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Yuki Masaki

Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences Division of Human Sciences Department of Behavioral ScienceProfessor
Center for Experimental Research in Social SciencesProfessor

I am a social and cultural psychologist who is interested in what brings about diversity in human psychology and behaviors. By taking a socio-ecological perspective, I investigate how characteristics of social environment that surround us (such as relational mobility, i.e., the degree of freedom in selecting and replacing one's relationships afforded by the environment) may affect a broad range of our psychological and behavioral tendencies.

Researcher basic information

■ Degree
  • Ph.D. in Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo
  • MA in Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo
■ URL
researchmap URLホームページURL■ Various IDs
ORCID IDJ-Global ID■ Research Keywords and Fields
Research Keyword
  • relatonal mobility
  • Socio-ecological psychology
  • cultural psychology
  • cross-cultural psychology
  • cultural differences
  • culture
  • evolution
  • adaptation
  • social identity
  • intergroup behavior
  • group cognition
  • ingroup bias
  • self-esteem
  • social structure
  • self-concept
  • happiness/well-being
  • socio-ecological approach
  • individualism - collectivism
  • trust
Research Field
  • Humanities & Social Sciences, Social psychology
■ Educational Organization

Career

■ Career
Career
  • Apr. 2019 - Present
    Hokkaido University, Department of Behavioral Science, Division of Human Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences, Professor
  • Apr. 2012 - Present
    Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Professor (Director since October 2014)
  • Apr. 2024 - Mar. 2025
    University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Visiting Professor, Canada
  • Apr. 2012 - Mar. 2019
    Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Professor
  • Apr. 2007 - Mar. 2012
    Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Associate Professor
  • Apr. 2007 - Mar. 2012
    Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Associate Professor
  • Apr. 2000 - Mar. 2004
    Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Lecturer
  • Apr. 1998 - Mar. 2000
    Faculty of Letters, Hokkaido University, Lecturer
  • Apr. 1997 - Mar. 1998
    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Post-Doctoral Fellow (PD)
  • Apr. 1996 - Mar. 1997
    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Pre-Doctoral Fellow (DC)
Educational Background
  • 1999, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, 社会文化研究専攻, Japan
  • 1994, The University of Tokyo, 社会学研究科, 社会心理学専攻, Japan
  • 1991, Hitotsubashi University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 社会問題・政策課程, Japan
Committee Memberships
  • Apr. 2025 - Present
    Japanese Society of Social Psychology, Executive Committee Member, Society
  • Mar. 2025 - Present
    Japanese Psychological Association, Delegate, Society
  • Jan. 2023 - Present
    British Journal of Social Psychology, Consulting Editor, Society
  • Mar. 2019 - Present
    International Society for Self & Identity, Executive Committee Member, Society
  • Apr. 2023 - Mar. 2025
    The Japanese Society of Social Psychology, Executive Director (Editor-in-Chief of the "Japanese Journal of Social Psychology"), Society
  • Mar. 2023 - Mar. 2025
    Japanese Psychological Association, Representative, Society
  • Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2023
    Japanese Group Dynamics Association, Executive Committee Member, Society
  • Apr. 2017 - Mar. 2021
    日本社会心理学会, 全国区理事(2017-2020大会運営委員会委員), Society
  • Nov. 2015 - Oct. 2019
    Japanese Psychological Association, Editorial Board Member, Japanese Psychological Research, Society
  • 2013 - Aug. 2016
    International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Chair, Scientific Committee, 2016 International Conference, Society
  • May 2013 - Jul. 2016
    第31回国際心理学会組織委員会, プログラム委員会委員, Society
  • Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2013
    Japanese Group Dynamics Association, Executive Committee Member, Society
  • 2009 - 2011
    Asian Association of Social Psychology, Regional Representative-At-Large (Japan), Society
  • 2006 - 2009
    Japanese Psychological Association, Representative (Hokkaido area), Society
  • 2006 - 2009
    日本社会心理学会, 全国区理事, Society
  • 2005 - 2009
    Asian Association of Social Psychology, 会計担当, Society
  • 2006 - 2008
    日本グループダイナミックス学会, 全国区理事, Society
  • 2002 - 2005
    日本社会心理学会, 国際連携・交流連携委員, Society
  • 1997 - 2002
    日本グループダイナミックス学会, 理事(北海道地区), Society
Position History
  • 研究戦略室室員, 2014年11月1日 - 2015年3月31日
  • 社会科学実験研究センター長, 2014年10月1日 - 2016年9月30日
  • 社会科学実験研究センター長, 2016年10月1日 - 2018年9月30日

Research activity information

■ Awards
  • Sep. 2025, Japanese Society of Social Psychology, 2025 Early Career Paper Award
    Where does the cultural difference in rejection avoidance come from? The role of relational mobility and reputational expectation
    Kusakabe, Haruno;Yugo, Maeda;Yuki, Masaki
  • Sep. 2024, Japanese Psychological Association, 2024 Outstanding Paper Award
    Mediating effects of relational mobility on cultural differences in pride and embarrassment in success
    Maeda, Yugo;Yuki, Masaki, 30915000
  • Feb. 2022, Advances in Cultural Psychology Preconference, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Outstanding Contribution to Cultural Psychology Award
    Masaki Yuki, International academic award
  • Nov. 2020, The Japanese Society of Social Psychology, 2020 Best Paper Award
    What causes cross-cultural dierences in reactions to the Trolley Problem? A cross-cultural study on the roles of relational mobility and reputation expectation
    Shoko Yamamoto;Masaki Yuki
  • Oct. 2016, Japanese Group Dynamics Association, 2015 Outstanding Paper Award
    Relational mobility and intimacy in friendships and romantic relationships: A cross-societal study between Canada and Japan
    Junko Yamada;Mie Kito;Masaki Yuki
  • Feb. 2016, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido University President's Award for Outstanding Education
    YUKI Masaki, Others
  • Feb. 2016, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido University President's Award for Outstanding Research
    YUKI Masaki, Others
  • 2014, Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Fellow
    YUKI Masaki, International society
  • 2012, Japanese Psychological Association, 2012 JPA Award for International Contributions to Psychology (Award for Distinguished Early and Middle Career Contributions)
    YUKI Masaki
  • 2009, Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Fellow
    YUKI Masaki, International society
  • 2006, Japanese Society of Social Psychology, Special Publication Award
    Japan
■ Papers
  • Do Negative Attitudes Toward Deviance Predict Direct and Indirect Social Control? The Moderating Role of Culture
    Wen-Qiao Li; Ami Ishiyama; Masaki Yuki
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Mar. 2026
    Scientific journal
  • Understanding perceived COVID-19 changes, collectivism, and social exclusion: A cross-cultural study in 32 countries
    Xiaoyu Zhou; Alexander Scott English; Liuqing Wei; Ananta Yudiarso; Arobindu Dash; Arun Tipandjan; Ashley Biddle; Benjamin H. Nam; Chinun Boonroungrut; Cicilia Chettiar; Paolini Daniele; Dmitrii Dubrov; Dmitry Grigoryev; Dušana Šakan; Eliza Oliver; Elma Medosevic - Korjenic; Adolfo Fabricio Licoa Campos; Felipe Novaes; Fridanna Maricchiolo; Ginés Navarro-Carrillo; Hacer Belen; Hendrik Gunawan; Huang Jiang; Joep Hofhuis; Jonas R. Kunst; Joonha Park; Jose Candido Pereira Neto; Kaiyue Huang; Katharina Addington-Lefringhausen; Kazi Nur Hossain; Laura Martínez-Buelvas; Mahdi Yousefi; Masaki Yuki; Mehrdad F. Falavarjani; Miriam Schwarzenthal; Monika Klimek-Tulwin; Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka; Nicolas Geeraert; Nuannut Khieowan; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Qian Sun; Richard G. Cowden; Rita Castro; Robert Thomson; Rongtian Tong; Sadia Malik; Samuel Lins; Sanja Batić Očovaj; Shuang Wang; Sibele D. Aquino; Steve Kulich; Tahir Farid; Tales Alves; Thomas Talhelm; Veljko Jovanović; Victoria Wai Lan Yeung; Xiaoyuan Li; Xinyi Zhang
    International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 107, 102198, 102198, Elsevier BV, Jul. 2025
    Scientific journal
  • Prestige Leadership Is More Likely to Emerge in High Job Mobility Environments
    Atsuki Ito; Yugo MAEDA; Matthias S Gobel; Yukiko Uchida; Masaki Yuki
    PsyArXiv, 10 Oct. 2024
  • Where does the cultural difference in rejection avoidance come from? The role of relational mobility and reputational expectation
    Kusakabe Haruno; Maeda Yugo; Yuki Masaki
    Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1, 1, 10, The Japanese Society of Social Psychology, 31 Jul. 2024
    Japanese, Contrary to traditional cultural psychological theories, cross-cultural studies have found that East Asians are not more interdependent than North Americans. Addressing this anomaly, Hashimoto and Yamagishi (2013) proposed that, from an institutional approach, cross-cultural differences should exist in rejection avoidance rather than harmony-seeking tendencies. They argue that this is because, in low relational mobility societies like Japan, where the cost of social exclusion is high, it is adaptive to be attentive to possible negative reputation and behave in a manner that accommodates other people’s expectations through the use of rejection avoidance tendencies. However, it has not been confirmed empirically whether or not cultural differences in relational mobility and the expectation of negative reputation underlie these differences in rejection avoidance. We conducted three online surveys in the US and Japan to test this hypothesis. Results showed that, consistent with our predictions, lower relational mobility among Japanese, compared to Americans, was associated with higher negative reputational expectation, and higher negative reputational expectation was associated with higher rejection avoidance tendencies.
