, 1, 13, Emerald, 26 May 2026
    Scientific journal, Purpose

    This study aims to extract a reduced order model based on the Cauer ladder network (CLN) method from a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) formulation of the eddy current problem in parallel conductors. The obtained equivalent circuit can then be effectively used for time domain simulations.

    Design/methodology/approach

    The PEEC formulation has been written as a first-order linear dynamic system, and the CLN algorithm has been applied to extract the reduced-order model. The numerical results of the reduced order model have been then compared with the reference results obtained both with the finite element method (FEM) and the PEEC method for a canonical test case of two rectangular conductors.

    Findings

    The Cauer ladder network representation of the eddy current fields is proved to be accurate enough in frequency and in time domains, provided that a sufficient number of the equivalent circuit stages is considered.

    Originality/value

    The CLN method has already been applied in the past to FEM for eddy current problems. In this work, the CLN has been applied to the PEEC method for the first time.
  • Topology optimization of IPM motors with V-shaped permanent magnets using a grayscale free phase-field-based level set method
    Kosei Onishi; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune; Tetsuji Matsuo
    COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, 1, 12, Emerald, 13 Apr. 2026, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal, Purpose

    This study aims to optimize the internal structure of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with V-shaped magnets to maximize torque. Specifically, it addresses the issue of grayscale (intermediate density) regions that appear near material interfaces in conventional phase-field-based level set methods. The primary objective is to eliminate these intermediate regions to prevent inaccuracies in finite element analysis and to resolve ambiguities in practical manufacturing.

    Design/methodology/approach

    The proposed method employs a phase-field-based level set framework combined with a dynamic remeshing technique. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on fixed meshes, the computational mesh is regenerated after each update of the level set function so that the mesh explicitly conforms to material boundaries. The optimization problem is formulated to maximize instantaneous torque, and sensitivity analysis is conducted using the adjoint variable method. In addition, the sensitivity of the optimization algorithm to different initial shapes and interface parameters is systematically investigated.

    Findings

    The proposed remeshing strategy successfully suppresses the formation of grayscale regions, resulting in optimal structures that are completely free of intermediate density regions and exhibit improved structural clarity and manufacturability. The method also demonstrates low sensitivity to variations in the initial shape, yielding stable optimization results. However, the final geometry and torque performance depend strongly on the appropriate selection of the interface propagation speed and diffusion coefficient. Ultimately, the optimized design achieves a 146.2% increase in torque compared with the initial configuration.