  • Dance for the dead: The role of top-down beliefs for social cohesion and anxiety management in naturally occurring collective rituals
    Briar Irving; Christopher Kavanagh; Ronald Fischer; Masaki Yuki
    PLOS ONE, 21 Mar. 2024
    Scientific journal
  • The Social Cure Properties of Groups Across Cultures: Groups Provide More Support but Have Stronger Norms and Are Less Curative in Relationally Immobile Societies
    Matthew J. Easterbrook; Lusine Grigoryan; Peter B. Smith; Yasin Koc; Vivian Miu Chi Lun; Dona Papastylianou; Claudio Torres; Maria Efremova; Bushra Hassan; Ammar Abbas; Heyla al-Selim; Joel Anderson; Susan E. Cross; Gisela Isabel Delfino; Vladimer Gamsakhurdia; Alin Gavreliuc; Dana Gavreliuc; Pelin Gul; Ceren Gunsoy; Anna Hakobjanyan; Siugmin Lay; Olga Lopukhova; Ping Hu; Diane Sunar; Maria Luisa Mendes Texeira; Doriana Tripodi; Paola Eunice Diaz Rivera; Masaki Yuki; Natsuki Ogusu; Catherine T. Kwantes; Rolando Diaz-Loving; Lorena Perez Floriano; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
    Social Psychological and Personality Science, SAGE Publications, 22 Feb. 2024, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal, We investigate whether the social cure properties of groups vary across cultures, testing hypotheses that the associations between multiple group memberships (MGM) and depressive symptoms will (a) be mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures, and (b) vary systematically with sample-level relational mobility. Analyses of data from a survey ( N = 5,174) conducted within k = 29 samples show that MGM is negatively associated with depressive symptoms, an association fully mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures. In line with our theorizing, in samples with higher levels of relational mobility constraints, the association between MGM and depressive symptoms is weaker, the associations between MGM and social support and between MGM and normative pressures are stronger, and the association between social support and depressive symptoms weaker. The indirect link between MGM and depressive symptoms via social support is significant at both low and high levels of relational mobility constraints.
  • COVID‐19 cases correlates with greater acceptance coping in flexible cultures: A cross‐cultural study in 26 countries
    Xiaoyu Zhou; Alexander Scott English; Steve J Kulich; Lu Zheng; Tales Alves; Sibele D Aquino; Sanja Batić Očovaj; Hacer Belen; Ashley Biddle; Chinun Boonroungru; Fabricio Campos; Rita Castro; Cicilia Chettiar; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Richard G Cowden; Dmitrii Dubrov; Mehrdad F Falavarjani; Tahir Farid; Nicolas Geeraer; Dmitry Grigoryev; Hendrik Gunawan; Joep Hofhuis; Kazi Nur Hossain; Kaiyue Huang; Huang Jiang; Veljko Jovanović; Nuannut Khieowan; Monika Klimek‐Tulwin; Natasza Kosakowska‐Berezecka; Jonas R Kuns; Katharina Lefringhausen; Xiaoyuan Li; Samuel Lins; Sadia Malik; Fridanna Maricchiolo; Laura Martínez‐Buelvas; Elma Medosevic‐Korjenic; Benjamin H Nam; Ginés Navarro‐Carrillo; Jose Candido; Pereira Neto; Felipe Novaes; Eliza Oliver; Daniele Paolini; Joonha Park; Dušana Šakan; Miriam Schwarzenthal; Qian Sun; Thomas Talhelm; Robert Thomson; Arun Tipandjan; Rongtian Tong; Jorge Torres‐Marín; Shuang Wang; Liuqing Wei; Victoria Wai; Lan Yeung; Mahdi Yousefi; Ananta Yudiarso; Masaki Yuki; Xinyi Zhang
    Social and Personality Psychology Compass, e12919, Wiley, 06 Dec. 2023, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal, Abstract

    The current study examines whether the prevalence of COVID‐19 cases and cultural flexibility correlate to one's use of acceptance coping across 26 cultures. We analyzed data from 7476 participants worldwide at the start of the first outbreak from March 2020 to June 2020. Results showed that cultural flexibility moderated the relationship between COVID‐19 cases and individuals' acceptance coping strategies. Specifically, for cultures with high flexibility, COVID‐19 cases correlated with more acceptance coping; for cultures with low flexibility, COVID‐19 cases correlated with less acceptance coping. This result demonstrates how participants from flexible cultures can coexist with the realistic challenges and suffering faced during this pandemic.
  • Mediating Effects of Relational Mobility on Cultural Differences in Pride and Embarrassment in Success
    Yugo Maeda; Masaki Yuki
    The Japanese Journal of Psychology, The Japanese Psychological Association, Dec. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
    Japanese, Scientific journal
  • Need for approval from others and face concerns as predictors of interpersonal conflict outcome in 29 cultural groups
    Vivian Miu‐Chi Lun; Peter B. Smith; Lusine Grigoryan; Claudio Torres; Antonia Papastylianou; Olga G. Lopukhova; Diane Sunar; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Yasin Koc; Heyla A. Selim; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon; Pelin Gul; Lorena Perez Floriano; Rolando Diaz‐Loving; Catherine T. Kwantes; Masaki Yuki; Natsuki Ogusu; Yvette van Osch; Maria Luisa Mendes Texeira; Ping Hu; Ammar Abbas; Doriana Tripodi; Siugmin Lay; Maria Efremova; Bushra Hassan; Abd Halim Ahmad; Ahmed al‐Bayati; Joel Anderson; Susan E. Cross; Gisela Isabel Delfino; Vladimer Gamsakhurdia; Alin Gavreliuc; Dana Gavreliuc; Ceren Gunsoy; Paola Eunice Díaz Rivera; Anna Hakobjanyan
    International Journal of Psychology, Wiley, 27 Jan. 2023
    Scientific journal
  • Lay theories about emotion recognition explain cultural differences in willingness to wear facial masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Fatima Z Nayani; Masaki Yuki; William W Maddux; Joanna Schug
    Current research in ecological and social psychology, 4, 100089, 14 Jan. 2023, [Peer-reviewed], [International Magazine]
    English, Scientific journal, Given that mask-wearing proved to be an important tool to slow the spread of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic, investigating the psychological and cultural factors that influence norms for mask wearing across cultures is exceptionally important. One factor that may influence mask wearing behavior is the degree to which people believe masks potentially impair emotion recognition. Based on previous research suggesting that there may be cultural differences in facial regions that people in Japan and the United States attend to when inferring a target's emotional state, we predicted that Americans would perceive masks (which cover the mouth) as more likely to impair emotion recognition, whereas Japanese would perceive facial coverings that conceal the eye region (sunglasses) to be more likely to impair emotion recognition. The results showed that Japanese participants reported wearing masks more than Americans. Americans also reported higher expected difficulty in interpreting emotions of individuals wearing masks (vs. sunglasses), while Japanese reported the reverse effect. Importantly, expectations about the negative impact of facial masks on emotion recognition explained cultural differences in mask-wearing behavior, even accounting for existing social norms.