    Originality/value

    This research provides significant value by addressing the persistent issue of grayscale regions near material interfaces in phase-field-based topology optimization for electric machines. While prior studies typically relied on fixed meshes, this work integrates a dynamic remeshing strategy tailored for IPMSM design to achieve strictly grayscale-free optimal structures. Furthermore, the study contributes original insights by systematically investigating the sensitivity of the optimization algorithm to initial conditions, an aspect that has received limited attention in electromagnetic topology optimization literature.
  • The Galileo Ferraris Contest: A Benchmark Initiative for Data-Driven Multi-Physics Modeling of Traction Electric Motors
    Luigi Solimene; Simone Ferrari; Riccardo Torchio; Costanza Anerdi; Fabio Freschi; Luca Giaccone; Gianmarco Lorenti; Francesco Lucchini; Spyridon Mallios; Patrick Lombard; Paolo Di Barba; Arash Ghafoorinejad; Maria Evelina Mognaschi; Dimitrios Loukrezis; Eric Diehl; Eniz Museljic; Aylar Partovizadeh; Manfred Kaltenbacher; Sebastian Schöps; Soo-Hwan Park; Chan-Woo Kim; Ji-Hyeon Lee; Younjae Hwang; Min-Ro Park; Myung-Seop Lim; Sina Toghranegar; Ruth V Sabariego; Geert Deconinck; Hussain Kazmi; Zhi Gong; Zuqi Tang; Abdelkader Benabou; Guillaume Verez; Tohid Sharifi; Ali Jamali-Fard; Deniz Bilgili; Jasmin Jelovica; Paolo Manfredi; Riccardo Trinchero; Amir Akbari; Shahin Mahdiyounrad; David A. Lowther; Siyuan Sun; Toshiaki Koike-Akino; Ye Wang; Tatsuya Yamamoto; Yusuke Sakamoto; Bingnan Wang; Ankit Kumar Singh; Sagnik Dey; Swayambhu Mohanty; Aditya Anil Pulikottil; Asmijit Saha; Ankit Dalal; Yuki Sato; Hidenori Sasaki; Shingo Hiruma; Akito Maruo; Elena Blazhevska Ivanoski; Eymen Ipek; Niels Koester; Shahryar Rahnamayan; Piergiorgio Alotto; Gianmario Pellegrino; Maurizio Repetto
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 15 Dec. 2025
  • Selection of Spatial Harmonics for Motor Model Order Reduction Using Time-Harmonic Eddy Current Analysis
    Tetsuji Matsuo; Naoki Teranishi; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2025, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Error Estimation of the Cauer Ladder Network Method for the Time-Domain Analysis and Its Application to a Multiport System
    Miwa Tobita; Stéphane Clénet; Shingo Hiruma; Wei Chen; Tetsuji Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 12, Dec. 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, International conference proceedings
  • Estimation of Condition Number of Quasi-Static Darwin Model
    Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune; Tetsuji Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 12, Dec. 2024, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
    English, International conference proceedings
  • Topology and parameter optimization of IPM motor considering mechanical strength by stress and connection constraints
    Kou Takenouchi; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune; Tetsuji Matsuo
    COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, 43, 4, Emerald, 28 Jun. 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Henrici-Pflüger-Type Error Estimators for the Cauer Ladder Network Representation
    Nagamine, H.; Hiruma, S.; Mifune, T.; Matsuo, T.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 3, Mar. 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Advances in High-Frequency Modeling Techniques for Winding Structures,巻線の高周波モデリング技術の新展開
    Hiruma, S.
    Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 144, 11, 2024
    Scientific journal
  • Homogenization Method Based on Cauer Ladder Network Representation of Unit Cell
    Shingo Hiruma; Yasuhito Takahashi; Tetsuji Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 12, 2024, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
    English, International conference proceedings
  • Time-Domain Homogenization of Windings Using B-Input Cauer Ladder Network Method
    Yasuhito Takahashi; Shingo Hiruma; Koji Fujiwara; Satoshi Imamori
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 12, 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, International conference proceedings
  • Truncation Error Formula for Multi-Port Cauer Ladder Networks
    Nagamine, H.; Hiruma, S.; Mifune, T.; Matsuo, T.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 6, 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Effective Data-driven Method Based on Bayesian Approach for Performance Estimation of Wound-field Motors
    Tie yang Zhao; Yuki Hidaka; Shingo Hiruma; Hiroyuki Kaimori
    IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications, 13, 3, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEE Japan), 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Extended Finite Element Method for Calculation of Eddy Currents at High Frequencies
    Shingo Hiruma
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 59, 5, 1, 4, May 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
    Scientific journal
  • Error Estimation of the Cauer Ladder Network Method Based on Eigenfunction Expansion
    Hideaki Nagamine; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune; Tetsuji Matsuo
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 59, 5, 1, 4, May 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Time-Domain Homogenized Finite Eddy Current Analysis Using Recursive Convolution Method
    Yuki Sato; Shingo Hiruma; Hajime Igarashi; Hirokazu Matsumoto
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 59, 5, 1, 4, May 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, International conference proceedings
  • Port Reduction of Multiport Cauer Ladder Network
    Tetsuji Matsuo; Toshihiro Ozeki; Shingo Hiruma; Takeshi Mifune
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 3, 1, 1, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Extended Finite Element Method Enhanced by Exact Boundary Representation for Analysis of Eddy Currents
    Shingo Hiruma
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 60, 3, 1, 1, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Error Estimator for Cauer Ladder Network Representation