  • Outgroup threat and the emergence of cohesive groups: A cross-cultural examination
    Martin Lang; Dimitris Xygalatas; Christopher M. Kavanagh; Natalia Boccardi; Jamin Halberstadt; Chris Jackson; Mercedes Martínez; Paul Reddish; Eddie M. W. Tong; Alexandra Vázquez; Harvey Whitehouse; Maria Emilia Yamamoto; Masaki Yuki; Angel Gomez
    Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25, 7, 136843022110169, 136843022110169, 21 Jul. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Internationally co-authored]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups?
    Peter B. Smith; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Yasin Koc; Vivian Miu-Chi Lun; Dona Papastylianou; Lusine Grigoryan; Claudio Torres; Maria Efremova; Bushra Hassan; Ammar Abbas; Abd Halim Ahmad; Ahmed al-Bayati; Heyla A. Selim; Joel Anderson; Susan E. Cross; Gisela Isabel Delfino; Vladimer Gamsakhurdia; Alin Gavreliuc; Dana Gavreliuc; Pelin Gul; Ceren Günsoy; Anna Hakobjanyan; Siugmin Lay; Olga Lopukhova; Ping Hu; Diane Sunar; Maria Luisa Mendes Texeira; Doriana Tripodi; Paola Eunice Diaz Rivera; Yvette van Osch; Masaki Yuki; Natsuki Ogusu; Catherine T. Kwantes; Rolando Diaz-Loving; Lorena Pérez-Floriano; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
    Cross-Cultural Research, 55, 2-3, 95, 126, SAGE Publications, Jul. 2021, [Peer-reviewed], [Internationally co-authored], [International Magazine]
    English, Scientific journal, This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures was then explored. Key dependent measures included three different facets of independent versus interdependent self-construal, relevant attitudes and values, reported handling of actual interpersonal conflicts, and responses to normative settings. Multilevel analyses revealed both individual- and sample-level effects but the dignity measure showed more individual-level effects, whereas sample-level effects were relatively more important with the face measure. The implications of this contrast are discussed.
  • Sex Differences in Self-Construal and in Depressive Symptoms: Predictors of Cross-National Variation
    Peter B. Smith; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Heyla al-Selim; Vivian Miu Chi Lun; Yasin Koc; Pelin Gul; Dona Papastylianou; Lusine Grigoryan; Claudio Torres; Maria Efremova; Bushra Hassan; Abd Halim Ahmad; Ahmed al-Bayati; Joel Anderson; Susan E. Cross; Gisela Isabel Delfino; Vladimer Gamsakhurdia; Alin Gavreliuc; Dana Gavreliuc; Ceren Gunsoy; Anna Hakobjanyan; Siugmin Lay; Olga Lopukhova; Ping Hu; Diane Sunar; Maria Luisa Mendes Texeira; Doriana Tripodi; Paola Eunice Diaz Rivera; Yvette van Osch; Masaki Yuki; Ammar Abbas; Natsuki Ogusu; Catherine T. Kwantes; Rolando Diaz-Loving; Lorena Perez Floriano; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51, 7-8, 616, 635, 01 Sep. 2020, [Peer-reviewed]
    Scientific journal
  • Does relational mobility vary across national regions? A within-country examination
    Taciano L. Milfont; Robert Thomson; Masaki Yuki
    PLOS ONE, 15, 7, e0235172, e0235172, Public Library of Science (PLoS), 02 Jul. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Last author]
    Scientific journal
  • Psychological consequences of relational mobility
    Masaki Yuki; Joanna Schug
    Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 129, 132, 01 Apr. 2020, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited], [Lead author, Corresponding author]
    English, Scientific journal
  • What causes cross-cultural differences in the reactions to Trolley Problem? A cross-cultural study on the roles of relational mobility and reputation expectation (in Japanese)
    Yamamoto, S; Yuki, M
    Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 2, 61, 71, 2019, [Peer-reviewed]
    Japanese, Scientific journal, The Trolley Problem is a well-known moral dilemma that deals with the morality of saving many people’s lives at the expense of a smaller number of others. A recent cross-cultural study found that, while the morality rating attributed to the action did not differ, there was a cultural difference in participants’ intention to act in a given way. From a socioecological perspective, we propose that this could be due to cross-societal differences in the expected reputation that others would assign to the actor for performing the action, which in turn stems from different levels of relational mobility in the respective social ecology. Supporting our theory, a vignette study with US and Japanese participants showed that 1) while there was no cultural difference in morality ratings, among those who judged the action to be morally correct, the Japanese participants showed less action intention than the American participants; 2) the Japanese participants expected a less positive reputation for their action from others than did the American participants; and 3) the weaker action intention among the Japanese participants was associated with the smaller relational mobility and weaker positive reputation expected for action.
  • Relational mobility predicts social behaviors in 39 countries and is tied to historical farming and threat
    Robert Thomson; Masaki Yuki; Thomas Talhelm; Joanna Schug; Mie Kito; Arin H. Ayanian; Julia C. Becker; Maja Becker; Chi-yue Chiu; Hoon-Seok Choi; Carolina M. Ferreira; Marta F; löp; Pelin Gul; Ana Maria Houghton-Illera; Mihkel Joasoo; Jonathan Jong; Christopher M. Kavanagh; Dmytro Khutkyy; Claudia Manzi; Urszula M. Marcinkowska; Taciano L. Milfont; F{\'{e } }lix Neto; Timo von Oertzen; Ruthie Pliskin; Alvaro San Martin; Purnima Singh; Mariko L. Visserman
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 29, 7521, 7526, Jul. 2018, [Peer-reviewed], [Corresponding author]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Being oneself through time: Bases of self-continuity across 55 cultures*
    Maja Becker; Vivian L. Vignoles; Ellinor Owe; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Rupert Brown; Peter B. Smith; Sami Abuhamdeh; Boris Cendales Ayala; Ragna B. Garðarsdóttir; Ana Torres; Leoncio Camino; Michael Harris Bond; George Nizharadze; Benjamin Amponsah; Inge Schweiger Gallo; Paula Prieto Gil; Raquel Lorente Clemares; Gabriella Campara; Agustín Espinosa; Masaki Yuki; Xiao Zhang; Jianxin Zhang; Martina Zinkeng; Juan A. Villamar; Ersin Kusdil; Selinay Çağlar; Camillo Regalia; Claudia Manzi; Maria Brambilla; David Bourguignon; Bettina Möller; Márta Fülöp; Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal; Tom Pyszczynski; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Nicolay Gausel; Pelin Kesebir; Ginette Herman; Marie Courtois; Charles Harb; Baland Jalal; Alexander Tatarko; Said Aldhafri; Robert Kreuzbauer; Silvia H. Koller; Kassahun Habtamu Mekonnen; Ronald Fischer; Taciano L. Milfont; Sabrina E. Des Rosiers; Jas Laile Jaafar; Mariana Martin; Peter Baguma; Shaobo Lv; Seth J. Schwartz; Alin Gavreliuc; Immo Fritsche; Roberto González; Nicolas Didier; Diego Carrasco; Siugmin Lay
    Self and Identity, 17, 3, 276, 293, Taylor and Francis Ltd., 04 May 2018, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • The Negative Consequences of Maximizing in Friendship Selection
    David B. Newman; Joanna Schug; Masaki Yuki; Junko Yamada; John B. Nezlek
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 5, 804, 824, American Psychological Association Inc., 01 May 2018, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Passion, relational mobility, and proof of commitment: A comparative socio–ecological analysis of an adaptive emotion in a sexual market
    Junko Yamada; Mie Kito; Masaki Yuki
    EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, 15, 4, 1474704917746056, Dec. 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Culture and Group Processes.
    Kavanagh, C; Yuki, M
    Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5, 4, Jun. 2017, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited]
    English, Scientific journal, Contrary to traditional views of North Americans as strongly individualistic, accumulating evidence indicates that they are actually also highly collectivistic, or group-oriented, when compared to people in other parts of the world. Review of previous findings suggest an alternative view; cultural differences in group-behavior and psychology does not reside in the levels of collectivism, or the strength and amount of identity and loyalty to the group, but rather in the type of psychological processes that bring about those phenomena: specifically, an orientation towards intergroup differentiation and comparisons in North American cultures versus an orientation towards intragroup relationships in East Asian cultures. In addition, we offer a possible account for why such a difference could exist based on a socio-ecological perspective, focusing specifically on the role of relational mobility.
  • Relational mobility and close relationships: A socioecological approach to explain cross-cultural differences
    Mie Kito; Masaki Yuki; Robert Thomson
    Personal Relationships, 24, 1, 114, 130, Mar. 2017, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Individual and culture-level components of survey response styles: A multi-level analysis using cultural models of selfhood
    Peter B. Smith; Vivian L. Vignoles; Maja Becker; Ellinor Owe; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Rupert Brown; David Bourguignon; Ragna B. Gardarsdottir; Robert Kreuzbauer; Boris Cendales Ayala; Masaki Yuki; Jianxin Zhang; Shaobo Lv; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Jas Laile Jaafar; Ronald Fischer; Taciano L. Milfont; Alin Gavreliuc; Peter Baguma; Michael Harris Bond; Mariana Martin; Nicolay Gausel; Seth J. Schwartz; Sabrina E. Des Rosiers; Alexander Tatarko; Roberto Gonzalez; Nicolas Didier; Diego Carrasco; Siugmin Lay; George Nizharadze; Ana Torres; Leoncio Camino; Sami Abuhamdeh; Ma Elizabeth J. Macapagal; Silvia H. Koller; Ginette Herman; Marie Courtois; Immo Fritsche; Agustin Espinosa; Juan A. Villamar; Camillo Regalia; Claudia Manzi; Maria Brambilla; Martina Zinkeng; Baland Jalal; Ersin Kusdil; Benjamin Amponsah; Selinay Caglar; Kassahun Habtamu Mekonnen; Bettina Moeller; Xiao Zhang; Inge Schweiger Gallo; Paula Prieto Gil; Raquel Lorente Clemares; Gabriella Campara; Said Aldhafri; Marta Fulop; Tom Pyszczynski; Pelin Kesebir; Charles Harb
    International Journal of Psychology, 51, 6, 453, 463, Dec. 2016, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Beyond the 'East-West' Dichotomy: Global Variation in Cultural Models of Selfhood
    Vivian L. Vignoles; Ellinor Owe; Maja Becker; Peter B. Smith; Matthew J. Easterbrook; Rupert Brown; Roberto Gonzalez; Nicolas Didier; Diego Carrasco; Maria Paz Cadena; Siugmin Lay; Seth J. Schwartz; Sabrina E. Des Rosiers; Juan A. Villamar; Alin Gavreliuc; Martina Zinkeng; Robert Kreuzbauer; Peter Baguma; Mariana Martin; Alexander Tatarko; Ginette Herman; Isabelle de Sauvage; Marie Courtois; Ragna B. Gardarsdottir; Charles Harb; Inge Schweiger Gallo; Paula Prieto Gil; Raquel Lorente Clemares; Gabriella Campara; George Nizharadze; Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal; Baland Jalal; David Bourguignon; Jianxin Zhang; Shaobo Lv; Aneta Chybicka; Masaki Yuki; Xiao Zhang; Agustin Espinosa; Aune Valk; Sami Abuhamdeh; Benjamin Amponsah; Emre Ozgen; E. Ulku Guner; Nil Yamakoglu; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Tom Pyszczynski; Pelin Kesebir; Elvia Vargas Trujillo; Paola Balanta; Boris Cendales Ayala; Silvia H. Koller; Jas Laile Jaafar; Nicolay Gausel; Ronald Fischer; Taciano L. Milfont; Ersin Kusdil; Selinay Caglar; Said Aldhafri; M. Cristina Ferreira; Kassahun Habtamu Mekonnen; Qian Wang; Marta Fulop; Ana Torres; Leoncio Camino; Flavia Cristina Silveira Lemos; Immo Fritsche; Bettina Moeller; Camillo Regalia; Claudia Manzi; Maria Brambilla; Michael Harris Bond
    JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL, 145, 8, 966, 1000, Aug. 2016, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • A socio-ecological approach to national differences in online privacy concern: The role of relational mobility and trust
    Robert Thomson; Masaki Yuki; Naoya Ito
    Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 285, 292, Oct. 2015, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • The psychology of residential and relational mobilities
    Oishi, SHIGEHIRO; Schug, JOANNA; Yuki, MASAKI; Axt, JORDAN
    Handbook of advances in culture and psychology, 5, 221, 272, Oxford University Press, 2015
    Scientific journal
  • Relational mobility and intimacy in friendships and romantic relationships: A cross-societal study between Canada and Japan
    Yamada, J; Kito, M; Yuki, M
    Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 1, 18, 27, 2015, [Peer-reviewed]
    Japanese, Scientific journal
  • How to win (and lose) friendships across cultures: Why relational mobility matters.
    Robert Thomson; Masaki Yuki
    In-Mind Magazine, 6, 26, 2015, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited]
    English, Scientific journal
  • A Socio-Ecological Approach to Cross-Cultural Differences in the Sensitivity to Social Rejection: The Partially Mediating Role of Relational Mobility
    Kosuke Sato; Masaki Yuki; Vinai Norasakkunkit
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 10, 1549, 1560, Nov. 2014, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • The association between self-esteem and happiness differs in relationally mobile vs. stable interpersonal contexts
    Kosuke Sato; Masaki Yuki
    Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1113, Oct. 2014, [Peer-reviewed], [Invited]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Social ecology moderates the association between self-esteem and happiness
    Masaki Yuki; Kosuke Sato; Kosuke Takemura; Shigehiro Oishi
    Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 4, 741, 746, Jul. 2013, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Intergroup Comparison and Intragroup Relationships: Group Processes in the Cultures of Individualism
    Yuki, Masaki; Takemura, Kosuke
    Culture and Group Processes, 38, 38, Oxford University Press, 2013
    Scientific journal
  • Culture and group processes
    Brewer, Marilynn B; Y{\=u}ki, Masaki
    Oxford University Press, 2013
  • Contextualism as an important facet of individualism-collectivism: Personhood beliefs across 37 national groups
    Ellinor Owe; Vivian L. Vignoles; Maja Becker; Rupert Brown; Peter B. Smith; Spike W.S. Lee; Matt Easterbrook; Tanuja Gadre; Xiao Zhang; Mirona Gheorghiu; Peter Baguma; Alexander Tatarko; Said Aldhafri; Martina Zinkeng; Seth J. Schwartz; Sabrina E. Des Rosiers; Juan A. Villamar; Kassahun Habtamu Mekonnen; Camillo Regalia; Claudia Manzi; Maria Brambilla; Ersin Kusdil; Selinay Çaǧlar; Alin Gavreliuc; Mariana Martin; Zhang Jianxin; Shaobo Lv; Ronald Fischer; Taciano L. Milfont; Ana Torres; Leoncio Camino; Robert Kreuzbauer; Nicolay Gausel; Johanna H. Buitendach; Flávia Cristina Silveira Lemos; Immo Fritsche; Bettina Möller; Charles Harb; Aune Valk; Agustín Espinosa; Jas Laile Jaafar; Masaki Yuki; M. Cristina Ferreira; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Márta Fülöp; Aneta Chybicka; Qian Wang; Michael Harris Bond; Roberto González; Nicolas Didier; Diego Carrasco; Maria Paz Cadena; Siugmin Lay; Ragna B. Gardarsdóttir; George Nizharadze; Tom Pyszczynski; Pelin Kesebir; Ginette Herman; Isabelle de Sauvage; Marie Courtois; David Bourguignon; Emre Özgen; Ülku E. Güner; Nil Yamakoǧlu; Sami Abuhamdeh; Andrew Mogaji; Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal; Silvia H. Koller; Benjamin Amponsah; Girishwar Misra; Preeti Kapur; Elvia Vargas Trujillo; Paola Balanta; Boris Cendales Ayala; Inge Schweiger Gallo; Paula Prieto Gil; Raquel Lorente Clemares; Gabriella Campara; Baland Jalal
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1, 24, 45, Jan. 2013, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • 適応論へのご招待 (大坊郁夫教授退職記念号) -- (拡がる世界、狭まる視界 : 適応方略の不合理性、不合理な心性の合理性)
    結城 雅樹
    対人社会心理学研究, 0, 12, 17, 19, 大阪大学大学院人間科学研究科対人社会心理学研究室, Mar. 2012
    Japanese
  • The moderating effect of socio-ecology on the determinants of happiness : A cross-situational comparison
    佐藤 剛介; 結城 雅樹; 竹村 幸祐
    北海道心理学研究, 0, 34, 21, 33, 北海道心理学会, 2011
    Japanese
  • Attending inside or outside: A Japanese-US comparison of spontaneous memory of group information
    Kosuke Takemura; Masaki Yuki; Yohsuke Ohtsubo
    ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 13, 4, 303, 307, Dec. 2010, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Relational Mobility Explains Between- and Within-Culture Differences in Self-Disclosure to Close Friends
    Joanna Schug; Masaki Yuki; William Maddux
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 21, 10, 1471, 1478, Oct. 2010, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Similarity attraction and actually selecting similar others: How cross-societal differences in relational mobility affect interpersonal similarity in Japan and the USA
    Joanna Schug; Masaki Yuki; Hiroki Horikawa; Kosuke Takemura
    ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 12, 2, 95, 103, Jun. 2009, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Why Do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?