    Hiruma, S.; Clenet, S.; Igarashi, H.; Henneron, T.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 58, 9, 1, 1, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Sep. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Fast Time-Domain Analysis of Darwin Model of Maxwell's Equations Using Arnoldi-Based Model Order Reduction
    Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 58, 9, 1, 4, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Sep. 2022, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Novel Hybridization of Parameter and Topology Optimizations: Application to Permanent Magnet Motor
    Shingo Hiruma; Makoto Ohtani; Shingo Soma; Yoshihisa Kubota; Hajime Igarashi
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 57, 7, 1, 1, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Model Order Reduction for Linear Time-Invariant System with Symmetric Positive-Definite Matrices: Synthesis of Cauer-Equivalent Circuit
    Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 56, 3, 1, 8, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Mar. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Synthesis of Equivalent Circuit from Homogenized FE Equation using Model Order Reduction
    Shingo Hiruma; Hajime Igarashi
    IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy, 140, 2, 134, 139, Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEE Japan), 01 Feb. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Time-Domain Analysis of Magnetically Shielded Wire Coils Using Homogenized Finite-Element Method
    Fujita, S.; Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 56, 2, 1, 4, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Feb. 2020, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Homogenization Method Based on Cauer Circuit via Unit Cell Approach
    Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 56, 2, 1, 5, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Feb. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Time-domain analysis of homogenized finite-element method for eddy current analysis with reduced unknown variables
    Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 56, 1, 1, 4, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Jan. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Fast computation of copper and iron losses using model order reduction
    Shingo Hiruma; Hajime Igarashi
    International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, 60, S79, S86, IOS Press, 30 May 2019, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
  • Eddy Current Analysis of Litz Wire Using Homogenization-Based FEM in Conjunction With Integral Equation
    Shingo Hiruma; Yoshitsugu Otomo; Hajime Igarashi
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 54, 3, 1, 4, Mar. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Fast 3-D Analysis of Eddy Current in Litz Wire Using Integral Equation
    Hiruma, S.; Igarashi, H.
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 53, 6, 1, 4, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Jun. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], [Lead author]
    Scientific journal
■ Other Activities and Achievements
■ Lectures, oral presentations, etc.
  • 巻線の高周波モデリング技術
    比留間 真悟
    パワーエレクトロニクス用磁気的受動部品のための高周波電磁界解析の最近の動向, 14 Mar. 2024
    [Invited]
  • ダーウィン近似を用いた電気機器高周波モデリング技術
    比留間 真悟
    電気学会電力・エネルギーフォーラム「電磁界解析の先進応用技術」, 07 Dec. 2023
    [Invited]
  • Introducing Extended Finite Element Approaches in Eddy Currents Analysis
    Shingo Hiruma
    ICIAM 2023, 21 Aug. 2023, Oral presentation
    21 Aug. 2023 - 25 Aug. 2023, [Invited]
  • Introducing extended finite element approaches in analysis of high-frequency electromagnetic devices
    IEEE札幌セクション講演会, 04 Jun. 2023, Public discourse
    [Invited]
  • 均質化における連分数表示の活用
    比留間真悟
    材料科学における幾何と代数III, 04 Sep. 2022, Oral presentation
  • FreeFEMで学ぶ数値解析入門
    比留間真悟
    低温工学・超電導学会学生研究交流会, 25 Feb. 2022, Public discourse
■ Affiliated academic society
  • Dec. 2021 - Present
    IEEE
  • 2018 - Present
    日本シミュレーション学会
  • 2017 - Present
    電気学会
  • Present
    International COMPUMAG Society
■ Research Themes
  • 深層学習を用いたモビリティ用高出力密度モータのトポロジー最適化と性能実証
    科学研究費助成事業
    Apr. 2025 - Mar. 2028
    五十嵐 一; 日高勇気; 佐々木秀徳; 比留間真悟; 大友佳嗣; 間藤昂允
    日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(A), 北海道大学;立命館大学;法政大学;長崎大学, Competitive research funding, 25H00723
  • トポロジー最適化におけるハイパーパラメタ探索のためのメタ最適化アルゴリズムの開発
    科学研究費助成事業
    Apr. 2024 - Mar. 2028
    比留間 真悟
    日本学術振興会, 若手研究, 京都大学, 24K17261
  • パワーエレクトロニクス用受動素子のための磁気特性や共振現象を考慮可能なモデル縮約法の開発
    パワーアカデミー研究助成「萌芽研究」
    Jan. 2024 - Dec. 2025
    比留間 真悟
    パワーアカデミー, Principal investigator, 2023-H20
  • Nonlinear reduced-order modeling considering inductive and capacitive effects for high-frequency inductor
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists
    Apr. 2022 - Mar. 2024
    比留間 真悟
    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists, Kyoto University, 22K14237
  • 均質化された電磁機器の低次元モデル生成による高速時間応答解析法の開発
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows
    Apr. 2019 - Mar. 2022
    比留間 真悟
    2019年7月にParis, Franceで行われた国際学会において、「複素透磁率を用いた均質化法」についての研究と「複素透磁率を用いて均質化された系の時間応答解析法」について研究の2件の発表を行った.複素透磁率を用いた均質化法では従来は難しかった任意形状の導体の複素透磁率の連分数表現を簡潔に求めることが可能になった.これにより従来手法よりも幅広い系に均質化法が適用可能となった.
    また、2019年10月には大規模な係数行列を含む伝達関数の連分数近似を求めるCVL (Cauer via Lanczos)法に関連する論文がアクセプトされた.本論文ではMaxwell方程式から縮約モデルとしてCauer回路を得る手法と伝達関数の有理関数近似を求める手法との関係性を明らかにし,伝達関数を連分数近似する手法を新たに提案した.これにより任意の系の有限要素方程式から低次元モデルとしてCauer回路を得ることが可能になった.
    さらに2020年3月には電気学会全国大会(開催中止)に「均質化された変圧器巻線の拡張等価回路の提案」についての原稿投稿を行った.本手法では従来用いられてきた古典的な変圧器巻線の等価回路を渦電流による損失を考慮することができる形に拡張した.巻線の複素透磁率を用いることにより,古典的渦電流損失推定手法であるDowellの式を高周波数まで精度よく拡張することができる.この拡張された推定式を用いることで変圧器巻線の等価回路を拡張している.
    上記の研究は申請者らが提案する「均質化された電磁機器の低次元モデル生成による高速時間応答解析法」の一環として行われたものである.
    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, Hokkaido University, 19J20541
■ Industrial Property Rights
  • 渦電流解析のためのコンピュータ実装方法、システム及びコンピュータプ ログラム
    Patent right, 比留間 真悟; 松尾 哲司; 美舩 健, 国立大学法人京都大学, 株式会社JSOL
    特願PCT/JP2025/ 39655, 12 Nov. 2025
  • 渦電流解析のためのコンピュータ実装方法、システム及びコンピュータプ ログラム
    Patent right, 比留間 真悟, 松尾 哲司, 美舩 健
    特願2025-34800, 05 Mar. 2025
  • 渦電流解析のためのコンピュータ実装方法、システム及びコンピュータプ ログラム
    Patent right, 比留間 真悟; 松尾 哲司; 美舩 健, 国立大学法人京都大学
    特願2024-199933, 15 Nov. 2024