    Carl F. Falk; Steven J. Heine; Masaki Yuki; Kosuke Takemura
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, 23, 3, 183, 203, May 2009, [Peer-reviewed]
    English
  • Intergroup threat and intragroup interdependence: Multiplicity of psychological processes behind ingroup favoritism, and their distinct elicitors
    Yokota Kunihiro; Yuki Masaki
    The Japanese journal of psychology, 80, 3, 246, 251, The Japanese Psychological Association, 2009, [Peer-reviewed]
    Japanese, Scientific journal, Recent research has suggested that two distinct psychological processes lead to ingroup favoritism in the minimal group paradigm (MGP) : the motivation to gain positive intergroup distinctiveness, and the motivation to maintain intragroup cooperation. In this study, we tested a hypothesis based on the adaptationist perspective, that different situational cues suggesting intergroup threat or intragroup interdependence would elicit ingroup favoritism via these distinct psychological processes. Ninety-one Japanese undergraduates participated in a minimal group experiment and performed a reward allocation task. The results supported our predictions. Participants did not show ingroup favoritism in the control condition, where only pure ingroup-outgroup categorization was made. However, they showed ingroup favoritism when they were exposed to intergroup threat in an ostensibly unrelated task prior to reward allocation (intergroup threat condition). Moreover, a positive correlation between ingroup favoritism and the motivation to maximize positive intergroup distinctiveness was observed only in the intergroup threat condition. Likewise, participants showed ingroup favoritism in the interdependence condition, where they were presented with cues suggesting interdependence within the ingroup. The significance and implications of the findings are discussed.
  • The primal warrior: Outgroup threat priming enhances intergroup discrimination in men but not women
    Masaki Yuki; Kunihiro Yokota
    JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 45, 1, 271, 274, Jan. 2009, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Culture, trust, and social networks
    Tasuku Igarashi; Yoshihisa Kashima; Emiko S. Kashima; Tomas Farsides; Uichol Kim; Fritz Strack; Lioba Werth; Masaki Yuki
    ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 11, 1, 88, 101, Mar. 2008, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States
    Masaki Yuki; William W. Maddux; Takahiko Masuda
    JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 43, 2, 303, 311, Mar. 2007, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Are Japanese groups more competitive than Japanese individuals? A cross-cultural validation of the interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect
    Kosuke Takemura; Masaki Yuki
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 42, 1, 27, 35, Feb. 2007, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • The "ripple effect": Cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events
    WW Maddux; M Yuki
    PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN, 32, 5, 669, 683, May 2006, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Social representations of events and people in world history across 12 cultures
    James H. Liu; Rebekah Goldstein-Hawes; Denis Hilton; Li-Li Huang; Cecilia Gastardo-Conaco; Emma Dresler-Hawke; Florence Pittolo; Ying-Yi Hong; Colleen Ward; Sheela Abraham; Yoshihisa Kashima; Emiko Kashima; Megumi M. Ohashi; Masaki Yuki; Yukako Hidaka
    Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 2, 171, 191, Mar. 2005, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Culture, essentialism, and agency: Are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups?
    Y Kashima; E Kashima; CY Chiu; T Farsides; M Gelfand; YY Hong; U Kim; F Strack; L Werth; M Yuki; Yzerbyt, V
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 35, 2, 147, 169, Mar. 2005, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Cross-cultural differences in relationship- and group-based trust
    M Yuki; WW Maddux; MB Brewer; K Takemura
    PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN, 31, 1, 48, 62, Jan. 2005, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • The effects of personal and collective mortality salience on individualism: Comparing Australians and Japanese with higher and lower self-esteem
    ES Kashima; M Halloran; M Yuki; Y Kashima
    JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 40, 3, 384, 392, May 2004, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
  • Culture and context-sensitive self: The amount and meaning of context-sensitivity of phenomenal self differ across cultures
    Kashima, Emiko; Farsides, Thomas; Kim, Uichol; Strack, Fritz; Werth, Lioba; Yuki, Masaki; Kashima, Yoshihisa
    Self and Identity, 3, 2, 125, 141, Informa UK Limited, Apr. 2004, [Internationally co-authored], [International Magazine]
    Scientific journal, Self-concepts change from context to context. The experience that one's self is context-sensitive may be universal, however the amount and meaning of context-sensitive self vary across cultures. Cross-cultural differences in the amount and meaning of context-sensitive self were investigated in three Western cultures (Australia, Germany, and UK) and two East Asian cultures (Japan and Korea). The amount of context-sensitivity of self was greater in Japan than in Western cultures and Korea. The meaning of context-sensitive self also varied across cultures. In the Western cultures, a context-invariant self was seen to be clear and true; however, these patterns were not observed in the East Asian cultures. In Korea, a context-invariant self was interpreted to be exhibiting a relational self, which adheres to the ethics of care. In Japan, it was a context-sensitive self that was seen to be true, implying that the true self in Japan may mean to be true to the self-in-context, rather than the transcendental, decontextualized self. The results suggest the importance of differentiating East Asian cultures such as Japan and Korea. The utility of quantitative methods in explicating cultural meaning was highlighted.
  • CULTURE, GENDER, AND SELF - A PERSPECTIVE FROM INDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISM RESEARCH
    Y KASHIMA; U KIM; MJ GELFAND; S YAMAGUCHI; SC CHOI; M YUKI
    JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 69, 5, 925, 937, Nov. 1995, [Peer-reviewed]
    English, Scientific journal
■ Other Activities and Achievements
■ Books and other publications
■ Lectures, oral presentations, etc.
  • Relational Mobility and Reputation Management Explain Cultural Differences in Assertiveness
    Masaki Yuki; Yugo Maeda
    2026 Convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 28 Feb. 2026, English, Public symposium
    48270874;44546775, [Invited]
  • 〔Major achievements〕Relational Mobility: Explaining the WEIRD Coexistence of Independence and Prosociality among North Americans from a Socio-Ecological Perspective
    Yuki, Masaki
    Invited Workshop Talk at the Culture and Cognition Lab, University of Alberta, 24 Jan. 2025, English, Nominated symposium
    [Invited]
  • 〔Major achievements〕Relational Mobility: Explaining the WEIRD coexistence of independence and prosociality among North Americans from a socio-ecological perspective
    Yuki, Masaki
    Distinguished Guest Talk at the Social-Personality Psychology Workshop, University of British Columbia, 23 Sep. 2024, English, Nominated symposium
    [Invited]
  • 〔主要な業績〕心の多様性と社会の多様性-文化心理学・社会生態心理学からのアプローチ
    結城雅樹
    日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所『文化の測定と比較、形成要因に関する予備的考察』研究会, 22 Sep. 2023, Japanese, Public discourse
    [Invited]
  • Politics aside, Culture explains why East Asian countries have continued to fare better during the pandemic
    Masaki Yuki (Discussant)
    2022 International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16 Jul. 2022, English, Public symposium
  • 〔主要な業績〕「心の文化差」を「社会差」で説明する
    結城雅樹
    2022年度心の科学集中レクチャー(京都大学人と社会の未来研究院), Public discourse
    01 Mar. 2022 - 03 Mar. 2022, [Invited]
  • 〔Major achievements〕Low Relational Mobility, Fear of Sticking Out, and Concealment of Prosocial Behaviours
    Masaki Yuki
    Cooperation Colloquium, 16 Oct. 2021, Amsterdam Cooperation Lab at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Personality and Social Psychology Group at the University of Copenhagen; Chair of Economic Psychology at the University of Vienna, English, Public discourse
    Amsterdam/Copenhagen/Vienna (online), Netherlands, 30915000, [Invited], [International presentation]
  • 〔Major achievements〕Why are people in individualistic cultures more proactive in interpersonal relationships than in collectivistic cultures? The role of relational mobility
    Masaki Yuki
    C&V Webinar (Monthly Multidisciplinary Webinars on Culture and Values), 15 Jul. 2021, English, Public discourse
    12133971, [Invited]
  • 〔Major achievements〕Relational Mobility: A socio-ecological factor to explain cross-cultural differences in interpersonal behaviours
    Masaki Yuki
    Invited talk at the Sussex School of Psychology Colloquium, 28 Nov. 2020, English, Public discourse
    [Invited]
  • Discussant
    Masaki Yuki
    61st Conference of the Japanese Society of Social Psychology, 08 Nov. 2020, Japanese, Nominated symposium
    07 Nov. 2020 - 08 Nov. 2020, [Invited]
  • Low Relational Mobility, Fear of Sticking Out, and Embarrassment about Remarkable Contributions in the East Asian Ecological Context
    Masaki Yuki; Yugo Maeda; Wen-Qiao Li; FenZhi Zhang
    2020 Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Convention, English, Public symposium
    27 Feb. 2020 - 29 Feb. 2020, 30915000
  • Are There Cultural Differences in Positive Empathy? The Role of Relational Mobility
    Arato Okuyama; Masaki Yuki
    2020 Society for Personality and Social Psychology Annual Convention, English, Poster presentation
    27 Feb. 2020 - 29 Feb. 2020
  • Why aren’t Japanese happy when praised in public?: The roles of relational mobility and tall poppy beliefs
    Matsushima, Y; Zhang, F; Yuki, M
    2019 Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Feb. 2019, English, Poster presentation
    Portland, OR, [International presentation]
  • 出る杭が打たれる社会の人々は人前で褒められたくない
    張鳳芝; 結城雅樹
    日本社会心理学会第59回大会, Aug. 2018, Japanese, Poster presentation
    [Domestic Conference]
  • Greater relational mobility is associated with stronger empathic concern: An adaptationist perspective
    Yuki, M; Yamamoto, S; Tsuji, S
    The 24th Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Jul. 2018, English, Nominated symposium
    Guelph, Canada, [Invited], [International presentation]
  • The openness and closeness of social environment - 39-country investigation of its causes and consequences
    Masaki Yuki; Thomas Talhelm; Joanna Schug; Mie Kito; Arin Ayanian; Julia Becker; Maja Becker; Chi-Yue Chiu; Hoon-Seok Choi; Carolina M Ferreria; Marta Fülöp; Pelin Gul; Ana Maria Houghton-Illera; Mikhel Joasoo; Jonathan Jong; Christopher Kavanagh; Dmytro Khutkyy; Claudia Manzi; Urszula M Marcinkowska; Taciano L. Milfont; Felix Neto; Ruthie Pliskin; Alvaro San Martin; Purnima Singh; Mariko L Visserman
    The 10th Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution and Behavior Society - Japan, Dec. 2017, Japanese, Oral presentation
    Nagoya University of Technology, [Domestic Conference]
  • Effects of relational mobility on regulatory focus
    Yuki, M; Hino, S; Yamamoto, S
    The 64th Meeting of the Japanese Group Dynamics Association, Sep. 2017, Japanese, Poster presentation
    [Domestic Conference]
  • Do extreme rituals produce consistent psychological effects? A quasi-experimental study of Japanese firewalking festivals.
    Kavanagh, C; Tsuchida, S; Jong, J; Yuki, M; Whitehouse, H
    Evolution of Religion II, 2017
  • 〔Major achievements〕Intergroup Comparison and Intragroup Relationships: Group Processes in the Cultures of Individualism and Collectivism
    YUKI Masaki
    Institut für Psychologie, Universität Osnabrück, English, Invited oral presentation
    Osnabrueck, Germany, I propose that different types of cognitive representations of groups, as well as motivations underlying group behaviors, are predominant in so-called “individualistic” and “collectivistic” cultures. People in individualistic cultures, as depicted in Social Identity Theory, tend to see the ingroup as a depersonalized entity, defined in terms of the ingroup prototype, in a comparative context with the outgroup. The maximization of ingroup-outgroup status differences is a major motivation underlying group behaviors. On the contrary, people in collectivistic cultures tend to represent the ingroup as a stable and structured interpersonal network among cognitively personalized members, and they are motivated to maintain cooperative and harmonious relationships within the ingroup; outgroup discrimination is a by-product rather than the cause of this process. A review of cultural psychological studies, including those addressing self-concept, determinants of ingroup identity and loyalty, attention to group characteristics, bases of group-based trust, and intergroup discrimination, support this hypothesis. Finally, I will propose a new account for the origin of these “cultural” differences from a socio-ecological perspective, focusing on the role of “relational mobility.”, [Invited], [International presentation]
■ Syllabus
  • 卒業論文, 2024年, 学士課程, 文学部
  • 修士論文, 2024年, 修士課程, 文学院
  • 修士論文・特定課題指導特殊演習, 2024年, 修士課程, 文学院
■ Affiliated academic society
  • International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology
  • 人間行動進化学会
  • 日本グループダイナミックス学会
  • Asian Association of Social Psychology
  • Association for Psychological Science
  • Society for Personality and Social Psychology
  • 日本心理学会
  • 日本社会心理学会
  • 北海道心理学会
  • Society for Experimental Social Psychology
■ Research Themes
  • 高関係流動性下の自己奉仕性と向社会性のパラドクス-ポジティブ評判期待の役割
    科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
    01 Apr. 2023 - 31 Mar. 2028
    結城 雅樹
    日本学術振興会, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, 23H01029
  • Comparative Socio-Ecological Psychology of Praise Behavior: What Distinguishes Between the Societies of Praise and Non-Praise
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
    01 Apr. 2019 - 31 Mar. 2023
    結城 雅樹
    検討課題①「称賛行動を促進/抑制する社会環境要因の検討」:1)関係流動性と、ポジティブ・ネガティブ評判情報に対する敏感さ、またそれらの行動的帰結との関連を、日米でのオンライン調査で検討した。その結果、予測通り、自己主張度の文化差を、関係流動性とポジティブ評判追求傾向が統計的に説明した。2)予定していたベトナム国内の比較研究は、方法上の問題により、来年度以降に持ち越した。
    検討課題②「被称賛への情動反応の社会差とその原因」:1)日米人を対象に、成功時の誇り・羞恥感情経験と関係流動性の関連の追試を行った。その結果、先行研究の結果が再現された。2)日米人が、成功場面で誇りもしくは羞恥を表出している人物をどう評価するかを比較した。しかし、測定尺度の問題が示唆され、来年度に問題を修正して再検討する。3)新型コロナウイルス流行収束の先行きが見えないため、予定していた唾液による感情測定を断念し、表情による測定の準備を開始した。
    検討課題③「称賛・批判システムと協力行動の関連」:1)協力行動の隠蔽の文化差を検討した。協力隠蔽傾向が、関係流動性の低さ、ポジティブ評判の低さ、およびネガティブ評判期待の高さと関連していた。2)関係流動性と協力隠蔽との因果関係を検証する実験研究を行った。実験操作がうまくいかず、来年度以降の継続課題となった。3)協力行動を質的に二分し、関係流動性との関連を検討する研究を開始した。4)寄付行動と評判期待の関連を検討する調査を行った(データ分析中)。
    検討課題④:青年期における被称賛、被批判経験が、成人後の行動傾向や心理傾向に与える影響をオンライン調査で検討した。明確な結果は得られなかった。
    検討課題⑤:新型コロナウイルスの世界的流行により関係流動性が低下した可能性をふまえ、追加課題として、パンデミック以前の関係流動性を想起法で捉える心理尺度を新たに開発した。
    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Hokkaido University, 19H01745
  • 「自動運転車と共生する社会-その基盤整備に向けた包括的提言」プロジェクト(特別研究員)
    研究調査プロジェクト
    2023
    IATSS 公益財団法人国際交通安全学会, Others
  • The Kindness Test project
    2021
    Robin Banerjee; Claudia Hammond; Dan Cullen; Lucie Crowter; Jenny Gu; Marusa Levstek; Kate Cavanagh; Clara Strauss; Rona Hart; Daniel Campbell-Meiklejohn; Michelle Lefevre; Anne-Meike Fechter; Zahira Jaser; Gillian Sandstrom; Michael Banissy; Jo Cutler; Pat Lockwoo; Masaki Yuki
    The Kindness Test project is led by a team of researchers in the Sussex Kindness Research network, based at the University of Sussex, in partnership with BBC Radio 4. The aim is to learn more about how people's attitudes and experiences might vary across different groups, and how experiences of kindness might relate to health, well-being, and other social and psychological experiences.
    University of Sussex, Coinvestigator not use grants
  • Social constraints and individual constraints: Interaction effects between relational mobility and market value on interpersonal tactics
    Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (B)
    Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2019
    Masaki YUKI
    From a socio-ecological perspective, I investigated (1) psychological and behavioral consequences as well as natural- and social-ecological antecedents of relational mobility, and (2) the interaction effect between relational mobility (societal factor) and interpersonal market value (individual factor) on the selection of behavioral tactics in the interpersonal domain. Analyses of cross-cultural data found a wide-range of psychological and behavioral consequences and ecological antecedents of relational mobility. They also found societal and individual factors predicting several interpersonal emotions and behavioral tactics such as passion, jealousy, commitment proving behaviors, and mate retention behaviors, and suggest their adaptive values.
    Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Hokkaido University, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 15H03445
  • インターネットにおける対人行動戦略の多様性とその原因-社会生態学的アプローチ
    科学研究費助成事業
    22 Apr. 2016 - 31 Mar. 2018
    結城 雅樹; THOMSON ROBERT
    Two cross-cultural studies were conducted between Japan and the US, testing two key theories related to the research project: cross cultural differences in 1) self-promotion tendencies on SNS and 2) interpersonal strategies relating to context collapse on SNS.


    Results from these studies were presented at both national and international conferences -- the JSSP conference in Osaka (Japan) and the IACCP conference in Nagoya (Japan). Dr. Thomson also presented at the 3MC conference in Chicago (USA). Here, he shared his methods for recruiting participants to large-scale multi-country studies, and gathered valuable feedback from professionals in the field. This feedback channeled into preparation for the large-scale study planned for the second year of this research project.
    日本学術振興会, 特別研究員奨励費, 北海道大学, 16F16016
  • A society that punishes a good deed: An investigation of the inhibition of over-cooperation from a socio-ecological perspective
    Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (C)
    Apr. 2012 - Mar. 2015
    Masaki YUKI
    Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding
  • Self-Esteem Is an Adaptive Device in Societies High in Relational Mobility
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(C))
    2008 - 2010
    Masaki YUKI
    Seven multi-method studies, such as a secondary analysis of public domain data, questionnaire survey, quasi-experiment, and laboratory experiment, examined social functions of self-esteem. Results indicate that 1) the effect of self-esteem on happiness is stronger in social contexts high, rather than low, in relational mobility, where there is a greater amount of choices in interpersonal relationships, 2) self-esteem has an "interpersonal booster-function" (i.e. motivating individuals to approach strangers), which is adaptive in social contexts high in relational mobility, and 3) self-estee...
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(C), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 20530563
  • Adaptive foundations of the group-bounded behavior
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))
    2007 - 2010
    Toshio YAMAGISHI; 結城 雅樹; 神 信人; 渡部 幹
    We have demonstrated through a series of minimal group experiments that the proximate psychological mechanism to induce individuals to favor members of their own group is in reputation psychology including sensitivity to his or her reputation within his or her own group. By empirically demonstrating the operation of this reputation psychology, the findings in this study provide a strong support to the indirect reciprocity principle, as compared to group-selection principle, as the evolutionary foundation of the in-group favoring behavior commonly observed in human society.
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 19330139
  • Research on socio-ecological bases of "primitive empathy" and its psychological architecture
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))
    2005 - 2007
    Tatsuya KAMEDA; ウェア ポール; 結城 雅樹; 中島 晃
    Research on human ability to empathize with others is a core question encompassing natural sciences including evolutionary biology as well as human sciences, and constitutes one of the fundamental questions to understand human sociality. This project was focused on basic socio-emotional processes called "primitive empathy." This project revolved around theory-building about emotional synchronization within pairs, and has succeeded in empirically identifying a phenomenon called "facial mimicry." This is a phenomenon whereby a person replicates another person's facial expression on his/her ow...
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 17330133
  • 集団行動と集団認知に文化と社会構造が与える影響に関する研究
    科学研究費補助金(若手研究(A))
    2004 - 2006
    結城 雅樹
    本研究の目的は、集団行動と集団認知に文化と社会構造が与える影響を明らかにすることであった。平成18年度は、以下の研究を行い、重要な知見と示唆を得た。・研究1.集団状況での注意配分と記憶に関する目米比較:仮想の集団状況のシナリオを用いた実験を日米で行ったところ、Yuki(2003)のモデルから予測されるとおり、日本人は集団内の対人関係に関する情報を、一方のアメリカ人は集団問の相対的地位に関する情報をより正確に記憶することが示された。・研究2.類似性一魅力効果と関係流動性#2:日米における質問紙調査の結果、予測通り、社会関係流動性の高い社会に住むアメリカ人の方が、流動性の低い社会に住む日本人よりも、自己と友人の類似性知覚が高かった。・研究3.関係流動性尺度の改善:社会構造の流動性を測定するために前年度に開発を始めた社会関係流動性尺度relational mobility scaleの改善に取りかかった。項目を厳選した上で、日米において質問紙調査を行ったところ、予測通り、一般的信頼の日米差は社会関係流動性によって完全に媒介され、尺度の妥当性が示された。・研究4類似性-魅力効果と関係流動性#3:研究3で妥当性が示された関係流動性尺度を用いて、研究2で見いだされた類似性知覚の日米差の説明を試みた。日米で行った質問紙調査の結果、予測通り、自己と友人の類似性知覚の文化差が、関係流動性によっ...
    文部科学省, 若手研究(A), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 16683002
  • 関係流動性:文化と社会心理過程に対する社会生態学的アプローチ
    国際共同研究
    2006
    Competitive research funding
  • Psycho-social Foundations for Building Trust Societies
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(A))
    2002 - 2005
    Toshio YAMAGISHI; 石井 敬子; 結城 雅樹; 高橋 伸幸; 山岸 みどり
    The goal of this study was to clarify the mechanisms that promote voluntarily based social order, not constrained by the closed nature of social relations, in a situation in which provision is "assurance" of security based on commitment relations is not possible. We used "artificial societies" created in the laboratory to achieve this goal. As a means to achieve this goal, we found that building a trust relationship (i.e., transforming an opportunistic relationship into a trust relationship) requires risk taking. We further identified socio-relational and socio-institutional conditions that...
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(A), 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 14201014
  • Research on evolutionary bases of cultural competence
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))
    2002 - 2004
    Tatsuya KAMEDA; 結城 雅樹
    Social/cultural learning is an effective way to reduce uncertainty about the environment, helping individuals adopt an adaptive behavior cheaply. Although this is evident for learning about temporally stable targets, such as acquisition of a skill in avoiding toxic foods, the utility of social/cultural learning in a temporally unstable environment is less clear, since knowledge acquired by social learning may be outdated. This research addressed the adaptive value of social/cultural learning in a nonstationary environment both theoretically and empirically. We first conducted an evolutionar...
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 14310048
  • 文化と社会構造が集団内・集団間行動と認知に与える影響
    国際共同研究
    2004
    Competitive research funding
  • 表情知覚原理の文化差
    2003
    Competitive research funding
  • 戦争と平和とアイデンティティ -集団間文脈と社会的同一化過程の交互作用-
    科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A), 若手研究(B))
    2001 - 2002
    結城 雅樹
    本研究の目的は、異なる集団間文脈がどのように異なる心理的プロセスを引き起こした結果、どのようなタイプの集団間行動が生まれるのか、すなわち「集団間文脈と社会的アイデンティティプロセスの交互作用」についての新たなモデルを提出し、その妥当性を実証的に検討することであった。そのため、本年度は準実験研究および実験研究をそれぞれ1つずつ行った。まず、準実験を行った研究3では、皇太子妃が出産した時期(国家間競争・葛藤の弱い状況)、ワールドカップサッカー開催時(国家間競争・葛藤の強い状況)、そして北朝鮮問題発生時(国家間競争・葛藤の強い状況)の3つの時点において、大学生の愛国心と外国からの脅威の認知が互いに関連を持つかどうかを検討した。その結果、予測通り、愛国心と脅威の認知の間の正の関連は、国家間競争・葛藤の強い状況のみで見られた。次に、実験室実験を行った研究4では、大学生を参加者とし、自分の所属集団をその他の集団よりも優遇する「内集団ひいき」行動の出現パターン、および集団認知のパターンが、プライミングされた集団間文脈の違いによってどのように影響を受けるか検討した。その結果、予測とは異なり、内集団ひいき行動のパターンにも、集団認知のパターンにも、集団間文脈の操作が影響を与えなかった。このように研究4は必ずしも成功しなかったが、平成13年度からの4つの研究のうち3つにおいて仮説を支持する結果が...
    文部科学省, 奨励研究(A), 若手研究(B), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 13710053
  • A WEB-BASED GROUP EXPERIMENT SYSTEM FOR CROSS-SOCIETAL STUDIES.
    Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))
    1999 - 2001
    山岸 俊男; Midori YAMAGISHI; 大沼 進; 山岸 みどり; 結城 雅樹; 山岸 俊男
    The goals of this study were (1) to construct a system for international collaborative experiments over internet, (2) to conduct a series of experiments with the newly constructed internet experiment system, and (3) to assess problems and difficulties in conducting cross-societal experiments over the internet. The first goal was mostly achieved during 1999, when a prototype of the experiment system was constructed. In 2000 and 2001, cross-societal experiments were conducted using the newly constructed system, first between Japan (Hokkaido University) and Australia (La Trobe University) and ...
    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 基盤研究(B), 北海道大学, Coinvestigator not use grants, Competitive research funding, 11694001
  • 「心理的プロセスとしての集団主義」へのアプローチ-日本人とアメリカ人の集団主義の比較を通じて
    科学研究費補助金(奨励研究(A))
    1999 - 2000
    結城 雅樹
    本研究の目的は、内集団へのアイデンティティー(同一化)と忠誠心の心理過程を日米間で比較し、その差異と同質性を明らかにすることであった。この目的達成のために、本年度は相関研究と実験研究をそれぞれ1つずつ実施するとともに、理論の洗練化を行った。第1の相関研究では、日米の大学生を対象とし、所属大学に対する忠誠心の基礎となる要因を検討した。その結果、予測通り、米国人は、所属大学の地位を高く知覚し、自己と大学全体の同一視が強まるほど、大学に対してより強い忠誠心を感じていた。一方日本人は、他の学生たちとの個人レベルの同一視が強まるほど、強い忠誠心を感じていた。この結果は、昨年の研究の結果と一貫して、米国人の内集団アイデンティティーの心理過程は自己カテゴリー化モデルに当てはまるが、日本人の内集団アイデンティティー過程はネットワークモデルに当てはまるという仮説を支持するものであった。第2研究では、米国と日本の社会構造の違いが内集団アイデンティティー過程の違いを生み出すと仮定し、実験を行った。具体的には、米国は大きな集団間に頻繁に利益葛藤が見られる社会、一方日本はそれが比較的見られにくい社会であり、この異なる社会構造的文脈の中で異なる心理過程が生じるとの仮説を立てた。そこで実験室に二つの社会状況を人為的に作り出し、日本人実験参加者の行動がどのように異なるか検討した。参加者たちは、予測どおり、集...
    文部科学省, 奨励研究(A), 北海道大学, Principal investigator, Competitive research funding, 11710048
  • 内集団ひいきと集団間差別を生み出す心理プロセスの多重性
    科学研究費補助金
    1999
    Competitive research funding
■ Academic and Social Contribution Activities/Other
Industrial Property Rights
  • 実験社会心理学研究
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Social Psychological and Personality Science
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Personality and Social psychology Bulletin
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
    2022
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • The Japanese Journal of Psychology
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Personality and Social psychology Bulletin
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Social Psychology
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Emotion
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Cross-Cultural Research
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Basic and Applied Social Psychology
    2021
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Frontiers in Psychology
    2020
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    2020
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
    2020
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
    2020
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Social Psychological and Personality Science
    2019
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Japanese Psychological Research
    2019
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
    2019
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
  • Asian Journal of Social Psychology
    2019
    Peer review
    Peer review etc
Social Contribution Activities
  • Relational Mobility: Explaining the WEIRD Coexistence of Independence and Prosociality among North Americans from a Socio-Ecological Perspective
    12 Feb. 2025
    Lecturer
    College of William and Mary
    PSYC352: Cross-Cultuaral Psychology
  • 心の姿と社会の姿-社会間比較研究による検討
    06 Oct. 2019
    Lecturer
    日本心理学会
    認定心理士の会 北海道支部会シンポジウム『社会関係を実証する心理学』
    旭川市
    Researchers, General
    過去の文化心理学研究で見いだされた興味深い知見の一つに、北米などのいわゆる「個人主義文化」に暮らす人々のほうが、東アジアなどの「集団主義文化」の人々よりも積極的かつ親密に対人関係に関わるというものがある。本発表では、こうした対人心理の多様性の原因を説明するために、人々を取り巻く社会環境の特性-特に「関係流動性」という社会生態学的変数-が持つ影響に着目した話題提供者らの理論と実証研究の成果、またその意義を論じる。
  • 「観光商材開発支援事業」補助金審査委員
    25 Jul. 2018
    Others
    札幌市経済観光局
    札幌市役所
    Governmental agency
    札幌市における外国人宿泊者数はここ数年過去最高を記録し続けております。この傾向は今後も続くことが予想されます。この機会を捉えて、インバウンドの観点から外需獲得を図るため、市内企業の商品開発の取り組みに対し、経費補助をはじめ、商品開発や販路拡大等まで幅広く支援します。
  • 土産品購買行動のお国柄?新千歳空港調査の結果から
    08 Jun. 2018
    Lecturer
    札幌市経済観光局
    『商品開発 ×インバウド』セミナー
    北洋大通センター(札幌市)
    Company
    国内市場が縮小傾向にある中、拡大を続けるインバウンド消費を通じた外需獲得のため、訪日客の購買傾向や商品ニーズへの対応が急務とされています。
    札幌市は、北海道大学、北洋銀行と連携し、外国人観光客向け商品開発に対する支援を行っており、本セミナーでは、最新の訪日消費動向やお土産品開発事例などについて、専門家の解説、企業の体験談を交え、ご紹介いたします。
  • 流動化時代の人間関係
    24 Jul. 2017
    Lecturer
    北海道大学
    平成29年度北海道大学公開講座
    北海道大学
    General
    人間関係が流動化する現代社会を、私たちはどのように生きていくべきでしょうか。「個人主義文化」の人々の方が、「集団主義文化」の人々よりも積極的に他者に関わるとの研究結果を糸口として、この問題を考えます。
Media Coverage
  • 〈サザエさんをさがして〉サングラス 日本で広まらない理由は?
    03 Jul. 2021
    Other than myself
    朝日新聞
    週末be・b03, 日本人が日常的にあまりサングラスをかけない理由について、結城教授の2007年の研究成果(他人の感情を知りたいとき、日本人は相手の目の形を、アメリカ人は相手の口の形を重視する)を用いて解説。, [Paper]
  • ヒューマニエンス 40億年のたくらみ
    24 Dec. 2020
    NHK BSプレミアム
    [Media report]
  • 関係流動性の高い社会では信頼を高めるためのスキルや行動が重要だ
    Nov. 2020
    リクルートマネージメントソリューションズ
    RMS Message vol.60
    [Paper]
  • 〈アメリカ大統領選2020〉トランプ支持、なぜ隠す アメリカ人にだって本音と建前
    11 Oct. 2020
    Other than myself
    朝日新聞DIGITAL
    11月3日のアメリカ大統領選挙まで1カ月を切りました。4年前の選挙で、当初は泡沫(ほうまつ)候補だったトランプ氏の当選に一役買ったと取り沙汰され、今回も注目されるのが「隠れトランプ支持者」の動向です。隠れトランプ支持者とは、表向きは支持を明言しないものの、実はトランプ氏を応援している人たちのことです。アメリカ人と言えば、もともと政治的な会話にオープンなイメージがありますが、なぜトランプ氏への支持は隠したいのか――。アジア人とアメリカ人の心理や行動の違いを研究する北海道大学の結城雅樹教授(社会心理学)に分析してもらうと、明るくポジティブといわれるアメリカの人たちに特有の葛藤が見えてきました。, [Paper]
  • Entschuldigung, lächeln Sie?
    29 Jul. 2020
    Other than myself
    Zeit Online
    Most of the facial expressions are hidden behind a mask. How this affects our togetherness - and why people read faces differently depending on the culture. [In German], [Paper]